All about facts

What is stress: Effect and causes

2020-12-01T19:11:00.002+05:30

Image source Google | Image by thenewsurgery

Having difficulty in concentrating, feeling tired, or unable to memorize things. If you are facing these symptoms then it is possible that you are suffering from stress.

What is stress

Stress can be defined as the body reacting to a threat or any type of demand. In other words, the non-specific response of the organism to any pressure or demand.

It is estimated that about 77 % of people experience stress that affects their physical health.

Symptoms of stress

Fact according to 2020 data

Irritability and anger: 45 %
Fatigue or low energy: 41 %
Lack of motivation or interest in things: 38 %
Anxiety, nervousness, or worry: 36 %
Headaches: 36 %
Feeling sad or depressed: 34 %
Indigestion, acid reflux, or upset stomach: 26 %
Muscle tension: 23 %
Appetite changes: 21 %

What causes stress

Whenever we are under any type of threat or in a difficult situation such as

Running in a race. ( To win )
Having problems in a relationship.
Lost your job.
Under workload.
To survive any physical attack.

these are called stressors due to which we get stress for a shorter or longer amount of time. Now, stressors can vary from person to person, it is not necessary that one's person stressors should be the stressors of another person.

If any stressor converts into a normal situation then our stress level also gets reduced and will return back to normal. Our body will react in stressful condition using two responses i.e first response and second response

First response or Acute stress

Our first response is very immediate to any stressful situation and we began to take actions unconsciously because our brain activates our primitive flight or fight response and thus the first response is uncontrollable.

Our body will release Epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones through the Sympathetic Nervous System. These hormones will travel through our blood vessels and eventually will get reach to the heart.

Image Source Google | Image by biologydictionary

Let's consider an example, you are sitting on a bench in a beautiful garden looking at the stars in the sky. It was almost an hour while sitting and relaxing on a bench, so you decide to go back to home.

While stepping down, you saw a big snake crawling towards you. In this case, your heart will begin to beat faster because of hormones and to provide sufficient blood in every part of your body, your vision will become narrower in order to focus more and ignore all other distractions.

Your muscle will become tenser and your body will begin to produce more glucose in order to provide more energy.

Stress activates our first response as it is good for us to fight with any difficult situation or with any threat. Our first response is also called Acute stress.

This type of stress is not very dangerous to us rather than to some extent it is good because

It is for a very shorter amount of time.
It improves cognitive function.
Increases our immune response.

Second response or Chronic stress

Our second response is not very immediate and therefore it can take from hours to years to make an effect on the body. The decisions taken by the second response is also unconsciously.

If you are facing stress for a long time then your body will behave differently unlike in the case of Acute stress and eventually it becomes chronic stress.

In chronic stress, your body will work through the HPA axis i.e Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal gland. Our brain has a part called the hypothalamus which releases the Corticotropin-releasing factor ( CRF) hormone which stimulates our pituitary gland, this gland is the mother of all hormones and will release Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH will activate the Adrenal gland which is situated at the top of the kidney and is the home of cortisol hormone.

This whole cascade works together and will release the final stress hormone i.e cortisol. Cortisol also does the same thing as adrenaline and noradrenaline, it will keep your heart rate elevated, glucose level to high, the digestive activity will get reduced, and furthermore.

Another thing is cortisol will start doing breakdown of fats to produce more energy. Cortisol will also increase arousal and focus.

Causes and effects of stress

Image source Google | Image by stress

It will decrease concentration, focus, and hippocampal activity.
Decrease vaccination response, wound healing, resistance to infection.
Increase the risk of anxiety, depression, PTSD, sleep disturbance.
Eating poorly, driving recklessly, abusing alcohol or drugs, being accident-prone, showing aggression
Reproductive issues

How to do stress management

Deep breathing:- Taking a deep breath can reduce our stress to a very extent because we only focus on our breathe neglecting all the outside problems. While breathing our brain will send a message to the whole body to get relaxed and all your system will get relaxed which was active during stress.
Exercise:- Doing any type of exercise, it may be walking, muscle workout, or dancing, is the best way to reduce stress. Our brain releases happy hormones like endorphins.
Reduce your stimulants:- We should reduce taking stimulants such as caffeine, nicotine, or sugar. While in stress, stress hormones are circulating in our bloodstream and if we take stimulants, they will activate those hormones even more.
Yoga:- Doing yoga you will get two components, you will get the benefits of doing exercise and deep breathing.
Tai chi:- Tai Chi has slow and fast movement but primarily slow in the beginning to help people relax, train internal energy, sensitivity, and develop internal power. We use relaxed coiling spiral type movement to release tension and stiffness and improve relaxation and blood and energy flow.
Transcendental meditation:-Those who practice transcendental meditation may experience a decrease in stress and anxiety within minutes. As with other forms of meditation, a long-term practice can lead to even more positive changes, including resilience to stress, lower overall anxiety, and even greater life satisfaction.
Qigong:- According to the philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine, qigong exercise aims to achieve a harmonious flow of vital energy (qi) and regulate the functional activities of the body through regulated breathing, mindful concentration, and gentle movements. The present findings support that qigong has a positive effect on reducing stress and anxiety and enhancing body-mind well-being.

How do vaccines works

2020-11-20T14:04:00.000+05:30

Before going to how do vaccines works, let's have a look at how our immune system works.

Before going deeper into this ocean please visit:-

How our immune system works

Our immune system only has three things to do.

Identify pathogens or viruses
kill them.
Remember them.

Whenever any pathogen or virus enters our body, our body will start to fight it by activating the Innate response.

The innate response will come into play immediately once the virus or pathogen enters our body. Due to this, we can get fever, inflammation, cold, sneezes, or cough.

Once we get these symptoms, we should know that our body has activated Innate response from the immune system to fight with outside virus.

But the picture doesnt end here, sometimes our Innate system is not enough to fight with the virus and to cure us, then our Adaptive immune system will come into play.

Our Adaptive immune system has a very special cell which can kill bacteria or virus, the cells are Helper T cells, B cells, Killer T cells, Dendritic cells.

Image source - Google | Image by autoimmune-encephalitis

Dendritic cells will try to detect bacteria by looking at antigens of any virus or bacteria. An antigen is a small part of any pathogen.

After detecting the pathogen, our system will begin to respond using helper T cells and B cells. B cells will start to multiply to make plasma cells and it will create proteins called antibodies.

These antibodies will bind to the antigen of the pathogen and will starts destroying it. After all this work, our system will create Killer T cells that have the ability to detect and destroy cells infected with the pathogen.

Not only this, our adaptive system will create memory cells which have the ability to remember the pathogen, to protect us from a pathogen in the future.

Till now we don't have any problem with our immune system so why do we require vaccines, because our adaptive system can be too slow to detect and destroy the pathogens.

Other than this, if anyone has weak immunity their immune system might fail to detect pathogen or can be even slower to respond.

Why do we require vaccines and how do vaccines works.

So here is the reason, we require vaccines because,

To increase the speed of the adaptive system.
To make familiar with the pathogen, then it will be easier to fight with the pathogen for our immune system.

There are many types of vaccines but,

Live attenuated vaccines
Inactive vaccines
Subunit vaccines
Toxoid vaccines.

These are the common types. Let's have a look and how do vaccines works.

Live attenuated vaccines:-This vaccine consists of a weaker version of the pathogens. So that without harming our body it can activate an adaptive immune system but again, this vaccine can't be used on a weaker body. As it contains the pathogen itself.
Inactive vaccines:- This vaccine consists of dead pathogens. Due to dead pathogens, this vaccine can be given to the weaker immune system. The main drawback of this vaccine is, it cannot create long lasting immunity.
Subunit vaccines:- This vaccine is made up of only a small part of a pathogen called as peptide. It can activate the adaptive immune system with long-lasting immunity and can be applied even to the weaker immune system.
Toxoid vaccines:- Some bacteria releases toxins, these toxins can be used as a trigger to activate the immune system by inactivating the toxins and uses as a vaccine.

How was the first vaccine discovered?

2020-11-16T14:00:00.004+05:30

It all starts with taking a breathe

Starts lodging in mouth and throat

Began to move from cell to cell and replicate

After 12 days...

Will began to enter in the bloodstream

From there it will multiply in the bone marrow and spleen.

You will notice high fever, muscle pain, headache, and weakness.

Spots will start to appear in the mouth and throat.

Will rupture and release the virus into saliva.

Last it will attack in the skin.

Image source - Google | Image by slideserve

How was the first vaccine discovered - It is smallpox a deadly virus with death rates ranges from 30% to 90%. The only Known solution to this virus was the Variolation technique. This procedure was brought to England by lady Mary Wortley Montagu.

Image source - Google | Image by Joseph Bennington

In this technique, a doctor would cut and open the pustule of an infected person and dry the extracted material (pus) and rub on the arm of a healthy person.

Then the healthy person will face mild symptoms of smallpox for a few days and he/she will become immune lifetime.

But the main problem was, that person would require a period of quarantine and some caretakers, thus making vulnerable to caretakers to get infected with that virus. Survivors from this virus suffer from loss of eyelashes, blindness, or even permanent scars.

To maintain all this, a person needs to be rich. The poor population couldn't afford this technique. This technique was not very effective, but something is better than nothing. Only around 2% of people died from this procedure than 14% from natural infection.

In the 18th century, it is estimated that around 400,000 death/ year was recorded in Europe due to smallpox.

Edward Jenner an English doctor observes something in milkmaid and shepherds, they were immune to this virus. He continued his observation and he again noticed something, a disease name cowpox was very common to have in cows and sheeps and thus was very common to see in milkmaids.

Image source - google | Image by sgul

After his observation, he concluded that those shepherds or milkmaid who was having cowpox or has gone through it was totally immune to smallpox. Therefore, his conclusion was smallpox and cowpox was a similar virus to the human immune system.

Later on, he did an experiment on 8yr old boy named James Phipps, he injected cowpox in the body of James and waited for a few months. After a few months, he injects the virus of smallpox in the body of James and waited for someday to get the symptoms of smallpox but the body of James was showing only mild symptoms but it was not smallpox.

Edward Jenner gave name to this process as Vaccination. The vaccine word comes from the Latin word vacca which means cow.

This was the first official vaccine invented by Jenner and soon after it began to use worldwide. Finally in 1980, WHO declared that there is no case of smallpox.

This was how our first vaccine was discovered.

If more curious about viruses then you must go to What are a virus to know every detail about viruses.

What are viruses | Viral infection

2020-11-13T13:35:00.005+05:30

To know what are Vital Information Resource Under Siege (virus), we need to understand its past, who and when discovered it?

How viruses was found

In back days, if any tissue was infected then scientists used a special filter to remove that bacteria which was causing infection. After removing that bacteria, scientists found out that tissue was still infected.

Thereafter scientists concluded that there is something which is even smaller than bacteria, which was causing infection and they named it as a virus.

As it is smaller than bacteria it can be only seen through an electron microscope. Until 1930 there was no electron microscope through which it can be seen.

In 1915, Frederick Twort discovered the virus that attacks bacteria and named it as bacteriophage. He noticed a tiny clear spot at bacterial colonies and concluded something was killing bacteria.

In 1935, the first virus named Tobacco Mosaic Virus was discovered and it was first seen with an electron microscope.

Image source - Google | Image by - heritage.tudelft.nl

What is a virus?

Till now we have understood that a virus is smaller than bacteria and it can be only seen under an electron microscope.

Different types of viruses have different size :

Coronavirus = 80nm
Influenza = 100nm
HIV-1 = 120nm
Hepatitis A = 30nm
Hepatitis C = 50nm
Ebola virus = 80*970nm

Only around 6000 viruses have been studied yet. For instance, to give a better picture Human cell is x1000 bigger than the coronavirus.

We cant see viruses from our naked eyes even bacteria cannot see, but the viruses are present everywhere in our surroundings from the air we breathe to the food we eat. We ingest, inhale, and take in millions of viruses per second.

A virus is a complex collection of organic matter that is able to self-replicate within a host cell.

It has no cytoplasm or nucleus that can resemble a cell. In other words, it is only a parasite they can only reproduce in another living cell.

A virus is simply made up of a shell that is made up of protein and fats. Inside this shell, it has either DNA or RNA which can be single-stranded or double-stranded and with some enzymes for replications and manipulations of their genetic materials.

Image source - Google | Image by sciencelearn.org

The main purpose of any viruses is to increase its population which they cannot do by themself. To complete its task they need a cell also called a host cell.

Cells are the smallest unit of life. A cell can replicate DNA, Protein, and store resources, this makes a perfect machine for a virus to increase its population.

It can bind to any host cell by using its molecular receptors situated at its protein shell and will get attached to the cell membrane of the host cell.

A virus inside the cell will take control over the protein building structure of the host cell and it will begin to replicate the viruses. Hence the host cell will become virus making machine and it will continue to replicate the virus until and unless the cell explodes.

Once the cell explodes, there will be a number of viruses surrounding that area and every virus will do the same thing, will find a host cell, and will increase its population. That's how infection happens to us.

A virus can infect humans, plants, animals, and even bacteria. To get rid of any infection we have to use vaccines.

If want to know more about how vaccines were invented then must go to this article.

Feel free to contact us.

How and when our earth was formed .

2020-05-11T00:15:00.001+05:30

Have you ever imagined, the food we eat, the water we drink, the land we live on, animals and plants we see, from where all these things come from? How and when our earth was formed? How human life came on earth?

It has been known that there are a total of 87 lakh species on earth and we have discovered only about 15% of all species.

Before going to the formation of the earth and human life on earth, we have to understand how our solar system gets formed. We all know that Sun was the first planet to form and because of the sun, all others come to existence.

How our sun was formed?

Almost 5 billion years ago

Before our earth and other planet were formed, There were only gravity and some clouds of dust freely roaming here and there in space known as the solar nebula. As the nebula collapsed because of its gravity, it spun faster and flattened into a disk. Most of the material was pulled toward the center to form the sun because of the conservation of angular momentum.

Lighter particles like hydrogen and helium in sun began to go outside from the sun, while heavy particles like dust and rock began to concentrate at the center of the sun. There was still so many dust left in the solar system which gives rise to other planets including our earth.

How and when our earth was formed?

4.5 billion years before.

As like our sun was created, our earth was created in the same way. The core part of the earth was made up of iron and nickel(Heavier particles) while the crust part was made up of lighter materials. In the initial years, there is no possibility of life on earth.

The temperature of the earth at that time was about 2000 Degree Fahrenheit and the earth was covered with molten lava. Continuously large number of stone was falling on earth from space. Slowly, molten lava began to convert into hard land but the temperature was still high.

Formation of moon

After 1 billion years, mars sized protoplanet named THEIA roaming freely in space suddenly began to come closer to earth. Eventually, he collapses with earth and thus a large number of debris began to circulate the earth. Thus from leftover debris of earth, the moon was formed just like all other planets.

The gravity of the moon is the main reason our earth does not move from our axis, making life possible to grow.

3.9 billion years before

At this stage earth has become a hardball with no molten lava over the surface and temperature was also decreased. Suddenly fireballs and large meteorites began to collide with the earth which is known as the late heavy bombardment.

This time, there was something special in a meteorite which is essential for life and it was ice crystals and nitrogen. Due to the melting of ice crystals from meteorites, our earth was covered with water. but still, there was no trace of oxygen, and the environment was full of toxic gases.

Again, there was a rain of meteorites on earth. This time along with meteorites there was minerals, carbon dioxide, protein, and amino acids. As the earth was covered with water, there was a certain amount of chimneys which was keeping water warmer. In no sunlight, the first unicellular bacteria develops underwater. Exactly, we don't know how these bacteria come into existence but it has been understood that there might be some chemical reaction involved in the process.

3.5 billion years before

The number of unicellular bacteria goes on increasing and these bacterias converted into a large number of stones called STROMATOLITES. Due to these stones, it began to perform the photosynthesis process and started to release oxygen as a byproduct. Till 2 billion years this process continues to happen and oxygen level on earth began to rise.

1.5 billion years before

Image source:- Carnegie Science

Still, there was no complex cellular life developed. There were many small islands covered with water but due to vibrations in the crust, the surface was divided into tectonic plates. Movement in these plates gave rise to a supercontinent called RODINIA. At this time, the temperature was about 30 Degree Celcius and 1 day was 18 hr long.

75 Crore years before

Again due to vibrations, the supercontinent was divided into two parts and molten lava began to come outside, and once again environment was full of methane and hydrogen. Due to the chemical reaction in methane and hydrogen, carbon dioxide levels began to increase and it led to acid rain. This acid rain begins to settle in the form of carbon dioxide on the rocks.

Suddenly CO2 level begins to drops and temperature was also drastically decreased, this incident led to our first ice age. This ice age was the longest ice age of now.

Again due to uncertain conditions, ice began to melts and CO2 level start rising with the temperature.

54 crore years before

Anomalocaris

Earth comes to its normal condition, as it was before the ice age. unicellular bacteria in the water get converted into a multicellular organism like ANOMALOCARIS which was the largest creature at that time. All these complex lives evolved using unicellular bacteria.

Pikaia

PIKAIA was the first creature with vertebrates, we humans will going to evolve through pikaia. Pikia was just 5cm long.

46 crore years before

Now, the formed earth was almost identical to look as compared to today. Super continents were also divided into many parts. There was still no life on land, this was due to UV rays coming from the sun. To stop these UV rays, ozone layer began to develop. Oxygen present in the environment began to consume ozone light from the sun and emits ozone gas, this gas will become the ozone layer in the future days.

TIKTAALIK

Due to the ozone layer, life on land becomes possible. A fish named TIKTAALIK was the first fish who decided to come to land. He uses his fins as legs to walk on land.

It takes approximately 1.5 crore years to be able to walk on land as well as in water for this fish. We gave name to this species as TETRAPODS.

36 crore years before

Later, many species will get evolved form tetrapods included Mammals, birds, dinosaur, etc.

overtime, many volcanic eruptions happen due to which temperature began to rise again. This famine destroyed almost 95% of species. Only those creatures were able to survive, who was started living inside the ground and started to eat anything.

20 crore years before

overtime, the temperature began to normalize and the earth was again identical to look as compared to today. PANGEA, a supercontinent was formed due to volcanic eruption.

5% species which was left during a volcanic eruption, they started living inside the ground and will further evolve to dinosaurs. The dinosaur lived almost 14 crore years.

14 crore years before

Along with dinosaurs, there was another species known as mammals(Don't lay eggs, directly give birth to young ones). In the real sense, humans have evolved from these mammals. Mammals used to live underground and he looks like a mouse.

Extinction of dinosaurs

When everything was perfect, suddenly an asteroid of 10km diameter starts coming closer to earth. Due to friction while entering in a gravitational field with a speed of 70000 km/hr, a black asteroid was converted into a large fireball.

Those animals who were in the range of 800km w.r.t asteroid became blind due to very high intensity of light. Right in front of eyes asteroids collide with the earth and a large amount of element flew into space. At the place where asteroid collided, 20 km deep and 1180 km wide hole got created.

Due to this collision, an earthquake reaches the core of the earth, and tsunami begins to occur in sea. Radiation was more enough to burn all the animals within 800 km of an asteroid. Water vapor from the cloud began to evaporate due to the amount of heat.

Along with this, the dust storm was also approaching with a speed of 2000 km/hr. Earth was fully covered by dust and hence no sunlight can able reach the surface. Resulting, the temperature was increased up to 150 degrees C. 75% of species vanished due to this great holocaust.

All dinosaurs vanished, but mammals who were living inside the ground somehow able to survive. To survive, mammals began to eat anything and overtime he will evolve further in many species.

4.7 crore years before

At this point, almost every continent was formed and the temperature was about 24 degrees C and one day was long as 24hr. Again, due to vibration in tectonic plates, India began to move towards the Asia continent.

India and Asia's continent collided with each other and a new Himalaya formed named Mount Everest. Due to this Himalaya, many rivers got created and in the future, it will provide drinking water to the majority of the population.

Up to this, we have understood how and when our earth was formed, and further, we will see how humans came into existence.

40 lakh years before

A new Himalayan was formed in the eastern region in Africa named East African Rift Valley. This Himalayan become an obstacle to the monsoon winds due to which rain completely stopped falling in the forest.

Apes lived in this forest on trees, which become drought land to live due to a shortage of rain. As a result, there was a shortage of food in the trees and apes decided to come to the ground for eating purposes.

ARDIPITHECUS RAMIDUS

ARDIPITHECUS RAMIDUS was the first species to come to land. Their brain was the same as the size of an orange and as tall as 4 feet. After years, they began to walk on two legs and can eat at the same time.

Homo erectus

They invented fire to protect from cold and animals, tools to hunt their food and they learn to live as a group. Homo erectus was the first species to live as socially. Later on, they invented languages that became the largest invention of all time.

2 Lakh years before

Image source:- Britannica

Homo sapiens(we) become the most intelligent species of all time and had invented language, tools, and fire to communicate, hunt, and protect respectively.

Feel Free to ask any questions.

What are Neurons and effect of Neurotransmitters

2020-05-05T00:03:00.001+05:30

What are neurons?

Neurons are cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells. They communicate with each other with the help of neurotransmitters which get receive by another neuron through synaptic connection.

Our brain communicates with electrical pulses released by the nerve cells. Neurons are located in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and in the peripheral nervous system.

Image source:- Khan academy

Central nervous system

It consists of the brain and the spinal cord. It is in the CNS that all of the analysis of information takes place.

Peripheral nervous system

It consists of the neurons and parts of neurons found outside of the CNS, includes sensory neurons and motor neurons.

Anatomy of neurons

Neurons have mainly three parts, Axon, dendrites, and cell body(Soma).

Cell body or Soma

This main part has all of the necessary components of the cell, such as the nucleus (which contains DNA), endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes (for building proteins), and mitochondria (for making energy). If the cell body dies, the neuron dies.

Axon

This long, cablelike projection of the cell carries the electrochemical message (nerve impulse or action potential) along the length of the cell. Depending upon the type of neuron, axons can be cover with a thin layer of the myelin sheath, like an insulated electrical wire. Myelin is made of fat and protein, and it helps to speed transmission of a nerve impulse down a long axon. Myelinated neurons are typically found in the peripheral nerves (sensory and motor neurons), while non-myelinated neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord.

Dendrites

Incoming signals come from dendrites which are a branch-like projection on the cell body. Incoming signals can be either excitatory or inhibitory signals. At a time neurons may receive thousands of signals and according to that signals he will decide whether to fire a signal or not. The further signal passes through Axon.

Classifications of neurons

According to their functions, neurons can be classified into three types and they are Motor neurons, Sensory neurons, and interneurons.

Motor neurons

Motor neurons convey messages received by other neurons directly to muscles, glands, and organs. For example, if you pick up a hot cup of coffee then motor neurons will activate muscles of the hand and you will keep that cup on the table.

Sensory neurons

Sensory neurons will convey messages to CNS to be further processed. It gathers information from outside and inside of the body and conveys to CNS. For example, if you pick up a cup of hot coffee then sensory neurons will gather information and send it to CNS that it was really hot.

Interneurons

This type of neurons gather information from sensory neurons and send them to motor neurons. Interneurons can only be found in the Central nervous system. For example, if you picked up a hot cup of coffee, the signal from the sensory neurons in your fingertips would travel to interneurons in your spinal cord. Some of these interneurons would signal to the motor neurons controlling your hand muscles (causing you to let go), while others would transmit the signal up the spinal cord to neurons in the brain, where it would be perceived as pain.

Neurons can also be classified on the basis of their structure, they are uni-polar, bi-polar, Multi-polar, and pseudo-unipolar.

What are neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters are chemical messages that are being transmit by nerve cells to muscles. Communication between two neurons happens due to synaptic connections. Here, electrical signals that have travel along the axon are briefly convert into chemical ones through the release of neurotransmitters, causing a specific response in the receiving neuron.

A neurotransmitter influences a neuron in one of three ways: excitatory, inhibitory or modulatory.

Excitatory neurotransmitters

These types of neurotransmitters excite neurons to fire an action potential in other words which get their target cells all fired up with chemical energy. Some of the major excitatory neurotransmitters include epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

These types of neurotransmitters will make neuron to do not fire an action potential. Some of the major inhibitory neurotransmitters include serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Some neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and dopamine, can create both excitatory and inhibitory effects depending upon the type of receptors that are present.

Modulatory neurotransmitters

These neurotransmitters often referred to as neuromodulators, are capable of affecting a larger number of neurons at the same time. These neuromodulators also influence the effects of other chemical messengers. Where synaptic neurotransmitters are released by axon terminals to have a fast-acting impact on other receptor neurons, neuromodulators diffuse across a larger area and are more slow-acting.

Neurotransmitters can also be classified broadly into monoamines, amino acids, and peptides.

Amino acids

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the body's main inhibitory chemical messenger. GABA contributes to the vision, motor control, and plays a role in the regulation of anxiety. Benzodiazepines, which are use to help treat anxiety, function by increasing the efficiency of GABA neurotransmitters, which can increase feelings of relaxation and calm.
Glutamate is the most plentiful neurotransmitter found in the nervous system where it plays a role in cognitive functions such as memory and learning. Excessive amounts of glutamate can cause excitotoxicity resulting in cellular death. This excitotoxicity caused by glutamate build-up is associated with some diseases and brain injuries including Alzheimer's disease4, stroke, and epileptic seizures.

Peptides

Oxytocin is both a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It is produce by the hypothalamus and plays a role in social recognition, bonding, and sexual reproduction. Synthetic oxytocin such as Pitocin is often use as an aid in labor and delivery. Both oxytocin and Pitocin cause the uterus to contract during labor.
Endorphins are neurotransmitters than inhibits the transmission of pain signals and promote feelings of euphoria. These chemical messengers are produce naturally by the body in response to pain, but they can also be trigger by other activities such as aerobic exercise. For example, experiencing a "runner's high" is an example of pleasurable feelings generate by the production of endorphins.

Monoamines

Epinephrine is consider as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter. Generally, epinephrine (adrenaline) is a stress hormone that is released by the adrenal system. However, it functions as a neurotransmitter in the brain.
Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in alertness is involve in the body's fight or flight response. Its role is to help mobilize the body and brain to take action in times of danger or stress. Levels of this neurotransmitter are typically lowest during sleep and highest during times of stress.
Histamine acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord. It plays a role in allergic reactions and is produced as part of the immune system's response to pathogens.
Dopamine plays an important role in the coordination of body movements. Dopamine is also involved in reward, motivation, and addictions. Nine Several types of addictive drugs increase dopamine levels in the brain. Parkinson's disease, which is a degenerative disease that results in tremors and motor movement impairments, is caused by the loss of dopamine-generating neurons in the brain.
Serotonin plays an important role in regulating and modulating mood, sleep, anxiety, sexuality, and appetite. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors usually referred to as SSRIs, are a type of antidepressant medication commonly prescribed to treat depression, anxiety, panic disorder, and panic attacks. SSRIs work to balance serotonin levels by blocking the reuptake of serotonin in the brain, which can help improve mood and reduce feelings of anxiety.

Alcohol problems|Substance abuse|Drugs

2020-05-03T00:16:00.001+05:30

What is addiction?

Alcohol problems, Substance abuse, Drugs all this start with pain and end with pain. Addiction is a physical and psychological inability to stop taking psychoactive drugs, food, sex, the internet, and many more. Not only taking alcohol, drugs or any substance can be an addiction. But it may be taking coffee, eating junk food, using social media can also consider as addiction.

21 million people in the united states suffer from addiction( Alcohol problems, Substance abuse, Drugs)out of which 15 million suffer from alcohol use disorder and 3 million suffer from the opioid disorder. Addiction comes from a Latin word 'enslaved by'.
Addiction can also be defined as a chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences.

Addiction is a real issue created by external environment factors and will end up by taking a life. But why we become addicted to something even after knowing its disadvantages? why we can't get rid of substance abuse?

Why are we addicted?

It has been estimated that 1 in 7 people are addicted to Alcohol problems, Substance abuse, or Drugs.

We as human needs three things to survive i.e Food, Water, and Dopamine. Everyone knows about food and water but what is dopamine and how it is responsible for addiction?

Dopamine is the hormone that comes from the brain reward center i.e nucleus accumbens from the limbic system, where our survival instincts are program and control our emotional and behavioral response to the information we receive.

Whenever we get some reward from our parents, teachers, or society for our hard work or due to something else, dopamine gets released from the limbic system and will give a temporary pleasurable effect.

Due to this pleasurable effect, we get motivation to do task just because our brain only knows survival instincts.

But what if, there is no reward from parents, society or from teachers then there will be no rush of dopamine and thus no motivation to do any task.

Lack of dopamine for a long time can lead to Depression, Trauma, or post-traumatic stress disorder. In this case, our brain will find a way to get dopamine rush and will help us to survive.

According to the current theory about addiction, dopamine interacts with another neurotransmitter, glutamate, to take over the brain's system of reward-related learning.

This system has an important role in sustaining life because it links activities needed for human survival (such as eating and sex) with pleasure and reward.

The top three drugs causing addiction are marijuana, opioid (narcotic) pain relievers, and cocaine.
Taking opioids is the number 1 cause of death, more than car accidents and gun violence.

But how much dopamine is released in regular life?

When we are in a good mood:- 100 nanograms/deciliter of dopamine get's released.

Similarly, for the normal day:- 50 nanograms/deciliter of dopamine.

Worst day :- 40 nanoggrams/deciliter.

While having sex:- 94 nanograms/deciliter.

While having favorite food:- 92 nanograms/deciliter.

Using methamphetamine :- 1100 nanograms/deciliter.

Marijuana/Alcohol/Heroine :- 100 nanograms/deciliter.

We can see that for a normal working range we require 40-100 nanograms/deciliter of dopamine. If our brain finds difficulty to release this amount of dopamine then it will start craving dopamine.

We are addict to Alcohol problems, Substance abuse, or Drugs so as to to normalize our dopamine levels. This is necessary for our brain to maintain our survival instincts.
You will be amazed to know that, if we just stopped the patients to stop taking drugs then the dopamine level will drop to only 10 nanograms/deciliter. Thus, removing drugs from their normal life is not going to help rather than it will create more problem to pateints.
Lack of dopamine in the brain will lead to cravings, then cravings will lead to activating our survival mode and thus survival mode will activate our primal action and the patient will do every possible thing to make sure his/her dopamine is at a normal level that means he can do any crime because his/her prefrontal-cortex will shutdown (Decision making, reasoning ability, and judgment).

The harmful effect of substance abuse.

In 1950, Dr.Olds and Milner discovered the area of the brain which got affect by Substance abuse. Later in 1994, Dr. Volkow and Dr. Schelbert found that long usage of any substance can damage tissues in the brain.

Substance abuse can damage our brain's ability to detect natural highs and will crave unnatural highs and motivate itself to find more in the future.

Long use of drugs can cause Hypofunction Reward System. That means it will slow down the response of neurotransmitters, Which makes artificial and natural highs harder to come. Eventually, our brain will create a tolerance to drugs, and to maintain the level of dopamine we need to increase the amount of drugs.

As dopamine is linked to glutamate, it will make a memory loop that reinforces the habit. Once this habit is formed, it will be difficult for individuals to get rid of addiction

Drugs affect your body's central nervous system. They affect how you think, feel, and behave. The three main types are depressants, hallucinogens, and stimulants:

Depressants:-

As the name says, it slows down the central nervous system. They will slow down the messages coming from the brain and going to the brain. It will affect our coordination and concentration and slow down our ability to respond.

Alcohol, cannabis, GHB, opiates (heroin, morphine, codeine) and benzodiazepines(minor tranquilizers) are examples of depressants

Hallucinogens:-

It will distort our sense of reality. you will hear and see the things which are not really there. Other effects can include emotional and psychological euphoria, jaw clenching, panic, paranoia, gastric upset, and nausea. Ketamine, LSD, PCP, 'magic mushrooms', and cannabis are examples of hallucinogens.

Stimulants:-

It will speed our central nervous system. This can cause increased heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature, reduced appetite, agitation, and sleeplessness. In large amounts, stimulants may cause anxiety, panic, seizures, stomach cramps, and paranoia. Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines (speed and Ice), cocaine, and ecstasy (MDMA) are examples of stimulants.

The Effects of Drug Abuse on Health.

A weakened immune system, increasing the risk of illness and infection
Heart conditions ranging from abnormal heart rates to heart attacks and collapsed veins and blood vessel infections from injected drugs
Nausea and abdominal pain, which can also lead to changes in appetite and weight loss
Increased strain on the liver, which puts the person at risk of significant liver damage or liver failure
Seizures, stroke, mental confusion, and brain damage
Lung disease
Problems with memory, attention, and decision-making, which make daily living more difficult
Global effects of drugs on the body, such as breast development in men and increases in body temperature, which can lead to other health problems.

How to get rid of addiction(Alcohol problems, Substance abuse or Drugs):-

Tell your friends about your decision to stop using drugs:- Your true friends will definitely support your decision and sure they will help you to get out of this.

Ask your friends or family to be available when you need them:-You need someone to talk to share your problems or when you feel lonely always share you feeling with someone who trusts you and support you.

Accept invitations only to events that you know won't involve drugs or alcohol:-Try playing outdoor games that do not involve any drugs activity. you can go to watch a movie but remember to skip late-night parties which include drugs.

Have a plan about what you'll do if you find yourself in a place with drugs or alcohol:-Establish a plan with your parents, siblings, or other supportive friends and adults so that if you call home using a code, they'll know that your call is a signal you need a ride out of there.

Remind yourself that having an addiction doesn't make a person bad or weak:-If you fall back into old patterns (backslide) a bit, talk to an adult as soon as possible. There's nothing to be ashamed about, but it's important to get help soon so that all of the hard work you put into your recovery is not lost.

Try to reach rehab center:- Rehab centers will give you a positive environment and will do regular counseling, exercise and eventually you will no longer be an addict.

Secrets of the pyramids|Egypt pyramids.

2020-04-28T17:21:00.003+05:30

What are pyramids?

I am sure you will be glad to know the secrets of the pyramids.

A pyramid (polyhedron in geometry) is formed by connecting base and point at the top called the apex.

Pyramid(Greek word) is a structure whose outer surface converges and meet at a single point at the top. The base of a pyramid can be of any polygon shape (trilateral or quadrilateral). In most of the case, the pyramid has five surfaces including the base.

History of pyramids:-

To see the secrets of pyramids we have to look at his history. Who made pyramids, why were pyramids built, and how it was made.

Pyramids have been built at various times in Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, western Asia, Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Thailand, Mexico, and on some islands of the pacific ocean.

Those of Egypt and of Central and South America are the best known. Pyramids of ancient Egypt were built during the starting of the old Kingdom to the close of the Ptolemaic period.

Pyramid construction reached its peak was that of commencing with the 3rd dynasty and ending at roughly the 6th (c. 2686–2325 BCE).

Famous pyramids around the world.

1. Egyptian pyramids in Egypt.

Saqqara – Pyramid of Djoser

In the ancient world, Djoser was the first king to construct a limestone pyramid which is also known as the step pyramid in 2670 BCE.

Djoser builds the step pyramid in the third dynasty of Egypt who was the son of the king of the second dynasty(Khasekhemwy).

Saqqara is well known for the pyramid site because of Djoser, it is the first of the step-styled pyramids in Egypt.

Giza – Great Pyramid of Khufu and the Pyramid of Khafre

In northern Egypt, three pyramids were built by Pharaoh Khufu on a rocky plateau on the west bank of the Nile River near Al-Jīzah in the period of the 4th dynasty.

Khufu was the largest pyramid among Khafre and Menkaure. The length of each side at the base averaging 755.75 feet (230 meters) and its original height is 481.4 feet (147 meters).

Its sides rise at an angle of 51°52′ and are accurately oriented to the four cardinal points of the compass.

In this pyramid, there are three hidden chambers(burial chambers) named as queen chamber, king chamber, and one hidden chamber.

The newly discovered mysterious void is at least 100 feet long and bears a structural resemblance to the section directly below it: the pyramid's Grand Gallery, a long, 26-foot-high inner area of the pyramid that feels like a there is much empty space.

2. Sudan

The Nubian Pyramids

The great thing about the Nubian pyramids is, they are small in size but there are more no of pyramids than any country around the world.

3. Peru

Chavin de Huantar

This flat-topped pyramid is actually a huge complex developed over a few centuries by the Chavin, a pre-Inca culture, in Peru.

Inside what is now mostly the ruin of massive temples are sculptures, carvings, passages, and water channels to be used during rituals and ceremonies.

3. Mexico

Teotihuacan – The Pyramid of the Sun

The pyramid has a temple on top which is used to worship god. This pyramid is the third largest pyramid and was made in a stepped style. It was painted with lime plaster and colored murals.

Puebla – The Great Pyramid of Cholula

This pyramid is the largest pyramid of the world but not as tall as Giza. A church was built on top of it by the Spanish who mistook the overgrown grassy mound for a hill.

5. Iraq

Ziggurat of Ur

The Ziggurat of Ur is a massive structure in the form of a terraced step pyramid. Built for the Sumerian King Ur Nammu, this grand tiered structure has three layers connected by stairs plus a temple at the top.

Restored and reconstructed a few times over the centuries, today’s Ziggurat bears the scars of the Gulf War in the form of bullet holes.

6. Guatemala

Mayan Pyramids of Tikal

Tikal was a Mayan capital of great importance, which is why it is home to numerous monuments including five pyramid-shaped temples.

This ancient city remained abandoned and out of sight in a rain forest for about 800 years after which it was discovered by explorers.

Now a part of Tikal National Park, Tikal has nine Twin Pyramid Complexes. Here is an aerial view of the Mayan capital and its archaeological treasures.

7. Rome

Pyramid of Cestius

This is a classic case of having a pyramid built for yourself simply because you can. This concrete pyramid covered with marble in classic Roman style is to be found right in the middle of Rome.

It is presumed that after the Romans made Egypt a province, this Roman magistrate probably took a shine to the gigantic stone odes to pharaohs and queens and decided to get one custom made for himself.

So at a place where you expect to be overawed by amphitheaters, columns and statues rise a 121-foot high pyramid complete with inscriptions and paintings on the inner walls. Talk about whims and fancies!

How pyramids were built?

In today's world, we can see huge skyscraper buildings all over the world. Due to our latest technologies such as manpower, big and heavy cranes, strong composite materials.

we can able to make any structure in the world. But at the time of the third dynasty, there was no manpower, no cranes and no such technologies of what we had today then also Egyptians were able to build such a huge pyramid.

Even with our high-tech technology, it is impossible for us to make such a huge structure.

The great pyramid of Giza is one of the largest pyramids which has a length of each side at the base averaging 755.75 feet (230 meters) and its original height is 481.4 feet (147 meters).

It’s estimated that they were built over 4,500 years ago with over 2 million stones, and took 20 to 30 years to make.

But exactly how pyramids were built? we don't have an answer till now, there are many theories going around and we will look at them.

The water shaft theory

Around 2.3 million limestone blocks and granite were used in building the great pyramid of Giza(Khufu) some weighing as much as 80 tonnes and it took 20-22 years to complete the construction.

To complete the construction of the pyramid(2.3 million blocks) in 20 years and for this, every stone must be placed in 1.5-2.5 minutes which is impossible for a human to weight such heavy blocks of stone.

Egyptians got a solution for this problem, they made a canal from the Nile River to the construction site, and afterward, the connected this canal to limestone mine.

They used floaters to float the stone in water and floaters were made of cedar wood or inflated animal skins wrapped in papyrus.

Four water pipelines were constructed to bring the stone uphill. In the pipelines, there was a series of gates who controlled the movement of stone going upwards.

This theory was believable as there was a river nearby and canals were also found but no upgoing water pipelines were found which makes a little doubtful to believe in this theory.

The Ramp theory

It was believed that stone was transported by men through the ground using wet sand which will reduce the friction between blocks and ground and it will be easier to transport.

Once the stone is transported to the site, they made a ramp to bring the stone upward. The ramp was like a spiral ramp, zigzag ramp, or a straight ramp.

After great research, this theory also failed because, there is no evidence of ramp, and if we consider ramp then also it was not possible to lift such a 20 tons block upwards, and after all to make a ramp upwards it will require more efforts and time.

Reducing friction between block and ground by wet sand can be considered because certain proofs have been found on the wall painting in Egypt.

Orion correlation theory

We all know that pyramid was built with such an accuracy that one side of its surface exactly faces towards the north.

Not only this, but it has been also said that there is a correlation between the three largest pyramids in Giza and the Orion belt. Three pyramids were aligned whit the three stars in the constellation. Not only did the three pyramids match Orion’s Belt,

Mr. Bauval argued that the Great Sphinx mirrored the constellation of Leo, and the monument’s alignments to the Nile matched the positions of the stars relative to the Milky Way.

Why the pyramid was built?

1. To use as a tomb

The ancient Egyptians were one of the first civilizations to believe in an afterlife. They believed that a second self-called the ka lived within every human being.

While some say it was built to store dead bodies of king and queens in the queen and king chamber. some theories also say that alignment with the constellation is related to the ka in the body.

But this theory failed because no tomb was found in the pyramid.

2. As a Power House

The material dolomite was used on the inner surfaces of the pyramid. Dolomite is known to increase electrical conductivity, directly relative to the amount of pressure on it: high pressure creates more electrical current.

Lining the passageways and underground tunnels of the pyramid is granite, which is slightly radioactive. Granite contains high amounts of quartz crystal with metal, and it’s a well-known conductor of piezoelectricity.

The granite actually ionizes the air inside the pyramid, creating a chemical reaction, which again, increases the conductivity of electricity. When such electrons are given the chance to bypass sections of rock via metal wire, quite large currents can flow.

It could still be argued that the electrical materials used to construct the great pyramid are purely coincidental because an energy generator still requires a catalyst from another source.

Perhaps this explains why the pyramids are geographically located over a powerful natural generator: underground rivers and aquifers.

Piezoelectricity could be harnessed from the power of the current as the water flows, and it has been proven that thousands of years ago, the Nile River ran straight past the pyramids.

So if water was the source of power, it would have traveled up the limestone-based on the principle of capillary action, which happens when a small area of a substance that gets wet, absorbs into the entire area of that substance.

The tunnel leading down from the bottom of the pyramid could’ve tapped into an aquifer, channeling the water up into the pyramid, through a series of tunnels.

So, water flowing near or underneath the pyramid could have been absorbed as it passed over the limestone, even traveling upward to the top of the structure.

The quartz and the tunnels of the pyramids would be subject to the stress or vibration creating piezoelectricity.

The high force speed and the pressure of the rising water would be analogous to filling a syringe, generating electromagnetic energy within the structure by the materials within it, and conducting it upwards to the now-missing capstone.

The Great Pyramid is located at the exact point which magnifies the electromagnetic forces on the planet where telluric currents are at their strongest.

There’s an electromagnetic field at the bottom of the pyramid, which would rise to the upper layers with these chemical reactions.

We don’t know for sure what capped the pyramid, but there’s speculation that it may have been gold (explaining why it was the first thing to go missing).

If it was indeed, gold, this could have created a conductive path for energy to be directed upwards, high into the ionosphere.

Secrets of pyramids

The weight of the stone was more than elephant i.e around 5-10 tons
There exists an intricate web of passages, shafts, and chambers.
The great pyramids maintain a constant inside temperature of 20 degrees Celsius.
The tombs are aligned in north-south with an accuracy of up to 0.05 degrees.
One of the enormous doors is a 20-ton swivel door in the great pyramid
The limestone, when laid on the pyramids sparkled literally like diamonds when the sun would shine.
The three pyramids of Giza are aligned exactly to be in line with the three stars of the Orion belt.
The Great Pyramid of Khufu weighs a whopping 5750000 tons.
The pyramid of Giza is located exactly at the intersection of the longest line of longitude and the longest line of latitude.
At noon, during the spring, the Great Pyramid of Giza casts no shadow.

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What are memories?|How memories are formed?

2020-04-18T18:17:00.002+05:30

What are memories?

Memories are a collection of data Such as the taste of ice-cream, the best moment with a friend, our first kiss, the punishment given by a teacher, and many more. In our daily routine whatever we can see, touch, smell, feel, hear and taste will become a part of memory. Memory is not a physical substance that we can insert in our brain like hard-disk inserted in CPU. Every second several memories are forming and destroyed, memory can last up to a minute or for a lifetime.
In short, memories are the collective data of our past in order to or influence our current behavior.

History of memory

Before we go deeper, we have to look at our past, how memory comes into the picture of neuroscience. In 1953, there was a person whose name was Henry Molasium who met an accident while riding a bicycle. In this accident, he got damage to his skull and spending a few days in hospital he came back home.
Due to his damaged skull which couldn't be repair by doctors, he began to experience severe seizures. Then doctors decided to remove the part of the brain which was responsible for seizures.
Parts that should be removed from the left and right temporal lobes are mainly the Hippocampus, Amygdala, and part of the entorhinal cortex.
Seizures were completely stop, but he began to suffer from anterograde amnesia. It means he will lose his ability to form new memories.
Doctors were trying to figure this out but until 1950 there was no idea about memories and thus research started on memories.
Henry Molasium (H.M) starts forgetting things which include facts and ideas but he can learn habits like riding a bicycle or learning new dance steps.
Memories are of different types because H.M can able to remember certain memories. So memories are classified into different groups and they are:-

H.M can able to retain his Non-Declarative memory/Procedural memory and was not able to remember his declarative memory. In 2008, H.M died and due to research purposes, and his brain was divided into thousands of parts. Thanks to H.M for his contribution to the research. So different parts of the brain are responsible to retain different types of memories such as.

The Amygdala used to store the emotional responses.
Motor memory is store in Cerebellum
Memories of facts and events are store in Thalamus and Hypothalamus which is located in the medial temporal lobe.

How does memory is form?

Memory is nothing but firing of neurons when we experience something. our brain talks with the help of neurons and neurons communicate with the help of synaptic connections.
After doing something repeatedly, neurons connected to that task will get stronger and eventually make a neural circuitry.
Neural circuitry will become more efficient in communicating the message and this will make a shift to Long Term Memory.
while neurons that do not get involve much, will get weaker and serve no purpose to be alive. Neurons that fire together, wire together.

Sensory memory is the shortest of all memory as it lasts only for 1/2 - 1/4 of a second. The stimuli detected by our senses can be either deliberately ignore, in which case they disappear almost instantaneously, or perceived, in which case they enter our sensory memory. This memory doesn't require conscious attention.
After sensory memory it will store in the gray matter i.e. in cortex in the form of short term memory. This memory will last up to 60 sec, short term memory is also known as working memory for e.g short-term memory can be used to remember a phone number. After experiencing STM for a long time it will go through the hippocampus where a group of proteins will work together and will make that memory to long term memory in the cortex. Where it will be store as a permanently for a lifetime.

Why do we lose memories?

When we experience something like riding a bicycle, that experience is converted into electrical energy that zips along with network of neurons. First information is available in short term memory and then will reside in the hippocampus after than will eventually become long term memory. Neurons in all our brains communicate with each other with the help of synapse using neurotransmitters.
If two neurons continue to process information for a long time, they will become more efficient and this process is called Long Term Potentiation and will be there for the long term.

We may lose memory due to age one research has shown that we lose 5% neurons every 10 years,by the time when we are 80 year old there will be a total loss of 20% of neurons. And thus we will lose neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine which is vital for learning.

Another factor can be chronic stress which makes our body on hyper-alert and can kill our brain cells and degrade our learning capabilities.
Depression and isolation can also be the cause,40% of depressed people are more likely to develop memory problems.
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What is biofeedback|Difference between biofeedback and neurofeedback?

2020-04-17T23:37:00.002+05:30

Difference between neurofeedback and biofeedback?

When we talk about brain training methods, two things first come into our mind i.e biofeedback and neurofeedback. Let me clear, biofeedback and neurofeedback both are different from each other but how they are different and what is biofeedback we will see further.

What is biofeedback?

Biofeedback is a brain training method and under the section of biofeedback, there is neurofeedback. We can say that neurofeedback is a subdivision of biofeedback. Another word for Neurofeedback is EEG biofeedback.
Biofeedback used to treat people suffering from anxiety, stress, hypertension, and chronic pain.
Biofeedback uses medical instruments and provides feedback to the client. Through this process clients can gain control over physical function that they haven’t had much control over..Basically there are three types of biofeedback, they are.

Thermal biofeedback measures skin temperature.
Electromyography measures muscle tension.
Neurofeedback or EEG biofeedback focuses on electrical brain activity.

The neurofeedback system is basically something that works on the reward-based system and thus helping the client to maintain a proper brainwave activity. Neurofeedback helps to improve brainwave activity. It helps to cure neurological conditions such as epilepsy, sleep disorders, anxiety, stress, ADHD, and traumatic brain injuries. It creates an impact on our subconscious mind and thus it works extremely well.

Difference between biofeedback and neurofeedback:-

Biofeedback is a general term, and it’s used to describe a type of feedback training for the body. Since it’s a general term, biofeedback can describe almost any type of process that involves the use of medical equipment to monitor body functions.
For example, a PET scan, a thermometer, and a blood pressure cuff are all examples of biofeedback. Neurofeedback is different because it describes a specific type of biofeedback, which consists of brainwave readings.
You can also visit:-How we are living a programmed life? power of your subconscious mind.
Feel free to contact us with any questions.

What is Neurofeedback? How does it work?

2020-04-16T18:13:00.001+05:30

What is neurofeedback?

Neurofeedback and Biofeedback are different and how they are different you can see in the difference between neurofeedback and biofeedback?

Neurofeedback is a type of therapy that uses real-time data usually electrical pulses in the form of EEG so that we can regulate our brain patterns. It is one of the brain training methods.

Have you ever been through anxiety, PTSD, sleep problem, concussion, stroke, or suffering from addiction problems? if yes, then neurofeedback is one of the best brain training methods to improve your condition. Neurofeedback is related to brain waves, what we see, perceive and our thoughts can change our brain waves. These brain waves can be detected through sensors connected to your scalp and it will measures electrical pulses emitted through neurons while communicating with each other.

Any person who is suffering from neurological disorders will have different brain waves and analyzing these waves we can conclude which part of the brain is not working properly and after detecting the problem we can design solutions for that disorder.

How do Neurofeedback works?

A person having any neurological condition can undergo neurofeedback therapy. To detect what type of brain wave is more dominant of that person, we will connect sensors to the scalp which will show output in the display and according to the display, patients have to achieve desired brain waves and after achieving desired brain patterns patient will get a reward and will get activated in the brain reward center. After repeating this process several times, the waves due to which the patient was suffering is no longer dominant. This way we can change our behaviors just by monitoring our brain waves

Neurofeedback is dependent on two pillars

Operant conditioning
Brain plasticity

We can change person behavior by giving them rewards, suppose a patient is suffering from anxiety they can try to alter their brain waves through meditation, relaxation and after achieving desirable state we can give a reward like showing them a movie or giving them, their favorite dish, these come under operant conditioning. After the repetition of operant conditioning, neural pathways inside the brain keep on changing according to our exercises and this happens due to brain plasticity.
Thank you.

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Different Brain Waves|neural oscillations|neuroscience.

2020-04-16T01:39:00.000+05:30

What are different brain waves?


Really interesting.

Do you know what are brain waves? if not, don't worry.we are there to help you out

Think about your computer, whenever you need a computer you just turn it ON and after finishing your work you turn it OFF, but our brain is not like a computer whether you need it or not it simply keep on working, no matter if you are Sleeping, dancing, watching television or doing nothing. Our brain continuously keeps on collecting data from surrounding through senses, but how our brain communicate with each other?

Answer to this question is, there are billions of neurons connected to each other in our brain. When we think about anything our neurons fire some amount of electricity to another neuron and when many neurons communicate with each other then a brain wave occurs.

A brain wave can be detected through a device called electroencephalography, or EEG – a fancy word that just means an electric brain graph. (Encephalon, the brain, is derived from the ancient Greek “enképhalos,” meaning within the head.)Electrodes placed over our scalp will detect electrical pulses fired by neurons through neural circuitry.

According to our thoughts, our brain wave will change ranging from low amplitude to high amplitude and low frequency to high frequency. Brainwave speed is measured in Hertz (cycles per second) and they are divided into bands into slow, moderate, and fast waves.

There are 5 types of different brain waves mainly categorized by different frequency bands.

Brain waves are just a way to represent our experience of being, thinking, and perceiving.

5 different types of brain waves

Beta waves:-

Its frequency range is from 14-30 Hz
Beta is a ‘fast’ activity, present when we are alert, attentive, engaged in problem-solving, judgment, decision making, or focused mental activity.
Beta brainwaves are easiest to detect when we’re busy thinking actively.

For examples:-

Active conversation
Making decisions
Solving a problem
Focusing on a task
Learning a new concept

Alpha waves:-

Its frequency range is from 9-13 Hz
Alpha is the resting state for the brain
They can be detected when the eyes are closed and the mind is relaxed. They can also often be found during activities such as:

Yoga
Just before falling asleep
Being creative and artistic

Delta waves:-

Its frequency range is from 0.5-4 Hz
These are the slowest of all brainwaves
They are generated in deepest meditation and dreamless sleep
Healing and regeneration are stimulated in this state, and that is why deep restorative sleep is so essential to the healing process.

Theta waves:-

Its frequency range is from 4-8 Hz
Theta brainwaves occur most often in sleep and in deep meditation.
Theta is our gateway to learning, memory, and intuition.
In theta, our senses are withdrawn from the external world and focused on signals originating from within.
It’s where we hold our history, programs. fear and rules.

Gamma waves:-

Its frequency range is from 30-100 Hz
Gamma brainwaves are the fastest of brain waves
These brainwaves pass information rapidly and quietly, the mind has to be quiet to access gamma.
Gamma is also known as a peak mental state as it processes information from different parts of the brain.

Anyone can alter their brain waves by changing their perception.
Usage of chemicals such as medicines or recreational drugs can also change brain wave patterns but the brain training method is the best method to get it in the right way.
We can also do meditation or yoga to change waves and even nowadays brains training methods like
brain training methods like neurofeedback and pEMF deliver targeted, quick, and lasting results.

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How we are living a programmed life? power of your subconscious mind.

2020-04-14T18:53:00.001+05:30

How are we programmed subconsciously?

How we are living a programmed life? :-one day I was just sitting at my sofa and watching one of my favorite discovery channels on television. After watching television a random thought came into my mind and the thought was,
why do we have our daily routine? How we are living a programmed life?Every day how much work we do besides to daily routine?
For us why every day is like the same? Are we programmed to some kind of program?

Waking up in the morning, at the same time, from the same position and even switching off the alarm from the same finger.
Having a bath, wearing the formals or school uniforms, or wearing the same dress code.
Going to college, school, office doing the same type of work.
Coming back to home.
All will have dinner with a phone in one hand.
Finally going to sleep, Next day - Same routine.

But then the real question came, we all know that we all are bound to something, we all are bound to follow our daily routine and from the depth of the heart we all want to change ourself, change the daily routine, change belief, change habits and want to make the first step towards improvement but we are unable to do that, why we all are so tied to do the things which we don't want to do.
Then i begin to search on the internet and I got the answers which we all are going to see below.

How we are programmed?

To answer this question we have to look at our past, I mean from the day we were born.
A child learns by looking at parents, siblings, relatives, friends and he/she will gather information from the environment.
Subconsciously he/she will learn thousands of rules from the surrounding.

How to live in society,
Different ways of talking from parents, teachers, friends, etc.
How to react to a certain situation (Danger, Angry, Happy, Anxious)

A child under 7 has a very unique way of learning. Under this age brain of a child is in lower vibrational frequency called theta waves, this state of the brain is known as hypnosis. Hypnosis is, we just watch our parents, siblings, society, friends and that's how we learn. Those programs until 7 will decide our future after 7, what we will be? If you have a negative program you will live your whole life sabotage yourself believing that you are good for nothing, but the fact is that your programing was not good enough to motivate you. Under hypnosis, you can assume that child is on one side of a glass and is looking to the whole world from the other side but he/she can't make any decision.
Your whole life is like a tape player in which programs under 7 have been downloaded in cassette and after 7 you just tap on play button and living your life according to programs.
We are doing the same thing again and again because our negative programming does not support us.
Now we are halfway to our answer, what we have got is the answer to the question of why we follow our daily routine, but how we can change this?

We all have a chance to change our programs,

Have you ever noticed how did the child after 7 memorize things like abcd,1234, or some mathematics calculations? He/she can able to do this just by repeating whatever he/she wants to learn
and in the same way, we can also change our programs just by repeating whatever we want to change in ourselves.
when we go to sleep our brain generates the same vibrational frequency which was generated in a child until 7. In this period we can change our programs by positive affirmation.

Hypnosis(while going to sleep)
repetition

Through thee two ways we can change our programming and can live according to our choices.

Feel free to contact us with any questions.