CLIN CHEM EXPLORER

Clinical Chemistry 2 - Scope of Prelim Exams (December 15, 2009)

2009-12-13T17:16:00.000-08:00

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2

SCOPE OF EXAMS

TOPIC (%) ITEMS
INTRODUCTION 10 10
AUTOMATION 35 35
ELECTROLYTES 55 55
TRANSCRIPTION 10

Total items = 110

Type of Test:

1. Identification
2. Multiple choice
3. Essay
4. Transcription
5. Problem solving

Bring the following:

1. Permit
2. Calculators (Borrowing is not permitted)
3. 2 black pens

Come in proper uniform.

FOR YOUR GUIDANCE AND COMPLIANCE

LABORATORY RULES AND REGULATIONS

2009-11-25T23:54:00.000-08:00

1. Before accepting borrowed apparatus, inspect carefully each equipment or glassware. Once issued, the Laboratory Technologist will consider all broken equipment as the responsibility of the student.

2. Always sign borrower's slip for equipment borrowed.

3. Equipment must be returned immediately after each laboratory period.

4. Upon the return of the apparatus, the form will be given back to you. If there are some apparatuses not accounted for, the form will remain in file.

5. No laboratory equipment maybe taken out of the laboratory.

6. Provide yourself with a laboratory gown, towel, rag and all the necessary Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).

7. Be aware of the location of fire extinguishers. Put out fires due to inflammable solvent with a wet towel or blanket.

8. Throw away excess inflammable solvent into the sink with large amounts of water.

9. Wrap solid waste with paper, including blood clots, before throwing into the appropriate waste container.

10. Report immediately any damaged or broken equipment to the laboratory technologist.

11. Clean glassware immediately after use.

12. Clean working area thoroughly after each laboratory period.

13. Do not use any instrument in the laboratory without prior permission from your instructor.

14. Do not talk or laugh boisterously inside the laboratory.

15. Do not enter the preparation room without permission.

16. Do not operate the centrifuge machine unless the tubes are properly balanced and are positioned opposite each other.

17. Do not bring volatile solvent like ether or alcohol near an open flame.

18. Eating, drinking and smoking inside the laboratory are strictly prohibited.

19. Do not throw solid substances into the sink to avoid clogging of pipes.

20. Do not splash water on a chemical fire, this would only worsen the spread of the flames.

21. Alert anyone if you smell gas and try to locate the leak.

22. Never pipet by mouth, rubber aspirators are provided for this purpose.

23. Always wash your hands with soap and water before leaving the laboratory.

24. Observe the Universal precaution: “Treat all blood, blood products and other body fluids as potentially infectious, regardless of the knowledge on their HIV - SERO status."

Assingnments MT 3 -

2009-11-22T22:12:00.000-08:00

Deadline would be on Sunday - November 29, 2009

Edsel - colorimetric test for calcium - # 1-10
Fernand0- AAS test for calcium - # 2-10
Robin - Electrophoresis test for calcium # 3-10
Kim - Precautions in calcium test # 4-10
Tiffany - EFP test for calcium # 5 -10
Vixienne - normal values and C.S. for calcium # 6 -10
Jerome - colorimetric method for potassium # 7-10
Paul Arvin - AAS method for potassium # 8 -10
Jenny - Electrohphoresis method for potassium # 9-10
Abigail - EFP test for potassium # 10-10
Kate - precautions for potassium test # 11-10
Johanna - normal values and C.S. # 12-10
Jennie- colorimetric method for sodium # 13-10
Rosette - AAS method for sodium # 13 -10
Mark John - Electrohphoresis method for sodium # 14-10
Lilibeth - EFP test for sodium # 15-10
Justine - precautions for sodium test # 16-10
Jan Kevin - normal values and C.S. # 17-10
Princess - colorimetric method for chloride # 18-10
Aiko - AAS method for chloride # 19 -10
Toni Jerico - Electrohphoresis method for chloride # 20-10
Mark Jadrian - EFP test for chloride # 21-10
John Patrick - precautions for chloride test # 22-10
Jayson - normal values and C.S. of chlordie # 23-10
Noel - precipitation methods for chloride # 24-10
Marjorie - colorimetric method for phosphorus # 25-10
Norilie - AAS method for phosphorus # 26 -10
Lara Mikee - Electrohphoresis method for phosphorus # 27-10
Sheena Marie - EFP test for phosphorus # 28-10
Lea - precautions for phosphorus test # 29-10
Anna Kamille - normal values and C.S. of phosphorus # 30-10
Joseph - colorimetric method for magnesium # 31-10
Chelzylyn - AAS method for magnesium # 32 -10
Kristensen - Electrohphoresis method for magnesium # 33-10
Irish Mirah - precautions for magnesium test # 34-10
student with no designated assignment - normal values and C.S. of magnesium # 35-10

Clinical Electrolytes - Cations and Anions

2009-11-21T23:14:00.000-08:00

Electrolytes are amphoteric substances, meaning they could be positively or negatively charged. The positively charged ions are called cations, and the negatively charged -anions.

Examples given here are those electrolytes which are commonly tested in the clinical laboratory.

Positively charged ions are called CATIONS :

1. Potassium - intracellular
2. Magnesium - intracellular
3. Calcium - extracellular
4. Sodium - extracellular

Negatively charged ions are called ANIONS :

1. Chloride - extracellular
2. bicarbonate - extracellular
3. inorganic phosphorus - intracellular

The determination of these electrolytes are very significant in the assessment of several diseases like diabetic ketoacidosis, water-electrolyte status , and many more.

ATTENTION - CC BLOGGERS

2009-11-07T07:53:00.000-08:00

Photo: Courtesy of Red Castro

You have settled down now in your affiliation centers. You can now write your post. Good luck.

ATTENTION -BS Pharma 4

2009-10-22T04:33:00.000-07:00

THERE ARE NO STUDENTS FOR REMOVAL EXAMS. CONGRATULATIONS!!!

LIST OF STUDENTS FOR REMOVAL EXAMS IN CLIN. CHEM. 1

2009-10-21T11:42:00.000-07:00

ATTENTION MT3 STUDENTS:

The following students are required to report on October 23, 2009; 9 am, for the REMOVAL EXAMS on CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1. Please come in complete uniform. Bring all necessary paraphernalia.

1. 07-0844-790
2. 07-0589-872
3. 07-0560-823
4. 07-0386-521
5. 07-0653-227
6. 07-0529-128
7. 07-0424-572
8. 07-1019-754
9. 07-1983-224
10. 07-0336-452
11. 07-0937-143
12. 07-0269-650
13. 07-0344-458

RE-SCHEDULING OF CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 REMOVALS

2009-10-18T01:19:00.000-07:00

ATTENTION MT3

REMOVAL EXAMS FOR CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 WILL NOT PUSH THROUGH TOMORROW (OCTOBER 19, 2009.)

KINDLY CHECK BACK FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS.

THIS IS ONLY FOR CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1. FOR THE REST OF THE SUBJECTS, SCHEDULE OF REMOVALS ARE THE SAME.

Photo by CLF

ATTENTION MT3 - CC1 FINAL EXAMS TOPICS

2009-10-10T18:41:00.000-07:00

TOPICS FOR FINAL EXAMS IN CC 1

LECTURE

1. Introduction to CC
2. Instrumentation
3. Laboratory Math
4. Specimen Collection/preparation
5. Carbohydrates
6. Lipids
7. Quality assurance/quality control

Type of test:

1. Identification
2. Multiple Choice
3. Problem solving
4. Essay
5. Transcription

LABORATORY

All experiments - Nos. 1- 15

Type of test:

1. Multiple choice
2. Essay

WE ARE THE CHAMPIONS

2009-10-01T08:20:00.000-07:00

And now for some motivators; we won the championship in the recently concluded CHOIR Competition. Supermedtech are you one of the guys?

Congratulations!

ATTENTION - CC BLOGGERS

2009-09-27T09:28:00.000-07:00

Post your essay on : "My First Week of Internship"

Good luck and God bless!

Congratulations to all the Board Passers and to TAMTAM CALAQUIAN for being TOP 2 in the September 2009 Licensure Exams for BSMT.

Best Clin Chem Blogs

2009-09-12T20:47:00.000-07:00

The following are adjudged as the Best Clin Chem Blogs for this Semester:

Rank 1

1. Eryll - Blog 23
2. Eugene - Blog 1
3. Angelica - Blog 20

Rank 2

1. Erika Shane - Blog 5
2. Diana - Blog 3
3. Kim Andrew - Blog 7
4. Lindsey - Blog 8
5. Ann Alexys - Blog 11
6. Dia Rowena - Blog 17
7. Ma. Raychel - Blog 13
8. Jayson - Blog 27
9. Christian Phillip - Blog 22
10.Kristine Kretel - Blog 18
11.Jhimpie - Blog 14
12.Lovely Rose - Blog 21

Rank 3

1. Jullius - Blog 2
2. Apple Joy - Blog 4
3. Mary Joy - Blog 24
4. Ethel - Blog 26
5. Mark Gideon - Blog 28

And to everyone, you've all done well. Keep posting and good luck to Internship training.

It's time to reveal your Evaluators. Here they are:

Content: Dr. Bernardino(Zorlone) and I

IT, blogging acumen, writing style, originality, impact, spunk, etc: Luke, Jan, Roy, Holly

Thanks for the help and support.

ANNOUNCEMENT - MT 4 (CC BLOGGERS)

2009-09-10T13:37:00.000-07:00

The following students should see me ( for consultation) anytime during the day (September 10, 2009), from 10:00 am to 5:00 pm.

1. Aubrey Lou
2. Ma. Raychel
3. Jimpie
4. Maricris
5. Lovely Rose
6. Christian Phillip
7. Charles Eryll
8. Louinne Amii
9. Ethel Coleen
10.Jayson
11. Mark Gideon
12. Marrion
13. Jullius
14. Diana Christina
15. Lindsey
16. Myron
17. Apple Joy

ATTENTION MT4 -(CC BLOGGERS) - REMINDERS

2009-08-28T21:06:00.001-07:00

You are now embarking on a new phase of your training. Good luck and may the force be with you!

Please be reminded of the following:

1. Post your answers to your questions.

2. Post your essay about drug testing.

3. Read your classmates posts.

4. Spruce up your blogs, be the best!

Final Exams: ( September 2, 2009)

1. MULTIPLE CHOICE : ( total no. of items 130- lec; 50 - lab)
(online testing) .

Topics: Lecture

1. Endocrinology - 45 items
2. Toxicology - 45 items
3. Drug testing - 30 items
4. Transcription - 10 items

Laboratory - All experiments

What to bring:

1. Permits
2. IDs ( recent)
3. 1 sheet of yellow paper
4. calculators

GOOD LUCK!

NEW TOPICS FOR POSTING - MT4

2009-08-04T00:36:00.000-07:00

ATTENTION MT 4 ( CC Bloggers)

PLS. TAKE NOTE OF YOUR NEW ASSIGNED TOPICS:

Define the assigned term and relate this to your major topic. Pictures related to the topic should be included. Be creative!

EUGENE - specificity

JULLIUS - target cell

DIANA CHRISTINA - hormones

PAUL MARRION - suppressant

APPLE JOY - stimulator

ERIKA SHANE - stimulation tests

MICHAEL ANGELO - inhibition tests

KIM ANDREW - negative feedback mechanism

LINDSEY - mechanism 1 of hormonal action

JIM ABNER SAM -mechanism 2 of hormonal action

MYRON - hormone receptor

ANN ALEXYS - transport proteins

AUBREY LOU - RIA

MA. RAYCHEL - ELISA

JIMPIE -Vivisection

NERA - EMIT

KELLY SHAYE LOUISE - CPBA

DIA ROWENA - Colorimetric method

MARK GIDEON - Fluorometric method

KRISTINE KRETEL - screening tests

MARICRIS -detoxification of urine

ANJELICA - When to use blood as a specimen of choice

LOVELY ROSE - When to use urine as a specimen of choice

CHRISTIAN PHILLIP - Universal precaution

CHARLES ERYLL - PPE

MARY JOY - proper recording/reporting of results

LOUINNE AMII - proper identification of patient

ETHEL COLEEN - proper assaying

JAYSON - quality control in hormone testing

All posts should be written and posted on or before August 19, 2009.

For your guidance and compliance.

NEW ANNOUNCEMENT FOR MT 3 STUDENTS

2009-07-31T23:37:00.000-07:00

PLEASE BRING WITH YOU TWO BLUEBOOKS & 1 SHEET OF YELLOW PAPER FOR THE PRELIM EXAMS ON MONDAY.

DON'T FORGET THE OTHER REQUIRED MATERIALS , ESPECIALLY YOUR CALCULATORS

FOR YOUR GUIDANCE AND COMPLIANCE

/VBG

Table of Specifications - Clinical Chemistry 1 for MT3A

2009-07-17T23:18:00.000-07:00

ATTENTION BSMT 3A

PRELIM EXAMS IN CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1

Type of test:

1. Mutliple choice
2. Identification
3. Problem solving
4. Essay
5. Transcription
6. Modified True or False

Please bring:

1. Two black pens/ballpens
2. Calculators (No borrowing)
3. Permits
4. Yellow paper (1 sheet)
5. BLUEBOOKS (# 2)

Topic /No. of items

1.Intro to clinical chemistry 15
2.Laboratory apparatus 10
3.Spectrophotometer 15
4.Other instruments 10
5.Prep'n of sols/lab math 75
6.Transcription 10

TOTAL ITEMS 135

FOR LABORATORY EXAMS

EXPERIMENT NOS. 1-4

For your compliance and guidance.

Photo by ccarlstead

Clin Chem Student Bloggers Featured in the Struggling Blogger!

2009-07-04T12:37:00.001-07:00

ATTENTION: MT 4 STUDENTS:

You've been featured by Roy dela Cruz's - The Struggling Blogger in his Bloggers Connection Post: Clin Chem Student Bloggers.

Roy has served as an inspiration for bloggers by his passion for blogging. He inspires others to move on inspite of hardhsips and temporary setbacks.

He is a blogger worthy of emulation. Thanks Roy for all the support!

Check his inspiring post! Congratulations to all of you and keep writing!

Maximize the Exposure of Your Blogs

2009-07-03T22:40:00.000-07:00

ATTENTION: MT 4 STUDENTS:

For the 4th week:

Maximize the exposure of your blogs by using these pointers:

1. Read other blogs' posts and understand the content so you could leave well thought of comments, or comments that could contribute to the post.

2. Do not leave a comment asking them to visit your blogs. This is considered spamming.

3. Do not leave generic , one -liner comments like: "Great post!", "Brilliant!" "You're great!" If you can't avoid this, then explain why you think the post is great, etc.

4. If you commented properly and then you do not get any return visit, then you have to accept the fact that not all bloggers would do the same.

5. Visit and read as many blogs as you can, especially those that belong to the same genre as your topic.

GOOD LUCK, CC student-bloggers!

Clin. Chem. Blogs' Evaluation: Week 3

2009-06-27T05:29:00.002-07:00

All blogs were evaluated by two great bloggers
Roy dela Cruz of "The Struggling Blogger and
Dr. Lorenzo Bernardino of "Zorlone".

These two generous bloggers did it for love - gratis. Do take note of their recommendations and visit their blogs to say thank you. Browse their blogs and learn from them.

The prizes will be awarded next week during our laboratory class.

Take note of the following reminders: Demerit points will be given for non-compliance.

1. Follow my blog and your classmates' blogs. Log in first before you follow. No anonymous followers.

2. Subscribe to my blog and your classmates' blogs.

3. Be certain all the CC blogs are in your blogroll.

4. Follow and subscribe also to Clin Chem Reviewer.

5. Post the latest assignment: "Answers to your questions"

6. Blog hop and read your classmates' post.

7. Leave comments on your classmates' post.

8. Encourage each other.

9. The laboratory test will be derived from your different posts.

FOR YOUR GUIDANCE AND COMPLIANCE!
/VBG

Re-evaluation of Blogs This Week

2009-06-11T23:15:00.000-07:00

ATTENTION BSMT 4 STUDENTS:

1. Make the necessary corrections on your blogs.

2. Compose a 1-20 post quiz about your topic. Display it as a new post. Identification should be 1 to 10 and a case analysis would be items 11-20.

3. Do not copy from books or from internet sources. (Avoid being charged with plagiarism)

A 10 pt merit will be awarded to students who will have original questions and case studies.

4. Follow all CC blogs.

5. Complete your blog roll.

N.B.

T. Siroy and A. Naguiat, kindly come and see me on Monday.

For your guidance and strict compliance.

Photo by Nikes Alviz

UPDATES ON CC BLOGS

2009-06-05T18:55:00.000-07:00

BSMT CC 4 STUDENTS: TAKE NOTE OF THE FOLLOWING:

1. You are given till Tuesday - June 9, 2009 to make the necessary corrections and suggestions I have required from your blogs. Read your comments to check further recommendations.

2. Be sure you have blog rolled all classmates in your side bar, with this blog as your 1st anchor.

3. Read and leave comments in posts.

4. Next topic for study are anterior and posterior pituitary glands.

5. Announcement of Best Blog for the Week will be on June 10, 2009.

6. Good luck to all.

Attention: MT4: All Posts Should be Written Before Wednesday

2009-05-29T23:28:00.000-07:00

All posts should be written and posted on or before Wednesday - June 3, 2009. On Tuesday night, I'll be checking those who have completed their posts.

IMPORTANT REMINDERS!

1. DON'T COPY PASTE ARTICLES TO YOUR POST! YOU'LL BE CHARGED WITH PLAGIARISM - A CRIME WHICH HAS CORRESPONDING SANCTIONS.

2. Even if you didn't copy - verbatim- a reference material, you should still cite them in your references.

3. You could link your articles to relevant videos, posts, or any teaching aids available in the internet as long as you don't violate copyright.

4. Pictures you upload to your posts, should be properly attributed. Don't use copyrighted material. It is best to use your own pictures.

5. GOOD LUCK and welcome to the dynamic world of the blogosphere.

Photo by usm photos

Diagnostic Exams and Assignment for MT4

2009-05-09T07:04:00.000-07:00

Prepare for a Diagnostic Exam on Wednesday , May 13, 2009.

Topics covered CC1, CC2, CC3 (Endocrinology and Toxicology) .

Assignment:

Read about the introduction of Endocrinology & Toxicology.

Photo by dcJohn

Blood Glucose Determination

2009-04-11T10:09:00.000-07:00

Glucose levels are maintained in the body at 60-100 mg/dL and this is done through the body's homeostatic ability.

When the glucose levels increase, the primary hormone that decreases the level is insulin. On the other hand, the primary hormone that increases glucose levels when it is below normal, is glucagon.

Both of these hormones are produced by the pancreas in the beta and alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans, respectively.

Since blood glucose levels are affected by diet through the food that we eat, fasting is required before a test is performed ( except in cases of RBS - Random Blood Sugar).

In the colorimetric method of glucose determination, The Orthotoluidine Method is the most common method utilized.

MANUAL PROCEDURE:

Precautions:

1. Patient should have fasted for 8-12 hours.
2. Unhemoylzed, non icteric and non turbid serum should be used to avoid interferences with the procedure.
3. The reagent contains sodium azide, which is corrosive, so PPE should be worn.
4. The solution should be brought to a boil to ensure proper reaction

MANUAL PROCEDURE:

Precautions:

1. Patient should have fasted for 8-12 hours.
2. Unhemoylzed, non icteric and non turbid serum should be used to avoid interferences
with the procedure.
3. The reagent contains sodium azide, which is corrosive, so PPE should be worn.
4. The solution should be brought to a boil to ensure proper reaction.

PROCEDURE PROPER:

1. Prepare Three tubes labeled, SA (Sample)/ C (Control), ST (Standard) and RB (Reagent Blank).

2. To the SA/C tube add 0.1 ml of the test specimen/ Control specimen.

3. To the ST tube add 0.1 ml of the standard stock solution.

4. To the RB tube add 0.1 ml of distilled water.

5. Add 4 ml of glucose reagent to all tubes. Cap and mix by gentle inversion.

6. Boil all tubes at 100 degrees centigrade for 8 minutes.

7. Cool tubes in running tap water for about 2 minutes.

8. Read absorbance of solutions in the spectrophotometer with appropriate cuvets at 636 nanometers against the RB (Reagent Blank).

9. Compute for the Cu (Concentration of the Unknown making use of the formula:

Cu= Absorbance of Unknown(Au) multiplied by the Concentration of the
Standard(Cs) divided by the Absorbance of the Standard (As)

Adapt the unit of the Cs

Normal Values = 60 - 100 mg/dL
to convert values to mmol/L multiply values in mg/dL with 0.0555

The clinical significance of the elevation of blood glucose denotes an abnormality in the body. One of the main causes of elevated blood levels is diabetes mellitus. It maybe Type 1, Type 2.

Further testing maybe done using OGTT (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test) or 2HPPT (2 Hour Post Prandial test). The 2HPPT is more sensitive as a test for diagnosis of DM (diabetes mellitus). There are two types of DM: Type 1 and Type 2.