My World, My Life

Popular Titles from ISO

2011-01-19T14:47:00.001+07:00

ISO 9001 Quality Management Systems - Requirements
ISO 9000 Revisions 3-Document Set of ISO 9000-2000 Revisions
ISO 14971 Medical devices - Application of risk management to medical devices (Includes March 2003 AMD 1)
ISO 9000 Quality management systems - Fundamentals and vocabulary
ISO 14001 Environmental management systems -- Requirements with guidance for use
ISO 9004 Quality managment systems - Guidelines for performance improvements
ISO 10012 Measurement management systems - Requirements for measurement processes and measuring equipment
ISO 14644-1 Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments - Part 1: Classification of air cleanliness
ISO 14644-2 Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments - Part 2: Specifications for testing and monitoring to prove continued compliance with ISO 14644-1
ISO 13485 Medical devices - Quality management systems - Requirements for regulatory purposes

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
The International Organization for Standardization is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies from some 100 countries, one from each country.
ISO is a non-governmental organization established in 1947. The mission of ISO is to promote the development of standardization and related activities in the world with a view to facilitating the international exchange of goods and services, and to developing cooperation in the spheres of intellectual, scientific, technological and economic activity. ISO's work results in international agreements which are published as International Standards.
ISO International Standards are accepted worldwide as the method by which manufacturers and service providers can achieve maximum convenience and efficiency in the exchange of their goods and services. ISO's partner, IEC, develops standards on electrical and electrotechnical subjects, while all other arenas are the responsibility of ISO. These topics include health care technology, quality management systems, environmental and health protection and safety, mechanical systems and components, fluid systems and components, telecommunications, information technology, image technology, road vehicle engineering, railway engineering, materials handling technology, packaging and distribution of goods, food technology, mining and materials, petroleum and related technologies, metallurgy, glass and ceramics industries, paints and colour industries, military engineering, and many more.

Popular Titles from IEEE

2011-01-19T14:44:00.003+07:00

ANSI/IEEE C2-2002 National Electrical Safety Code (NESC)
IEEE 519-1992 IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems
IEEE 80-2000 IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding
IEEE 81-1983 IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Ground System Part 1:Normal Measurements
IEEE 1012-1998 IEEE Standard for Software Verification and Validation
IEEE 315-1975 Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronics Diagrams (Including Reference Designation Letters)
IEEE 829-1998 IEEE Standard for Software Test Documentation
IEEE 1100-1999 IEEE Recommended Practice for Powering and Grounding Electronic Equipment
IEEE 1149.1-2001 IEEE Standard Test Access Port and Boundary-Scan Architecture
IEEE C2-2002-SET National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) & NESC Handbook Complete Set

IEEE
IEEE is the world's largest technical professional society with members spanning the globe. Serving the computing, electrical engineering, and electronics professions, the IEEE engages in technical, educational and professional activities that advance the theory and practice of electrotechnology, contribute to the lifelong professional and personal development of its members, and advance the profession.

The 37 Societies and Councils of the IEEE publish technically-focused journals, magazines, proceedings and over 800 standards. Topics include: electrotechnical applications, circuits and devices, communication and information technology, control and automation, electromagnetics, geoscience, ocean technology and remote sensing, instrumentation and measurement and testing, optics and optoelectronics, power and energy and signal processing.

Popular Titles from CSA

2011-01-19T14:41:00.003+07:00

CSA C22.1-02 Canadian Electrical Code, Part I (19th Edition), Safety Standard for Electrical Installations
CSA B51-03 Boiler, Pressure Vessel, and Pressure Piping Code
CSA Z432-04 Safeguarding of Machinery
CSA C22.1HB-02 The 2002 CE Code Handbook (Canadian Electrical Code)
CSA Z662-03 and Z662.1-03 Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems and Commentary on CSA Standard Z662-03, Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems
CSA Z94.4-02 Update No. 1: Selection, Use, and Care of Respirators
CSA Z768-01 ISO 9000 Revisions Phase I Environmental Site Assessment
CSA B149.1-05 Natural Gas and Propane Installation Code
CSA C22.2 NO. 14-95 (R2001) Industrial Control Equipment
CSA C22.1-02 (PKG.2200-02) 2002 Canadian Electrical Code Package - Looseleaf Codebook Plus Softbound Handbook

Canadian Standards Association
The Canadian Standards Association (CSA) is a membership association serving industry, government, consumers and other interested parties in Canada and the global marketplace. A leading developer of standards and codes, CSA enhances public safety, improves quality of life, preserves the environment and facilitates trade. To help people understand and apply standards, CSA offers information products and training. The Canadian Standards Association is a division of CSA Group which consists of CSA, CSA International for product testing and certification, and, QMI for management systems registration.

Most Popular Titles from DIN

2011-01-19T14:39:00.003+07:00

DIN 16901 Plastics mouldings; Tolerances and acceptance conditions for linear dimensions
DIN 40050-9 Road vehicles; degrees of protection (IP-code); protection against foreign objects; water and contact; electrical equipment
DIN 50021 Spray tests with different sodium chloride solutions
DIN 7168 General tolerances for linear and angular dimensions and geometrical tolerances (not to be used for new designs)
DIN 3960 Definitions, parameters and equations for involute cylindrical gears and gear pairs
DIN 509 Relief grooves - Types and dimensions
DIN 50018 Testing in a saturated atmosphere in the presence of sulfur dioxide
DIN 5480-14 Involute splines with 30° pressure angle; side fits, tolerances
DIN 5480-1 Involute spline joints; principles
DIN 50017 Atmospheres and their technical application; Condensation water test atmospheres

Deutsches Institut fur Normung - DIN
DIN is a non-governmental organization established to promote the development of standardization and related activities in Germany and related markets with the goal of facilitating the international exchange of goods and services, and to developing cooperation in the spheres of intellectual, scientific, technological and economic activity. Through the European standards organizations CEN and CENELEC, DIN also presents the German view in the development of the European standards which are critical to completion of the single European market.

Over 12,000 DIN standards cover a wide range of topics including: physical quantities and units, fasteners, water analysis, building and civil engineering (including building materials, construction contract procedures (VOB), soil testing, corrosion protection of steel structures), materials testing (testing machines, plastics, rubber, petroleum products, semiconductors), steel pipes, machine tools, twist drills, roller and ball bearings, and process engineering. DIN Handbooks (covering subjects such as mechanical engineering, fasteners, steel, steel pipes, and welding), and most DIN standards are available as English versions, or as English translations.

Most Popular Titles from BSI

2011-01-19T14:35:00.001+07:00

BS OHSAS 18001:1999 Occupational health and safety management systems. Specification
BS OHSAS 18002:2000 Occupational health and safety management systems. Guidelines for the implementation of OHSAS 18001
BS 7608:1993 Code of practice for fatigue design and assessment of steel structures
BS 7671:2001 Requirements for electrical installations. IEE Wiring Regulations. Sixteenth edition
BS 8110-1:1997 Structural use of concrete. Code of practice for design and construction
BS EN 10226-1:2004 Pipe threads where pressure tight joins are made on the threads. Taper external threads and parallel internal threads. Dimensions, tolerances and designation
BS 5950-1:2000 Structural use of steelwork in building. Code of practice for design. Rolled and welded sections
BS 7910:1999 Guide on methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in metallic structures
BS 6399-2:1997 Loading for buildings. Code of practice for wind loads
BS 21 Amendment 1 - Pipe Threads for Tubes and Fittings Where Pressure-Tight Joints Are Made on the Threads - Metric Dimensions

British Standards Institution
BSI was the first national standards body in the world. There are now more than 100 similar organizations which belong to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). BSI represents the views of British industry on these bodies, working towards harmonizing world standards. Through the European standards organizations CEN and CENELEC, BSI also presents the British view in the development of the European standards which are critical to completion of the single European market.

Over 15,000 British Standard publications have been published, all falling in one of the following standards programmes: Building and Civil Engineering, Materials and Chemicals, Engineering, Electrotechnical, Consumer Products and Services, Healthcare, Management.

Acting with an Accent: Standard British (Manual)

Most Popular Titles from IEC

2011-01-19T14:31:00.001+07:00

IEC 60601-1-4 Medical electrical equipment - Part 1-4: General requirements for safety - Collateral Standard: Programmable electrical medical systems CONSOLIDATED EDITION
IEC 60529 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code) CONSOLIDATED EDITION
IEC 60601-1-2 Medical electrical equipment - Part 1-2: General requirements for safety - Collateral standard: Electromagnetic compatibility - Requirements and tests
IEC 60601-1 Medical electrical equipment - Part 1: General requirements for safety
IEC 61010-1 Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use - Part 1: General requirements
IEC 60601-1-1 Medical electrical equipment - Part 1-1: General requirements for safety - Collateral standard: Safety requirements for medical electrical systems
IEC 60950-1 Information technology equipment - Safety - Part 1: General requirements
IEC 60204-1 Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines - Part 1: General requirements CONSOLIDATED EDITION
IEC 61000-4-2 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)- Part 4-2: Testing and measurement techniques - Electrostatic discharge immunity test CONSOLIDATED EDITION
IEC 60601-1 Amd 2 Amendment 2 - Medical electrical equipment - Part 1: General requirements for safety

International Electrotechnical Commission
The International Electrotechnical Commission is the authoritative worldwide body responsible for developing consensus global standards in the electrotechnical field. IEC is dedicated to the harmonization and voluntary adoption of these standards, supporting the transfer of electrotechnology, assisting certification and promoting international trade.

Since 1906, IEC has served the world's electrical industry, developing international standards to promote quality, safety, performance, reproducibility, and environmental compatibility of materials, products, and systems. It has also published standards for the electronics and telecommunications industries. The IEC's present membership of 51 countries includes most major trading nations.

IEC standards are widely adopted as the basis of national or regional electrotechnical standards, and are often quoted in manufacturers' specifications and by users when calling for tenders. Over 2000 standards cover virtually every topic of electrotechnology from acoustics, to medical devices, to insulating materials, to aircraft, to nuclear instruments. Please give us a call for title and price information on IEC standards.
Functional Safety, Second Edition: A Straightforward Guide to Applying IEC 61508 and Related Standards

Most Popular Titles from ASTM International

2011-01-19T14:28:00.001+07:00

ASTM Sections and Volumes
Find the newest Sections and Volumes.
ASTM E1527-00 Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment Process
ASTM A380-99(2005) Standard Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation of Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and Systems
ASTM E1528-00 Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Transaction Screen Process
ASTM D3359-02 Standard Test Methods for Measuring Adhesion by Tape Test
ASTM A967-01e1 Standard Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatments for Stainless Steel Parts
ASTM B117-03 Standard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
ASTM B633-98e1 Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc on Iron and Steel
ASTM E1417-99 Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination
ASTM PHASE201 ASTM Standards Related to the Phase II Environmental Site Assessment Process, Second Edition
ASTM D3951-98(2004) Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging

ASTM International
ASTM International is composed of more than 132 technical standards writing committees. Together, they have published more than 9,100 standard specifications, tests, practices, guides, and definitions for materials, products, systems, and services.
ASTM International has published standards dealing with metals, flammability, chemical products, lubricants, fossil fuels, textiles, paint, plastics, rubber, pipe, forensic sciences, electronics, energy, medical devices and countless other topics.
ASTM International Standards for Mechanical Fasteners and Related Standards for Fastener Materials, Coatings, Test Methods, and Quality

Popular Titles from API

2011-01-19T14:22:00.001+07:00

API 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
ANSI/API 1104 Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities - 19th Edition - Includes errata dated October 31, 2001
API 653 Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction, Third Edition
API 5L Specification for Line Pipe, Includes Errata 1
API RP 1007 Loading and Unloading of MC 306 / DOT 406 Cargo Tank Motor Vehicles
ANSI/API 570 Piping Inspection Code: Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Rerating of In-Service Piping Systems
API 510 Pressure Vessel Inspection Code: Maintenance Inspection, Rating, Repair, and Alteration - Includes Addenda 1, 2, 3 and 4 (1999, 2000, 2001, 2003)
API RP 500 Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical Installations at Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class I, Division I and Division 2
API 520-1 Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices in Refineries: Part I - Sizing and Selection
API 6A Specification for Wellhead and Christmas Tree Equipment - BINDER INCLUDED

American Petroleum Institute
For over 80 years, API has been the petroleum industry's U.S. national trade association. API released its first standard in 1923, intended to promote the interchangeability of oil field equipment throughout the industry. Today, over 1000 API standards serve as the basis for API quality programs covering production material and lubricants, and certification programs for storage tanks, pressure vessels, and piping inspectors. They also publish recommended practices, research reports, and specifications on pipelines, valves, offshore structures, oil-spill response procedures, environmental protection, exploration, facility management and much more.

Most Popular Titles from ASME

2011-01-19T14:18:00.001+07:00

ASME 2004 Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code
ASME B31.3-2004 Process Piping
ASME B31.1-2004 Power Piping
ASME Section IX 2004 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code - Section IX: Welding and Brazing Qualifications
ASME Y14.5M-1994 (R2004) Dimensioning and Tolerancing
ASME Section VIII-DIV 1 2004 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1: Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels
ASME Y14.5M/Y14.5.1M SET Set of Y14.5 Series Standards - Y14.5M-1994 (Dimensioning and Tolerancing) AND Y14.5.1M (Mathematical Definition of Dimensioning and Tolerancing)
ASME B16.5-2003 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
ASME Section V 2004 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V: Nondestructive Examination
ASME B31.8-2003 2004 Gas Transmission Distribution and Piping Systems
ASME Section I 2004 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section I: Power Boilers

American Society of Mechanical Engineers
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers was founded in 1880. This non-profit organization now has more than 100,000 members.Some ASME programs include engineering education, technical conferences and exhibits, government relations, and public education.ASME also works to develop codes and standards for the engineering profession, the public, industry, and government.

There are currently more than 600 standards published by ASME on topics such as screw threads, flow measurements, machine guarding, elevators and escalators, valves, tools, and much, much more. The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code establishes rules of safety governing the design, fabrication, and inspection of boilers, pressure vessels, and nuclear power plant components during construction.
Pressure Vessels : ASME Code Simplified

How to make Cap with Google SketchUp

2010-12-09T10:42:00.002+07:00

The Following is how to make a cap drawing with Google SketcUp
1. Make a horizontal circle as a diameter of a cap
2. Perpendicular with above, make a circle as a height of a cap, and also make a more small circle depend on a thickness of a cap.

3. build a line of a height and diameter a purpose as a slice or trim of drawing.

4. delete or trim drawing until a rest a circle of diameter of a cap and quarterly of vertical circle as below,

5. After Drawing as a rest of below click button of a "follow me" on SketchUp.
6. Click the quarter circle model around the horizontal circle (diameter of a cap).

7. Done, we get cap model as per picture below

you can get my drawing template of Cap above in SketchUp file download

Autodesk Sketchbook Pro 2011

Malaka Straits, Lalang Platform

2010-12-08T14:45:00.000+07:00

Malaka Straits, Lalang Platform

operation by Kondur Petroleum

West Java Ocean, Ardjuna FPSO

2010-12-08T14:36:00.000+07:00

Ardjuna FPSO, West Java Ocean

operation by Pertamina Hulu Energy ONWJ

Natuna Ocean, Premier Oil

2010-12-08T14:24:00.000+07:00

Anoa AGX Platform
operation by Premier Oil

Gasket & Bolt Reference

2010-12-08T10:46:00.003+07:00

wanna share my own file of gasket, stud bolt reference in excel, find link below

Gasket File : Download

Torque Rounded Table : Download

Stud Bolt & Wrench Table : Download

Wilmar W1069 22-Piece SAE/Metric Polished Combo Wrench Set
Logger Head Tools BW8-01R-01 Bionic Wrench 8-Inch 7/16-Inch to 3/4-Inch Adjustable Wrench

Periodic Table

2010-12-06T15:05:00.010+07:00

Re-shared this portable application periodic table, I hope useful
Download
The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe

Piping Engineer - power point backround

2010-01-29T13:40:00.004+07:00

all of you can use this picture to be your power point backround, but save the picture first to your folder.
1. open power point application
2. choose file new (ctrl + N)
3. pick format; backround;file effect;picture; select picture; select folder which you save the file.
4. OK, apply to all.
Note :
pixels dimension : image size 1024 x 768 pixels
document size : (361.24 x 270.93 mm)
resolution 72 pixels/inch
Microsoft PowerPoint 2010

International System (SI) Units Definition

2010-01-04T14:02:00.004+07:00

Physical Quantity	Name of Unit	Unit Symbol	Definition

Length	meter	m	Distance traveled by light in vacuo during 1 ⁄299, 792, 458 of a second.
Mass	kilogram	kg	Mass of the international prototype which is in the custody of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) at Sèvres, near Paris.
Time	second	s	The duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom.
Electric Current	ampere	A	The constant current which, if maintained in two parallel rectilinear conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross section, and placed at a distance of one meter apart in a vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 × 10⁻⁷ N/m length
Thermodynamic Temperature	degree Kelvin	K	The fraction 1⁄273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.
Amount of Substance	mole	mol	The amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12.
Luminous Intensity	candela	cd	Luminous intensity, in the perpendicular direction, of a surface of 1⁄600,000 square meter of a black body at the temperature of freezing platinum under a pressure of 101,325 newtons per square meter.
Force	newton	N = Kg.m/s²	That force which, when applied to a body having a mass of one kilogram, gives it an acceleration of one meter per second squared.
Work, Energy, Quantity of Heat	joule	J = N.m	The work done when the point of application of a force of one newton is displaced through a distance of one meter in the direction of the force.
Electric Charge	coloumb	C = A.s	The quantity of electricity transported in one second by a current of one ampere.
Electric Potential	volt	V = W/A	The difference of potential between two points of a conducting wire carrying a constant current of one ampere, when the power dissipated between these points is equal to one watt.
Electric Capacitance	farad	F = C/V	The capacitance of a capacitor between the plates of which there appears a difference of potential of one volt when it is charged by a quantity of electricity equal to one coulomb.
Electric Resistance	ohm	Ω = V/A	The resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference of potential of one volt, applied between these two points, produces in this conductor a current of one ampere, this conductor not being the source of any electromotive force.
Magnetic Flux	webber	Wb = V.s	The flux which, linking a circuit of one turn produces in it an electromotive force of one volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform rate in one second.
Inductance	henry	H = V.s/A	The inductance of a closed circuit in which an electromotive force of one volt is produced when the electric current in the circuit varies uniformly at the rate of one ampere per second.
Luminous Flux	lumen	lm = cd.sr	The flux emitted within a unit solid angle of one steradian by a point source having a uniform intensity of one candela.
Illumination	lux	lx = lm/m²	An illumination of one lumen per square meter.

Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures: Their SI Equivalences and Origins

Decimal Equivalents of Fractions of an Inch

2010-01-04T13:35:00.004+07:00

Fraction (Inch)	Decimal	Fraction (Inch)	Decimal	Fraction (Inch)	Decimal
1/64	0.015625	11⁄32	0.34375	43⁄64	0.671875
1/32	0.03125	23⁄64	0.359375	11⁄16	0.6875
3/64	0.046875	3⁄8	0.375	45⁄64	0.703125
1/16	0.0625	25⁄64	0.390625	23⁄32	0.71875
5/64	0.078125	13⁄32	0.40625	47⁄64	0.734375
3/32	0.09375	27⁄64	0.421875	3⁄4	0.750
7/64	0.109375	7⁄16	0.4375	49⁄64	0.765625
1/8	0.125	29⁄64	0.453125	25⁄32	0.78125
9/64	0.140625	15⁄32	0.46875	51⁄64	0.796875
5/32	0.15625	31⁄64	0.484375	13⁄16	0.8125
11/64	0.171875	1⁄2	0.500	53⁄64	0.828125
3/16	0.1875	33⁄64	0.515625	27⁄32	0.84375
13/64	0.203125	17⁄32	0.53125	55⁄64	0.859375
7/32	0.21875	35⁄64	0.546875	7⁄8	0.875
15/64	0.234375	9⁄16	0.5625	57⁄64	0.890625
1/4	0.250	37⁄64	0.578125	29⁄32	0.90625
17/64	0.265625	19⁄32	0.59375	59⁄64	0.921 875
9/32	0.28125	39⁄64	0.609375	15⁄16	0.9375
19/64	0.296875	5⁄8	0.625	61⁄64	0.953125
5/16	0.3125	41⁄64	0.640625	31⁄32	0.96875
21/64	0.328125	21⁄32	0.65625	63⁄64	0.984375

Calculated Industries 4020 Measure Master Pro Measurement Conversion Calculator

Weight and Measures

2010-01-04T13:14:00.003+07:00

Measures of Length

1 mile = 1760 yards = 5280 feet

1 yard = 3 feet = 36 inches 1 foot = 12 inches

1 mil=0.001 inch

1 fathom = 2 yards = 6 feet 1 rod = 5.5 yards = 16.5 feet.

1 hand = 4 inches 1 span = 9 inches

1 micro-inch = one millionth inch or 0.000001 inch (1 micrometer or micron one millionth meter = 0.00003937 inch.)

Surveyor's Measure

1 mile = 8 furlongs = 80 chains

1 furlong = 10 chains = 220 yards

1 chain=4 rods = 22 yards = 66 feet = 100 links

1 link = 7.92 inches

Nautical Measure

1 league = 3 nautical miles

1 nautical mile = 6076.11549 feet = 1.1508 statute miles

1 knot = nautical unit of speed = 1 nautical mile per hour

One degree at the equator = 60 nautical miles = 69.047 statute miles 360 degrees = 21,600 nautical miles = 24,856.8 statute miles = circumference at equator

Square Measure

1 square mile = 640 acres = 6400 square chains

1 acre = 10 square chains = 4840 square yards = 43,560 square feet. An acre is equal to a square, the side of which is 208.7 feet.

1 square chain = 16 square rods = 484 square yards = 4356 square feet.

1 square rod = 30.25 square yards = 272.25 square feet = 625 square links

1 square yard = 9 square feet

1 square foot = 144 square inches

Measure used for Diameters and Areas of Electric Wires

1 circular inch = area of circle 1 inch in diameter = 0.7854 square inch

1 circular inch = 1,000,000 circular mils

1 square inch = 1.2732 circular inch = 1,273,239 circular mils

1 circular mil = the area of a circle 0.001 inch in diameter

Cubic Measure

1 cubic yard = 27 cubic feet

1 cubic foot = 1728 cubic inches

The following measures are also used for wood and masonry:

1 cord of wood = 4 × 4 × 8 feet = 128 cubic feet

1 perch of masonry = 16-1⁄2 × 1-1⁄2 × 1 foot = 24-3⁄4 cubic feet

Shipping Measure

For measuring entire internal capacity of a vessel:

1 register ton = 100 cubic feet

For measurement of cargo:

Approximately 40 cubic feet of merchandise is considered a shipping ton, unless that bulk would weigh more than 2000 pounds, in which case the freight charge may be based upon weight

40 cubic feet = 32.143

U.S.

bushels = 31.16 Imperial bushels

Dry Measure

1 bushel = 1.2445 cubic feet = 2150.42 cubic inches

(U.S. or Winchester struck bushel)

1 bushel = 4 pecks = 32 quarts = 64 pints

1 peck = 8 quarts = 16 pints

1 quart=2 pints

1 heaped bushel = 11⁄4 struck bushel

1 cubic foot = 0.8036 struck bushel

1 British Imperial bushel = 8 Imperial gallons = 1.2837 cubic feet = 2218.19 cubic inches

Liquid Measure

U.S.

gallon = 0.1337 cubic foot = 231 cubic inches = 4 quarts = 8 pints

1 quart=2 pints = 8 gills 1 pint=4 gills

1 British Imperial gallon = 1.2009

1 U.S. gallon = 277.42 cubic inches 1 cubic foot =7.48

U.S.

gallons

Old Liquid Measure

1 barrel = 311⁄2 gallons 1 hogshead = 2 barrels = 63 gallons

1 pipe or butt = 2 hogsheads = 4 barrels = 126 gallons

1 tierce = 42 gallons 1 puncheon = 2 tierces = 84 gallons

1 tun=2 pipes = 3 puncheons

Apothecaries' Fluid Measure

1 U.S. fluid ounce = 8 drachms = 1.805 cubic inch = 1⁄128

U.S.

gallon

1 fluid drachm = 60 minims

1 British fluid ounce = 1.732 cubic inch

Avoirdupois or Commercial Weight

1 gross or long ton = 2240 pounds 1 net or short ton = 2000 pounds

1 pound = 16 ounces = 7000 grains

1 ounce = 16 drachms = 437.5 grains

The following measures for weight are now seldom used in the

United States

:1 hundredweight = 4 quarters = 112 pounds (1 gross or long ton = 20 hundred-weights); 1 quarter = 28 pounds; 1 stone = 14 pounds; 1 quintal = 100 pounds

Troy Weight, used for Weighing Gold and Silver

1 pound = 12 ounces = 5760 grains

1 ounce = 20 pennyweights = 480 grains

1 pennyweight = 24 grains

1 carat =3.086 grains (used in weighing diamonds)

1 grain Troy = 1 grain avoirdupois = 1 grain apothecaries' weight

Apothecaries' Weight

1 pound = 12 ounces = 5760 grains

1 ounce = 8 drachms = 480 grains

1 drachm = 3 scruples = 60 grains

1 scruple =20 grains

Measures of Pressure

1 pound per square inch = 144 pounds per square foot = 0.068 atmosphere = 2.042 inches of mercury at 62° F. = 27.7 inches of water at 62°F = 2.31 feet of water at 62° F

1 atmosphere = 30 inches of mercury at 62° F. = 14.7 pounds per square inch = 2116.3 pounds per square foot = 33.95 feet of water at 62° F

1 foot of water at 62° F =62.355 pounds per square foot = 0.433 pound per square inch

1 inch of mercury at 62° F =1.132 foot of water = 13.58 inches of water = 0.491 pound per square inch

Miscellaneous

1 great gross = 12 gross = 144 dozen

1 quire=24 sheets

1 gross=12 dozen = 144 units

1 ream = 20 quires = 480 sheets

1 dozen=12 units

1 ream printing paper = 500 sheets

1 score=20 units

MABIS Tape Measure, Blue

Hazardous Area

2010-01-04T10:42:00.003+07:00

Hazardous areas are classified into zones according to the nature of the gases present in the potentially explosive atmosphere, and the likelihood of that atmosphere being present. The nature of the atmosphere is characterized by the chemical composition of the gas and its ignition temperature, and the notions of gas grouping and temperature classification have been developed in order to formalize this.

A useful concept in the consideration of how explosions occur is the hazard triangle. The sides of the triangle represent fuel, oxygen and a source of ignition, all of which are required in order to create an explosion. For the purposes of this chapter, a fuel is considered as a flammable gas, vapor or liquid, although dust may also be a potential fuel. Oxygen is of course present in air at a concentration of about 21 per cent. The ignition source could be a spark or a high temperature. Given that a hazardous area may contain fuel and oxygen, the basis for preventing explosion is to ensure that any ignition source is either eliminated or prevented from coming into contact with the fuel-oxygen mixture.

Zone classification

The zone classification defined in IEC 79 is used in Europe and most other parts of the world; it is summarized in Table 16.1. Various types of explosion protection are available, and their suitability for the different zones is shown in the table.

Zone	Suitable protection
Zone 0 Areas in which hazardous explosive gas atmospheres are present constantly or for long periods, for example in pipes or containers	Ex ‘ia’ Ex ‘s’ (where specially certified Zone 0)
Zone 1 Areas in which hazardous explosive gas atmospheres are occasionally present, for example in areas close to pipes or draining stations	Ex ‘d‘; Ex ‘ib’; Ex ‘p’; Ex ‘e’; Ex ‘s’; Ex ‘o’; Ex ‘q’; Ex ‘m’; Equipment suitable for Zone 0
Zone 2 Areas in which hazardous explosive gas atmospheres are rare or only exist for a short time, for example areas close to Zones 0 and 1	Ex ‘N’/Ex ‘n’; Equipment suitable for Zones 1 & 0

In the USA hazardous areas are classified in a slightly different way, according to the National Electrical Code. In brief, hazardous areas are classified either as Division 1, where ignitable concentrations of flammable gases or vapors may be present during normal operation, or as Division 2, where flammable gases or vapors occur in ignitable concentrations only in the event of an accident or a failure of a ventilation system.

Gas grouping and temperature classification

The energy required for ignition differs from gas to gas, and the grouping of gases together with their classification by temperature is used in Europe to describe the suitability of a piece of electrical equipment for use with explosive atmospheres of particular gases.

Table below lists common industrial gases within their appropriate groups. Gas group I is reserved for the classification of equipment suitable for use in coal mines. Gas group I1 contains those gases found in other industrial applications, and it is subdivided according to the relative flammability of the most explosive mixture of the gas with air.

Group	Representative gases
I	Methane
IIA	Acetone, ethane, ethyl acetate, ammonia, benzol, acetic acid, carbon monoxide, methanol, propane, toluene, ethyl alcohol, I-amyl acetate, N-hexane, N-butane, N-butyl alcohol, petrol, diesel, aviation fuel, heating oils, acetaldehyde, ethyle ether
IIB	Town gas, ethylene (ethene)
IIC	Hydrogen, acetylene (ethyne), hydrogen disulphide

Temperatures are classified from T1 to T6, as shown in Table below 3. The levels show the maximum surface temperature permitted for equipment which has been assigned that temperature class, and the common gases for which each class is appropriate are also shown.

North American practice is to define hazardous materials in classes. Flammable gases and vapors are Class 1 materials, combustible dusts are Class 2 materials and ‘flyings’, such as sawdust, are Class 3 materials. Class 1 is subdivided into four groups depending on their flammability: A (including acetylene), B (including hydrogen), C (including ethylene) and D (including propane and methane). The subgroup letters are in the opposite order of flammability to the IEC groupings shown in Table 2. The North American temperature classification is similar to the IEC system shown in Table 3, but the classes are further subdivided to give more specific temperature data.

Class	Highest permissible surface temperature (^oC)	Representative gases
T1	450	Acetone, ethane, ethyle acetate, ammonia, benzol, acetic acid, carbon monoxide, methanol, propane, toulene, town gas, hydrogen
T2	300	Ethyl alcohol, (-amyl acetate, N hexane, N-butane, N-butyl alcohol, ethylene
T3	200	Petrol, diesel, aviation fuel, heating oils
T4	135	Acetaldehyde, ethyl ether
T5	100
T6	85	Hydrogen disulphide

Refferrence

Newnes Electrical Engineer’s Handbook; D.F. Warne; 2000

Introduction to Health and Safety at Work, Fourth Edition

Flange Bolting Dimensional Recomendation

2009-12-14T13:10:00.006+07:00

Product	Carbon Steel	Alloy Steel
Stud bolts	ASME 818.2.1	ASME 818.2.1
Bolts smaller than 3/4 in.	ASME 818.2.1, square or heavy hex head	ASME 818.2.1, heavy hex head
Bolts equal to or larger than 3/4 in.	ASME 818.2.1, square or hex head	ASME 818.2.1, heavy hex head
Nuts smaller than 3/4 in.	ASME 818.2.2, heavy hex	ASME 818.2.2, heavy hex
Nuts equal to or larger than 3/4 in.	ASME 818.2.2, hex or heavy hex	ASME B18.2.2, heavy hex
Male threads	ASME B1.1, Cl. 2A course series	ASME B1.1, Cl. 2A course series up through 1 in.; eight thread series for larger bolts
Female threads	ASME B1.1, Cl. 28 course series	ASME Bl.1, Cl. 2B course series up through 1 in.; eight thread series for larger bolts

IPT's Industrial Fasteners Handbook (Bolting and Securing Systems)

Table : List of Bolting Specifications

2009-12-14T11:38:00.005+07:00

Applicable ASTM Specifications (Notes 15)

	Spec. No.	Grade	Notes
High Strength ( Note (2))	A193	B7	…
	A193	B16	…
	A320	L7	(10)
	A320	L7A	(10)
	A320	L7B	(10)
	A320	L7C	(10)
	A320	L43	(10)
	A354	BC	…
	A354	BD	…
	A540	B21	…
	A540	B22	…
	A540	B23	…
	A540	B24	…
Intermediate Strength ( Note (3))	A193	B5	…
	A193	B6	…
	A193	B6X	…
	A193	B7M	…
	A193	B8 CI.2	(11)
	A193	B8C CI.2	(11)
	A193	B8M CI.2	(11)
	A193	B8T CI.2	(11)
	A320	B8 CI.2	(11)
	A320	B8C CI.2	(11)
	A320	B8F CI.2	(11)
	A320	B8M CI.2	(11)
	A320	B8T CI.2	(11)
	A449	…	(13)
	A453	651	(14)
	A453	660	(14)
Low Strength ( Note (4))	A193	B8 CI.1	(6)
	A193	B8C CI.1	(6)
	A193	B8M CI.1	(6)
	A193	B8T CI.1	(6)
	A193	B8A	(6)
	A193	B8CA	(6)
	A193	B8MA	(6)
	A193	B8TA	(6)
	A307	B	(12)
	A320	B8 CI.1	(6)
	A320	B8C CI.1	(6)
	A320	B8M CI.1	(6)
	A320	B8T CI.1	(6)
Nickel And Special Alloy (Note (5))	B164	…	(7)(8)(9)
	B166	…	(7)(8)(9)
	B335	N10665	(7)
	B408	…	(7)(8)(9)
	B473	…	(7)
	B574	N10276	(7)

GENERAL NOTE: Bolting material shall not be used beyond temperature limits specified in the governing code.

NOTES:

(1) Repair welding of bolting material is prohibited.

(2) These bolting materials may be used with all listed materials and gaskets.

(3) These bolting materials may be used with all listed materials and gaskets, provided it has been verified that a sealed joint can be maintained under rated working pressure and temperature.

(4) These bolting materials may be used with all listed materials but are limited to Classes 150 and 300 joints. See for required gasket practices.

(5) These materials may be used as bolting with comparable nickel and special alloy parts.

(6) This austenitic stainless material has been carbide solution treated but not strain hardened. Use A 194 nuts of corresponding material.

(7) Nuts may be machined from the same material or may be of a compatible grade of ASTM A 194.

(8) Maximum operating temperature is arbitrarily set at 5OO”F, unless material has been annealed, solution annealed or hot finished because hard temper adversely affects design stress in the creep rupture range.

(9) Forging quality not permitted unless the producer last heating or working these parts tests them as required for other permitted conditions in the same specification and certifies their final tensile, yield, and elongation properties to equal or exceed the requirements for one of the other permitted conditions.

(10) This ferritic material is intended for low temperature service. Use A 194 Grade 4 or Grade 7 nuts.

(11) This austenitic stainless material has been carbide solution treated and strain hardened. Use A 194 nuts of corresponding material.

(12) This carbon steel fastener shall not be used above 400°F or below -20°F. See also Note (4). Bolts with drilled or undersized heads shall not be used.

(13) Acceptable nuts for use with quenched and tempered bolts are A 194 Grades 2 and 2H. Mechanical property requirements for studs shall be the same as those for bolts.

(14) This special alloy is intended for high temperature service with austenitic stainless steel.

(15) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section II materials, which also meet the requirements of the listed ASTM specifications, may also be used.
The 2009 Report on Aircraft and Aerospace Bolts of at Least 161 KSI Tensile Which Meet Specifications for Flying Vehicles Excluding Plastics: World Market Segmentation by City

Engineer - ETHICS

2009-12-11T16:33:00.006+07:00

Engineering is considered to be a "profession" rather than an "occupation" because of several important characteristics shared with other recognized learned professions, law, medicine, and theology: special knowledge, special privileges, and special responsibilities. Professions are based on a large knowledge base requiring extensive training. Professional skills are important to the well-being of society. Professions are self-regulating, in that they control the training and evaluation processes that admit new persons to the field.

Professionals have autonomy in the workplace; they are expected to utilize their independent judgment in carrying out their professional responsibilities. Finally, professions are regulated by ethical standards. (Harris, C.E., M.S. Pritchard, & M.J. Rabins, Engineering Ethics: Concepts and Cases, Copyright 1995 by Wadsworth Publishing Company, pages 27.28

The expertise possessed by engineers is vitally important to public welfare. In order to serve the public effectively, engineers must maintain a high level of technical competence.

However, a high level of technical expertise without adherence to ethical guidelines is as much a threat to public welfare as is professional incompetence. Therefore, engineers must also be guided by ethical principles.

The ethical principles governing the engineering profession are embodied in codes of ethics. Such codes have been adopted by state boards of registration, professional engineering societies, and even by some private industries. An example of one such code is the NCEES Model Rules of Professional Conduct, which is presented here in its entirety.

As part of his/her responsibility to the public, an engineer is responsible for knowing and abiding by the code.

The three major sections of the model rules address (1) Licensee’s Obligations to Society, (2) Licensee’s Obligations to Employers and Clients, and (3) Licensee’s Obligations to Other Licensees. The principles amplified in these sections are important guides to appropriate behavior of professional engineers.

Application of the code in many situations is not controversial. However, there may be situations in which applying the code may raise more difficult issues. In particular, there may be circumstances in which terminology in the code is not clearly defined, or in which two sections of the code may be in conflict. For example, what constitutes "valuable consideration" or "adequate" knowledge may be interpreted differently by qualified professionals. These types of questions are called conceptual issues, in which definitions

of terms may be in dispute. In other situations, factual issues may also affect ethical dilemmas. Many decisions regarding engineering design may be based upon interpretation of disputed or incomplete information. In addition, tradeoffs revolving around competing issues of risk vs. benefit, or safety vs. economics may require judgments that are not fully addressed simply by application of the code.

No code can give immediate and mechanical answers to all ethical and professional problems that an engineer may face.

Creative problem solving is often called for in ethics, just as it is in other areas of engineering.

NCEES Model Rules of Professional Conduct

PREAMBLE

To comply with the purpose of the (identify jurisdiction, licensing statute) which is to safeguard life, health, and property, to promote the public welfare, and to maintain a high standard of integrity and practice the (identify board, licensing statute) has developed the following Rules of Professional Conduct. These rules shall be binding on every person holding a certificate of licensure to offer or perform engineering or land surveying services in this state. All persons licensed under (identify jurisdictions licensing statute) are required to be familiar with the licensing statute and these rules. The Rules of Professional Conduct delineate specific obligations the licensee must meet. In addition, each licensee is charged with the responsibility of adhering to the highest standards of ethical and moral conduct in all aspects of the practice of professional engineering and land surveying.

The practice of professional engineering and land surveying is a privilege, as opposed to a right. All licensees shall exercise their privilege of practicing by performing services only in the areas of their competence according to current standards of technical competence.

Licensees shall recognize their responsibility to the public and shall represent themselves before the public only in an objective and truthful manner.

They shall avoid conflicts of interest and faithfully serve the legitimate interests of their employers, clients, and customers within the limits defined by these rules. Their professional reputation shall be built on the merit of their services, and they shall not compete unfairly with others.

The Rules of Professional Conduct as promulgated herein are enforced under the powers vested by (identify jurisdictions enforcing agency). In these rules, the word “licensee” shall mean any person holding a license or a certificate issued by (identify jurisdictions licensing agency).

I. LICENSEE.S OBLIGATION TO SOCIETY

a. Licensees, in the performance of their services for clients, employers, and customers, shall be cognizant that their first and foremost responsibility is to the public welfare.

b. Licensees shall approve and seal only those design documents and surveys that conform to accepted engineering and land surveying standards and safeguard the life, health, property, and welfare of the public.

c. Licensees shall notify their employer or client and such other authority as may be appropriate when their professional judgment is overruled under circumstances where the life, health, property, or welfare of the public is endangered.

d. Licensees shall be objective and truthful in professional reports, statements, or testimony. They shall include all relevant and pertinent information in such reports, statements, or testimony.

e. Licensees shall express a professional opinion publicly only when it is founded upon an adequate knowledge of the facts and a competent evaluation of the subject matter.

f. Licensees shall issue no statements, criticisms, or arguments on technical matters which are inspired or paid for by interested parties, unless they explicitly identify the interested parties on whose behalf they are speaking and reveal any interest they have in the matters.

g. Licensees shall not permit the use of their name or firm name by, nor associate in the business ventures with, any person or firm who is engaging in fraudulent or dishonest business or professional practices.

h. Licensees having knowledge of possible violations of any of these Rules of Professional Conduct shall provide the board with the information and assistance necessary to make the final determination of such violation.

II. LICENSEE.S OBLIGATION TO EMPLOYER AND

CLIENTS

a. Licensees shall undertake assignments only when qualified by education or experience in the specific technical fields of engineering or land surveying involved.

b. Licensees shall not affix their signatures or seals to any plans or documents dealing with subject matter in which they lack competence, nor to any such plan or document not prepared under their direct control and personal supervision.

c. Licensees may accept assignments for coordination of an entire project, provided that each design segment is signed and sealed by the licensee responsible for preparation of that design segment.

d. Licensees shall not reveal facts, data, or information obtained in a professional capacity without the prior consent of the client or employer except as authorized or required by law.

e. Licensees shall not solicit or accept financial or other valuable consideration, directly or indirectly, from contractors, their agents, or other parties in connection with work for employers or clients.

f. Licensees shall make full prior disclosures to their employers or clients of potential conflicts of interest or other circumstances which could influence or appear to influence their judgment or the quality of their service.

g. Licensees shall not accept compensation, financial or otherwise, from more than one party for services pertaining to the same project, unless the circumstances are fully disclosed and agreed to by all interested parties.

h. Licensees shall not solicit or accept a professional contract from a governmental body on which a principal or officer of their organization serves as a member.

Conversely, licensees serving as members, advisors, or employees of a government body or department, who are the principals or employees of a private concern, shall not participate in decisions with respect to professional services offered or provided by said concern to the governmental body which they serve.

III. LICENSEE.S OBLIGATION TO OTHER

LICENSEES

a. Licensees shall not falsify or permit misrepresentation of their or their associates, academic or professional qualifications. They shall not misrepresent or exaggerate their degree of responsibility in prior assignments nor the complexity of said assignments. Presentations incident to the solicitation of employment or business shall not misrepresent pertinent facts concerning employers, employees, associates, joint ventures, or past accomplishments.

b. Licensees shall not offer, give, solicit, or receive, either directly or indirectly, any commission, or gift, or other valuable consideration in order to secure work, and shall not make any political contribution with the intent to influence the award of a contract by public authority.

c. Licensees shall not attempt to injure, maliciously or falsely, directly or indirectly, the professional reputation, prospects, practice, or employment of other licensees, nor indiscriminately criticize other licensees work.
Engineering Ethics: Concepts and Cases
Ethics in Engineering

Oil and Gas: Terms & Glossary (9)

2009-12-11T15:54:00.004+07:00

Tank	Storage vessel used for the collection of process materials.
Tank farm	Area within a process facility where several storage tanks reside.
Tee	Three-way fitting used to make branch connections on a run of pipe.
Temperature alarm	Instrument designed to signal dramatic changes in internal temperature.
Temperature controller	A control valve that regulates internal temperature of a pipe or vessel after receiving internal temperature of a pipe or vessel after receiving
Temperature control valve	Valve using fluctuations in temperature to make adjustments in commodity flow.
Temperature element	Thermocouple that allows portable test equipment to be inserted to measure the temperature of the commodity within a pipe or vessel.
Temperature indicator	Instrument that indicates temperature of the commodity in a pipe or vessel (thermometer).
Temperature recorder	A recording instrument that makes a permanent record of temperature within a pipe or vessel.
Temperature recording controller	Instrument that provides simultaneous recording and regulation of the temperature within a pipe or vessel by sending a signal to a control valve and recorder.
Temperature well (Thermo well)	Inserted into a coupling to protect the temperature instrument bulb.
Thermal expansion	Growth of pipe due to the application of heat.
Threaded end	Any piping component having internal or external threads.
Threads, external	Pipe component having screw threads cut into the exterior surface (male threads).
Threads, internal	Pipe component having screw threads cut into the interior surface (female threads).
Tower	Vertical vessel or column.
Tower, cooling	Equipment that dissipates heat gain in cooling water by evaporating specific amounts of water that has been aerated.
Transmitter	Instrument that sends signals to indicating, controlling, or recording devices.
Trapeze	Pipe hanger consisting of two vertical rods connected with a horizontal support member.
Tray	Flat metal plates spaced approximately 30" apart inside a vertical vessel that aid in the fractionation of crude petroleum into by products.
Tube bundle	Removable section of an exchanger containing internal tubes.
Tube sheet	Vertical plate separating the shell side from the channel end of an exchanger.
Turbulence	Uneven flow produced by directional changes or obstructions within the pipe.
Union	A three-piece fitting placed within a screwed or socket-weld configuration that permits quick disassembly of the configuration.
Utility	One of many plant services required for the efficient operation of the facility, for example, air, water, steam, sewer, and flares.
Utility air	Compressed air used to drive pneumatic tools, clean equipment, and perform other maintenance services.
Valve	Device used to control the flow of a commodity through a pipe.
Vapor	The gaseous state of any substance that is liquid or solid under ordinary circumstances.
Vapor lock	Trapped air or vapor in a pipe that prevents the flow of a commodity through the pipe.
Vendor	A third-party supplier of parts, equipment, or other components of the piping facility.
Vendor drawing	A drawing or rendering that depicts descriptive information pertaining to the equipment or piping component that a supplier or manufacturer delivers to the piping facility.
Vertical heater	Device used to raise the temperature of a commodity to the point at which it can be used in a process system.
Vessel	Generic term used to describe any closed container housing liquid, vapor, or gaseous commodity.
Wedge	Sealing component of a gate valve.
Weir	Dam-like plate welded on a tray that allows a fractionated by-product to collect and be extracted by a nozzle.
Welding ring	See back-up ring.
Weld neck flange	Flange with a tapered neck for butt descriptive welding to other bevel-end piping components.

Oil & Gas Production in Nontechnical Language

Oil and Gas: Terms & Glossary (8)

2009-12-11T15:28:00.003+07:00

Raised face	Type of flange facing used with flat ring gaskets. 150# and 300# raised face flanges have a 1/16" raised face, and 400# and above flanges have a ¼” raised face.
Rebar	Short form of reinforcing bar. A metal rod used in the reinforcement of concrete.
Reciprocating pump	Piping equipment with parts similar to a piston or plunger that moves back and forth to create pressure.
Recorder	A device used to record the liquid level, temperature, pressure or flow rate inside a vessel or piping system throughout a specified period of time.
Reducer	A pipe fitting with one end larger than the other that allows reductions in the diameter of a run of pipe.
Refinery	Process facility that breaks crude petroleum down into usable byproducts such as butane, propane, fuel oil, and lubricants.
Reflux	A liquid product returned to a fractionation column that aids in the fractionation process.
Reinforcing pad	A plate contoured to the shape of a vessel shell. It is positioned around nozzles to provide additional strength in the areas where metal was removed from the shell.
Restriction orifice	Standard orifice union assembly including spectacle blind used to create smooth flow.
Ring-type joint	Flange face that uses a steel ring rather than flat or full ring gasket.
Root gap	The 1/16" space between two butt-weld fittings prior to welding.
Rotary pump	Displacement-type pumps using pistons, gears, or screws to discharge a commodity.
Run	Generic name for any length of pipe.
Rung	Horizontal member of a ladder.
Saddle	U-shaped structural support welded to horizontal Vessels and exchangers. Saddles are bolted to concrete foundations and create a cradle-like support in which the vessel can rest.
Schedule	Wall thickness of pipe.
Seal pan	Installed below the bottom tray in a vessel to prevent liquids from bypassing the trays.
Seamless	Pipe manufactured without any resulting welded connection,
Shape roller	Mechanical apparatus that sizes and shapes rolled plate to form pipe.
Shell	The cylindrical walls of a vessel.
Shell and tube	Type of heat exchanger having tube bundles contained within an outer vessel shell.
Shoe	Structural member welded to the bottom side of a pipe having insulation. Designed to prevent the insulation from being crushed when the pipe rests on a steel support.
Skelp	Plate that has been rolled and shaped into the form of a pipe.
Skirt	A cylinder-shaped support for a vertical vessel. One end is welded to the base plate allowing it to rest on the foundation, and the other end is welded to the bottom head of a vertical vessel.
Skirt access opening	An 18" ID hole 2'-16" above the foundation that allows workers entrance for inspection and maintenance.
Skirt fireproofing	Brick or granite material applied to the interior and occasionally exterior surfaces of a vessel skirt to prevent damage in the event of a fire.
Skirt vents	Equally spaced holes approximately 3" to 4" in diameter bored near the top of the vessel skirt that allows toxic and explosive gases to escape.
Sleeper	Near grade-level structural support used to support horizontal piping runs.
Slip-on flange	Flange with a low hub that allows pipe to be inserted prior to welding.
Slotted anchor	Saddle or other support having elongated bolt holes that allows for movement due to heat expansion.
Specifications	Guidelines established by governmental agencies, standards associations, and vendors, for plant design and construction.
Spectacle blind	A figure 8-shaped plate placed within an orifice flange assembly. One end has a hole through which flow can pass to create smooth flow for accurate instrument readings.
Spiral weld	Type of pipe formed by twisting metal plate in spiral shapes then welding.
Spool	Type of isometric or orthographic drawing containing dimensions and callouts for fabrication.
Spring hanger	Pipe hanger using a coil spring to absorb movement within a pipe.
Steam	The vapor phase of water.
Steam, dry	Steam that is devoid of suspended water Particles.
Steam, saturated	Steam that exceeds boiling point temperature for an equivalent pressure.
Steam traced	Tubing coiled around a pipe containing steam to help maintain a desired temperature.
Steam turbine	Pump or generator driver using high pressure steam to power the turbine's impeller.
Stem	Threaded shaft within a valve that raises and lowers the valve wedge or disc by rotating the hand wheel.
Stub-in	Branch connection made on a run of pipe without the use of a fitting.
Suction	The inlet or incoming side of a pump or Compressor.
Swage	Typically a screwed or socket-weld type of fitting used to make a reduction in the diameter of the size of pipe.

Oil and Gas Law in a Nutshell, 5th Edition (Nutshell Series)