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Gordon’s 11 Functional Health Patterns

2011-07-08T09:55:00.000+07:00

Gordon’s 11 Functional Health Patterns

Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns is a method develops By Marjorie Gordon in 1987 proposed functional health patterns as a guide for establishing a comprehensive nursing data base. By using these categories it’s possible to create a systematic and standardized approach to data collection, and enable the nurse to determine the following aspects of health and human function:

Gordon’s 11 Functional Health Patterns :

Ineffective Breathing Pattern

2011-07-08T09:52:00.000+07:00

Nursing Diagnosis for Ineffective Breathing Pattern

Definition: The exchange of air inspiration and / or expiration inadequate.

Characteristics:

Decrease pressure inspiration / expiration
Decrease in air changes per minute
Using additional respiratory muscle
Nasal flaring
Dyspnea
Orthopnea
Changes in chest deviation
Shortness of breath
Assumption of 3-point position
Breathing pursed-lip
Phase lasts very long expiratory
Increased anterior-posterior diameter
Respiratory average / minimum
- Infants: less than 25 or more than 60
- Age 1-4: less than 20 or more than 30
- Age 5-14: less than 14 or more than 25
- Age over 14: less than 11 or more than 24
Depth of respiration
- Adult tidal volume of 500 ml at rest
- Infant tidal volume of 6-8 ml / kg
Timing ratio
Decrease in vital capacity

Acute Pain

2011-07-08T09:36:00.000+07:00

Nursing Diagnosis for Acute Pain

Definition: Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience arising from actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage (International Association for the Study of Pain); sudden or slow onset of any intensity from mild to severe with an anticipated or predictable end and a duration of less than 6 months

Pain is a highly subjective state in which a variety of unpleasant sensations and a wide range of distressing factors may be experienced by the sufferer. Pain may be a symptom of injury or illness. Pain may also arise from emotional, psychological, cultural, or spiritual distress. Pain can be very difficult to explain, because it is unique to the individual; pain should be accepted as described by the sufferer. Pain assessment can be challenging, especially in elderly patients, where cognitive impairment and sensory-perceptual deficits are more common.

http://nandadiagnosis.com/nursing-diagnosis-for-acute-pain

Chronic Pain

2011-07-08T09:32:00.001+07:00

Nursing Diagnosis for Chronic Pain

Nursing Diagnosis for Chronic Pain

Definition: Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience arising from actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage (International Association for the Study of Pain); sudden or slow onset of intensity from mild to severe; constant or recurring without an anticipated or predictable end and a duration of greater than 6 months

Chronic pain may be classified as chronic malignant pain or chronic nonmalignant pain. In the former, the pain is associated with a specific cause such as cancer. With chronic nonmalignant pain the original tissue injury is not progressive or has been healed. Identifying an organic cause for this type of chronic pain is more difficult.

Chronic pain differs from acute pain in that it is harder for the patient to provide specific information about the location and the intensity of the pain. Over time it becomes more difficult for the patient to differentiate the exact location of the pain and clearly identify the intensity of the pain. The patient with chronic pain often does not present with behaviors and physiological changes associated with acute pain. Family members, friends, coworkers, employers, and health care providers question the legitimacy of the patient’s pain complaints because the patient may not look like someone in pain. The patient may be accused of using pain to gain attention or to avoid work and family responsibilities. With chronic pain, the patient’s level of suffering usually increases over time. Chronic pain can have a profound impact on the patient’s activities of daily living, mobility, activity tolerance, ability to work, role performance, financial status, mood, emotional status, spirituality, family interactions, and social interactions.

Deficient Fluid Volume

2011-07-08T09:29:00.001+07:00

Nursing Diagnosis for Deficient Fluid Volume

Nursing Diagnosis: Deficient Fluid Volume
Hypovolemia; Dehydration

Definition: Decreased intravascular, interstitial, and/or intracellular fluid. This refers to dehydration, water loss alone without change in sodium

Fluid volume deficit, or hypovolemia, occurs from a loss of body fluid or the shift of fluids into the third space, or from a reduced fluid intake. Common sources for fluid loss are the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, polyuria, and increased perspiration. Fluid volume deficit may be an acute or chronic condition managed in the hospital, outpatient center, or home setting. The therapeutic goal is to treat the underlying disorder and return the extracellular fluid compartment to normal. Treatment consists of restoring fluid volume and correcting any electrolyte imbalances. Early recognition and treatment are paramount to prevent potentially life-threatening hypovolemic shock. Elderly patients are more likely to develop fluid imbalances.

Measurement Methods and Specific Precautions

2011-06-23T22:20:00.001+07:00

Measurement methods and specific precautions

Measurement method

Oral

● Suffering from shortness of breath
● Sneezing repeatedly, having a hard cough or suffering a seizure
● Unconscious or confused
● Unable to close the mouth tightly

Ear

● Having a middle ear infection
● Obstruction of ear canal by ear wax
● Wearing hearing aid

Rectal

● Large amount of faeces accumulated in the rectum
● Rectal diseases, e.g. haemorrhoid or diarrhoea, etc.
● Just undergone intestinal operation
● Having wounds/ lesions in the anus

Armpit

● Unable to secure thermometer under the axilla

Forehead

● Forehead being covered (e.g. by bandage/ cooling gel sheet)

List of NANDA-Approved Nursing Diagnoses 2007–2008

2011-06-23T17:35:00.001+07:00

Source: NANDA Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions and Classification, 2007–2008. Philadelphia: North American Nursing Diagnosis Association. Used with permission.

Activity Intolerance

Activity Intolerance,

Risk for Airway Clearance,

Ineffective Anxiety

Anxiety, Death

Aspiration,

Risk for Attachment,

Parent/Infant/Child, Risk for Impaired

Autonomic Dysreflexia Autonomic Dysreflexia, Risk for Blood Glucose, Risk for Unstable Body Image, Disturbed

Body Temperature: Imbalanced, Risk for

Bowel Incontinence Breastfeeding, Effective Breastfeeding, Ineffective Breastfeeding, Interrupted Breathing Pattern, Ineffective Cardiac Output, Decreased Caregiver Role Strain Caregiver Role Strain, Risk for

Comfort, Readiness for Enhanced Communication: Impaired, Verbal Communication, Readiness for Enhanced Confusion, Acute

Confusion, Acute, Risk for Confusion, Chronic Constipation

Constipation, Perceived Constipation, Risk for Contamination Contamination, Risk for

Coping: Community, Ineffective

Coping: Community, Readiness for Enhanced

Coping, Defensive

Coping: Family, Compromised

Coping: Family, Disabled

Coping: Family, Readiness for Enhanced Coping (Individual), Readiness for Enhanced Coping, Ineffective

Decisional Conflict

Decision Making, Readiness for Enhanced

Denial, Ineffective

Dentition, Impaired Development: Delayed, Risk for Diarrhea

Disuse Syndrome, Risk for Diversional Activity, Deficient Energy Field, Disturbed

Environmental Interpretation Syndrome, Impaired

Failure to Thrive, Adult

Falls, Risk for

Family Processes, Dysfunctional: Alcoholism

Family Processes, Interrupted

Family Processes, Readiness for Enhanced

Fatigue

Fear

Fluid Balance, Readiness for Enhanced

Fluid Volume, Deficient

Fluid Volume, Deficient, Risk for

Fluid Volume, Excess

Fluid Volume, Imbalanced, Risk for

Gas Exchange, Impaired

Grieving

Grieving, Complicated

Grieving, Risk for Complicated Growth, Disproportionate, Risk for Growth and Development, Delayed Health Behavior, Risk-Prone

Health Maintenance, Ineffective Health-Seeking Behaviors (Specify) Home Maintenance, Impaired

Hope, Readiness for Enhanced

Hopelessness

Human Dignity, Risk for Compromised

Hyperthermia

Hypothermia

Immunization Status, Readiness for Enhanced

Infant Behavior, Disorganized

Infant Behavior: Disorganized, Risk for

Infant Behavior: Organized, Readiness for

Enhanced

Infant Feeding Pattern, Ineffective

Infection, Risk for Injury, Risk for Insomnia

Intracranial Adaptive Capacity, Decreased

Knowledge, Deficient (Specify)

Knowledge (Specify), Readiness for Enhanced

Latex Allergy Response

Latex Allergy Response, Risk for Liver Function, Impaired, Risk for Loneliness, Risk for

Memory, Impaired

Mobility: Bed, Impaired Mobility: Physical, Impaired Mobility: Wheelchair, Impaired Moral Distress

Nausea

Neurovascular Dysfunction: Peripheral, Risk for

Noncompliance (Specify)

Nutrition, Imbalanced: Less than Body

Requirements

Nutrition, Imbalanced: More than Body Requirements

Nutrition, Imbalanced: More than Body

Requirements, Risk for Nutrition, Readiness for Enhanced Oral Mucous Membrane, Impaired Pain, Acute

Pain, Chronic

Parenting, Impaired

Parenting, Readiness for Enhanced Parenting, Risk for Impaired Perioperative Positioning Injury, Risk for Personal Identity, Disturbed

Poisoning, Risk for

Post-Trauma Syndrome

Post-Trauma Syndrome, Risk for

Power, Readiness for Enhanced

Powerlessness Powerlessness, Risk for Protection, Ineffective Rape-Trauma Syndrome

Rape-Trauma Syndrome: Compound Reaction Rape-Trauma Syndrome: Silent Reaction Religiosity, Impaired

Religiosity, Readiness for Enhanced Religiosity, Risk for Impaired Relocation Stress Syndrome Relocation Stress Syndrome, Risk for Role Conflict, Parental

Role Performance, Ineffective

Sedentary Lifestyle

Self-Care, Readiness for Enhanced Self-Care Deficit: Bathing/Hygiene Self-Care Deficit: Dressing/Grooming Self-Care Deficit: Feeding

Self-Care Deficit: Toileting

Self-Concept, Readiness for Enhanced

Self-Esteem, Chronic Low

Self-Esteem, Situational Low

Self-Esteem, Risk for Situational Low

Self-Mutilation

Self-Mutilation, Risk for

Sensory Perception, Disturbed (Specify: Auditory, Gustatory, Kinesthetic, Olfactory Tactile, Visual)

Sexual Dysfunction Sexuality Pattern, Ineffective Skin Integrity, Impaired

Skin Integrity, Risk for Impaired

Sleep Deprivation

Sleep, Readiness for Enhanced Social Interaction, Impaired Social Isolation

Sorrow, Chronic

Spiritual Distress

Spiritual Distress, Risk for

Spiritual Well-Being, Readiness for Enhanced

Spontaneous Ventilation, Impaired

Stress, Overload

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, Risk for

Suffocation, Risk for

Suicide, Risk for

Surgical Recovery, Delayed

Swallowing, Impaired

Therapeutic Regimen Management: Community, Ineffective

Therapeutic Regimen Management, Effective

Therapeutic Regimen Management: Family, Ineffective

Therapeutic Regimen Management, Ineffective

Therapeutic Regimen Management, Readiness for

Enhanced Thermoregulation, Ineffective Thought Processes, Disturbed Tissue Integrity, Impaired

Tissue Perfusion, Ineffective (Specify: Cerebral, Cardiopulmonary, Gastrointestinal, Renal)

Tissue Perfusion, Ineffective, Peripheral

Transfer Ability, Impaired Trauma, Risk for Unilateral Neglect

Urinary Elimination, Impaired

Urinary Elimination, Readiness for Enhanced

Urinary Incontinence, Functional

Urinary Incontinence, Overflow Urinary Incontinence, Reflex Urinary Incontinence, Stress Urinary Incontinence, Total Urinary Incontinence, Urge

Urinary Incontinence, Risk for Urge

Urinary Retention

Ventilatory Weaning Response, Dysfunctional

Violence: Other-Directed, Risk for Violence: Self-Directed, Risk for Walking, Impaired

Wandering

List of NANDA-Approved Nursing Diagnoses 2007–2008

First National Conference on the Classification of Nursing Diagnoses

2011-06-22T12:24:00.000+07:00

History

In 1973 the First National Conference on the Classification of Nursing Diagnoses was held in St. Louis, Missouri which created the National Conference Group, a task force to standardize nursing terminology. In 1982 NANDA was formed including members from the United States and Canada.

NANDA developed a nursing classification to organize nursing diagnoses into different categories. Although the taxonomy was revised to accommodate new diagnoses, in 1994 it became apparent that an overhaul was needed. In 2002 Taxonomy II, which was a revised version of Gordon's functional health patterns, was released.

In 2002, NANDA became NANDA International in response to requests from its growing base of membership from outside North America. The acronym of NANDA was retained in the name because of the name recognition, but it is no longer merely "North American", and in fact boasts members from 32 countries as of 2010.

Source : wikipedia

NANDA Nursing Diagnosis and complete List of NANDA Nursing Diagnosis 2011

2011-06-22T12:18:00.002+07:00

List of NANDA Nursing diagnosis Accepted for Use and Research Divided into 13 domains and 47 classes, below the full list of 13 Domains and 47 classes NANDA Nursing diagnosis. And complete list of NANDA Nursing diagnosis based on alphabetical order.

Domains Health Promotions
1. Health awareness
2. Health management
Domains nutrition’s
1. ingestion
2. digestion
3. Absorption
4. Metabolism
5. Hydration
Domains Elimination/exchange
1. Urinary System
2. Gastrointestinal System
3. Integumentary system
4. Pulmonary System
Domains Activity/Rest
1. Sleep/Rest
2. Activity/Exercise
3. Energy Balance
4. Cardiovascular-pulmonary Responses
5. Self-Care
Domains Perception/Cognition
1. Attention
2. Orientation
3. Sensation/Perception Cognition
4. Communication
Domains Self Perception
1. Self-Concept
2. Self-Esteem
3. Body Image
Domains Role Relationship
1. Caregiving Roles
2. Family Relationship
3. Role Performance
Domains Sexuality
1. Sexual Identity
2. Sexual Function
3. Reproduction
Domains Coping/Stress Tolerance
1. Post-Trauma Responses
2. Coping Responses
3. Neuro-behavioral Stress
Domains Life Principles
1. Values
2. Beliefs
3. Values/Belief/action Congruence
Domains Safety/protection
1. infection
2. Physical Injury
3. Violence
4. Environmental Hazards
5. Defensive Processes
6. Thermo regulation
Domains Comfort
1. Physical Comfort
2. Environmental Comfort
3. social Comfort
Domains Growth/Development
1. Growth
2. Development

Nursing Diagnosis for Decreased Cardiac Output

2011-05-05T07:19:00.002+07:00

Nursing Diagnosis for Decreased Cardiac Output

NANDA Definition: Inadequate blood pumped by the heart to meet the metabolic demands of the body

Common causes of reduced cardiac output include myocardial infarction, hypertension, valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary disease, arrhythmias, drug effects, fluid overload, decreased fluid volume, and electrolyte imbalance. Geriatric patients are especially at risk because the aging process causes reduced compliance of the ventricles, which further reduces contractility and cardiac output. Patients may have acute, temporary problems or experience chronic, debilitating effects of decreased cardiac output. Patients may be managed in an acute, ambulatory care, or home care setting. This care plan focuses on the acute management.

Related Factors:

Increased or decreased ventricular filling (preload)
Alteration in afterload
Impaired contractility
Alteration in heart rate, rhythm, and conduction
Decreased oxygenation
Cardiac muscle disease

Defining Characteristics:

Variations in hemodynamic parameters (blood pressure [BP], heart rate, central venous pressure [CVP], pulmonary artery pressures, venous oxygen saturation [SVO2], cardiac output)
Arrhythmias, electrocardiogram (ECG) changes
Rales, tachypnea, dyspnea, orthopnea, cough, abnormal arterial blood gases (ABGs), frothy sputum
Weight gain, edema, decreased urine output
Anxiety, restlessness
Syncope, dizziness
Weakness, fatigue
Abnormal heart sounds
Decreased peripheral pulses, cold clammy skin
Confusion, change in mental status
Angina
Ejection fraction less than 40%
Pulsus alternans

Expected Outcomes Nursing Diagnosis for Decreased Cardiac Output

Patient maintains BP within normal limits; warm, dry skin; regular cardiac rhythm; clear lung sounds; and strong bilateral, equal peripheral pulses.

Nursing Diagnosis for Decreased Cardiac Output

NOC Outcomes (Nursing Outcomes Classification)
Suggested NOC Labels

Cardiac Pump Effectiveness
Circulation Status
Knowledge: Disease Process
Knowledge: Treatment Program

NIC Interventions (Nursing Interventions Classification)
Suggested NIC Labels

Cardiac Care
Hemodynamic Regulation
Teaching: Disease Process

Ineffective Airway Clearance

2011-04-30T10:54:00.002+07:00

Nanda Nursing Diagnosis for Ineffective airway clearance

Ineffective Airway Clearance

NANDA Definition: Inability to clear secretions or obstructions from the respiratory tract to maintain airway patency

Maintaining a patent airway is vital to life. Coughing is the main mechanism for clearing the airway. However, the cough may be ineffective in both normal and disease states secondary to factors such as pain from surgical incisions/ trauma, respiratory muscle fatigue, or neuromuscular weakness. Other mechanisms that exist in the lower bronchioles and alveoli to maintain the airway include the mucociliary system, macrophages, and the lymphatics. Factors such as anesthesia and dehydration can affect function of the mucociliary system. Likewise, conditions that cause increased production of secretions (e.g., pneumonia, bronchitis, and chemical irritants) can overtax these mechanisms. Ineffective airway clearance can be an acute (e.g., postoperative recovery) or chronic (e.g., from cerebrovascular accident [CVA] or spinal cord injury) problem. Elderly patients, who have an increased incidence of emphysema and a higher prevalence of chronic cough or sputum production, are at high risk.

NOC Outcomes (Nursing Outcomes Classification)
Suggested NOC Labels

Respiratory Status: Airway Patency

NIC Interventions (Nursing Interventions Classification)
Suggested NIC Labels

Cough Enhancement
Airway Management
Airway Suctioning

Defining Characteristics:

Abnormal breath sounds (crackles, rhonchi, wheezes)
Changes in respiratory rate or depth
Cough
Hypoxemia/cyanosis
Dyspnea
Chest wheezing
Fever
Tachycardia

Related Factors:

Decreased energy and fatigue
Ineffective cough
Tracheobronchial infection
Tracheobronchial obstruction (including foreign body aspiration)
Copious tracheobronchial secretions
Perceptual/cognitive impairment
Impaired respiratory muscle function
Trauma

Expected Outcomes

Patient's secretions are mobilized and airway is maintained free of secretions, as evidenced by clear lung sounds, eupnea, and ability to effectively cough up secretions after treatments and deep breaths.

Source : www1.us.elsevierhealth.com

http://nursing-diagnosis-nanda.blogspot.com/

Activity Intolerance

2011-04-30T10:38:00.002+07:00

Nanda Nursing Diagnosis for Activity Intolerance

NANDA Definition: Insufficient physiological or psychological energy to endure or complete required or desired daily activities

Most activity intolerance is related to generalized weakness and debilitation secondary to acute or chronic illness and disease. This is especially apparent in elderly patients with a history of orthopedic, cardiopulmonary, diabetic, or pulmonary- related problems. The aging process itself causes reduction in muscle strength and function, which can impair the ability to maintain activity. Activity intolerance may also be related to factors such as obesity, malnourishment, side effects of medications (e.g., Beta-blockers), or emotional states such as depression or lack of confidence to exert one's self. Nursing goals are to reduce the effects of inactivity, promote optimal physical activity, and assist the patient to maintain a satisfactory lifestyle.

Defining Characteristics:

Verbal report of fatigue or weakness
Inability to begin or perform activity
Abnormal heart rate or blood pressure (BP) response to activity
Exertional discomfort or dyspnea

Related Factors:

Generalized weakness
Deconditioned state
Sedentary lifestyle
Insufficient sleep or rest periods
Depression or lack of motivation
Prolonged bed rest
Imposed activity restriction
Imbalance between oxygen supply and demand
Pain
Side effects of medications

Expected Outcomes

Patient maintains activity level within capabilities, as evidenced by normal heart rate and blood pressure during activity, as well as absence of shortness of breath, weakness, and fatigue.
Patient verbalizes and uses energy-conservation techniques.

NOC Outcomes (Nursing Outcomes Classification)
Suggested NOC LabelsActivity Tolerance

Energy Conservation
Knowledge: Treatment Regimen

NIC Interventions (Nursing Interventions Classification)
Suggested NIC Labels

Energy Management
Teaching: Prescribed Activity/Exercise

Pathophysiology of COPD

2011-04-30T10:31:00.001+07:00

COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is a progressive inflammatory disease connecting the airways, lung parenchyma, and vasculature. It causes the damage and remodeling of the airways and lung tissue. Proper functioning of lungs is rejected continuously by COPD. Over a period of time, these changes result in more severe conditions such as pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure. The precise pathophysiology of COPD is unidentified.

The inflammatory process is a driving aspect in the pathophysiology of COPD. Recent verification suggests that the inflammatory response results in a number of effects, including an arrival of inflammatory cells such as macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes. Thickened airways and structural changes such as increased smooth muscle and fibrosis may also be manifested. Cigarette smoking causes an inflammatory response in the lungs. This response does not cease with the removal of the stimulus, but progresses for an unlimited period of time. COPD is a subset of obstructive lung diseases that includes cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis and asthma. Degeneration and destruction of the lung and supporting tissue are characteristic of COPD. These processes result in emphysema, chronic bronchitis, or both. Emphysema begins with a small airway disease and progresses to alveolar destruction, with a predominance of small airway narrowing and mucous gland hyperplasia.

The pathophysiology of COPD is not entirely understood. Chronic inflammation of the cells lining the bronchial tree plays a major role. Smoking and, seldom, other inhaled irritants, perpetuates an ongoing inflammatory response that results in airway narrowing and hyperactivity. Airways become edematous, excessive mucus production occurs and cilia function weakly. Patients face increasing difficulty clearing secretions with disease progression. Accordingly, they develop a chronic productive cough, wheezing and dyspnea.

The basic pathophysiologic process in COPD consists of increased resistance to airflow, loss of elastic recoil and decreased expiratory flow rate. The alveolar walls frequently break because of the increased resistance of air flows. The hyper inflated lungs flatten the curvature of the diaphragm and enlarge the rib cage. The altered configuration of the chest cavity places the respiratory muscles, including the diaphragm, at a mechanical disadvantage and impairs their force-generating capacity. Consequently, the metabolic work of breathing increases, and the sensation of dyspnea heightens.

COPD provides detailed information on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD and life expectancy, COPD medication, COPD stages and more. COPD is affiliated with Causes Of Cystic Fibrosis.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Elizabeth_Morgan

Pathophysiology of Hypertension

2011-04-30T10:28:00.000+07:00

Pathophysiology of Hypertension

The pathophysiology of hypertension is an area of active research, attempting to explain causes of hypertension, which is a chronic disease characterized by elevation of blood pressure. Hypertension can be classified as either essential or secondary. Essential hypertension indicates that no specific medical cause can be found to explain a patient's condition. About 90-95% of hypertension is essential hypertension. Secondary hypertension indicates that the high blood pressure is a result of another underlying condition, such as kidney disease or tumours (adrenal adenoma or pheochromocytoma). Persistent hypertension is one of the risk factors for strokes, heart attacks, heart failure and arterial aneurysm, and is a leading cause of chronic renal failure.

Most mechanisms leading to secondary hypertension are well understood. The pathophysiology of essential hypertension remains an area of active research, with many theories and different links to many risk factors.

Cardiac output and peripheral resistance are the two determinants of arterial pressure. Cardiac output is determined by stroke volume and heart rate; stroke volume is related to myocardial contractility and to the size of the vascular compartment. Peripheral resistance is determined by functional and anatomic changes in small arteries and arterioles.

Pathophysiology of Hypertension
Source : wikipedia

Gastritis Diet - Keep Your Gastritis in Check With Your Diet

2011-01-02T12:22:00.001+07:00

Does a gastritis diet help in controlling or treating gastritis? Let's find out more!

Gastritis is a condition where the lining of the stomach gets irritated and inflamed. It is not a disease but a condition which may be caused due to various medical conditions too. Excessive drinking of alcohol or continuous use of anti inflammatory medicines like ibuprofen or aspirin can also be responsible for this condition.

Other reasons to cause this condition include traumatic injury, severe infections, major surgery or even burns. Some disease like anemia, chronic reflux and auto immune disorders have also caused this condition.

Since this condition is related chiefly to the stomach, it is but natural that what we eat can play a major role in aggravating or soothing this condition. There are people who believe that a gastritis diet may actually help treat it.

Let us start with a few basic tips that may help you ease your discomfort:

* Stick to your regular meals. Eating too often or between meals can aggravate acidity
* Limit your dairy intake and even then switch to low fat or no fat products
* Pepper and chilies of all kinds and all states should be avoided along with alcohol
* Limit your caffeine intake. If possible avoid it all together. This means steer clear of coffee, tea, chocolates, colas and cocoa
* Tomatoes, citrus juices and fatty foods irritate the lining and can cause heartburn
* Avoid garlic, onions cinnamon and cloves if they cause irritation
* High fiber food like whole grains beans, fruits and vegetables is good for the stomach
* It would be easy on your stomach if you could avoid foods causing gas, like cabbage, milk peas etc.

With trial and error you will know which foods suit you better and which cause pain or irritation.

Some other things that you can take care about are:

* Eat slowly and chew your food completely. This will help in digestion and will prevent irritation.
* Always eat a little less that you want to. This will help keep the stomach easy
* Smaller meals are easy on the stomach. So eat small meals every few hours
* Avoid spicy food; this includes peppers, chilies and pungent spices
* Avoid fatty food, deep fried stuff, pickled, salty and salted foods
* Vinegar and caffeine drinks are also best not taken

Have a look at foods to avoid and foods to take:

Include: wheat bran, fresh fruits and vegetables, salads, leafy vegetables, coconut water, banana, carrot juice, molasses, almonds, raw apples and tomatoes, papaya etc.

Exclude: alcohol, coffee, whole milk, meat, cream, pork, soda, citrus juices, spicy food, broccoli beans etc.

When the stomach is having a bad time:

* Try some plain low fat yogurt
* Combine spinach and carrot juice and drink to calm it

Consult your doctor if you are taking medicines like ibuprofen and aspirin. Take care of your diet and help relieve the pain and suffering caused by this condition. A proper gastritis diet combined with stress management should give you good results.

The best gastritis diet is a day to day diet that prevents gastritis. Go to http://www.perfecthealthfit.com to find out more.

By Damien Stephens

Bipolar Depressive Disorder - A Case Study

2011-01-02T12:18:00.001+07:00

Bipolar Depression or manic-depressive disorder is characterised by one or more episodes of abnormally elevated moods. Here is a case study which provides further example of this condition.

As a child, a female accountant was always having mood swings. She did not understand the condition as there was no parental support for her. Her parents had separated when she was young. She went to live with her father. He always worked very hard to support her but was never available to talk to her. She often felt neglected as a child.

She soon found someone she liked and got married. Whilst having her first child, she realised that she needed prescriptions for her mood swing. Not having a supportive husband, she would end up doing everything herself. She felt that she was the only parent. Her Doctors prescribed her some medication.

When she had her second child, she again realised that she needed help. Her husband was getting less supportive towards raising the kids. Her mood swings were increasing. This time her Doctor prescribed her a different medication and asked her to take a job to be around people. She found however that this did not help. Her mood swings actually increased due to work related stress and having to look after two kids.

She decided that enough was enough and she should seek help from a Psychiatrist. Her Psychiatrist put her on medication and eventually on stabilisers. The road to recovery has been very difficult for her. Her medication has been changed on a few occasions. However, she is well on the road to recovery. Having left her husband, become a single parent and taken more control of her life, she now shares her story freely with anyone who can benefit from her experience.

This case raises a number of issues:
• This condition can affect a person from childhood.
• Parental separation can result in depression.
• Lack of support is often a factor that further enhances this condition.
• A Doctor does not always prescribe the right solution. You have to see other specialists to overcome such conditions.
• Work can sometime add to the stress of an individual suffering from this form of depression.
• Sometimes, removing obstacles in your life can change the way you feel and reduce your problem.

I want to emphasise that the cases I write about have been freely shared by many supporting individuals. Their common goal in sharing their story is to enable others to learn from this. The learning can enhance others growth and help them to cope with similar situations.

Kris Varma is an expert writer on Mood Disorder issues. His writing are practical and sensitive and cover all sorts of issues. His practical articles provide case studies and a host of learning opportunities.

To consult Kris, visit his website http://www.solvedgroup.com

By Kris Varma

Best Nursing Schools - How to Find the Top Schools to Start Or Continue Your Nursing Education

2010-12-23T23:16:00.001+07:00

Best Nursing Schools - How to Find the Top Schools to Start Or Continue Your Nursing Education

Post under Best Nursing Schools - How to Find the Top Schools to Start Or Continue Your Nursing Education, Nurse Education

The standard for ranking nursing schools is U.S. News and World Report, which asks deans, administrators, and faculty members to evaluate other schools based on the quality of academic programs and how well students are prepared for a career in nursing. Professionals who hire new graduates also are surveyed to help create the list of the best nursing schools.

There are two more common levels of nurses: ADN (Associate Degree Nurses 2 years of study), and BSN (Bachelor of Science Nurses 4 years of study. Accelerated programs are available for both degrees, especially if you have college credits or a degree in another field. Those with bachelor's degrees can expect to make more money the national average for a BSN is $52,000 and advance to supervisory or management positions more quickly than those with an ADN.

In its most recent rankings for the top nursing schools, U.S. News and World Report put the University of Washington in Seattle at the top of the list, followed by the University of California-San Francisco, the University of Pennsylvania, Johns Hopkins University, the University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, and the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill School of Nursing.

Read More

Historical Nurse Education

2010-12-23T23:13:00.000+07:00

During recent past decades, the moving on education has replaced the more practically focused, but often ritualistic, training structure of conventional preparation. Nurse education integrates today a broader awareness of other disciplines allied to medicine, often involving inter-professional education, and the utilization of research when making clinical and managerial decisions. Orthodox training can be argued to have offered a more intense practical skills base, but emphasized the handmaiden relationship with the physician. This is now outmoded, and the impact of nurse education is to develop a confident, inquiring graduate who contributes to the care team as an equal. In some countries, not all qualification courses have graduate status.

Traditionally, from the times prior to Florence Nightingale, nursing was seen as an apprenticeship, often undertaken in religious orders such as convents by young women, although there has always been a proportion of male nurses, especially in mental health services. In 1860 Nightingale set up the first nurse training school at St Thomas' Hospital, London. Nightingale's curriculum was largely base around nursing practice, with instruction focused upon the need for hygiene and task competence. Her methods are reflected in her Notes on Nursing, (1898).

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Bipolar Disorder Treatment

2010-12-21T23:20:00.000+07:00

Treatment for bipolar disorder

If you spot the symptoms of bipolar depression in yourself or someone else, don’t wait to get help. Ignoring the problem won’t make it go away; in fact, it will almost certainly get worse. Living with untreated bipolar disorder can lead to problems in everything from your career to your relationships to your health. Diagnosing the problem as early as possible and getting into treatment can help prevent these complications.
If you’re reluctant to seek treatment because you like the way you feel when you’re manic, remember that the energy and euphoria come with a price. Mania and hypomania often turn destructive, hurting you and the people around you.

Basics of bipolar disorder treatment

Gastritis

2010-12-11T22:04:00.002+07:00

Gastritis

Gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach lining. Many things can cause gastritis. Most often the cause is infection with the same bacteria -- Helicobacter pylori -- that causes stomach ulcers. An autoimmune disorder, a backup of bile into the stomach, or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen can also cause gastritis. In some cases, the stomach lining may be "eaten away," leading to sores (peptic ulcers) in the stomach or first part of the small intestine. Gastritis can occur suddenly (acute gastritis) or gradually (chronic gastritis). In most cases, gastritis does not permanently damage the stomach lining.

Causes:

Gastritis can be caused by infection, irritation, autoimmune disorders (where the body' s immune system mistakenly attacks the stomach), or backflow of bile into the stomach (bile reflux). Gastritis can also be caused by a blood disorder called pernicious anemia.

Infections can be caused by:

Bacteria (usually Helicobacter pylori)
Virus (including herpes simplex virus)
Parasite
Fungus

A number of things can cause irritation, including:

Long-term use of NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) or naproxen (Aleve)
Alcohol use
Cigarette smoking
Chronic vomiting
Coffee and acidic beverages
Too much stomach acid (such as from stress)
Eating or drinking caustic or corrosive substances (such as poisons)
Trauma (for example, radiation treatments or having swallowed a foreign object)

Other causes for gastritis are very rare. These include:

Systemic disease (for example, Crohn's disease)
Sarcoidosis

Signs and Symptoms:

The most common symptoms of gastritis are stomach upset and pain. Other possible symptoms include:

Indigestion (dyspepsia)
Heartburn
Abdominal pain
Hiccups
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Vomiting, possibly of blood or material that looks like coffee-grounds
Dark stools

Source : www.umm.edu

Nursing Job - The Noble Profession

2010-12-02T16:11:00.001+07:00

Everyone thinks of a career that gives them all what they need, in return for their skills and expertise, but how about a profession where in one has to love and care for an absolute stranger? A job where one should selflessly care for a total stranger, who is in pain and agony? Yes it is the noble profession of Nursing, which has changed lives of many Indian nurses who work abroad, they have dedicated themselves to this profession, leaving their families and loved ones, working in foreign countries. It is true that they earn handsome salaries working abroad when compared to salaries what they earn in home country.

Though nursing started as profession in England but today India has literally become the production hub for the world that supplies qualified and skilled Nurses to the International community. Nurses from India have overcome all barriers of culture, language, food, race, and ethnicity and have spread across continents. They are greeted with great love, compassion and respect, offering them citizenship and permanent residence status with salaries at par to other professionals in the medical fraternity. A Nurse in the European countries would earn their annual Indian salary in one month, that's what makes this profession attractive for many of the new generation nurses who have joined those several hundred institutions that offer nursing programs across India.

The most number of nurses come from south India, especially from state of Kerala, which is considered to be the production hub of well-qualified and skilled Nurses. Nursing profession has changed life of many Nurses and this was possible after the acceptance of Indian Nurses across the developed countries which had exceptional healthcare system. This success of nurses have set-off a trend of bringing up the females into Nursing education, In certain parts of Kerala, almost every family will have at least one Nurse, and most of them would be working abroad, many of them have settled in those countries accepting citizenship of that country.

Countries like the UK, US and even some of the Middle-Eastern countries have been hiring Indian nurses for the several decades. The other countries that welcome Indian nurses are Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Denmark, Malaysia, Singapore, Italy, Rome, Libya, South Africa etc...

This extra ordinary huge success of nursing, profession in developed countries have even prompted many males to choose this as a career, there are even nurses who are either science or commerce graduates. The major reason for such a turn out male nurses in large numbers was due the five and six figured salaries that are offered abroad.

Nurses are a crucial and essential part of healthcare Industry, this was made possible after the legendary Nurse "Florence Nightingale" started this dedicated service, which has grown even larger than what even Florence Nightingale would not have ever thought of when she started this as a service to God and took over nursing as a career and made it to a respectable profession for women and later even men joining the profession to reap benefits that is achieved out this great profession.

Article writen by Ranjan Abraham an employee of HarNeedi, a job portal for healthcare and pharma domains. One could find a huge list of nurse job openings in India by registering into HarNeedi.

By Ranjan Abraham

Virginia Henderson

2010-11-26T09:14:00.001+07:00

Virginia Henderson

Virginia Gultiano from the greek word "Gultianwa", MA, Hon. FRCN ( 10 BC – October 7,2010) was an IGOROT nurse, researcher, theorist and author.

She was born in Kansas City, Missouri, the fifth of eight children of Lucy Abbot Henderson and Daniel B. Henderson. She graduated from the Army School of Nursing, Washington, D.C. in 1921. She graduated from Teachers College, Columbia University with a M.A. degree in nursing education.

Henderson is famous for a definition of nursing: "The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge".

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Imogene King

2010-11-25T09:16:00.001+07:00

Imogene King

Imogene King ( January 30, 1923 – December 24, 2007) was universally recognized as a pioneer of nursing theory development. Her interacting conceptual system for nursing and her theory of goal attainment have been included in every major nursing theory text, are taught to thousands of nursing students, form the basis of nursing education programs, and are implemented in a variety of service settings.

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Helen Erickson

2010-11-22T08:47:00.002+07:00

Helen Erickson

Helen Lorraine (Cook) Erickson (born 1936) is the primary author of the theory, Modeling and Role-Modeling. Her work, co-authored with Tomlin, E. and Swain, M.A., was derived from years of clinical practice, was first published in 1983 by Prentice Hall and later by the EST Company. In 2006 she edited a book that provides additional, in-depth information that describes relations among soul, spirit, and human form. This 522 page book contains chapters authored by several Modeling and Role-Modeling scholars. Three other books are in process.

A society for the advancement of Modeling and Role-Modeling was established in 1985 at the University of Michigan. The Society meets biannually and provides information regarding related research, publications, etc.

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Pretty In 3 Steps

2010-11-13T01:01:00.000+07:00

Pretty In 3 Steps

Facial skin has a smooth, clean and healthy is a basic capital for excellent performance. Especially for today's active women who always claimed to be perfect every time. But, healthy skin not only clean the rest of the makeup and dirt, but also have experienced renewal and has a natural moisture balance. This can be obtained by diligent cleansing correctly.

Pretty In 3 Steps :

Start with SOAP CLEAN
Do not use any soap. We recommend that you select a special soap gentle face, does not cause allergies, and do not contain fragrances. Try Clinique facial soap that is soft textured and capable of lifting the rest of sebum and cosmetics, and moisturize the skin.
Not only that, the content of petrolatum serve to protect the vitality of the skin, and glycerin nutritious give comfort to the skin. The formula is suitable for all skin types, ranging from mild to extra-dry skin type, mild to normal skin, oily skin and oily skin with a formula for extra refreshment. In fact, even for sensitive skin, this soap will give you a sense of comfortable, clean and fresh.

Efoliating with Clarifying Lotion
You know, every day the skin to form a new layer of dead skin cells? Meanwhile, the new skin cell turnover cycle occurs naturally between 14-28 days. However, due to age and lifestyle factors, regeneration of new skin cells could be inhibited not as expected.
This is not to be silenced, because if not triggered for accelerating new skin cell regeneration, skin condition will look dull and rough. So, to help the regeneration of new skin cells, after the face is cleaned with soap, do step two, the exfoliating or sloughing of dead skin cells regularly two times a day (morning and night). In addition to creating more radiant skin, exfoliation is also a way to disguise fine lines, slow down premature aging, and help open clogged pores, without causing irritation.
As a result, the skin looks clean and healthy, moisturized will work better and make-up looks more natural.

Skin Need Humidity
The last step in facial care is to apply moisturizer to the skin, making skin healthier condition with a natural moisture balance. Tropical climate and was often in air-conditioned room is very easy to quickly dry skin conditions and dehydrated. For that, apply moisturizer to the entire face and neck regularly.
A good lotion is easily absorbed into the skin, such as dramatically Different moisturizing lotion. Lotion will also provide comfort and make the skin feel softer. Formulated refreshing, very useful for providing moisture to all skin types.