download engineering technical papers

NEURAL ENSEMBLE BASED CANCER DETECTION

2011-08-20T00:58:00.000+05:30

Abstract:

An artificial neural network ensemble is a learning paradigm where several artificial neural networks are jointly used to solve a problem. In this paper, an automatic pathological diagnosis procedure named Neural Ensemble-based Detection (NED) is proposed, which utilizes an artificial neural network ensemble to identify lung cancer cells. The neural algorithm we used is FANNC, which is a fast adaptive neural classifier that performs one-pass incremental learning with fast speed and high accuracy. The fundamental operation of the artificial neural network is local two-dimensional convolution rather than full connection with weighted multiplication. Weighting coefficients of the convolution kernels are formed by the artificial neural network through back propagated training. The artificial convolution neural network acted as a final classifier to determine whether the suspected image block contains a lung nodule.

By: VIJAYALAKSHMI .A (FINAL -Yr, B.E)
VINODHINI .K (FINAL-Yr, B.E)

MAHENDRA ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, KUMARAMANGALAM

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In vitro Seed germination of Egg plant (Solanum melongena L.) for enhance yield and disease resistance

2011-08-20T00:54:00.000+05:30

Abstract:

Techniques in a plant tissue culture, genetic engineering are important for production of new cultivars in the field of Agricultural Biotechnology. Egg plant (Solanum melongene L.) is an agronomically important non- tuberous Solanaceous crop growing for its nutrients vegetables. In popular medicine, egg plant is indicated for the treatment of several diseases, including diabetics, arthritis, asthma and bronchitis. The Brinjal is susceptible of a number of diseases and pests capable of causing serious crop losses. The problem has been overcome by the hybridization eggplant with wild resistant solanum species, which contains a wide genetic diversity and are source of useful agroclimatic traits. Egg plant tissue contains a high morphogenetic potential, that is useful for developmental studies a well as for establishing biotechnological approaches to produce improved varieties, such as embryo rescue, in vitro selection, somatic hybridization and genetic transformation. In the present study a suitable protocol for the in vitro seed germination and field transfer of Egg plant (Solanum melongene L.) are standardized using Ms media supplemented with BAP and NAA. The germinated seedlings were successfully transferred to the field for planting. The plant which grown in this technique provide good yield.

By:

K. Nithya S.Ramya Under the guidance of Dr. J. Philip Robinson Ph.D

Department of Biotechnology

K.S. Rangasamy College of Technology

Tiruchengode- 637 215

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SIGNIFICANCE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR FUTURE WIRELESS DEVICES AND COMMUNICATIONS

2011-08-20T00:49:00.000+05:30

Abstract:

This paper reviews the expected wide and profound impact of nanotechnology of future wireless devices and communication technologies. The requirements for this development are the mobile phone and the core requirements for this kind of intelligence are autonomous and robust. This paper explains how the nanotechnology provide solutions for sensing, actuation, radio, embedding intelligence into the environment, power efficient computing, memory, energy sources, human-machine interaction, materials, mechanics, manufacturing, and environmental issues. The sensing is the part at which the usage of the sensors is been explained. As the wireless technologies expect for high speed and less energy consumption they move on to the nanotechnology. By this the speed can be increased and also as the mobile phones are been used the memory space will be highly significant and there will be a better human-machine intractions.

By:Thamim Ansar K.,Venkatesh D ., Shanmuga Sundhar S., Sathish Kumar K.

(Final Year E.C.E Department)

Bhajarang Engineering College

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POWER TRANSMISSION THROUGH FRACTIONAL FREQUENCY SYSTEM

2011-07-05T18:46:00.000+05:30

Abstract:

The fractional frequency transmission system FFTS is a very promising long -distance transmission approach, which uses lower frequency (50/3) to reduce the electrical length of the AC power line, and thus its transmission capacity can be increased several fold . This paper introduces the primary experiments results of FFTS.

The experiment uses the phase-controlled cycloconverter as the frequency changer, stepping up 50/3Hz electricity to 50Hz electricity and supplying it to the utility grid. Thus, a new flexible ac transmission system device is successfully established in this experiment. The synchronizing process of 50/3Hz transmission system with 50Hz utility system is introduced in this paper. The experiment results show that a 1200km/500kv transmission line can transmit more than 2000MW electric power when employing the FFTS. The experiment also illustrates that there is no essential difficulty to realize FFTS in engineering practice.

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WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

2011-07-05T18:38:00.001+05:30

Abstract:

Electricity plays a vital role in our day to day life and also there is a great demand for electricity today. Transmission losses are also one of the reasons for this demand. Since transmission is a main part of the power system it should be more efficient. During transmission there is a loss of 30%.To eliminate these losses we need a new technique which is called recent trend. The recent trend for efficient transmission of power is the “wireless power transmission system”. This paper exposes a new method for wireless power transmission using EM waves that comprises a transmitter and receiver in which we get a transmission efficiency of 95%. The receiver does not require an independent power source and it is comprised of an optical feedback to the transmitter and does not require a separate communication channel to the transmitter. The transmitter uses the optical feedback to locate and track the receiver. The transmitter can optionally employ a macro adjusters and micro adjusters that direct the beam onto the receiver for optimal power transmission. The system also optionally has a tight loop beam detector to enhance the safety of the system. Either the receiver or transmitter may also encode data on the energy transmission, resulting in one-way or two-way data transmission.

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Micro Electro Mechanical Systems(MEMS)

2011-06-03T21:20:00.000+05:30

Abstract:

Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) is the integration of mechanical elements, sensors, actuators, and electronics on a common silicon substrate through microfabrication technology. While the electronics are fabricated using integrated circuit (IC) process sequences (e.g., CMOS, Bipolar, or BICMOS processes), the micromechanical components are fabricated using compatible "micromachining" processes that selectively etch away parts of the silicon wafer or add new structural layers to form the mechanical and electromechanical devices.
MEMS promises to revolutionize nearly every product category by bringing together silicon-based microelectronics with micromachining technology, making possible the realization of complete systems-on-a-chip. MEMS is an enabling technology allowing the development of smart products, augmenting the computational ability of microelectronics with the perception and control capabilities of microsensors and microactuators and expanding the space of possible designs and applications.

source: www.newtechpapers.com

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Wearable Bio Sensors

2011-06-03T21:18:00.000+05:30

Abstract:

Wearable sensors and systems have evolved to the point that they can be considered ready for clinical application. The use of wearable monitoring devices that allow continuous or intermittent monitoring of physiological signals is critical for the advancement of both the diagnosis as well as treatment of diseases. Wearable systems are totally non-obtrusive devices that allow physicians to overcome the limitations of ambulatory technology and provide a response to the need for monitoring individuals over weeks or months. They typically rely on wireless miniature sensors enclosed in patches or bandages or in items that can be worn, such as ring or shirt. The data sets recorded using these systems are then processed to detect events predictive of possible worsening of the patient’s clinical situations or they are explored to access the impact of clinical interventions.

source: www.newtechpapers.com

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Robotic surgery

2011-06-03T21:16:00.000+05:30

Abstract:

Robot-assisted surgery is the latest development in the larger movement of endoscopy, a type of minimally invasive surgery--the idea being that less invasive procedures translate into less trauma and pain for patients. Surgery through smaller incisions typically results in less scarring and faster recovery. It's not that robots are changing the basics of surgery. Surgeons are still cutting and sewing like they have been for decades. Robots represent a new computer-assisted tool that provides another way for surgeons to work.
Rather than cutting patients open, endoscopy allows surgeons to operate through small incisions by using an endoscope. This fiber optic instrument has a small video camera that gives doctors a magnified internal view of a surgical site on a television screen.
In abdominal endoscopy, known as laparoscopy, surgeons thread the fiber optic instrument into the abdomen. First performed in the late 1980s, laparoscopy is now routine for many procedures, such as surgery on the gallbladder and on female organs.
With robotic surgical systems, surgeons don't move endoscopic instruments directly with their hands. Instead, surgeons sit at a console several feet from the operating table and use joysticks similar to those used in video games. They perform surgical tasks by guiding the movement of the robotic arms in a process known as tele-manipulation.

source: www.newtechpapers.com

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Artificial Eye

2011-06-03T21:13:00.000+05:30

Abstract:

The retina is a thin layer of neural tissue that lines the back wall inside the eye. Some of these cells act to receive light, while others interpret the information and send messages to the brain through the optic nerve. This is part of the process that enables us to see. In damaged or dysfunctional retina, the photoreceptors stop working, causing blindness. By some estimates, there are more than 10 million people worldwide affected by retinal diseases that lead to loss of vision.
The absence of effective therapeutic remedies for retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has motivated the development of experimental strategies to restore some degree of visual function to affected patients. Because the remaining retinal layers are anatomically spared, several approaches have been designed to artificially activate this residual retina and thereby the visual system.
At present, two general strategies have been pursued. The “Epiretinal” approach involves a semiconductor-based device placed above the retina, close to or in contact with the nerve fiber layer retinal ganglion cells. The information in this approach must be captured by a camera system before transmitting data and energy to the implant. The “Sub retinal” approach involves the electrical stimulation of the inner retina from the sub retinal space by implantation of a semiconductor-based micro photodiode array (MPA) into this location. The concept of the sub retinal approach is that electrical charge generated by the MPA in response to a light stimulus may be used to artificially alter the membrane potential of neurons in the remaining retinal layers in a manner to produce formed images.

source: www.newtechpapers.com

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GPS Technology

2011-06-03T21:08:00.000+05:30

Abstract:

Throughout time people have developed a variety of ways to figure out their position on earth and to navigate from one place to another. Early mariners relied on angular measurements to celestial bodies like sun and stars to calculate their location. The 1920s witnessed the introduction of more advanced technique-radio navigation-based at first on radios that allowed navigators to locate the direction of shore-based transmitters when in range. Later development of artificial satellites made possible the transmission of more precise, line of sight radio navigation signals and sparked a new era in navigation technology. Satellites are first used in position finding in a simple but reliable 2D Navy system called Transit. This laid the groundwork for a system that would later revolutionize navigation for ever-the Global Positioning System
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite based navigation system. The concept of GPS was introduced by the United States Department of Defense (DoD). It is in the year 1994 that the GPS was completely developed. The GPS is developed to provide continuous, highly precise positions, velocity and time information to the land, sea, air and space based users. The intent of system is to use a combination of ground stations, orbiting satellites and special receivers to provide navigation capabilities to virtually everyone, at any time, anywhere in the world, regardless of weather conditions.

source: www.newtechpapers.com

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SMART DUST

2011-06-03T21:05:00.000+05:30

Abstract:

The goal of the Smart Dust project is to build a self-contained, millimeter-scale sensing and communication platform for a massively distributed sensor network. This device will be around the size of a grain of sand and will contain sensors, computational ability, bi-directional wireless communications, and a power supply, while being inexpensive enough to deploy by the hundreds. The science and engineering goal of the project is to build a complete, complex system in a tiny volume using state-of-the art technologies, which will require evolutionary and revolutionary advances in integration, miniaturization, and energy management. We foresee many applications for this technology: Weather/seismological monitoring on Mars, Internal spacecraft monitoring, Land/space comm. Networks, Chemical/biological sensors, Weapons stockpile monitoring, Defense-related sensor networks, Inventory Control, Product quality monitoring, Smart office spaces, Sports - sailing, balls.

source: www.newtechpapers.com

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Quantum mirage

2011-06-03T21:00:00.000+05:30

Abstract:

Since it first appeared on the cover of Nature in February 2000, the quantum mirage” has featured on posters, calendars, websites and the covers of various books and magazines. The image – which was obtained using a scanning tunnelling microscope – shows the electronic wavefunctions inside an elliptical “quantum corral” made of cobalt atoms on a copper surface. It was created by Hari Manoharan, Christopher Lutz and Don Eigler of the IBM Almaden Research Center in California. In 1990, working with Erhard Schweizer, Eiger spelt out the letters “IBM” using 35 xenon atoms. And three years later, working with Lutz and Michael Crommie, he released the first images of the “quantum corral”, which have also been reproduced in numerous places.
. The quantum mirage uses the wave nature of electrons to move the information, instead of a wire, so it has the potential to enable data transfer within future nano-scale electronic circuits so small that conventional wires do not work. It will be years before this technology becomes practical, but it could eventually yield computers that are many orders of magnitude smaller, faster, and less power-hungry than anything we can conceive today.

source: www.newtechpapers.com

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Biotelemetry

2011-06-03T20:51:00.000+05:30

Abstract:

Biotelemetry is a vital constituent in the field of medical sciences. It entails remote measurement of biological parameters. Transmission of physiological data from point of generation to the point of reception can take many forms. Biotelemetry, using wireless diagnosis, can monitor electronically the symptoms and movements of patients. This development has opened up avenues for medical diagnosis and treatment.
It enables monitoring of activity levels in patients suffering from heart troubles, asthma, pain, Alzheimer’s disease, mood disorders, cardiovascular problems, accidents, etc. A patient’s response and reaction to drugs can also be investigated for treatment. Radio telemetry transmits biological data using various radio transmission techniques. No wires are required to be attached to the patient’s body. The patient just carries a bracelet-sized transmitter that enables monitoring of the patients symptoms. Carrier modulation, physiological data encoding, frequency and time division multiplexing blocking oscillator or Endoradiosonde, receivers and antennas for Biotelemetry, power sources, and transcutaneous power transfer are discussed in this paper.

source: www.newtechpapers.com

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Power Monitoring System

2011-06-03T20:45:00.001+05:30

Abstract:

The microcontroller-based power monitoring system is an electronic device used to continuously monitor the parameters of power such as voltage, current, frequency, etc at the various points of an electric or electronics devices. The entire system is controlled by the microcontroller (80C31) and it is the real time monitoring of various parameters. Thus the name “REAL TIME MONITORING OF HIGH CAPACITY (400KVA-600KVA) BATTERY BACK UP SYSTEM”. This system is an 8-channel device, which accepts 8 analog input signals and consist of analog multiplexer, A/D converter, ROM, RAM, buffer etc. The different channels are selected by simple switch operation. From the UPS the channels and alarms are given to the microcontroller and it will process and control the parameters.

source: www.newtechpapers.com

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64 Bit Computing

2011-05-31T15:46:00.001+05:30

Abstract:

The labels "16-bit," "32-bit" or "64-bit," when applied to a microprocessor, characterize the processor's data stream. Although you may have heard the term "64-bit code," this designates code that operates on 64-bit data.

In more specific terms, the labels "64-bit," 32-bit," etc. designate the number of bits that each of the processor's general-purpose registers (GPRs) can hold. So when someone uses the term "64-bit processor," what they mean is "a processor with GPRs that store 64-bit numbers." And in the same vein, a "64-bit instruction" is an instruction that operates on 64-bit numbers.

Source: www.newtechpapers.com

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Digital Audio Water Marking

2011-05-31T15:41:00.001+05:30

Abstract:

Digital watermarking is the process of embedding copyrighting information into digital media frame, such as text, image, audio and video. They are preferred to be imperceptible to the end user. The need for watermarking arises because of the inherent ease with which digital data can be copied and manipulated.

Digital watermarking find application in areas like copyrighting of information, authentication of data, tracing of illegal copies etc. Audio watermarking refers to applying watermarking on audio signals. The knowledge of the human auditory system i.e. psychoacoustics is of great importance in audio watermarking. This aspect of audio watermarking necessitates it to be treated as a separate topic.

Current watermarking techniques are mainly concerned with spread spectrum type of watermarking.

Source: www.newtechpapers.com

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Abrasive Jet Machining

2011-05-31T15:37:00.001+05:30

Abstract:

Abrasive water jet machine tools are suddenly being a hit in the market since they are quick to program and could make money on short runs. They are quick to set up, and offer quick turn-around on the machine. They complement existing tools used for either primary or secondary operations and could make parts quickly out of virtually out of any material. One of the major advantage is that they donot heat the material. All sorts of intricate shapes are easy to make. They turns to be a money making machine.

So ultimately a machine shop without a water jet , is like a carpenter with out a hammer. Sure the carpenter can use the back of his crow bar to hammer in nails, but there is a better way. It is important to understand that abrasive jets are not the same thing as the water jet although they are nearly the same. Water Jet technology has been around since the early 1970s or so, and abrasive jets extended the concept about ten years later. Both technology use the principle of pressuring water to extremely high pressure, and allowing the water to escape through opening typically called the orifice or jewel. Water jets use the beam of water exiting the orifice to cut soft stuffs like candy bars, but are not effective for cutting harder materials. The inlet water is typically pressurized between 20000 and 60000 Pounds Per Square Inch (PSI). This is forced through a tiny wall in the jewel which is typically .007” to .015” diameter (0.18 to0.4 mm) . This creates a vary high velocity beam of water. Abrasive jets use the same beam of water to accelerate abrasive particles to speeds fast enough to cut through much faster material.

Source: www.newtechpapers.com

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Magnetic levitation

2011-05-31T15:31:00.001+05:30

Abstract:
Magnetic levitation is the latest in transportation technology and has been the interest of many countries around the world. The idea has been around since 1904 when Robert Goddard, an American Rocket scientist, created a theory that trains could be lifted off the tracks by the use of electromagnetic rails. Many assumptions and ideas were brought about throughout the following years, but it was not until the 1970’s that Japan and Germany showed interest in it and began researching and designing.

The motion of the Maglev train is based purely on magnetism and magnetic fields. This magnetic field is produced by using high-powered electromagnets. By using magnetic fields, the Maglev train can be levitated above its track, or guideway, and propelled forward. Wheels, contact with the track, and moving parts are eliminated on the Maglev train, allowing the Maglev train to essentially move on air without friction.

Source: www.newtechpapers.com

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Plastic Explosion

2011-05-31T15:20:00.001+05:30

Synthetic polymers are often referred to as "plastics", such as the well-known polyethylene and nylon. However, most of them can be classified in at least three main categories: thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers.

Man-made polymers are used in a bewildering array of applications: food packaging, films, fibers, tubing, pipes, etc. The personal care industry also uses polymers to aid in texture of products, binding, and moisture retention (e.g. in hair gel and conditioners).

Source: www.newtechpapers.com

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Flywheel Energy storage

2011-05-31T14:49:00.016+05:30

Abstract:

Flywheel energy storage systems store kinetic energy (i.e. energy produced by motion) by constantly spinning a compact rotor in a low-friction environment. When short term back-up power is required (i.e. when utility power fluctuates or is lost), the rotor's inertia allows it to continue spinning and the resulting kinetic energy is converted to electricity.

Active Power's CleanSource Flywheel Technology, as shown Below, integrates the function of a motor, flywheel rotor and generator into a single intergrated system, The motor, which uses electric current from the utility grid to provide energy to rotate the flywheel, spins constantlyto maintain a ready source kinetic energy.

Source: www.newtechpapers.com

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Amelioration Of Phase Change Materials Using Nanoparticles For Thermal Energy Storage

2011-04-22T17:56:00.001+05:30

Abstract:

Phase Change Materials (PCM) are used in latent heat storage system. The use of PCM is the best method of thermal energy storage, because the process of storage is isothermal and the specific heat capacity of the PCM is infinite and hence the storage density is very high. But the thermal conductivity of PCM is manifestly low. In order to counterbalance that Nanoparticles are utilized. The selection of PCM plays vital role in the thermal energy storage system. In this paper an attempt is made to provide information on Phase Change Materials for thermal energy storage for various applications and the use of proper nanoparticle for it. This paper also assists to enhance the rate of heat transfer while charging and discharging of stored thermal energy.

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DISTORTION CONTROL IN LARGE WELDED SHIP STRUCTURES

2011-04-20T19:48:00.001+05:30

Abstract:

Shape change and dimension change in association with the plastic flow of residual stresses are the perennial problems as far as welding is concerned. Apart from shape and dimensional changes the distortion poses problem of difficulties on further assembly and maintaining the aesthetics. Correcting distortion involves heavy cost and time and in many cases the correction becomes impossible. These difficulties prompt to develop methods to control distortion during various stages of fabrication. They involve theoretical prediction and proper sequencing to balance the heat input to control distortion rather than correcting it after occurring. It is to be noted that the prediction of distortion is not an easy task since it involves analysis of transient thermal stresses and computation of incompatible plastic strains.Hence in many, the practical application of proper sequence of weld would relieve us from the worry of distortion..

The objective was to control distortion during fabrication of a vessel which has many internals. Each internal has a number of stiffeners which were to be welded on the internal. Considering the amount of welding and high heat input, it is found out that the distortion would likely to be more. Further, to add to this problem, the stiffeners were to be welded only on one side of the all the internals and also the maximum thickness of internals were 8 mm. After a detailed analysis on heat input, size of the internal and one side welding, it was decided to devise proper weld sequence of each internal and also proper sequences for the internal to the main vessel welding. Accordingly weld sequences were devised for more than 20 internals. Due to heavy welding on one side, one of the internals got deformed slightly above the required levels. Since heating on the component was restricted, this deformation was corrected mechanically. After fabricating all the internal assemblies they were welded to the main shell with suitable sequences so the mismatching problem was avoided.

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LOW COST AUTOMATION USING ELECTRO PNEUMATIC SYSTEM – AN ON LINE CASE STUDY IN MULTISTATION PART TRANSFER, DRILLING AND TAPPING MACHINE

2011-04-20T19:47:00.001+05:30

Abstract:

This paper discusses the case study and, comparison of productivity of a component using a real time multi stationed AUTOMATED ROTARY TRANSFER LINE used for Drilling, tapping and inspecting a standard block of size 50 X 50 X 75 mm with drill size diameter 5 x 20 mm long and tapping the drill by M6 machine Tap.

The clamping of the component, part transfer and feed of the drilling machine spindle is done using electro-pneumatics. The total logic of the system is based on Low cost automation with the micro controllers. The following studies are carried out 1. Time saved by component handling (loading and unloading), using pneumatic clamping, 2. Increase in productivity both qualitative and quantitative, 3. Improved repeatability and accuracy, 4. Less human intervention, indirectly reduction in operator fatigue, 5.Less rejection due to automatic controls 6.Minimization of production costs.

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FACILITY LAYOUT DESIGN USING GENITIC ALGORITHM

2011-04-18T12:54:00.002+05:30

Abstract:

Any major industry’s success depends invariably on the location of its bases, production centers and warehouses. Thus locating the sites before establishing these units is done by facility location and planning unit of the industry. For greater profits the facilities should be located at an optimum distance from the market , raw material procurement sites utilities like water , sand etc. For these problems involving layout a number of algorithms are in use like ALDEP,CORELAP, CRAFT etc. But since the location of facilities have become very complex due to greater constraints these days a determined search of a good algorithm begins. This can be achieved by using GENETIC ALGORITHMS. This type of evolutionary algorithms have made the computational effort fast and accurate.

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AI AUTOMATES SUBSTATION CONTROL

2011-04-18T12:52:00.001+05:30

Abstract:

Controlling a substation by a fuzzy controller speeds up response time diminishes up the possibility of risks normally related to human operations. The automation of electric substation is an area under constant development Our research has focused on, the Selection of the magnitude to be controlled, Definition and implementation of the soft techniques, Elaboration of a programming tool to execute the control operations. it is possible to control the desired status while supervising some important magnitudes as the voltage, power factor, and harmonic distortion, as well as the present status. The status of the circuit breakers can be control by using a knowledge base that relates some of the operation magnitudes, mixing status variables with time variables and fuzzy sets .The number of necessary magnitudes to a supervise and to control a substation can be very high in the present research work, many magnitudes were not included .To avoid the extensive number of required rules nevertheless , controlling a substation by a fuzzy controller has the advantage that it can speed up the response time and diminish the possibility of risks normally related to human operations.

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