study science

Host you own web project in that server

2024-04-15T06:44:00.003+05:30

1. **Connect via SSH**: Use the `ssh` command to connect to your instance directly, assuming you've already set up your SSH key and know your EC2 instance's public IP address:

ssh -i your_key.pem ubuntu@your_ec2_public_ip

If prompted to confirm the connection, type `yes`.

2. **Install Apache**: Install Apache web server and update packages:

sudo apt update

sudo apt install apache2

3. **Switch to Root User**: Switch to the root user to gain administrative privileges:

sudo su

4. **Navigate to Web Root**: Move to the directory where you want to host your web files (usually `/var/www/html`):

cd /var/www/html

5. **Edit HTML File**: Use a text editor like Nano or Vim to edit your HTML file:

nano index.html

6. **Restart Apache**: After making changes, restart Apache for the changes to take effect:

systemctl restart apache2

7.Now, your web project should be hosted on your EC2 instance. You can access it through your EC2's public IP address.

Digital Elecronics

2022-11-25T07:54:00.002+05:30

CIRCUIT

JEE Advance 2021 Result announced

2021-10-15T18:35:00.005+05:30

A total number of 141699 candidates appeared in both papers 1 and 2 in JEE (Advanced) 2021.

A total of 41862 candidates have qualified JEE (Advanced) 2021. Of the total qualified

candidates, 6452 are females. Mr. Mridul Agarwal of IIT Delhi zone is the top ranker in

Common Rank List (CRL) in JEE (Advanced) 2021. He obtained 348 marks out of 360 marks.

Ms. Kavya Chopra of IIT Delhi zone is the top ranked female with CRL 98. She obtained 286

marks out of 360.

Press Realese Link :- https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_wnb3ejk6acZBY3FV7bwEDEujIBtz6mi/view

Summary of Number of Candidates of JEE (Advanced) 2021

Category	PwD Status	Registered	Appeared in both papers	Qualified
GEN	No	40293	38168	16878
GEN	Yes	657	595	179
OBC-NCL	No	51307	47809	9021
OBC-NCL	Yes	482	455	129
GEN-EWS	No	21831	20479	5105
GEN-EWS	Yes	150	138	39
SC	No	24931	23312	7726
SC	Yes	88	81	21
ST	No	11413	10625	2757
ST	Yes	41	37	7
Total		151193	141699	41862

Qualifying Marks

Rank List	Minimum Marks in Each Subject	Minimum Aggregate Marks
Common rank list (CRL)	6	63
OBC-NCL rank list	5	56
GEN-EWS rank list	5	56
SC rank list	3	31
ST rank list	3	31
Common-PwD rank list (CRL-PwD)	3	31
OBC-NCL-PwD rank list	3	31
GEN-EWS-PwD rank list	3	31
SC-PwD rank list	3	31
ST-PwD rank list	3	31
Preparatory course (PC) rank lists	0	9

Top 10 private colleges colleges under WBJEE.

2021-08-09T11:24:00.006+05:30

This ranking is made on my opinion according to the placement .

IEM , Kolkata
Heritage Institute of Technology , Kolkata
Techno Main Salt Lake , Kolkata
Haldia Institute of Technology , Haldia
St. Thomas College of Engineering , kolkata
Academy of Technology , kolkata
BP Podar Institute of Management and Technology , Kolkata
Netaji Subhash Engineering Collage , Kolkata
RCC Institute of Information Technology , Kolkata
Techno India University , Kolkata

Bihar Board 12th Result 2021 Released ( download Bihar Board 2021 result )

2021-03-25T17:26:00.008+05:30

Short information

Bihar School Examination Board (BSEB) has announced the BSEB 12th result directly on the official website. Students can visit onlinebseb.in to check their result in online. The direct link to check Bihar Board 12th result 2021 is given below.

download 12th result server 1 server 2 server 3 server 4 official website

Is NDA exam conducted before or after JEE mains?

2021-03-01T00:42:00.002+05:30

NDA exam conduct after JEE main.

बिहार बोर्ड इंटर mathematics answer key 2021 2 February #bseb #bihar board inter

2021-02-02T18:57:00.006+05:30

Bihar Board Maths Answer Key 2021 has been released on its official website by the Bihar School Examination Board (BSEB). The Answer Key link will be activated at the official website on 2nd Feb 2021. Boys / Girls appeared for the Maths 2021 examination held on 2nd February 2021 can check the Answer Key from the direct link available here after 5 PM

DOWNLOAD PDF :- https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e57aVV_gfsFfRoHrkFVcOtQv1YxQccJh/view?usp=sharing

BSEB inter 12th vvi question mathematics 2021

2021-02-02T02:25:00.000+05:30

Download

BSEB inter 12th vvi question mathematics 2021

Bihar board class 12th mark distribution (Chemistry) on new pattern 2021.

2021-01-25T13:08:00.002+05:30

Download in pdf

Bihar board class 12th mark distribution on new pattern 2022

2021-01-12T18:36:00.005+05:30

Download pdf https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fLdu8L5rLy-u0oz50REQH2FXOPiI2VRC/view?usp=sharing

Model paper Mathematics https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uEA0ILZVPjyp5782WZoCMHGvydwlhNZT/view?usp=sharing

Unit-Wise Distribution of Marks (new) 2021

UNIT NAME	Objective ( 1 )	Short ( 2 )	Long ( 5 )	Marks ( Avg. )
UNIT:1 Relation and Function	12 to 16	2 to 4	1	25
UNIT:2 Algebra	12 to 16	3 to 5	1	36
UNIT:3 Calculus	45 to 50	13 to 16	3	76
UNIT:4 Vector and 3D-Geometry	15 to 20	5 to 7	1	40
UNIT:5 Linear-Programming Problem	1 to 3	1 to 2	0 to 1	08
UNIT:6 Probability	5 to 7	1 to 3	0 to 1	15
TOTAL	100	30	8	200
Attempt	50	15	4	100

Join Indian X Y Group 01/2022 Online Form 2021

2021-01-07T20:30:00.003+05:30

Name of Post:

Join Indian X Y Group 01/2022 Online Form 2021

Short Information :
Join Indian Airforce CDAC In Are Recently Invited to Online Application Form for the Recruitment Post of Airforce X Y Group 10+2 Recruitment 2021. Those Candidates Are Interested to the Following Vacancies Can Read the Full Notification Before Apply Online.

Indian Air Force (Bharitya Vayu Sena) X Group \| Y Group Airmen Recruitment Online Form 2021 01/2022 Short Details of Notification
Important Dates Application Begin : 22/01/2021 Last Date for Apply Online : 07/02/2021 at 05:00 PM Exam Held on : 18-22 April 2021 Admit Card Available : April 2021		Application Fee General / OBC / EWS : 250/- SC / ST : 250/- Pay the Examination Fee Through Debit Card, Credit Card, Net Banking or Pay Offline Payment Through Axis Bank E Challan Only
Physical Eligibility Height : 152.5 CMS Chest : Minimum Expand : 5 CMS Minimum Weight : 55 KG		Age Limit X Group & Y Group Both Exam Candidates Age Between 16/01/2001 to 29/12/2004. For More Details Kindly Read the Notification
Eligibility
X Group (Technical) 10+2 Exam Passed with Math, Physics and English Subject with Minimum 50% Marks. OR Passed Three Year Polytechnic Diploma with 50% Marks	Y Group 10+2 (Intermediate) Exam Passed with 50% Marks, English 50% Marks . OR 2 Year Vocation Course with 50% Marks for More Details See Notification


Some Useful Important Links
Apply Online			Link Activate on 22/01/2021
Download Notification			Click Here
Download Syllabus			Click Here
Official Website			Click Here

Indian Coast Guard Navik (DB, GD) & Yantrik Online Form 2021

2021-01-07T20:18:00.005+05:30

Post Title:- Indian Coast Guard Navik (DB, GD) & Yantrik Online Form 2021

Short Information:- Indian Coast Guard (ICG) Invites Online Application Form For The Recruitment Post Of Navik (Domestic Branch- DB, General Duty- GD) And Yantrik For 02/2021 Batch. Interested Candidates Read the Full Notification Before Apply.

Cadre	Tentative Dates For Examination
Important Dates Application Start Date:05-01-2020 Application Last Date:19-01-2020		Application Fee General/ OBC/ EWS: Rs.250/- SC/ ST: Rs.0/- Pay Fee Through Online Mode By Using Net Banking Or By Using Visa/ Master/ Maestro/ Rupay Credit/ Debit Card/ UPI.
Age Limitation Age Limit: 18-22 Years For Navik (GD) and Yantrik: 01 Aug 1999 to 31 Jul 2003 For Navik (DB): 01 Oct 1999 to 30 Sep 2003 (Upper Age Relaxation Of 5 Years For SC/ST And 3 Years For OBC Candidates)		Total Post 358
Educational Qualification ▶ Navik (General Duty):- 10+2 passed with Maths and Physics from an education board recognized by Council of Boards for School Education (COBSE). ▶ Navik (Domestic Branch):- 10th Class passed from an education board recognized by Council of Boards for School Education (COBSE). ▶ Yantrik:- 10th class passed from an education board recognized by Council of Boards for School Education (COBSE) and Diploma in Electrical/ Mechanical / Electronics and Telecommunication (Radio/Power) Engineering approved by All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE).
Category Wise Vacancy Details
Post Name		Total Post
Navik (General Duty)		(UR- 144, EWS- 33, OBC- 83, ST- 07, SC- 23) = 260
Navik (Domestic Branch)		(UR- 22, EWS- 06, OBC- 08, ST- 03, SC- 11) = 50
Yantrik (Mechanical)		(UR- 13, EWS- 03, OBC- 07, ST- 04, SC- 04) = 31
Yantrik (Electrical)		(UR- 04, EWS- 01, OBC- 01, ST- 00, SC- 01) = 07
Yantrik (Electronics)		(UR- 07, EWS- 00, OBC- 02, ST- 00, SC- 01) = 10
Physical Fitness Test (PFT) & Medical Standards
1.6 Km Run To Be Completed In 7 Minutes. 20 Squat Ups (Uthak Baithak). 10 Push Up. Candidates Undergoing PFT Will Do So At Their Own Risk. Height. Minimum Height Is 157 CMs Chest. Should Be Well Proportioned. Minimum Expansion 5 CMs. Weight. Proportionate To Height And Age + 10 Percentage Acceptable.
Selection Process
The Selection Of Recruits Is Based On An All India Order Of Merit On Their Performance In Stage-I, II, III & IV(Explained In Advertisement) and The Number Of Vacancies Available For The Post. Clearing of Stage-I, II, III, IV And Satisfactory Performance In Training Is Compulsory For Recruitment In ICG. All Candidates Will Be Compulsorily Subjected To Biometric, Photo Identification And Document Verification During Stage-I, II, III & IV of the selection procedure.
Tentative Schedule For Exam & Downloading E-Admit Card
Cadre	Stage-I	Stage-II	Stage-II & IV
Navik(GD)	Mid/ End Mar 2021	End Apr/ Early May 2021	Early Aug 2021
Navik(DB)	Mid/ End Mar2021	End Apr/ Early May 2021	Early Oct 2021
Yantrik	Mid/ End Mar 2021	End Apr/ Early May 2021	Early Aug 2021

Apply Online						Click Here
Applicant Login						Click Here
Download Notification						Click Here
Official Website						Click Here

EWS आरक्षण कोटे में कौन सी जाति है?

2020-12-25T17:30:00.002+05:30

EWS - Economically Weaker Section

EWS कैटेगरी उन विद्यार्थियों के लिए है जो Generalकैटेगरी के लिए हैं लेकिन उनके परिवार की आर्थिक आय सालाना ₹100000 से कम है उन्हें सरकार के द्वारा ज्यादातर परीक्षा में 10% आरक्षण दिया जाता है यह कानून मोदी सरकार के द्वारा 2019 में लाया गया था |

इस साल जनवरी में प्रधानमंत्री नरेन्द्र मोदी ने “आर्थिक रूप से पिछड़े वर्गों” (ईडब्लूएस) के लिए दस प्रतिशत आरक्षण की घोषणा की. इसके तहत पात्र उम्मीदवारों में अनुसूचित जाति, अनुसूचित जनजाति एवं सामाजिक और अर्थिक रूप से पिछड़े वर्ग (ओबीसी) के सदस्यों को शामिल नहीं किया गया है. संविधानिक सभा और सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के कई सारे मामलों में माना गया है कि केवल आर्थिक आधार पर आरक्षण नहीं दिया जा सकता. लेकिन एक ही झटके में नरेन्द्र मोदी ने भारतीय आरक्षण नीति में लागू संवैधानिक सिद्धांतों को उलट दिया.

Jee Mains 2021 examinations dates

2020-12-19T13:46:00.004+05:30

The Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Government of India has entrusted the responsibility of conducting Joint Entrance Examination (JEE Main) to the NTA from 2019 onwards.

The Joint Entrance Examination (JEE (Main) comprises of two papers. The Paper1 is conducted for admission to Undergraduate Engineering Programs (B.E/B. Tech) at NITs, IIITs, other Centrally Funded Technical Institutions (CFTIs), Institutions/Universities funded/recognized by participating State Governments, as well as an eligibility test for JEE (Advanced), which is conducted for admission to IITs.

The JEE (Main)-2021 is being conducted in multiple Sessions (February/March/April/May) for admissions in the next academic session. The candidates will thus benefit in the following ways:-

(1) This will give multiple opportunities to the candidates to improve their scores in the examination if they are not able to give their best in the one attempt.

(2) This will reduce the chances of dropping a year and droppers would not have to waste a full year.

(3) In case a candidate has Board Examination in a particular month, or is unable to appear due to COVID-19, the candidate can choose a different month to take the JEE (Main)-2021.

(4) A candidate need not appear in all the four Sessions. However, if candidate appears in more than one Session then his/her best of the 2021 NTA Scores will be considered for preparation of Merit List/ Ranking.

(5) Keeping in mind various decisions taken by various Boards across the country regarding amendments in the syllabus, NTA has decided that the question paper will contain 90 questions, in which the candidate will have to attempt a total of 75 questions. The choice will be given in Section B (numerical), which will not have any negative marking.

New Scheme of Examination:

PAPER	SUBJECTS	Section A	Section B	Question Paper design	TIMING OF THE EXAMINATION(IST)
					First Shift	Second Shift
B.E./B.Tech. (Paper 1)	Mathematics	20*	10*	*Each Subject will have two sections. Section A will be of Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) and Section B will contain Questions whose answers are to be filled in as a numerical value. In Section B, candidates have to attempt any five questions out of 10. There will be no negative marking for Section B.	9:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m.	3:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.
	Physics	20*	10
	Chemistry	20*	10
	Total	90
B. Arch. (Paper 2A)	Mathematics – Part I	20*	10*	*Part -1 will have two sections. Section A will be of Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) and Section B will contain Questions whose answers are to be filled in as a numerical value. In Section B, candidates have to attempt any five questions out of 10. There will be no negative marking for Section B.	9:00 a.m. to 12:00p.m.	3:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.
	Aptitude Test – Part II	50	-
	Drawing Test – Part III	02	-
	Total	82
B. Planning (Paper 2B)	Mathematics – Part I	20*	10*	* Part -1 will have two sections. Section A will be of Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) and Section B will contain Questions whose answers are to be filled in as a numerical value. In Section B, candidates have to attempt any five questions out of 10. There will be no negative marking for Section B.	3:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.
	Aptitude Test – Part II	50	-
	Planning Based Questions - Part III	25	-
	Total	105
*Each Subject will have two sections. Section A will be of Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) and Section B will contain Questions whose answers are to be filled in as a numerical value. In Section B, candidates have to attempt any five questions out of 10. There will be no negative marking for Section B.

Mode of Examination: JEE (Main) 2021 Examination will be held in “Computer Based Test” (CBT) Mode only, except that the Drawing Test for B.Arch. will be held in “Pen & Paper” (offline) mode.

Medium of the Question Papers: Drawing from the National Education Policy (NEP), the JEE (Main) 2021 will be conducted in Assamese, Bengali, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu in addition to Hindi, English and Gujarati.

The subsequent dates of examination are as follows:

Dates of Examinations:

Session-1 (Februay-2021)

23,24,25 & 26 February 2021

Session-2 (March-2021)

15,16,17,& 18 March 2021

Session-3 (April-2021)

27,28,29 & 30 April 2021

Session-4 (May-2021)

24,25,26 27 & 28 May 2021

Important Instructions:

a. Candidates can apply for JEE (Main) 2021 through “Online” mode only between 16.12.2020 (Wednesday) to 16.01.2021 (Saturday)

b. The fees can be paid online upto 17.01.2021 (Sunday).

c. Fees can be paid for all 4 Session(s) (February/March/April/May) at the same time. However, it can be taken forward to another Session. In case a candidate does not want to appear in the Session for which fee has already been paid, it will be refunded by NTA, provided the request is received during the application process of the Session from which the candidate wants to withdraw.

d. A single Confirmation Page will be generated for all the session(s), the candidate applies for.

e. Candidates has option to apply for one Session and more than one Session together and pay fee accordingly. Application window will be re-opened briefly immediately after the declaration of result of February/ March & April Session.

f. If any candidate could not appy for session-1, he/she can apply for the next Session(s) once the portal opens, after declaration of result.

g. Only one application is to be submitted by a candidate for one session or more than one session or for all session(s) together. Multiple application forms submitted by a candidate for the same session will not be accepted at any cost.

h. Candidates, who desire to appear in JEE (Main) –2021, may see the detailed Information Bulletin available on the websites:

https://jeemain.nta.nic.in/ /www.nta.ac.in.

Jee Mains 2021 February examinations result date

2020-09-11T16:26:00.007+05:30

National Testing Agency (NTA) is expected to declare the JEE Main Results 2021 February today (Sunday, 07 March) on jeemain.nta.nic.in

Based on the results of the JEE-Mains Paper 1 (2021 feb), .

Once declared, the students will be able to check their JEE Main results at jeemain.nta.nic.inThe exam was conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA) from 23 to 26 February..

JEE Main Result 2021: Percentile vs Marks – All you need to know

Based on the performance of the students, there would be a minimum of 6 toppers who would be given 100 percentile rank for the 6 shifts conducted in February.
Percentile rank or NTA score is calculated based on the normalization process shared by NTA on the official website jeemain.nta.nic.in.
JEE Main Ranks would not be announced today. NTA would be calculating the ranks only after all the session of March, April and May have also been conducted. Cut off for JEE Advanced 2021 would also be shared only at the time of the final result of JEE Main 2021, which would be announced in June.
NTA would be sharing your percentile rank till 8 decimal places. This would not change after other sessions. However, in case you appear for any of the sessions and score a better percentile, then the same would be used for calculating your rank.
Remember, students’ percentile or NTA score would be used to determine rank and not marks. To understand it better, say a student scores 150 in February session and gets a percentile or NTA score of 95.00000678. Now, if the student was to appear for the April session and score 155 but the NTA score is 95.00000000 then the NTA percentile or score of Feb session would be used to determine the student’s rank.
Tentatively, an NTA score or percentile score of 90 percentile or above is likely to be the cut off for JEE Advanced 2021. However, the JEE Main cut off for admission to NITs is expected to be higher at about 96 percentile and above.
JEE Main March Registrations have closed. However, the link for April and May session is likely to be reopened after March examinations.

A total of 6.05 lakh candidates have appeared for the JEE Main 2021 February session. 22 lakh candidates have registered for the examination. Remaining candidates would be appearing for the March, April and May sessions. Final result with JEE Main Rank 2021 would be announced in June.

Imperfection of solid

2020-09-02T08:12:00.001+05:30

When Cat-ion and Anion regular arrange in crystal than some ion dislocate their position or missing their crystal that indicate imperfection of solid.

Some ion (Cat-ion or anion) arrange at 0 degree Kelvin which is called ideal solid.

· There are different type of defect

. 1. Impurity defect :- Impurity defects are foreign atoms that replace some of the atoms making up the solid or that squeeze into the interstices; they are important in the electrical behavior of semiconductors, which are materials used in computer chips and other electronic devices.

2. Stoichiometric defect :- The compounds in which the number of positive and negative ions are exactly in the ratios indicated by their chemical formulae are called stoichiometric compounds. The defects do not disturb the stoichiometry (the ratio of numbers of positive and negative ions) are called stoichiometric defects.

Schottky defect:- when atom or ion regular arrange in crystal then same number of cation and anion missing their crystal which is called schottky defect.

Density decreases in schottky defect. AgBr source frenkel defect and schottky defect.

Frenkel defect:- When atom or ion arrange in crystal then one cation dislocated their position but present in crystal that is called frenkel defect.

Vacancy defect:- In this defect when atom or ion regular arrange in crystal then sometime iron are vacant their position and electron occupy their space which is called vacancy defect.

· Vacancy defect develop in presence of heat.

· In vacancy defect F-center are develop.

Interstitial defect:- Interstitials defects are a variety of crystallographic defects where atoms assume a normally unoccupied site in the crystal structure. In interstitial defects, two or more atoms may share one lattice site, thereby increasing its total energy.

3. Non-stoichiometry defect:-

Metal Excess defect:- when metal and nonmetal regular arrange in crystal then number of metal is higher than number of non-metal that is fold metal excess defect.

Metal Deficiency defect:- Metal and nonmetal regular range in crystal then number of metal is lower than number of non-metal, which is called metal deficiency defect.

Packing efficiency and Void

2020-09-02T07:54:00.001+05:30

Packing efficiency

The total percentage of space occupy by atom molecule or ion in unit cell that is called packing efficiency

Void or space or holes

Empty or vacant space present between spheres of a unit cell , is called void. When particles are closed packed resulting in either CPP or HCP structure, two types of void generated.

Tetrahedral void :- Tetrahedral voids are holes or voids surrounded by four spheres present at the corner of a tetrahedron. Co-ordination number of a tetrahedral void is 4.

Octahedral void:- Octahedral void are holes or voids surrounded by six spheres located on a regular tetrahedron. Co-ordination number of a tetrahedral void is 6.

Close packed Structure

2020-09-02T07:46:00.002+05:30

Co-ordination number: - The total number of atom which is directly attached with one atom that is called co-ordination number.

	Co-ordination number
1-Dimention	2
2-Dimention	AAA –type 4, ABAB-type 6
S.C.C.	6
B.C.C.	12
F.C.C.	8

Close packed Structure

The term "closest packed structures" refers to the most tightly packed or space-efficient composition of crystal structures (lattices). Imagine an atom in a crystal lattice as a sphere. ... These arrangements are called closest packed structures. The packing of spheres can describe the solid structures of crystals.

Number of atom ,Atomic Radius and Density of Unit Cell

2020-09-02T07:43:00.002+05:30

Number of atom in SCC , BCC , and FCC

Calculation of Atomic Radius

Density of unit cell

Na = 6.023 X 10²³

magnetic properties of solid

2020-09-02T07:35:00.003+05:30

Solid substance shows magnetic properties.

There are different type-

1. Paramagnetic: - a solid substance which is weakly attached from magnetic field that is called paramagnetic. This property of substance is called paramagnetic properties.

Magnetic value always greater than 0 of paramagnetic substance.

Ex- sulfur, Phosphorus and nitrogen, etc.

2. Diamagnetic: - sorry substance which is not attached from magnetic field that is called diamagnetic. This property of substance is called Diamagnetic properties.

Magnetic value always equal to zero of diamagnetic substances.

Ex- Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, etc.

3. Ferromagnetic: - a solid substance which is strongly attached from magnetic field that is called ferromagnetic. This property of substance is called ferromagnetic properties.

In Ferromagnetic substance, maximum number of unpaired electron present.

Ex- chromium iron Cobalt nickel etc.

4. Antiferromagnetic: - a solid substance in which electron regular arrange in same spin and opposite spin that is called antiferromagnetic. This property of substance is called antiferromagnetic property.

Ex- FeO , MnO2, MnO, etc.

*Ferromagnetism: - A solid substance in which electron irregular arrange in same and opposite spin that is called ferromagnetism.

*Dialectical properties:- those solid substance in which electric current does not flow that is called dielectric substance. This property of substance is called dielectric property.

Dielectric properties are of two types-

1 pyroelectric properties: - a solid substance in which electric current slightly flow after heating that is called pyro electrical properties.

2 Piezoelectric properties: - substance image electric current flow after giving mechanical force, that is called electrical properties.

#radius ratio: - the ratio of radius of cation and radius of anion is called radius ratio.

Radius ratio= radius of cation/radius of anion

electric properties of solid

2020-09-02T07:29:00.002+05:30

Solid substance a shoes electrical properties which is three types

· Conductor

· Insulator

· Semiconductor

Conductor - A Solid substance in which electric current easily flow that is called conductor. Conductivity range of conductor between 10 to the power 4 into 10 to the power 7 per ohm per meter.

Insulator-A solid substance in which electric current does not flow that is called insulator. Conductivity range of insulator is between 10 to the power -20 10 to the power -10.

Semiconductor- A solid substance which is insulator on ground state but in presence of heat it works as conductor that is called semiconductor. Conductivity royal range of semiconductor is between 10 to the power minus 6 to 10 to the power 4 per ohm per meter.

Doping: - the process in which semiconductor convert into conductor after mixing impurities that is called doping.

Ex- five A group element in silicon, third A group element doped in silicon, etc.

1. N type semiconductor

As we know that silicon is a semiconductor which have four valence electron. When v A group element (P) doped with silicon for conversion of conductor then for electron of phosphorus bonded with four silicon and one unpaired electron present on phosphorus that is why, it is called electron rich impurities or n type semiconductor.

2. P type semiconductor

As we know that silicon is a semiconductor which have four valence electron. When 3rd A group element (Al) doped with silicon for conversion of conductor then three electron of Aluminum on fondant with 3 silicon and one unpaired electron present on silicon that is why it is called electron poor impurities or p-type semiconductor.

1.5 Crystal lattices and unit cell

2020-08-31T23:26:00.003+05:30

Crystal lattices: - The regular repeating of 3-D figure, is called Crystal lattices.

· Some character of crystal lattices

1. Crystal lattices are in 3-D figure.

2. All points in crystal lattice is called lattice.

3. Particles are present on each lattice point.

Unit cell :- The small part of crystal lattice which is in 3-D figure that is called Unit cell.

The smallest group of atoms which has the overall symmetry of a crystal, and from which the entire lattice can be built up by repetition in three dimensions.

Type of Unit Cell :- On the basis of axial angle and edge length unit cell or crystal system are of 7 types.

Type of unit cell on the basis of lattice point.(for Cubic)

1. S.C.C. (Simple Centre Cubic unit cell):- Four lattice point on four corners.

2. Centre cubic unit cell

E.C.C.(end-centered unit cell) : an extra lattice point is centered in each of two opposing faces of the cell
F.C.C.(face-centered) : an extra lattice point is centered in every face of the cell
B.C.C.(body-centered) : an extra lattice point is centered in the exact middle of the cell

1.4 classification of crystalline solid

2020-08-31T23:24:00.003+05:30

Ionic solid :- A solid substance which is formed by complete transformation of element that is called Ionic solid.

Ex:- NaCl , KCl , MgO , CaCl2 ,etc.

Covalent or Network solid:- A solid substance which is form by sharing of electrons and have a continuous network extending structure that is called Covalent or Network solid.

Ex:- Diamond, Graphite, Quartz, etc.

Metallic Solid :- Those type of solid substance which is form by attraction between metal to metal that is called Metallic Solid. These bonds are like huge molecular orbitals that span across the whole solid. This means the electrons in metallic solids are .delocalized.

Ex:- all metals and alloy.

Molecular Solid :- A solid substance which is formed by sharing of two or more than two electrons of same and different atoms that is called Molecular solid. (molecular solid’s structure are not like network).

Ex:- O2 , CO2 ,H2O , NH3 ,N2, etc.

1.3 Classification of solid

2020-08-31T23:23:00.003+05:30

Solid are of two types

1. Crystalline solid

2. Amorphous solid

Crystalline solid: - A solid substance in which atom molecule or ion regular arrange on their three dimensional figure is called crystalline solid.

Ex:- sodium chloride , graphite and diamond, etc.

Amorphous solid :- a solid substance in which atom molecule or ion irregular arrange on three-dimensional figure that is called amorphous solid.

Ex:- glass, rubber, plastic , all polymer ,etc.

1.2 General Characteristics of solid and Classification of solid

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· The constituent particles are very closely packed i.e., inter-molecular distance are minimum.

· Inter-molecular force between molecules to be maximum.

· Solid substance occupy fix space.

· They have definite shape and volume

· They possess rigidity

· They have high density

Classification of solid

Solid are of two types

1. Crystalline solid

2. Amorphous solid

Crystalline solid: - A solid substance in which atom molecule or ion regular arrange on their three dimensional figure is called crystalline solid.

Ex:- sodium chloride , graphite and diamond, etc.

Amorphous solid :- a solid substance in which atom molecule or ion irregular arrange on three-dimensional figure that is called amorphous solid.

Ex:- glass, rubber, plastic , all polymer ,etc.

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Imperfection of solid

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1.5 Crystal lattices and unit cell

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