Computer World | Computer Basic

Different types of Network Topology | Bus Ring Star

2019-05-16T23:23:00.003+05:30

At LAN networking system, computers are connected to a geometric form called Network Topology.Different types of network topology will be there, but in-general we are use bus topology, ring topology and star topology.

Different types of Network Topology | Bus Ring Star

In computer networking system there are three types of network LAN, MAN, WAN. Here we are talking about LAN Networking system, in this system we are able to transmit data in a very small region like a building, some houses(less than 1 kilometer).

Network Topology

In this system we are design some pattern to organize the network, those pattern are called topology. To define the different types of networking topology we are figure so many structures but all of them three are very famous -

Bus Topology
Ring Topology
Star Topology

In-general when somebody questioning you that "What are the different types of Network Topology",you have to say there are three types of network topology Bus topology, Ring topology, Star topology.

Bus Topology

In the LAN network system one of the simple and easy network topology is Bus Topology. In this topology we are use a long cable to connect computers or nodes, the long cable are called "Backbone cable" or "Trunk". Data are transmit from one computer to another computer using this backbone cable. The length of the backbone cable are from 180 to 185 meters.

Bus Topology

Advantage

In this topology length of this cable are small, so to make this topology it is very easy and less-expensive.
According to the requirement it is easy to connect those backbone cable with the help of connector, so increasing the length of this topology is little-bit easy.
In this topology probability of data losses is very less.
If one computer is doesn't working there is no effect on the hole system.

Disadvantages

In this topology we are need to check all the node one after another.
The main disadvantages of this topology is, if the backbone cable is effected or expire then the topology is effected or expire.
Because of all the computers and nodes are connected to the one cable(backbone cable), it is not possible to transmit data with more than to computers at a same time.
In the Bus topology data are transmit from one side to another side, so to end those transmission we are used terminator at the both end side.
At the two cable connecting point data became very weak.

Ring Topology

Star Topology

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Question Covered

➥ What are the different types of Network topology ?

➥ Write a short not on Bus Topology.

➥ Write a short not on Ring topology.

➥ Write a short not on Star topology.

➥ Write the difference between Bus, Ring or Star topology.

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➤What is computer System ?
➤What is Network ?
➤Analog and Digital Communication .
➤Types of Network .

Unguided Media | Infrared | Microwave | radio wave | Satellite Network (Internet)

2019-05-13T23:25:00.001+05:30

In computer network system there are four types of unguided media infrared wave, Microwave wave, radio wave and Satellite Network or internet.

Unguided Media

Infrared | Microwave | radio wave | Satellite Network (Internet)

"For transmit data between two or more nodes we are using medium which is no physically exist"that is called unguided media. In LAN or MAN networking system cabal are very effective but for the world wide we are not able to connect those networking elements with cabal (guided media). Unguided media are able to transfer data form one place to another place using electromagnetic wave only(wireless).

Wireless media can be of different types

Infrared Wave

Radio Wave

Microwave wave

Satellite Network or Internet

This all four types of wireless media are differentiate according to its wave frequency.

Infrared Wave

The electromagnetic waves which are in the range of 300 GHz (Gigahertz) to THz (Terahertz), are called infrared waves. This wave is used LED(Light Emitting Diode) or ILD(Interjection Laser Diode) to transmit signals in wireless media at a short distance. It can only affect the system located in one room, but it can not affect any system located in the another room.
For example using this infrared wave we are able to change TV channels using remote. This wave are used in TV, VCR, Computer(remote mouse or keyboard), music system, night vision camera etc.

Radio Wave

Although there is no limit on the wave of radio wave waves and microwaves, the frequency of all electromagnetic waves is between 3 KHz to 1 GHz, called radio waves. In the radio wave system we are used ommni-directional antenna to send or received data.
The biggest disadvantages of this system its effected by the whether or the others wave in wind, so the chance of signal bounds are increase. We are used AM or FM radio, television, cordless phone etc because of the radio wave signal.

Microwave Wave

The electromagnetic waves which are in the range of 1 GHz (Gigahertz) to 300 GHz (Terahertz), are called Microwave Waves. Because of the high frequencies it's are not able to bend, so it's always go through the straight line. This system are not using ommnidirectional it's used unidirectional to transmit data.

Satellite Network / Internet

Because of the earth surface is oval that's why the signal can't be possible to transfer between two device among long distance. It requires a medium that will be very high and thereby communicate the information from one place to another.
Sending data from the earth to the satellite via transmitter is known as the up-link, and from satellite to the earth via transponser s called down-link. In different orbits we see three types of satellite travel

Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)
Middle Earth Orbit (MEO)
Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

Geostationary Earth Orbit : All satellites that are considered to be almost equal to the speed of the Earth and from the Earth's surface, these satellites, which seem to be statistically clear, are called Geostationary satellites. For this reason, these satellites are placed 36 thousand kilometers away from the Earth's surface to the equator. To cover the whole world, 3 to 4 satellites are needed.

Middle Earth Orbit : Middle Earth Orbit satellites are placed 18 thousand kilometers away from the Earth's surface. This system is made up of 24 satellites and circulates the Earth in 6 orbits. GPS (Global Positioning System) is the big example of this system.

Low Earth Orbit : Low Earth Orbit satellites are placed in the pole chamber. these satellites are placed one thousand kilometers away from the Earth's surface.
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Unguided Media Vs Guided Media

Unguided media are based on the microwave signal but guided media are based on mainly cable(twisted, coaxial, fiber optic etc.).
Unguided Media's are don't have any physical present but guided media's have some physical present.

Unguided Vs Guided

Question Covered

➥ Write a sort note on Unguided Media.
➥ What are the types of Unguided Media ?
➥ What are Infrared wave, radio wave and microwave wave ?
➥ Write a sort note on Satellite Internet or Network ?

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Broadband | Baseband | Compare Broadband & Baseband

2019-05-10T23:50:00.000+05:30

In the networking system Broadband and baseband is very popular. This terms are makes on the basis of "at a time how many types of signal are transmit thorough the medium". Here we compare between broadband and baseband.

Baseband | Broadband | Compare Broadband & Baseband

In our day to day life this two word Baseband and broadband are very popular among the people.We are using this two technology to transmit data through the medium. In the networking there is only two communication signal Analog signal and Digital signal. At the transmission time through the medium what types of signal are used on the basis of that this two terms has been created.

Overview of Baseband & Broadband

Baseband

In the Baseband technology data are transfer with digital signal through the medium. In the Lan Network system this technique are used. In simple word baseband is a communication technique in which digital signal are placed on the transmission line. In this technique there is no concept of modulation.

Note : Modulation means it change the digital signal to analog signal.

Characteristic :

Digital signal are directly transfer into the transmission medium.
There is no chance of use microwave signal, because it use analog signal to transmit data.
It transmit one signal at a time.
Digital signal are also called "Baseband Signal".
Its only use cabal to transmit data.
For using only cabal it is only used in the LAN network( one Types of Network).
Token ring and Ethernet are used Baseband technique.

Broadband

Broadband is a technique to transmit large amount of data such as audio, video, images, pdf over long distance. In this signal data can be transfer by using of cabal as well as microwave signal. In this system modulation and demodulation will be there.

Characteristic :

Digital and analog both signal are transfer into the transmission medium.
Here use Analog and Digital signal to transmit data.
It transmit many signal at a time in different frequency.
It is used in the MAN, and WAN network.
It's include Microwave, Satellite, co-axial, fiber optic.

Compare between Baseband and Broadband

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Parallel, Synchronous, Asynchronous communication | Data Transmission

2019-05-06T22:52:00.000+05:30

Data transmission is usually done in two ways, Parallel transmission and Serial transmission. Serial transmission are divide into to parts Synchronous communication and Asynchronous communication.

Parallel, Synchronous, Asynchronous communication | Data Transmission

In computer system we are know computer are always read or write data in the form of "Yes" or "No" only. At the time of yes or no it consider as 1 or 0 respectively. Because of using 0 and 1 we are consider the "Binary number system". Here data transmit means transmit the 0's and 1's.

Data Transmission

Data transmission or transmitting information is usually done in two ways

Parallel Transmission
Serial Transmission

Parallel Transmission

To transmit data from one computer to another computer or one node to another node, we are using "Binary Number", binary number means 0 or 1 . In the parallel data transmission data can be transfer into parallel way. Structure of the parallel transmission is very easy. For n numbers of data we are using n numbers of cabal to transmit data.

Parallel Transmission

Advantages

This is very easy process for transmit data, so there is no need to take any others additional information.
Because of the simplicity normal person can be understand this process easily.
The probability of data loss on this system is very low.

Disadvantages

To work on this system we need n numbers of cabal for n numbers of binary data.
It consumes a lot of electricity.
This transmission systems are very expensive according to the serial transmission.

Serial Transmission

In the serial transmission system two nodes or two computers can be transmit data using only one cabal. Because of the uses of one cabal this is less cost expensive.

Serial Transmission

Advantages

Its need only one cabal to transmit data.
It consumes less electricity than parallel data transmission.
This networking systems are very cheap according to the parallel transmission.

Disadvantages

This is little-bit complex process for transmit data.
The probability of data loss on this system is little-bit high according to the parallel data transmission.

Serial Transmission can be categorized into two parts

Asynchronous Communication
Synchronous Communication

Asynchronous Communication

In the case of separate transport, the signal is sent one after the other. In this case we are uses 8 bit character at a time. We are using start bit and stop bit for understanding where the data is start or end. Here it use 0 for start bit and 1 is for stop bit. Data transmission speed is lesser than synchronous communication.

Synchronous Communication

In this system multiple bits are transmit through the form of block. In this system there is no start or stop bit to recognize the character, it have fixed time between two blocks to read the data.Because of the using the block(set of multiple binary bits) it take less time to transmit data than asynchronous communication.
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Question Covered

➥ How many way to transmit data between two or more computers?

➥ What is parallel transmission, write the advantages and disadvantages of it.

➥ What is serial transmission, write the advantages and disadvantages of it.

➥ Write the difference between Asynchronous and synchronous communication.

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Network Architecture | client server model | peer to peer or p2p network

2019-05-04T23:43:00.002+05:30

Network Architecture : For which System two computers are transfer data, those system are called Network Architecture. Two types of network architecture will be there 1. Client server model(network) 2. peer to peer or p2p network.

Network Architecture | client server model | peer to peer or p2p network

The way computers connected to a network interact with the data is called network architecture. Network technology is based on network type, computer type, control and other features. Connected with same network's, two computers can be able to transfer data by two way or you can say Network Architecture can be divided into two parts

Client server Network (Model)
Peer to Peer Network (p2p)

Network Architecture

Client Server Architecture (Model)

For which networking system computer can be connected with one or more server those networking system are called Client Server Architecture. Others computers and nodes are connected with the server that why it is called Client server network. Now the question comes what is "Server"? In simple word severs are the computer for which we get more advantages among others ordinary computer.

The main function of the server computer is to provide or provide information to other client computers connected to the network according to their needs.

Client Server Architecture

Advantages of Client Server Model

Any task of this network system can't be able to perform except the permission of the server computer. To do some specific task it(server) will take password, so the system is very safety and secure.
This networks are used world widely, so the users are use this network fairly except any difficulty.
Servers are very powerful in this system so if the nodes(client computer or others peripheral device) are medium quality then it will also run.

Disadvantages of Client Server Model

This networking system is complex so it can be hard enough to set up.
All the system are dependent upon the server so if the server is not work properly then the hole system are note working properly.
Always need a system administrator to control this network server.
To run this system we want some unique operating system like Linux, Novel Netware, Windows NT etc.

Peer to Peer Network (p2p)

In this networking system all the computers are act as server as well as ordinary computer. This networks are don't have any centralized or server computer. Users are capable to make decision that where form they are received data and where to give data from the user computer.
In Peer to peer network system all the nodes or you can say computers are equal qualities. All those computer are capable to run on general operating system likes windows-7, windows-XP, Windows-10 etc.

Peer to Peer Network

Advantages of Peer to Peer Network

This networking system is very easy, so "ordinary people" can use it very efficiently.
In this network there is no server computer will be there that why this system don't required any strong machine.
There is not required any special operating system to run those machine or nodes.

Disadvantages of Peer to Peer Network

There are more than ten users in the networking system.
In this network there is no way for centralized data storage capabilities so data protection system is very poor.
In Peer to peer (p2p) network there is no option for data backup.

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Forms of Communication | Simplex | Half Duplex | Full Duplex

2019-05-02T17:07:00.002+05:30

Forms of communication : Two computers are communicate with each other with the help of computer network and the forms of communication are three types 1. Simplex, 2. Half Duplex, 3. Full Duplex.

Forms of Communication | Simplex | Half Duplex | Full Duplex

Forms of Communication

When two computers connected to the network system interact with each other, the information transmission type can be of three types

Simplex Mode
Half Duplex Mode
Full Duplex Mode

Three types of Communication Modes

Simplex Mode

In the simplex Networking Mode data flows are always are in one direction, and here one computer is act always as a sender and another is act as a receiver. For example keyboard and monitor are uses as Simplex Mode. Here keyboards are always use as sender and monitors are always act as receiver. Similarly, broadcasts on radio, television, the use of a type of simplex mode.

Simplex Mode

Half Duplex Mode

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LAN MAN WAN | Types of Network | Metropolitan area Network

2019-04-30T23:19:00.000+05:30

According to the expansion, types of networks are three types LAN MAN WAN 1. Local area network, 2. Metropolitan area network, 3. Wide area network.

LAN MAN WAN | Types of Network | Metropolitan area Network

Types of network are three types

LAN (Local Area Network),
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network),
WAN (Wide Area Network).

Types of Network

LAN(Local Area Network)

The network's physical range is restricted to a particular region, as long as it is called LAN. In this system of network, a local area network can be established by connecting between computers located on several rooms of a building.

LAN

Characteristics of LAN :

Size of a Local Area Network is very small according to the expansion. This network is limited to a single house, building, a specific region.
This network is not usually owned by any private or government organization.
All the users who are connected to the network are uses all the device connected to the specific network.
To transfer data this network are use cabal.
Sending data to the LAN network is less cost-effective than all other networks.

Advantages

This is very simple.
This networking system is very simple.
To make this network system this is very cheap.

Disadvantages

It can be reach only from 1 to 2 kilometers distance.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

Metropolitan area network is a broad network of metropolitan cities or villages. MAN is actually a network system consisting of several LAN's in the city.

MAN

Characteristics of MAN :

According to the expansion Metropolitan Area Network is bigger than LAN network. This network is limited to a metropolitan area like A small town, village etc.
This network is usually owned by the small "private" or "government" organization.
Its width ranges from 10 km to 120 km.
To transfer data this network are use cabal or microwave signal.
This network are uses router, telephone, microwave antenna. This network are capable to send all types of data like picture or graphics, text, sound etc.
Sending data to the network we used fiber optic cabal or co-axial cabal which is cost-effective than LAN network.

Advantages

It is capable to reach more location than LAN network.
All types of data can be transfer using MAN network.
It is very simple to operate than WAN network.

Disadvantages

To transmit data it will required fiber optic cabal and co-axial cabal.
This networking is complex.
Ranges of this network from 10 to 120 kilometers only.

WAN (Wide Area Network)

To connect all the worldwide spreading computers and provide information we need Wide Area Network (WAN) networking system. In the simple word which networking system are provide connectivity with world wide computers, those networking system are called Wide Area Network (WAN).

WAN

Characteristics of WAN :

Wide Area Network are the biggest network system in the world. This networks are no limitation according to the expansion.
This network is usually owned by the very big "private" or "government" organization, but most of the services are controlled by the government sector.
To data transfer this network are use cabal.
This networking system are most cost-effective for Sending data to the others computer or nodes.
It can be connected with all the others types of computer networking system (LAN,WAN) or as well as with a single computer.
The topology used in WAN is irregular.

Advantages

WAN Network are the biggest network. It is world wide.
This networks are the controlled by the government, so this network is secure than all other networks.
Any can uses this computer networking system.
In this network data transmission rate is 56 kbps to 1.544 mbps.
Because of the world wild network, this is become the best online market place.

Disadvantages

It is uses microwave antenna,fiber optic cabal, co-axial cabal, twisted pair cabal etc, which is very expensive.
It is required very high quality machine to control the hole networking system.
To maintain this network required some well known people(Administrator).
Because of anyone can be uses this network, if you don't care your computer your computer can be infected by the virus.

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Analog and Digital Signal | Analog and Digital Communication

2019-04-28T12:25:00.002+05:30

Analog and Digital Signal : Many people thought that digital is better than analog, but this is wrong both are required parallel. Communication of analog and digital signal very important at this time. Present day we are using both Analog signal and digital signal to perform such a task.

Analog and Digital Signal | Analog and Digital Communication

The data communication Intended for provide information among two or more devices located in the various position. In the computer system data can be transfer in the form of electronic.

Analog and Digital

Here electronic signal are categorized into two parts

Analog Signal
Digital Signal

Analog Signal

In our daily lives we are using analog signal mostly. This signal can be used mostly for voice communication(talking on the telephone). It is composed mainly of the combination of electromagnetic waves.

Advantages :

Analog signal is very useful for sending video and audio data.
Analog signal system is available from any end of the world.

Disadvantage :

External or other signals affect this signal very much.

Digital Signal

Digital Signals used for computer communication with a others electronic communication. Digital Signal is made only by the binary digit 0 and 1.

Advantage :

Using digital signal we are able to make measurement exact quantity.
We are capable to store huge amount of data in a small chip(memory, storage device).
In digital system data are more understandable for the human.
Digital signal is very useful for sending text data.

Disadvantage :

Digital signal is not available from any end of the world.

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➤What is computer System ?
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What is Computer Networking | Uses / Application of Computer network

2019-04-26T15:57:00.000+05:30

If you want to know "what is the computer network","what are the uses or application of computer network", then you are in the right place. In simple word computer network is the connection between two or more computer via cable or radio wave. In this days Computer network are uses in the various fields or you can say network application are huge.

What is Computer Networking | Uses / Application of Computer network

Definition : When two or more computers connect to each other through cabal or wireless systems, then the connection of computers is called networking.

In the networking system different types of input device(scanner, web cam) or output device(printer, speaker) are connected.

Computer Network

Importance of Networking

The topics that help networking, or you can say the importance of networking are as follows.

**Hardware resource shearing : Connected to the same network, any user can share inputs,outputs and storage devices such as scanners, printers, hard disks, etc. Many files, programs or different types of information can be distributed from one computer to another computer connected to the network.

**Information protection : In the networking system all the user have an unique username and password. If the users are want to use the resource which are connected to the network, then they have to enter those username and password correctly. If the users enter wrong input then they are not able to retrieve or take resource. Therefore, anyone who is not allowed to use networking will not be allowed to access reserved information.

Networking Overview

**Information preservation : Using the networking system all the users can be able to store all the data in a central storage device, this is called data backup. As a result of centralized data storage media or server, chance of suddenly damage important information is very less.

**Data transmission : At the beginning people are using networking to share data. Now a days everybody can share there information or you can say transfer data using the help of Networking. Now the "Internet" the best example of network, using the internet everybody should do there work, whatever they want.

Application of Network

The most common areas of networking are -

Email : Using the help of networking we are able to transfer data via email.
File Sharing : We are able to share our information, audio, video, images with ours friends, family etc. In the big organization all the task are completed via computer networking system. Suppose you want know "Exact meaning of computer" and google it, then google search engine show some result those results are the information which are share by the data center (Server). Here all the process are done by the using of Internet (element of network).
Core Banking service : Currently C. B. S. (Core Banking Service) is launched in Bank Services. It is a valued contribution of networking.
Data Collection : One of the most useful application is Internet, and with the help of internet we are collecting data all over the world.
E-commerce : All the businessman are advertise there product via networking. Commercial information can be store, analysis via network, and according those information they take decision.

Application of Networking

Social Networking : Now a days everyone can be used at-least one social network. We are chatting, video surfing by the use of social media. At this time some popular social media's are Facebook, Instagram, tweeter, YouTube etc.
Online Shopping : Through networking, the goods are sold and other business activities are carried out.

Application of Networking

Types of Networking

According to the expansion, types of networks are three types

LAN (Local area network)
MAN (Metropolitan area network)
WAN (Wide area network)

Networking Element

There are so many networking element will be there likes Computer, Mobile, Web camera, MP3 player, Digital camera, Hub, Switch, Router, Repeater, Fiber Optic cabal, co-axial cabal, Twisted Pair cabal and many more.

Networking Elements

Centralize form of Network

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Printers | Different Types of printers

2019-04-24T23:10:00.003+05:30

Printers | Different types of Printer : Printer is an output device, in computer system printer is one of the most important device. Different types of task are perform by the using of different types of printer. Types of printer are classified into two parts 1. Impact printer, 2. Non-impact printer.

Printers | Different Types of printers

Printers : Printer is an output device. It is used in various types of fields, and all of those are one common characteristic it is used for making hard copy. Today printer is everywhere in education system, business, government office, scientific research center, defense, making big project in software industry, making advertisement etc.

Different types of Printers

Printers are generally categorized into two parts

Impact Printer
Non-impact printer

Impact Printer

When we are working with some printer its effect on the paper, those printers are called Impact Printer.In impact printers there are some categorizes likes

Dot matrix Printer
Daisy wheel Printer
Line Printer
Drum Printer

**Dot Matrix Printer : Dot matrix printers are used pin to write on the paper. It’s print one latter at a time. Quality of the printer is not good and it is very slow. In the picture you can see to write latter “S” it perform step by step using the pin. The pin slot are comes in 7-pin, 9-pin, 18-pin, 24-pin.

**Daisy wheel Printer : This printers are contain a wheel and the wheel have many hand. At the top of the hand all the latter and symbol will be there. To write something on the paper wheel are rotate. In this printer picture quality are very good, but the speed is very slow.

**Line Printer : In this printer at a time one line will printed on the paper. This printer have many models. This printer’s speed are better than all the others impact printers.

**Drum Printer : In this printer one drum will be there and on this drum all the latter and symbol are printed. To print on the paper the drum will be rotate. Quality of this printer are not so well.

Different Types of Impact Printers

Non-impact Printer

This types of printers are don't create any types of effect on the paper. In non-impact printer there is also some categorizes will be there likes

Ink-jet Printer
Laser Printer
Plotter

Different Types of Non-impact Printers

Question Covered

➥ For which basis computers are divided ?
➥ What is Super computer, Mainframe computer, Mini computer and Micro computer ?
➥ What is Analog computer, Digital computer, Hybrid computer ?
➥ What is Special purpose and General purpose computer ?

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➤Uses of computer.
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System Buses of computer component | what is computer bus

2019-04-22T15:51:00.000+05:30

Computer Bus : Many people are don't know what is computer bus, and what are the component of computer buses they thought that all the cables in a computer system are Computer bus. Buses are Power Bus, Address Bus, Control Bus, Data Bus.

System Buses of computer component | what is computer bus

The information or data performed in different parts of the computer through the conductive cable is called bus. Bus are use to transfer data between the different physical device of computer.

Components of Computer Buses

Classification of Computer Bus

Based on the work, computer bus can be divided into two parts.

Internal Bus
External Bus

Classification of Computer Bus

Internal Bus

The golden color lines on the computer's motherboard or on various circuit boards are called internal buses. Internal buses are also called System Bus.

Internal or System Bus

There are four types of internal buses.

Data Bus
Address Bus
Control Bus
Power Bus

Computer or System Buses

**Data Bus : This bus system sends computer information or instructions to the output device.

**Address Bus : This bus system determines the correct location of memory and the data is received or received from it.

**Control Bus : This bus carries the signal from the CPU and converts it into various parts of the computer (Keyboard, Mouse, Disk drive, Printer).

**Power Bus : These buses provide electricity to various parts of the computer.

External Bus

There are several slots aligned in the motherboard, many of these slots have been placed in the pins. Internal buses are connected to these slots and external buses are connected to the internal bus in that place, so that the connections between motherboards and other parts are connected.

This external buses (cabal) are used to connect between the peripheral device and the internal device, and also used for connect internal buses and internal device.

External Bus and Bus-Slot

At the end we see the final overview on Internal Bus, External Bus and other ordinary cabal using picture .

Overview of Buses

Thanks for watching.

Question Covered

➥ What is computer bus ?
➥ What is the different types of Computer Bus ?
➥ What are the uses of data bus, address bus, control bus, power bus .
➥ Write the difference between Internal Bus and External Bus .

To know more on different topic of COMPUTER visit dhide.blogspot.com

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➤Types of computer.
➤Uses of computer.
➤Generation of Computer.

➤Block Diagram of computer.
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➤What is output Device ?

Secondary Storage Device or Memory | Optical & Magnetic Media

2019-04-20T16:45:00.003+05:30

Secondary Storage Device or Memory : Now the computer has its influence in every place because it can retain a lot of information and it is possible only for Computer Secondary Device. Computer-secondary devices and memory can be divided into two parts, magnetic media and optical media.

Secondary Storage Device or Memory | Optical & Magnetic Media

The main objective of secondary memory is to store a large amount of information. Another advantage of using secondary memory is that there is no loss of information when the power connection is interrupted.

Secondary storage device or Memory

All the data or information on a computer are stored in secondary memory, when a program is run, then that file comes in RAM. All of your audio, video, software etc. are stored in the form of file, and those files have some extension :

Text File ➥ .txt
Image File ➥ .jpg, .png
Audio File ➥ .mp3
Video File ➥ .mp4
Software ➥ .exe

Secondary memory (Hard Disk)

Classification of Secondary Storage Device

Secondary memory are divide into two parts :

Magnetic Media
Optical Media

Magnetic media: Magnetic oxide or any other type of laminated plastered plastic or metallic sheet in which a large amount of information can be read or read, in magnetic media.
Examples of magnetic media are hard disks, floppy disks.

Magnetic Media

Hard Disk : Computer are store huge amount of data, it is only possible for Hard disk. Discs are made of many thin aluminum alloy metal, called platter. Now a day computer hard disk are store data around 500 GB to 2 TB (in general). To protect the thin metal round disks, hard disk is placed inside a metal jacket and placed inside the computer, so it is called permanent or fixed disk.
Floppy Disk : The floppy disk is a thin plastic sheet coated with ferric oxide on thin and flexible plastic pet called Mylar.The disc is kept in a thin plastic jacket for the destruction of the dirt. Now a days one floppy disk can store 1.44 Mb data and it's size is 3.5 inch.

Optical media: In Optical media with special rays or the help of laser light, the information is read or write directly.
Examples of Optical media are CD, DVD, Blue Ray Disk.

Optical Media

CD (Compact Disk): The shape of the CD is like a round disc, made of polycarbonate plastics. The data is written with the help of laser rays, while the thin aluminum cover is covered. One CD can store data from 650 to 700 Mb. We currently use three types of CD's are CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW.
DVD (Digital Versatile Disk): DVD's are also look like CD's. At present, a DVD can usually store up to 17 GB of data from 4.7 GB.

Blue Ray Disk : Blue ray disc name comes in the name of the blue purple laser used on this disk. This Blue Ray Disk are read data using ray. Blue Ray Disk are capacity of 25 GB storage.

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Question Covered

➥ What is storage device ?
➥ How many types of Secondary memory is there in computer system ?
➥ Write a short note on Magnetic Media .
➥ Write a short note on Optical Media .
➥ Give some example of Magnetic Media and Optical Media .

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Recommended post :

➤Types of computer.
➤Uses of computer.
➤Generation of Computer.

➤Block Diagram of computer.
➤What is Input Device ?

➤What is output Device ?

Primary Storage Devices | Computer Memory

2019-04-18T12:39:00.001+05:30

Primary Storage Device or Memory : A quality of computer are measure by it's speed, and speed are very much dependent on the Computer's "Primary Memory". So Primary memory is very important for any Computer System.

Primary Storage Devices | Computer Memory

Primary memory : Primary memory are used in the computer to perform primary works. Primary memory is directly accessed by the CPU(Central Processing Units). All the run time execution are done by the use of RAM, and Rom are help to access all the information or data from CPU to RAM vice versa.

Primary Memory

We need to know what primary memory is used before reading what is primary memory.

All of the computer's functions, such as input, processing, delivering appropriate output, etc. are all through this primary memory. We can take an example to help this process. In this slide you can see that we are trying to play music. The song file is on the hard disk but we have read that all running processes are run in primary memory. Here ROM helps to bring pieces of the song file into RAM, then the RAM runs programs from there. This way we can play songs on our computer.

Work of RAM & ROM

Types of Primary Memory

Primary Memories are two types

RAM (Random Access Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory)

**RAM : RAM is a field where all the instructions or data coming from the input device is submitted. Users can do both types of work by reading or writing any information directly from here.

If all the data is deleted from the RAM when the power connection is interrupted, there for the RAM is known as volatile memory. RAM are classified into two parts

SRAM (Static RAM)
DRAM (Dynamic RAM)

RAM

**Static RAM: Static RAM is mainly built in transistor technology, so it is much faster than Dynamic RAM. It is used at very low amount of computer. This RAM takes little time to access data or data, so it is more expensive than dynamic RAM.

**Dynamic RAM: Dynamic RAM is basically made of capacitor technology. These capacitors need to refresh the memory very quickly because of the power loss. This RAM is slow but its price is relatively low. These rams are mainly used to increase the storage capacity.

**ROM: The data stored on ROM can keep this memory permanently, so these memory are called non-volatile memory. The information that is needed for computer work is stored in this memory. It should be remembered that Computer ROM data is read only but not written.Computer ROM are generally four types

PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
UVPROM (Ultra Violet Programmable Read Only Memory)

ROM

Question covered

➥ What is Primary Memory ?

➥ What are the different types of Primary Memory ?

➥ Why the RAM called volatile memory .

➥ What are the Classification of RAM .

➥ What are the Classification of ROM .

To know more on different topic of COMPUTER visit dhide.blogspot.com

Recommended post :

➤Types of computer.
➤Uses of computer.
➤Generation of Computer.

➤Block Diagram of computer.
➤What is Input Device ?

➤What is output Device ?

Memory | Computer Storage Devices

2019-04-16T12:46:00.004+05:30

Computer storage devices or Memory are used to store data. At the beginning of the computer history we are used punch card (Memory) to store data.We required Storage units, to add or retrieve data from Database.

Memory | Computer Storage Devices

One of the most important task of an computer is “store data”. Here the question comes what is data. Many types of information is called data, Date is a data, Time is a data, your name, address, phone number is also a data. In simple words Data is meaningful information about something.

Which parts of an computer data are store for permanently or temporarily those parts are called storage units (Memory).

Computer Storage Devices

Classification of computer storage or Memory

According to how much time a data can store in a particular device it will categorized into two parts 1. Primary Memory 2. Secondary Memory .

But according to the behavior of Storage, Storage Devices are categorized into four parts 1. Primary Memory, 2. Secondary Memory, 3. Cache Memory, 4. Flash Memory.

Classification of Storage Device

**Primary Memory : Primary Memory are the type of temporary memory which takes the data from the input device as well as the secondary memory and flash memory. Primary memory are two types

RAM (Random Access Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory).

Primary Memory

All the run type process are perform in the RAM, and ROM takes the information from the Processing Unit, and gives those information to the RAM. After execution all the information will goes to the output device or it can be store in the secondary memory.

**Secondary Memory : Secondary memory are used for store data permanently. Advantages of secondary memories are those are want less electricity to perform task. It's able to store data even the power connection is not available. Secondary memories are categorized into two parts-

Magnetic Media
Optical Media

Secondary Memory

**Cache Memory : In the middle of CPU and RAM one High-speed memory will be there, that is called Cache Memory. It is made by Silicon. It is very expensive among all others memory units. Cache memory are two types

Internal Cache Memory
External Cache Memory

Cache Memory

**Flash Memory : Flash memories are the unique type of Memory Devices. In the computer system it is connected with USB(Universal Serial Bus) port. Pen drive is a flash memory of a computer system. In this day computer flash drive are available up-to 64 GB.

Flash Memory

Memory measurement : In the storage system there are lats of measurement unit will be there. As because of computer are store only 0 and 1 (Binary Number), the first or small measure unit is Bit which are come from Binary Digit, them the unit are Byte, KB, MB,GB etc. To store huge amount of data scientist are develop memory till now the highest measurement unit is Geop Byte.

Unit of Computer Storage

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Question Covered

➥ What is Memory ?
➥ What are the classification of Computer Memory ?
➥ Give a short note on Primary Memory and Secondary Memory ?
➥ What are the Flash Memory and Cache Memory ?
➥ Write a short note on memory measurement Units ?

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➤What is computer System ?
➤Types of computer.
➤Computer Generation.
➤Uses of computer.
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➤AND, OR, NOT, XOR, XNOR, NAND, NOR

Adder | Full , Half - adder circuit

2019-04-14T23:45:00.006+05:30

Adder Circuit(Full Adder): An adder is a Combinational circuit that performs addition of numbers, it is an important parts of computer ALU. Adder are two types Half adder and Full adder.

Adder | Full,Half-adder circuit

Adder : Adder is an important parts of computer ALU. Using the help of adder computer are perform arithmetic and logical operation. Adder are mainly used for adding two or more bit binary number.

Adder are mainly two types 1. Half Adder, 2. Full Adder.

Half Adder

It is used for adding only two binary digit.

To add two digit there is two input, so the combination of the total inputs are 4➨ (2^{number of inputs} ) 00, 01, 10, 11. For two inputs the output-line is two, one is for Sum another one is for carry.

Adder Circuit

Circuit for Half Adder

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➤Computer Generation.
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Central Processing Unit | CPU Process Parts |Uses

2019-04-12T12:32:00.001+05:30

Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of computer. All the logical and arithmetical task will performed by the different parts of CPU. Using the CPU computer will perform there task in very fast time. Different parts of CPU are works different types of task.

Central Processing Unit | CPU Process Parts |Uses

**Processing Units : One of the most important parts of computer is processing unit or you can say CPU(Central Processing Unit). CPU is called 'The brain of Computer'. Processing Unit are divide into three parts -

How CPU Process

**Control Unit(CU) : All the task of computer control by CU. It is work like a bridge between ALU and Memory Units.

**Arithmetic and Logic Units(ALU) : All the Arithmetic operation likes addition, subtraction, multiplication, division are performed here. ALU takes data (input) form Control Unit (CU) and after making there job it will give the information (after processing the data) to CU. Except mathematical operation it will perform all the logical operation(AND, OR, NOT, XOR, XNOR, NAND, NOR).

Accumulator is one of the most important parts of ALU. All the input, output related task are goes through the Accumulator .

**Storage and Memory Units : In the Processing unit small amount of memory is present there, likes Register, Internal cache memory(level 1), Program counter etc..

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Question Covered

➥ What is Central Processing Unit or CPU ?

➥ What is ALU ?

➥ What is Control Unit or CU ?

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➤What is computer System ?
➤Types of computer.
➤Computer Generation.
➤Uses of computer.
➤What is Logic Gate ?

➤AND, OR, NOT, XOR, XNOR, NAND, NOR

Combinational circuit | digital logic gate

2019-04-10T23:52:00.000+05:30

In Digital electronics digital gates are two type, Combinational circuit(gate), Sequential circuit(gate). In our day to day life all the electrics or electronics equipment are dependent on this two types of circuit(gate).

Combinational circuit | digital logic gate

When Boolean expressions (a.b.c + a.b.c^|+a^|.b^|.c) are represented by logic gate then those logic gates are called Logic circuit.

Logic circuits are two types 1. Computational circuit , 2. Sequential circuit.

Computational circuit : Which circuit takes a set of input and makes those input as a signal that is called computational circuit.

Different between Computational circuit and sequential circuit.

Combinational Vs Sequential circuit

Designing Step of a combinational circuits :

Problem definition
The number of available input variables and required output.
Assign the letter symbol to the input and output.
Make a truth table to define the relationship between input and output.
Get simplified Boolean function for each output obtained.
Finally draw the logic diagram.

Lets see the Problem to know the step :

Problem : Design a combinational circuit with two inputs that produce high output when gives odd high input.

Design Step of Combinational Circuit

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➤What is computer System ?
➤Types of computer.
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Output Device | monitor | Projector

2019-04-08T23:45:00.000+05:30

Output Device is one of the most important part of a computer system, except output device computer can't be computer it is like an useless box. Many of the people are know that the Monitor is the only output device of computer. Example of output devices are Monitor, Projector, Printer, Headphone etc.

What is Output Device | Monitor | Projector

In general we can say, for which device we are able to see the output of a computer system are called output device.After the processing data computer are those information are come in the output device. It can be come in any form either it is digital form or it or analog form.

Computer processing unit gives all the necessary information to the output device, and the output device are perform there task.

Computer Output system

Example: Monitor, Printer, Sound-box, Headphone, Projector.

Monitor : In computer system standard output device is Monitor. It is also called Visual Display Unit(VDU). Computer monitor are mainly to types 1. CRT Monitor, 2. LCD Monitor. Now this day LCD Monitor are use widely.

Printer : Whatever we see on the monitor, using the help of Printer we can able to create a heard copy on the paper. Printers are mainly two types 1. Impact Printer (Dot-Matrix, Daisy Wheel, Line Printer), 2. Non-impact Printer (Ink-jet Printer, Laser Printer).

Plotter: Plotter is also the output device same as printer, but it’s size is so big. It is used for making banner, hooding, engineering drawing, advertisement poster etc.

Printer

Projector : Today Projector is very useful device, infect in every field projector is use for making presentation, business deal, smart education system, making movie etc. Projector are make the things more understandable in very less time.

Uses of projector

Sound Box : Sound-Boxes are also Output device. It’s is used for mainly entertainment (theater, home alliance, festival etc).

Notes : Computer also give the output from others computer via input / output devices. In space research, whether forecasting and hospital this types of activity will be done many time.

Computer as output device

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Question Covered

➥ What is Output Device of computer system ?
➥ Give some example of output device .

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➤What is computer System ?
➤Types of computer.
➤Computer Generation.
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➤Block Diagram of computer.
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What is HTML | HTML tag | Programming Language ?

2019-04-07T13:01:00.000+05:30

HTML is not a programming languages. Now the question comes What is HTML? Html is a Markup Language .It's have starting tags or ending tags, and those tags related some attribute will be there. HTML is used for making Web-page(Website).

What is HTML | HTML tag | Programming Language ?

HTML is a scripting Language not programming language like C, C++, Java, Python etc. HTML is a markup language that browser(Google Chrome, Firefox, Opera, Mozilla, Internet explorer) use to interpret and compose text, images, table, form and other element which contain a web page(website) or you can say HTML language is used for making website.

HTML stand for Hyper Text Markup Language, it uses markup tags to define a web page(Website). HTML is developed by World Wide Web Consortium, it has file extension .html. It is case insensitive language, meaning <HTML> or <html> treated as same.

HTML to Web-page

**HTML Element : HTML element is an individual component of an HTML document, it Start with a starting tag(opening) and end with ending tag(closing). The element contents are everything between the start and end tag. Most element can have attributes.

**All HTML document must start with a type declaration . In HTML-5 declaration is like <!DOCTYPE html> . <html>, <head>, <body> tags are define the structure of the document. In the <html> tag all other elements are contain in this block.

**What is head tag, body tag : Body tag is for your web-page body, and head tag is for write title which shown in the title of your page. Head tag is very important for search engine(google,Yahoo, Excite) and body tag is important for your viewers.

HTML

**Tag of html :

<html> </html> To start and finish html document respectively.
<head> </head> To set some heading for the page, which is help the search engine to find your web page.
<Title> </title> To set the title, always title is present in the head tag.
<Body> </Body> All your page elements are created in the body tag.
<H1> <H1> Create a heading on the pages. Six heading tag are in the HTML likes h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6. Here h1 is biggest and h6 is smallest heading element.
<P> </p> To write paragraph.
<U> </U> To underline the text.
<B> </B> To bold the text.
<I> </I> To italic the text.
<Font> </Font> To write different types of font .
<HR> To draw a horizontal line.
<OL> </OL> To write order list.
<UL> </UL> To write un-order list.
<LI> </LI> To write list item.
<img> To set the images on the pages.
<A> </A> To make hyperlink.
<table> </table> To make table in the page.
<TR> </TR>, <TD> </TD>, <TH> </TH> To making Table row,table data and table heading <frame> </frame> To make frame on a frame(web-page).

Attribute of HTML tag :

HTML Content :

HTML Container tag :

Empty Tag in HTML :

What is head tag, body tag.

**Where to write the code ?

You need to open note pad , open a new file and write HTML code in it. Save it with html extension, execute it with some browser(Google Chrome, Firefox, Opera, Mozilla, Internet explorer).

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Input Device of Computer | Example | Joystick

2019-04-02T20:57:00.000+05:30

Where from computer take inputs ? Its takes input from various input device of computer. Input devices are provide data to manipulate information. Example of computer input devices are Keyboard, Joystick, Mouse, Scanner, Touch Screen, OMR, OCR, MICR, Barcode Reader, Light Pen, Microphone and many more.

Input Device of Computer | Example | Joystick

In the computer system Input Units/Device are the most important components, in one word it is a "Hardware device", except the input unit computer can’t take any information. Program or data is read into main memory from the input device. To perform task input is the raw element for any computer system. Except input information computer is like a playing box.

In computer system there are many types of Input Unit is available Likes Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Touch Screen, OMR(Optical Mark Reader), OCR(Optical Character Reader), MICR(Magnetic Ink Character Reader), Barcode Reader, Light Pen, Microphone, Joystick and many more.

Input Devices

**Keyboard : In the Computer system Keyboard is the standard input device. Keyboard have lots of key to provide all the inputs to computer, and the keyboard are divide into some categories likes Numbers, Alphabet Key, Punctuation, Modifiers, Navigation key, Function key etc.

Standard Input Device

**Mouse : Mouse is an Input device, it is also called pointing device because it's help to point something on the Monitor or Display. In the past when mouse is not invented Number Pad Block is use to perform the specific task. Mouse is stand for Mechanically Operated User Serial Engine.

Mouse are mainly three types 1. Mechanical Mouse, 2. Optical Mouse, 3. Cordless Mouse.

Mouse

**Joystick : Joystick is another input device which is famous in kids as well as the youth how is very much interest in video game. This device has a unique hand which rotate multiple side, depends on what type of joystick is that. It has so many button on it, this buttons are used for controlling the content on display.

Joystick

**Scanner : Many people are thought that “scanner” is output device but scanner is an input device. It is use for provide some data to the computer. When we scan something through the scanner it gives the data to a computer system.

**Microphone : It is also an input device sound of microphones are converted into digital or analog signal by the use of computer and the signal is provide input data to the computer .

**OMR : It is use for check the exam paper(OMR sheets). This time all the major competitive exam are conduct by the use of OMR sheet.

**Touch Screen : This is very expensive light reflection screen. User uses there finger to perform task. Instruction are shown by the figure or picture. In this day touch screen are uses in airport, rail station, ATM and our touch screen mobile, tab, laptop etc.

Example of Input Device

Except this input device there will many more output devices likes light pen, graphics tablet,MICR, OCR etc.

Note : Input also may come from other computers via input/output (I/O) devices, like network adapters and Bluetooth devices.

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Question Covered

➥ Write a short note on Input Device .
➥ Give some example of input device .

To know more on different topic of COMPUTER visit dhide.blogspot.com

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➤What is computer System ?
➤Types of computer.
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Logic Gates/circuit | Basic AND,OR,NOT,NAND,NOR,X-OR,X-NOR

2019-04-01T13:23:00.000+05:30

In Logic gate there three categories 1.Basic gate -AND,OR,NOT. 2.Arithmetic gate - XOR, XNOR. 3.Universal gate - NAND, NOR. Logic gate are very useful for making Logic Circuit. Computer memory and registers, in microprocessors over 100 million gates are used in a single chip.

Logic Gates / circuit | Basic AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, X-OR,X-NOR

Introduction : Logic Gate is a physical device which performs logic operation on one or more logical input/inputs and produce a single logical output, or you can say In the general-algebra we are uses many function like +,-,*,/ etc..But in the Boolean algebra we are uses AND, OR, NOT FUNCTION etc..which are called Logic Gate.

We will categorize Logic gate into three parts :

Basic Gate : AND,OR,NOT. By using this three gate we can implement any logic that-why we call this gate basic gate.
Arithmetic Gate : XOR, XNOR. We use them to perform arithmetic operation.
Universal Gate : NAND, NOR. We call them universal gate because by using only NAND or only NOR we can implement any digital system.

Logic Gates

Basic Gate

**AND Gate : Which gates follow the rule "when all inputs are high the output will be high" those gate are called AND Gate.

AND gates take two or more inputs but always gives one output.For two input it will gives four possible combination,for three inputs eight combination and so far. Combination of inputs are depends on number of the inputs. Relation of inputs and combination is "combination are 2^{numbers-of-input"}

AND Gate

^{**OR Gate :}Which gates follow the rule "when at-least one input is high the output will be high" those gate are called OR Gate. OR gates also take two or more inputs but always gives one output. Number of combination for inputs depends on number of inputs same as AND gate.

OR Gate

**NOT Gate : Not gate are follow the rule "If input is high then output is low or input is low then output is high. NOT gate use one input at a time.

NOT Gate

Arithmetic Gate

**XOR Gate : XOR Gate is the combination of AND, OR, NOT gates. In XOR gate when odd number of input/ inputs is high then only the output is high. So it is also called odd 1's detector.

**XNOR Gate : XNOR Gate is also the combination of AND, OR, NOT gates. In XNOR gate when all the inputs are same then only the output is high.

Arithmetic Gates

Universal Gate

**NAND Gate : NAND gate is the combination of AND gate and NOT gate. In this gate when all inputs are high then only the output is low otherwise the output is high.

**NOR Gate : NOR gate is also the combination of AND gate and NOT gate. In this gate when all inputs is low then the output is high otherwise the output is low.

Universal Gate

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Question Covered

➥ What is Logic Gates ?
➥ How many categorizes of Logic Gates ?
➥ What are arithmetic gate, why we called them arithmetic gate ?➥ What is universal gate ? ➥ Draw the symbol of all the gates .

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Uses of computer | Computer applications | Business, Education etc..

2019-03-28T23:37:00.000+05:30

Uses of Computer -If you want to know what are the Uses of computer | Computer applications you are in the right place. In this day computer are everywhere in business, in Education, technology and many more.

Uses of computer | Computer applications

In the modern society, there are many things that a computer can do. Except the computer we can't survive. It can be used for several purpose or you can say application of computer's are huge.

Uses of Computer

**Education This day computer are used likes Teaching Aids. In the examination system various works will be done by computer like preparing Admit Card, Mark sheet, check OMR sheet for competitive exam, online examination, online school and collage admission etc.. The Computer provide a number of educational opportunities, including uses in curricular development, research, record-keeping, computer literacy training, data processing and presentation.

Computer in Education

**Business : Today business are totally depend on computer except computer, business doesn't growing. Share market, booking railway/airplane ticket computer are very useful.

Computer at Business

**Hospital : Computer in hospital used from managing patients record to diagnosing them. Managing patients record is much easier with computers and it is measure the heart bit of a patients for doctor like a helping hand. They perform various successful operations with the help computers.

At Hospital

**Bank : Banks use a wide range of computers to carry out regular, day-to-day operations. Computers allow banking person to efficiently carry out transactions, process customer needs, forecast future trends, prepare internal and external reports, communicate with key participants and generate profits.

**Space Research : The modern digital computer has been fundamental to the space exploration program. Computers have profoundly affected almost every aspect of space technology, including spacecraft design, celestial mechanics, mission control, and the gathering and processing of data generated by the spacecraft. Computers have a major role in space research. Computers help in design, assembly of each and every part of a rocket.

At Space Research

**Government : Without computer Government can't handle the huge amount of data. And even except computer government can't be made. All the records which is useful for perform a well defined task likes criminal records, land record, business record, tax records, identity records,import-export record and many more are keeps in the computer.

**Whether Forecasting : Weather forecasting is the application of current technology and science to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. ... Numerical weather prediction models are computer simulations of the atmosphere. Due to substantial advances in technology, it is now possible to forecast the weather days and even months in advance—which was not truly possible before.

Whether Forecasting

**Entertainment : The technology is used for streaming and watching videos, listening to downloads of music, playing video games.

Application of Computer

**Personal Purpose : In this generation everyone depend on computer digital watch, micro-oven, Refrigerator, weight machine, thermometer, calculator, your car speedometer all are the computer .

Application of computer

**Public Place : Now many club, organization, companies are used there computer at public place

At Public Place

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Question Covered

➥ What are the application of computer ?

➥ In Education system how we use computer ?

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➤Types of computer.

➤Computer Generation.

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Computer Diagram | Component of Computer | Computer parts

2019-03-28T23:23:00.000+05:30

Those day computer are very useful for everyone. people are uses computer but many of them don't know, What are the basic components of computer, computer parts etc.. If you know the computer diagram then it will be very easy to understand the components of computer. So in this post you will see the basic computer diagram.

Computer Diagram | Component of Computer | Computer parts

Those days computer are everywhere at Technology, Education, Business, Hospital, Research etc.. So it is mandatory that you have to know the "Computer Basic" In computer basic Computer Diagram is one of the most important topic. To know the Components of computer and the computer parts it is very important to the "Computer Diagram".

Historically computer are mainly two types one is fixed program computer and another is stored program computer. The modern computers are based on a stored-program concept introduced by John Von Neumann. So computer diagram are also known as Von Neumann Architecture (Diagram).

Computer Diagram | Von Neumann Architecture

**Input Unit : Program or data is read into main memory from the input device. To perform task input is the raw element for any computer system.

Input Unit

**Memory Unit : Mainly computer memory unit are divide into four parts -

Primary Memory : RAM and ROM are the primary memory .
Secondary Memory : Magnetic Media(Hard Disk, Floppy Disk) and Optical Media(CD, DVD,Blue Ray Disk) are Secondary memory.
Cache Memory : Internal cache memory and External cache memory
Flash Memory : Pen Drive, Digital camera, IPOD are the Flash memory.

Memory Units

1. Control Unit(CU) : All the task of computer control by CU. It is work like a bridge between ALU and Memory Units.

2. Arithmetic and Logic Units(ALU) : Accumulator is one of the most important parts of ALU. In the accumulator all logical operation will be done here likes AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR.

3. Storage and Memory Units : In the Processing unit small amount of memory is present there, likes Register, Internal cache memory(level 1), Program counter etc..

Processing the Data

**Output Units : After processing the data some results are evaluated by computer and it is stored in the computer storage device(memory), then with the help of output devices, we can present it to the user.

Example of output device are Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Sound Box, Projector etc...

Output Units

**Buses : Data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another, connecting all major internal components to the CPU and memory, by the means of Buses.

Types of Bus :

Data Bus : It carries data among the memory unit, the I/O devices, and the processor.
Address Bus : It carries the address of data (not the actual data) between memory and the processor.
Control Bus : It carries control commands from the CPU (and status signals from other devices) in order to control and coordinate all the activities within the computer.

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Question Covered

➥ Draw the computer Diagram ?
➥ In Computer Diagram what are the major units ?
➥ Give some example of computer buses.
➥ Why Computer diagram are called Von Neumann Architecture ?
➥ Why Processor is Called brain of the computer ?
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5 Generation of Computer | 4th Generation of computer | 5th Generation of Computer

2019-03-25T13:08:00.000+05:30

5 Generation of Computer- there is little-bit confusion among 4th generation of computer and 5th generation of computer, Computer generation are categorized on the basis of "Revolutionary Discovery " which makes the computer easier from previous generation.

5 Generation of Computer | 4th/5th Generation of computer | Computer Generation

Introduction: A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.

Now computer can be used to type documents, send email, play games, and browse the Web. It can also be used to edit or create spreadsheets, presentations, video and even live streaming. It can also be used in the field of science, engineering, education, entertainment, medical, business etc..

From the beginning of the computer to improvement of special electronic components of computer , today the modern computer has been transform. Its main objective was to make the computer size smaller and portable gradually, store more in formation and speed up the work. In view of that , the evolution of computer complex system(computer) can be divided into five generation so far. It started around 1946 with the first Generation of Computer and evolving ever since .

5 Computer generation

1 **1st Generation : 1946-1959 is the period of first generation computer. J.P.Eckert and J.W.Mauchy invented the first successful electronic computer called ENIAC, ENIAC stands for “Electronic Numeric Integrated And Calculator”. In this generation Vacuum Tube is the main electric equipment.This Generation of computer are so big, expensive and the speed is very slow. Its generates huge amount hit so for the maintenance it's required big air-condition .

Example : ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM-701, IBM-650

1st Generation Computer

**2nd Generation : 1959-1965 is the period of second-generation computer. Second generation computers were based on Transistor instead of vacuum tubes. Its size is smaller than the 1st generation computer. It's bigger, expensive, and its generates more hit than 3rd, 4th and 5th generation.

Example : Honeywell 400, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600 , UNIVAC 1108

2nd Generation Computer

**3rd Generation : 1965-1971 is the period of 3rd generation computer. These computers were based on Integrated circuits. IC was invented by Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby In 1958-1959. IC was a single component containing number of transistors. This generation of computer are comes on the table.

Example : PDP-8, PDP-11, ICL 2900, IBM 360, IBM 370.

3rd Generation Computer

**4th Generation : 1971-1980 is the period of fourth generation computer. This technology is based on Microprocessor. A microprocessor is used in a computer for any logical and arithmetic function to be performed in any program. Graphics User Interface (GUI) technology was exploited to offer more comfort to users.

Example : IBM 4341, DEC 10, STAR 1000, PUP 11.

4th Generation Computer

**5th Generation : The period of the fifth generation in 1980-onward. This generation is based on KIPS Knowledge Information Process System (artificial intelligence). The aim of the fifth generation is to make a device which could respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. This generation is based on ULSI(Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic component.

Example : Desktop, Laptop, NoteBook, UltraBook, Chromebook.

5th Generation Computer

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Question Covered

➥ What is computer generation ?

➥ Now a days we are in the which generation ?

➥ Write short on each of the generation of computer ?

To know more on different topic of COMPUTER visit dhide.blogspot.com

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Types of Computer | Classification of Computer system

2019-03-23T11:27:00.000+05:30

Types of Computer | Classification of computer System

When question arrived what are the "Types of computer ?" many people are confused what they say. They don't know the classification of computer or Types of computer are mainly divided into the basis of some category...

Before we discuss about Types of computer you have to know that what is computer system ?

Classification of computer or types of computer are depends on the basis of

Hardware design or application
Capacity or Size
Purpose.

Types of Computer

***Hardware Design and Application***

In the bases of Hardware design and application Computer are thee types 1. Analog Computer 2. Digital Computer 3. hybrid Computer .

1. Analog Computer : Analog computer are that which measure physical quantity. Here physical quantity means length, height, temperature etc..

Analog computer converting physical quantity into digit or a number. Temperature of body measure by thermometer is an analog computer. Analog computer are mostly used in the field of engineering, science.

Example : car-speedometer,weight-machine, thermometer etc..

Analog Computer

2. Digital Computer : When we talk about digital computer its work on discrete digit, number or figure. Digital computer perform logic and arithmetic information and process the information in digital form. It's process information in digital form of 0 and 1 , and all the information whether alphabetic and numeric is being converted into a binary digit and then process in the term of 0 and 1 only.

Digital computer are used in engineering, science, business, technology, education, research, etc.. Example :Mac-book, mobile phone,watch,desktop, laptop,calculator etc.

Notes : Different between analog computer and digital computer is analog computer works on continuous value but when we talk about digital computer its works on discrete value.

Digital Computer

3. Hybrid Computer : Hybrid computer are basically nothing but a combination of both analog and digital computer means hybrid computer has the feature of both computer. Hybrid computer are used for special application.We are using hybrid computer in scientific application, hybrid computer used in hospital to measure the heart bit of the patient and many more.

Example : Gas Pump Station (where measurement of gas by analog system, and displaying such calculation by digital system (computer), heart-bit meter at hospital, watch which follow analog as well as digital etc..

Hybrid Computer

***Capacity or Size***

1. Super Computer : In terms of processing speed super computer is the fastest computer , it uses multiprocessing Technic to perform a special task.

It is fastest ,large ,expensive among all other computers. It is 1000 times faster than any other ordinary computer. It is used for weather forecasting, space research, quantum mechanism and others where calculation are large.

Example : Param-8000, Triton ,TITAN etc..

Super computer

2. Mainframe Computer : Mainframe computer it is design for store large amount of data. Mainframe computer are also large but compare to super computer it is little-bit smaller . It contain server microprocessor. Single mainframe computer can be be used by hundred of people at a time.It's store large amount of data that's why it's need big organization to maintain those data.Facebook, amazon are use mainframe computer to store there data.

Example : Control Data Cyber 176, Burroughs, UNIVAC, NCR, honeywell etc..

Mainframe computer

3. Mini Computer : It is mini version of mainframe computer , it is smaller and less expensive than super computer and mainframe computer. But it is bigger than micro computer. They can have more than one CPU. It is used in banking system, business transaction, engineering work.

Example : IBM SYSTEM 360, HP 3000, PDP-8 etc..

Mini Computer

4. Micro Computer : Micro computer is also called as personal computer or desktop computer. The first micro computer was build around 8 bit microprocessor chip, micro computer is not powerful or as first as mini computer . Micro computer are single user computer because only one person can used micro computer at a time.

Example : Modern desktop computers, laptops, tablet PCs, mobile phones, pocket calculators etc.

Micro Computer

***Purpose***

On the basis of Purpose, computer are two types 1. General purpose 2. Special purpose

1. General Purpose Computer : When we talk about general purpose computer it is design for general purpose work, like draw picture prepare a document.

Most of the computer used for educational and for other application this computer are used for normal work .

Example : PC(Personal Computer), tablet, desktop, smart-phone, laptop etc..

General Purpose Computer

2. Special Purpose computer : when we talk about special purpose computer it is design for special purpose work. To perform special task we can not do with the help of general purpose computer we need special purpose computer. Here special task means a specific/unique task.

It is used for whether forecasting scientific work research and development work medical diagnoses. In this day every person used ATM machine which is a special purpose computer.

Example : Automatic Teller Machines (ATM), Pocket calculators, Computers that operate lifts. Traffic light control etc..

Special Purpose Computer

Notes : Super-computer, mainframe-computer, mini-computer and microcomputer are digital computer are also fall in the digital Computer categories cause those computer are used digital information to perform there task.

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Question Covered

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