Electronics and communication

Linear Integrated Circuits basics

2024-07-31T04:18:00.000-07:00

To understand the basics of LIC

Wireless Communication Two mark Q&A

2024-07-30T03:01:00.000-07:00

Wireless Communication

UNIT I WIRELESS CHANNELS

Large scale path loss — Path loss models: Free Space and Two-Ray models -Link Budget design — Small scale fading- Parameters of mobile multipath channels — Time dispersion parameters-Coherence bandwidth — Doppler spread & Coherence time, fading due to Multipath time delay spread — flat fading — frequency selective fading — Fading due to Doppler spread — fast fading — slow fading.

UNIT II CELLULAR ARCHITECTURE

Multiple Access techniques — FDMA, TDMA, CDMA — Capacity calculations–Cellular concept- Frequency reuse — channel assignment- hand off- interference & system capacity- trunking & grade of service — Coverage and capacity improvement.

UNIT III DIGITAL SIGNALING FOR FADING CHANNELS

Structure of a wireless communication link, Principles of Offset-QPSK, p/4-DQPSK, Minimum Shift Keying, Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying, Error performance in fading channels, OFDM principle — Cyclic prefix, Windowing, PAPR.

UNIT IV MULTIPATH MITIGATION TECHNIQUES

Equalisation — Adaptive equalization, Linear and Non-Linear equalization, Zero forcing and LMS Algorithms. Diversity — Micro and Macro diversity, Diversity combining techniques, Error probability in fading channels with diversity reception, Rake receiver.

UNIT V MULTIPLE ANTENNA TECHNIQUES

MIMO systems — spatial multiplexing -System model -Pre-coding — Beam forming — transmitter diversity, receiver diversity- Channel state information-capacity in fading and non-fading channels.

OUTCOMES:

The student should be able to:

• Characterize a wireless channel and evolve the system design specifications

• Design a cellular system based on resource availability and traffic demands

• Identify suitable signaling and multipath mitigation techniques for the wireless channel and system under consideration.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Rappaport,T.S., ―Wireless communicationsǁ, Pearson Education, Second Edition, 2010.(UNIT I, II, IV)

2. Andreas.F. Molisch, ―Wireless Communicationsǁ, John Wiley – India, 2006. (UNIT III,V) REFERENCES:

1. Wireless Communication –Andrea Goldsmith, Cambridge University Press, 2011

2. Van Nee, R. and Ramji Prasad, ―OFDM for wireless multimedia communications, Artech House, 2000

3. David Tse and Pramod Viswanath, ―Fundamentals of Wireless Communication, Cambridge University Press, 2005.

4. Upena Dalal, ―Wireless Communicationǁ, Oxford University Press, 2009.

Two mark Q&A Click to Download

2013-10-24T03:54:00.002-07:00

Will gesture control become the future of computer interfacing?

For many years, we interfaced with our computers using a keyboard and a mouse. But the arrival of touch screen technology has changed all that. Today, many of us will use touch as the main way to interact with our devices.

But even touch technology has its limitations; the user has to make physical contact with the device in question. Looking to address this issue, a number of companies and researchers are developing new ways to make devices understand what we want them to do – and gestures are being seen as a natural way of interaction. And some tvs are already offering just this ability. Samsung's Smart TVs, for example, support simple gesture control.

Fanie Duvenhage is director of Microchip's human machine interface division. He said: "We're interested in how people connect with technology and that interaction between people and machines is getting interesting."

Gest IC technology, which is integrated into the host device, uses thin sensing electrodes made from any conductive material. Amongst the options are pcb traces and indium tin oxide coatings. The company says this allows for visually appealing industrial designs with very low additional system costs. The technology is also said to provide 100% surface coverage, eliminating 'angle of view' blind spots found in other technologies.Microchip has also supplied capacitive touch technology for some years. Duvenhage said that, while capacitive touch is still widely used, it has limitations. "The state of the art for capacitive touch only has a range of a couple of inches “he pointed out.

GestIC technology uses frequencies of around 100 kHz, with a wavelength of 3km. Because the electrodes are much smaller, their magnetic component is practically zero and no wave propagation takes place. Five electrodes are required by the system: right, left, up, down and centre. When a hand, for example, enters the electrical field, its distribution is distorted and the field lines intercepted by the hand are shunted to ground through the human body. The proximity of the body shifts the receiver electrode signal levels to a lower potential and this can be detected. Digital signal processing determines the exact location of the gesture and its direction. Duvenhage said: "GestIC has a detection range of 15cm and, because it has low power consumption, can be always on”.

The first chip to enable the technology is the MGC3130. Consuming as little as 150µW in its active sensing state, the MGC3130 is suited for use in battery powered products even with it’s always on nature.

Gest IC technology uses the Colibri suite, an on chip library of intuitive and natural human gestures. The Colibri suite combines a stochastic Hidden Markov model and x/y/z hand position vectors to provide designers with a reliable set of recognized 3d hand and finger gestures. Examples include position tracking, flicks, circles and symbol gestures. These can be used to perform functions such as on/off, open application, point, click, and zoom and so on.

The MGC3130 supports a resolution of 150point/in and samples at 200Hz sampling rate to detect the fastest motions. It

features automated self-calibration for high accuracy and has integrated flash to support product upgrades. Interference from other RF sources are avoided by a frequency hopping approach which shifts the detection frequency within the range from 70 to 130 kHz.

Microchip claims it is working with input device and other product manufacturers to implement efficient user input controls. Example applications include taking advantage of the interface capabilities in Windows 8, using hovering motions and free space gesture controls, instead of touchscreen interaction. Duvenhage believes Gest IC technology will be suited to a range of markets. "Alongside consumer input devices," he said, "we also see potential in automotive and medical applications." Microchip is supporting developers with the Sabrewing single zone evaluation kit. Working with the MGC3130, the kit provides a choice of 5 or 7in electrode sizes and comes with the Aurea graphical user interface. This allow designers to match their system commands to Microchip's ColibriSuite.
Sounds good

According to Microsoft Research, gestures are becoming an increasingly popular way to interact with computers. However, it says deploying robust gesture recognition sensors in existing mobile platforms can be expensive. In a paper which describes its work, the team note that vision based gesture recognition systems can be affected by variables such as lighting conditions, while requiring reasonable amounts of processing power. The team also points to Microsoft's Kinecttechnology, but suggests miniaturising this is not likely in the near future. Looking to solve this problem, a team of researchers has developed a system called SoundWave, which takes advantage of the speakers and microphone found in most commodity devices.
Sidhant Gupta, a ubiquitous computing researcher, is part of the team, whose approach is based on the Doppler effect. "Sound Wave is a real time technique," said Gupta, "which uses speakers and a microphone to detect a range of gestures without the use of any special sensors." Sound Wave generates frequencies in the range between 18 and 22 kHz, which are frequency shifted when they reflect off moving objects, including the hand. "We use a microphone on the same device to pick up the frequency shifted signal and recognize the gesture," he continued. The system is also capable of detecting differences between gestures. For example, when the hand moves faster, the frequency shift is greater. And SoundWave can also understand when the user walks away from their laptop, for example, and can be set up to lock the device. Because Sound Wave uses frequencies above the range of human hearing, it can work alongside audible music. "The user can have music playing on their laptop while using Sound Wave,"Gupta Noted.

In flight application

Researchers from Thales are working on a gesture control system for in-flight entertainment systems. According to the company, passengers will be able to interact with a large screen, with the camera recognizing their motions and the system responding much as if they were using a touch screen. The idea is based on technology used in the Xbox games console, but Thales says the design goes beyond games and to address many aspects of in flight entertainment content: movies, music, gesture games and e-readers. But don't expect to find gesture control towards the rear of the plane. This system is intended for use by those who 'turn left' when they board..

2013-10-24T03:48:00.000-07:00

NEXI - Robot with facial expressions

A latest invention by MIT Media Lab is a new robot that is able to show various facial expressions such as 'slanting its eyebrows in anger', or 'raise them in surprise', and show a wide assortment of facial expressions while communicating with people. This latest achievement in the field of Robotics is named NEXI as it is framed as the next generation robots which are aimed for a range of applications for personal robots and human- robot teamwork.

DESIGNING:

The head and face of NEXI were designed by Xitome Design .The expressive robotics started with a neck mechanism sporting 4 degrees of freedom (DoF) at the base, plus pan-tilt-yaw of the head itself. The mechanism has been constructed to time the movements so they mimic human speed. The face of NEXI has been specially designed to use gaze, eyebrows, eyelids and an articulate mandible which helps in expressing a wide range of different emotions. The chassis of NEXI is also advanced. It has been developed by the Laboratory for Perceptual Robotics UMASS (University of Massachusetts), Amherst. This chassis is based on the uBot5 mobile manipulator. The mobile base can balance dynamically on two wheels. The arms of NEXI can pick up a weight of up to 10 pounds and the plastic covering of the chassis can detect any kind of human touch.

CYNTHIA BREAZEAL: HEAD OF THE PROJECT

This project was headed by Media Lab's Cynthia Breazeal, a well-known robotics expert famous for earlier expressive robots such as Kismet. She is an Associate Professor of Media Arts and Sciences at the MIT. She named her new product as an MDS (mobile, dextrous, social).

FEATURES OF NEXI

Nexi has self-balancing wheels like the Segway transporter, to ultimately ride on. Currently it uses an additional set of supportive wheels to operate as a statically stable platform in its early stage of development. It has hands which can be used to manipulate objects, eyes (video cameras), ears (an array of microphones), and a 3-D infrared camera and laser rangefinder which support real-time tracking of objects, people and voices as well as indoor navigation.

2013-10-10T03:19:00.001-07:00

The Hacker Crackdown-by Bruce Sterling

This is a book about cops, and wild teenage whiz- kids, and lawyers, and

hairy-eyed anarchists, and industrial technicians, and hippies, and

high-tech millionaires, and game hobbyists, and computer security

experts, and Secret Service agents, and grifters, and thieves.

This book is about the electronic frontier of the 1990s. It concerns

activities that take place inside computers and over telephone lines.

A science fiction writer coined the useful term "cyberspace" in 1982.

But the territory in question, the electronic frontier, is about a hundred

and thirty years old. Cyberspace is the "place" where a telephone conversation

appears to occur. Not inside your actual phone, the plastic

device on your desk. Not inside the other person's phone, in some other

city. *The place between* the phones. The indefinite place *out there,*

where the two of you, two human beings, actually meet and communicate.

Although it is not exactly "real," "cyberspace" is a genuine place.

Things happen there that have very genuine consequences. This "place"

is not "real," but it is serious, it is earnest. Tens of thousands of people

have dedicated their lives to it, to the public service of public communication

by wire and electronics.

People have worked on this "frontier" for generations now. Some people

became rich and famous from their efforts there. Some just played in

it, as hobbyists. Others soberly pondered it, and wrote about it, and

regulated it, and negotiated over it in international forums, and sued one

another about it, in gigantic, epic court battles that lasted for years.

And almost since the beginning, some people have committed crimes in

this place.

But in the past twenty years, this electrical "space," which was once

thin and dark and one-dimensional — little more than a narrow speaking-

tube, stretching from phone to phone — has flung itself open like a

gigantic jack-in- the- box. Light has flooded upon it, the eerie light of

the glowing computer screen. This dark electric netherworld has

become a vast flowering electronic landscape. Since the 1960s, the

world of the telephone has cross-bred itself with computers and television,

and though there is still no substance to cyberspace, nothing you

can handle, it has a strange kind of physicality now. It makes good sense

today to talk of cyberspace as a place all its own.

Because people live in it now. Not just a few people, not just a few

technicians and eccentrics, but thousands of people, quite normal people.

And not just for a little while, either, but for hours straight, over

weeks, and months, and years. Cyberspace today is a "Net," a

"Matrix," international in scope and growing swiftly and steadily. It's

growing in size, and wealth, and political importance.

People are making entire careers in modern cyberspace. Scientists and

technicians, of course; they've been there for twenty years now. But

increasingly, cyberspace is filling with journalists and doctors and

lawyers and artists and clerks. Civil servants make their careers

there now, "on-line" in vast government data- banks; and so do spies,

industrial, political, and just plain snoops; and so do police, at least a

few of them. And there are children living there now.

People have met there and been married there. There are entire living

communities in cyberspace today; chattering, gossipping, planning,

conferring and scheming, leaving one another voice-mail and electronic

mail, giving one another big weightless chunks of valuable data, both

legitimate and illegitimate. They busily pass one another computer

software and the occasional festering computer virus.

We do not really understand how to live in cyberspace yet. We are feeling

our way into it, blundering about. That is not surprising. Our lives

in the physical world, the "real" world, are also far from perfect,

despite a lot more practice. Human lives, real lives, are imperfect by

their nature, and there are human beings in cyberspace. The way we

live in cyberspace is a funhouse mirror of the way we live in the real

world. We take both our advantages and our troubles with us.

This book is about trouble in cyberspace. Specifically, this book is about

certain strange events in the year 1990, an unprecedented and startling

year for the the growing world of computerized communications.

In 1990 there came a nationwide crackdown on illicit computer hackers,

with arrests, criminal charges, one dramatic show-trial, several

guilty pleas, and huge confiscations of data and equipment all over the

USA.

The Hacker Crackdown of 1990 was larger, better organized, more

deliberate, and more resolute than any previous effort in the brave new

world of computer crime. The U.S. Secret Service, private telephone

security, and state and local law enforcement groups across the country

all joined forces in a determined attempt to break the back of America's

electronic underground. It was a fascinating effort, with very mixed

results.

The Hacker Crackdown had another unprecedented effect; it spurred the

creation, within "the computer community," of the Electronic Frontier

Foundation, a new and very odd interest group, fiercely dedicated to the

establishment and preservation of electronic civil liberties. The crackdown,

remarkable in itself, has created a melee of debate over electronic

crime, punishment, freedom of the press, and issues of search and

seizure. Politics has entered cyberspace. Where people go, politics

follow.

This is the story of the people of cyberspace.

2013-10-04T03:13:00.001-07:00

Click to download EC2207 Lab manual

EVOMOUSE

2013-10-04T01:46:00.000-07:00

Easy and convenient

Setting up evoMouse is quick and simple and requires very little space. It connects via standard USB port or Bluetooth without installing software.

Multi-touch feature

In addition to common mouse operations, evoMouse recognizes multiple gestures when connected to supported devices.

Ergonomic

Because it allows natural movements and doesn’t require pushing around a physical object, evoMouse® may help reduce repetitive stress injuries.

*Picture shown evoMouse Plus (Bluetooth) model

All the best:)

Believed goal never fails:)

IES

2013-10-04T01:28:00.001-07:00

What is IES?

Indian Engineering Services (IES/ES) constitute of engineers that work under the government of India to manage a large segment of public sector economy which constitutes of Railroads, Public works, Power, Telecommunications, etc.

A combined competitive examination is conducted by the Union Public Services Commission (UPSC) for recruitment to the Indian Engineering Services. The Examination constitutes of a written examination followed by an interview for personality test.

For detailed instructions about Application Procedure and Examination click on one of links in the left column.

The approximate number of vacancies, for the year 2011: 745

The recruitment of qualified candidates are made under the following categories:Category â€“ I Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

(i) Indian Railway Service of Signal Engineers

(ii) Indian Railway Stores Service

(iii) Indian Ordnance Factories Service

(iv) Indian Naval Armament Service

(v) Assistant Executive Engineer (in Ministry of Defence)

(vi) Engineer in Wireless Planning and Coordination Wing/Monitoring Organisation

(vii) Assistant Naval Stores officer (in Indian Navy)

(viii) Survey of India Service

CLICK TO DOWNLOAD IES SYLLABUS

Famous Digital Camera Samsung NX300

2013-10-03T23:30:00.000-07:00

Pros

Open source licenses
Fast Autofocus
Sharp images even from kit lens
Great Wi-Fi connectivity
Touch screen is very responsive

Cons

Battery only charges in camera
Less than stellar battery life

Performance
The NX300 is a real champ. The new hybrid autofocus system works quickly and the variety of lenses make this camera soar to the top of the charts.

Shooting Performance
The Samsung NX300 has a quicker autofocus than I expected--generally taking a fraction of a second to capture it. Choosing to include both contrast and phase detection autofocus was a good move for Samsung because it has clearly positioned itself to be a major contender amongst the Olympus and Sony mirror less cameras. Startup is also fast on the NX300. It takes about a second to turn on the camera and snap your first shot and the shutter lag is unnoticeable.
The NX300 comes with a hot shoe flash. It flips up for use or flips down when you want to store it on your camera, but not use it.
The battery in the NX300 is rechargeable BP 1130 rated for 160 minutes of video or 320 shots. Also, the more you use the Wi-Fi, the fewer shots you will be able to capture. That handy little feature can eat up a lot of power.

Lens Performance
The Samsung NX300 has a wide variety of lenses from which to choose. Although I can't say the 18-55mm is my all-time favorite kit lens ever, it does function very nicely with the camera. It is highly responsive and is useful in a multitude of photographic situations. But the best part is it produces some pretty sharp images for a kit lens.

Wi-Fi/GPS
I am happy to report that the Wi-Fi mode on the NX300 is easy and seamless. With no trouble at all, I accessed my Face book account and downloaded 2 images in less than 10 seconds. After that, I tried again with 7 more images. Again, each one took about 5 seconds to upload.
Video Quality
Video is captured as an MP4 file. The camera records Full HD 1080p at 60fps. It can also record 30fps or 24fps. Sound is captured with in-camera stereo sound. If you like better sound quality than you can get in-camera, the EM 10 microphone is available as an accessory for $130.
Image Quality
We were very impressed with our real world testing of the NX300. Colors were well represented and came out beautiful. Images are sharp with very little noise throughout ISO 3200. ISO 6400 started to show noticeable noise.

Conclusion
The Samsung NX300 really does earn the title of the flagship NX mirror less camera. It offers a classic leatherette skin draped over a sleek metal body. It is solid and sturdy--the best made NX of the entire lineup. Its image quality is clean and sharp, only giving way to serious pixel degradation at ISOs above 6400.

The Wi-Fi functionality is simple to use and unable to be beat by any other camera except for Samsung's own Galaxy Camera. So far, no other camera company has been able to create an easier Wi-Fi experience. This is great news for those that desire great image quality and want to have their images available on the web with the blink of an eye.
In addition to a great camera, Samsung is now packaging the NX300 with Adobe Light room giving users $150 worth of free software ($80 value if you already own a previous version of Lightroom).
By
A.ANANDAKUMAR

2013-10-03T06:02:00.000-07:00

Gate old question set with answers
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012

Electromagnetism: Fields, Waves & Theory

2013-10-02T04:48:00.000-07:00

Both electric and magnetic interactions are elements of a single phenomenon called electromagnetism. There are four fundamental forces: the strong force, the weak force, gravitation and the electromagnetic force. The study of electromagnetism deals with how electrically charged particles interact with each other and with magnetic fields.

Electromagnetic fields

An electromagnetic field is generated by electrically charged objects. The field influences the behavior of other charged objects and extends infinitely in space. Stationary electric charges produce an electric field, while moving charges (electric currents) produce a magnetic field. An electromagnetic field consists of a combination of an electric field and a magnetic field.

Electromagnetic radiation (waves)

Charged particles emit or absorb energy in a wavelike form known as electromagnetic radiation. This radiation consists of two components: an electric field and a magnetic field. These oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction in which the wave is propagating.

EM radiation travels at the speed of light, in a vacuum. EM radiation is part of the electromagnetic field that is far enough away from its source (a moving electrical charge) that the charge doesn't absorb the radiation. EM radiation draws energy away from its source, and also has momentum. The basic unit of EM radiation is the photon, a discrete packet of light. Light is a form of EM radiation, and can behave as either a particle or a wave.

Electromagnetic theory

James Clerk Maxwell developed a unified theory of electromagnetism in 1873. There are four main electromagnetic interactions:The force of attraction or repulsion between electric charges is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.Magnetic poles come in pairs that attract and repel each other much as electric charges do.

An electric current in a wire produces a magnetic field whose direction depends on the direction of the current.

A moving electric field produces a magnetic field, and vice versa. Maxwell also developed a set of formulas, called Maxwell's equations, to describe these phenomena.

Wireless Hacking. Projects for Wi-Fi Enthusiasts

2013-10-01T03:10:00.003-07:00

Introduction to Wi-Fi

Welcome to the world of “wireless magic.” 802.11 (Wi-Fi) wireless LANs have exploded onto the scene with an excitement not seen since the introduction of the Internet itself. Getting rid of the wires means getting rid of the hassle.With Wi-Fi, you can roam through your favorite coffee shop, boardroom or living room, all the while maintaining the convenience of high-speed connectivity.With Wi-Fi, life is good!

Once you’ve gone through the experience of setting up a local Wi-Fi network, your first instinct is

likely to think that “bigger is better.” Expanding the coverage and increasing the network cloud enables

you to share Internet resources with others as a community service. As long as you’re not breaking the

law (or violating your ISP’s terms of service), you should listen to that creative instinct and start getting

together with your neighbors (or others in your community) and begin planning a community wireless

network! This book is all about the challenges, thrills, and adventures of such an effort, started in San

Diego, and known as “SoCalFreeNet.” By offering this roadmap to you, the reader, we hope to inspire

more such efforts in neighborhoods all around the world.

In this chapter, we will cover some of the Wi-Fi basics you’ll need to understand in order to complete

the wireless hacks found throughout this book.We start with the history and basics of 802.11,

including a review of the differences between a, b and g. Next, we cover wireless architectures and FCC

rules. Finally, we include some discussion on the social benefits of community wireless networking.

Wireless Hacking. Projects for Wi-Fi Enthusiasts

New Thermometers Stick Like Temporary Tattoo

2013-09-29T04:08:00.000-07:00

Using new wearable electronics as light and thin as temporary tattoos, scientists can now take a person's temperature and monitor not only their health but also their mental state.Taking a person's temperature can reveal more than a fever. For instance, analyzing tiny, regular variations in body temperature can reveal how blood vessels are constricting and dilating, which is linked to cardiovascular health. Monitoring changes in temperature can even shed light on a person's mental state.The best existing technologies for measuring skin temperature include simple, paste-on sensors and sophisticated infrared cameras. Although paste-on sensors are cheap and help doctors monitor patients as they move freely, these devices cannot monitor changes in great detail, across the skin. Moreover, they irritate the skin, changing its natural responses. While infrared cameras enable high-precision temperature measurements in high detail across the skin, they are expensive, and require patients to keep still.This wearable thermometer may give better readings of temperature across the skin.

2013-09-28T01:09:00.003-07:00

Hacking Windows Xp

OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE TECHNOLOGY

2013-09-27T03:21:00.001-07:00

OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE TECHNOLOGY

What is an Optical Camouflage?

Optical Camouflage is a technology which allows an object to blend into the surrounding using optical technologies and has potential to achieve perfect concealment from visual detection. It is a kind of active camouflage which completely envelopes the wearer. It displays an image of the scene on the side opposite to the viewer on it, so that the viewer can “see through” the wearer, rendering the wearer invisible.

Light Surface Reflectivity:

· In beaded surface the reflected light rays travel back along the same path as the incident rays which is known as retro

How does it work?

A digital video camera captures the scene behind the person wearing the cloak. The computer processes the captured image and makes the calculations necessary to adjust the still image or video so it will look realistic when it is projected. The projector receives the enhanced image from the computer and shines the image through a pinhole-sized opening onto the combiner. The silvered half of the mirror, which is completely reflective, bounces the projected image towards the person wearing the cloak. The cloak acts like a movie screen, reflecting light directly back to the source, which in this case is mirror. Light rays bouncing off of the cloak pass through the transparent part of the mirror and fall on the user’s eyes. Remember that the light rays bouncing off of the cloak contain the image of the scene that exists behind the person wearing the cloak. The person wearing the cloak appears invisible because the background screen is being displayed onto the retro-reflective material. At the same time, light rays from the rest of the world are allowed to reach the user’s eye, making it seem as if an invisible person exists in an otherwise normal looking world.

Application:

Used in Stealth technology, to make airplane invisible to Radar.
Doctor performing surgery could use optical camouflage technique to see through their hands and instruments to the underlying tissue.
Predator, Iron man, James Bond[die another day] Movies and Video games.

Near field communication

2013-09-27T02:50:00.003-07:00

Near field communication

Near field communication (NFC) is a set of standards for smartphones and similar devices to establish radio communication with each other by touching them together or bringing them into close proximity, usually no more than a few inches. Present and anticipated applications include contact less transactions, data exchange, and simplified setup of more complex communications such as Wi-Fi. Communication is also possible between an NFC device and an underpowered NFC chip, called a "tag".

NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats, and are based on existing radio-frequency identification (RFID) standards including ISO/IEC 14443 and FeliCa. The standards include ISO/IEC 18092and those defined by the NFC Forum, which was founded in 2004 by Nokia, Philips and Sony, and now has more than 160 members. The Forum also promotes NFC and certifies device compliance. It fits the criteria for being considered a personal area network

Uses:

NFC builds upon RFID systems by allowing two-way communication between endpoints, where earlier systems such as contact-less smart cards were one-way only. It has been used in devices such as Samsung Nexus, powered with Icecream Sandwich, named with a feature called "Android Beam" which was first introduced in Samsung Nexus. Android Beam uses NFC to enable Bluetooth on both devices, instantly pair them, and disable Bluetooth once complete automatically on both devices. This only works between Android devices version Jelly Bean and above. It has also been used in Samsung Galaxy S III, with feature named as S-Beam. It is an extension of Android Beam, it uses the power of NFC (to share MAC Address and IP addresses) and then uses WiFi Direct to share file and docs. and pics.to share file. The advantage of using WiFi Direct over Bluetooth is that it is much faster than Bluetooth, having a speed of 300Mbit/s for sharing large files Since underpowered NFC "tags" can also be read by NFC devices, it is also capable of replacing earlier one-way applications.

Commerce:

NFC devices can be used in contact less payment systems, similar to those currently used in credit cards and electronic ticket smart cards, and allow mobile payment to replace or supplement these systems. For example, Google Wallet allows consumers to store credit card and store loyalty card information in a virtual wallet and then use an NFC-enabled device at terminals that also accept MasterCard Pay Pass transactions. Germany, Austria, Finland, New Zealand, Italy, and Turkey, have trialed NFC ticketing systems for public transport. Vilnius fully replaced paper tickets for public transportation with ISO/IEC 14443 Type A cards on July 1, 2013.

India is implementing NFC based transactions in box offices for ticketing purposes.

Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connections:

NFC offers a low-speed connection with extremely simple setup, and can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless connections. For example, the Android Beam software uses NFC to complete the steps of enabling, pairing and establishing a Bluetooth connection when doing a file transfer. Nokia, BlackBerry and Sony have used NFC technology to pair Bluetooth headsets, media players, and speakers with one tap in its NFC-enabled devices. The same principle can be applied to the configuration of Wi-Fi networks.

Social networking:

NFC can be used in social networking situations, such as sharing contacts, photos, videos or files, and entering multilayer mobile games. in the field of social networking it is very useful to exchange the contacts & other files.

Identity and access tokens:

The NFC Forum promotes the potential for NFC-enabled devices to act as electronic identity documents and key cards. As NFC has a short range and supports encryption, it may be more suitable than earlier, less private RFID systems.

Smartphone automation and NFC tags:

Smartphones equipped with NFC can be paired with NFC tags or stickers which can be programmed by NFC apps to automate tasks. These programs can allow for a change of phone settings, a text to be created and sent, an app to be launched, or any number of commands to be executed, limited only by the NFC app and other apps on the smartphone. These applications are perhaps the most practical current uses for NFC since it does not rely on a company or manufacturer but can be utilized immediately by anyone anywhere with an NFC equipped smartphone and an NFC tag.

Comparison with Bluetooth:

Aspect	NFC	Bluetooth	Bluetooth Low Energy
RFID compatible	ISO 18000-3	active	active
Standardization body	ISO/IEC	Bluetooth SIG	Bluetooth SIG
Network Standard	ISO 13157 etc.	IEEE 802.15.1	IEEE 802.15.1
Network Type	Point-to-point	WPAN	WPAN
Cryptography	not with RFID	available	available
Range	< 0.2 m	~100 m (class 1)	~50 m
Frequency	13.56 MHz	2.4–2.5 GHz	2.4–2.5 GHz
Bit rate	424 kbit/s	2.1 Mbit/s	~1.0 Mbit/s
Set-up time	< 0.1 s	< 6 s	< 0.006 s
Power consumption	< 15mA (read)	varies with class	< 15 mA (read and transmit)

NFC and Bluetooth are both short-range communication technologies that are integrated into mobile phones. As described in technical detail above, NFC operates at slower speeds than Bluetooth, but consumes far less power and doesn't require pairing.

NFC sets up more quickly than standard Bluetooth, but has a lower transfer rate than Bluetooth low energy. With NFC, instead of performing manual configurations to identify devices, the connection between two NFC devices is automatically established quickly: in less than a tenth of a second. The maximum data transfer rate of NFC (424 kbit/s) is slower than that of Bluetooth V2.1 (2.1 Mbit/s). With a maximum working distance of less than 20 cm, NFC has a shorter range, which reduces the likelihood of unwanted interception. That makes NFC particularly suitable for crowded areas where correlating a signal with its transmitting physical device (and by extension, its user) becomes difficult.

In contrast to Bluetooth, NFC is compatible with existing passive RFID (13.56 MHz ISO/IEC 18000-3) infrastructures. NFC requires comparatively low power, similar to the Bluetooth V4.0 low energy protocol. When NFC works with an underpowered device (e.g., on a phone that may be turned off, a contact less smart credit card, a smart poster), however, the NFC power consumption is greater than that of Bluetooth V4.0 Low Energy, since illuminating the passive tag needs extra power.

2013-09-25T03:33:00.000-07:00

Robotics

2013-09-25T03:11:00.000-07:00

mobile telephone history

List of Windows 8 Shortcuts

2013-08-30T06:58:00.000-07:00

Windows key: Switch between Modern Desktop Start screen and the last accessed application
Windows key + C: Access the charms bar
Windows key + Tab: Access the Modern Desktop Taskbar
Windows key + I: Access the Settings charm
Windows key + H: Access the Share charm
Windows key + K: Access the Devices charm
Windows key + Q: Access the Apps Search screen
Windows key + F: Access the Files Search screen
Windows key + W: Access the Settings Search screen
Windows key + P: Access the Second Screen bar
Windows key + Z: Brings up the App Bar when you have a Modern Desktop App running
Windows key + X: Access the Windows Tools Menu
Windows key + O: Lock screen orientation
Windows key + . : Move the screen split to the right
Windows key + Shift + . : Move the screen split to the left
Windows key + V: View all active Toasts/Notifications
Windows key + Shift + V: View all active Toasts/Notifications in reverse order
Windows key + PrtScn: Takes a screenshot of the screen and automatically saves it in the Pictures folder as Screenshot
Windows key + Enter: Launch Narrator
Windows key + E: Open Computer
Windows key + R: Open the Run dialog box
Windows key + U: Open Ease of Access Center
Windows key + Ctrl + F: Open Find Computers dialog box
Windows key + Pause/Break: Open the System page
Windows key + 1..10: Launch a program pinned on the Taskbar in the position indicated by the number
Windows key + Shift + 1..10: Launch a new instance of a program pinned on the Taskbar in the position indicated by the number
Windows key + Ctrl + 1..10: Access the last active instance of a program pinned on the Taskbar in the position indicated by the number
Windows key + Alt + 1..10: Access the Jump List of a program pinned on the Taskbar in the position indicated by the number
Windows key + B: Select the first item in the Notification Area and then use the arrow keys to cycle through the items Press Enter to open the selected item
Windows key + Ctrl + B: Access the program that is displaying a message in the Notification Area
Windows key + T: Cycle through the items on the Taskbar
Windows key + M: Minimize all windows
Windows key + Shift + M: Restore all minimized windows
Windows key + D: Show/Hide Desktop (minimize/restore all windows)
Windows key + L: Lock computer
Windows key + Up Arrow: Maximize current window
Windows key + Down Arrow: Minimize/restore current window
Windows key + Home: Minimize all but the current window
Windows key + Left Arrow: Tile window on the left side of the screen
Windows key + Right Arrow: Tile window on the right side of the screen
Windows key + Shift + Up Arrow: Extend current window from the top to the bottom of the screen
Windows key + Shift + Left/Right Arrow: Move the current window from one monitor to the next
Windows key + F1: Launch Windows Help and Support
PageUp: Scroll forward on the Modern Desktop Start screen
PageDown: Scroll backward on the Modern Desktop Start screen
Esc: Close a charm
Ctrl + Esc: Switch between Modern Desktop Start screen and the last accessed application
Ctrl + Mouse scroll wheel: Activate the Semantic Zoom on the Modern Desktop screen
Alt: Display a hidden Menu Bar
Alt + D: Select the Address Bar
Alt + P: Display the Preview Pane in Windows Explorer
Alt + Tab: Cycle forward through open windows
Alt + Shift + Tab: Cycle backward through open windows
Alt + F: Close the current window Open the Shut Down Windows dialog box from the Desktop
Alt + Spacebar: Access the Shortcut menu for current window
Alt + Esc: Cycle between open programs in the order that they were opened
Alt + Enter: Open the Properties dialog box of the selected item
Alt + PrtScn: Take a screen shot of the active Window and place it in the clipboard
Alt + Up Arrow: Move up one folder level in Windows Explorer (Like the Up Arrow in XP)
Alt + Left Arrow: Display the previous folder
Alt + Right Arrow: Display the next folder
Shift + Insert: CD/DVD Load CD/DVD without triggering Autoplay or Autorun
Shift + Delete: Permanently delete the item (rather than sending it to the Recycle Bin)
Shift + F6: Cycle backward through elements in a window or dialog box
Shift + F10: Access the context menu for the selected item
Shift + Tab: Cycle backward through elements in a window or dialog box
Shift + Click: Select a consecutive group of items
Shift + Click on a Taskbar button: Launch a new instance of a program
Shift + Right-click on a Taskbar button: Access the context menu for the selected item
Ctrl + A: Select all items
Ctrl + C: Copy the selected item
Ctrl + X: Cut the selected item
Ctrl + V: Paste the selected item
Ctrl + D: Delete selected item
Ctrl + Z: Undo an action
Ctrl + Y: Redo an action
Ctrl + N: Open a new window in Windows Explorer
Ctrl + W: Close current window in Windows Explorer
Ctrl + E: Select the Search box in the upper right corner of a window
Ctrl + Shift + N: Create new folder
Ctrl + Shift + Esc: Open the Windows Task Manager

Perpetual Printing

2013-08-30T03:42:00.000-07:00

Printing has come a long way since the computer landed on the desktop. First, there were daisy-wheel printers, then dot-matrix printers, then inkjet and laser printers. The problem with all of these output devices, of course, is that they require paper -- lots of it -- and expensive consumables, like toner. Why can't someone invent an inkless, tonerless printer that allows the operator to reuse paper?As it turns out, this isn't a new idea. Xerox has been working with so-called electronic paper since the 1970s. Its most promising solution is a type of paper called "Gyricon." A Gyricon sheet is a thin layer of transparent plastic containing millions of small oil-filled cavities. A two-colored bead is free to rotate inside each cavity. When a printer applies a voltage to the surface of the sheet, the beads rotate to present one colored side to the viewer, offering the ability to create text or pictures. The images will remain on the paper until it's fed through the printer once again.A Japanese company, Sanwa Newtec, is offering its version of inkless, tonerless and rewritable printing technology. Its product is called the PrePeat rewritable printer, which, like the Xerox solution, requires plastic paper. But PrePeat uses a different technique to produce an image. Each sheet of paper comes embedded with leuco dyes, which change color with temperature -- colored when cool and clear when hot. The PrePeat printer, then, heats and cools the paper to first erase an image and then create a new image in its place. According to the company, a single sheet of paper can be reused 1,000 times before it needs to be replaced. A single PrePeat printer costs almost $6,000, while a pack of 1,000 sheets of paper costs more than $3,300.

Now You Can Generate Electricity While You Walk On This Floor

2013-08-29T09:46:00.000-07:00

In the sustainable energy market, Energy Floors, a Netherlands-based firm is trying hard to make its place. They sell products like Sustainable Energy Floor and Sustainable Dance Floor, that convert footsteps into electricity. As soon as anyone steps onto the floor, the tile flexes round about 10mm and that movement is converted into electricity-15 Watts on average, and up to 25 Watts peak. If the tiles are connected together, 40 to be precise, the network can produce up to 1 kW and this is possible due to the modular nature of these tiles.

Although we do not know how these magnificent tiles are made but for what we know is that it’s not piezoelectric. For what we can see, it looks like a rack-and-pinion that drives a small permanent magnet generator.The flow of electricity is directed by a controller module. Charging low voltage devices, charging batteries, or lighting pathways with LED's is all that can be done from the 12Voutput.

When you step on the blocks, they light up and this intrigues people to step on them again. Thus it would be an attractive marketing technique too. Solar, wind, and hydroelectric are the big players, but small energy-harvesting products have their place as well. A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. 'Energy Floors could make that step more productive.'

Scientists Discover A New Layer In Human Eye

2013-08-28T07:47:00.000-07:00

What is so fascinating about science? It’s always progressing towards something new and what is considered top notch today will be outdated in a few years. However, a discovery in human anatomy is something we weren’t expecting to take place but it did! As it happens, the latest discovery about human anatomy is only 15 microns thick, but contrary to its thickness, this discovery is bound to have a huge impact on medical science. For starters, this discovery will result in making eye surgery much simpler and safer as compared to the present risks associated with eye surgery. The discoverer of this new found layer is Professor Harminder Dua at the University of Nottingham.

He found a new layer present in the human cornea and has named it after him; Dua’s layer. This particular layer lies at the back of the cornea, the same cornea which was believed to have only five layers previously. The methodology in finding out this layer included Dua injecting air into the cornea and making use of an electron microscope to completely analyze each layer by scanning it. The eyes used for this research were, of course, the ones that had been donated for such research purposes. How many of you have heard about corneal hydrops? It is this disorder which allows for the building up of fluid in the cornea. The research team believes that a tear in Dua’s layer is the cause for this disorder.

The team also believes that the finding of this new layer will drastically improve the surgery outcomes related to corneal grafts and transplants. Professor Dua had the following to say regarding the new discovery; ‘This is a major discovery that will mean that ophthalmology textbooks will literally need to be re-written. From a clinical perspective, there are many diseases that affect the back of the cornea which clinicians across the world are already beginning to relate to the presence, absence or tear in this layer.’

USB

2013-08-27T03:19:00.000-07:00

Short for Universal Serial Bus, an external bus standard that supports data transfer rates of 12 Mbps. A single USB port can be used to connect up to 127 peripheral devices, such as mice, modems, and keyboards. USB also supports Plug-and-Play installation and hot plugging.
Starting in 1996, a few computer manufacturers started including USB support in their new machines. It wasn't until the release of the best-selling iMac in 1998 that USB became widespread. It is expected to completely replace serial and parallel ports.

The data from

Satellite E book

2013-07-18T04:11:00.000-07:00

Click to download Dennis Roddy Ebook

Q bank

2013-02-24T17:39:00.001-08:00

Question bank for ECE subjects

http://www.annaunivonline.com/qbank/ece.html