EINSTEIN

PHYSICAL WORLD

noreply@blogger.com (kavitha) — Tue, 5 Feb 2013 09:15:00 -0800

Physics

JR INTER VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

PHYSICAL WORLD

1) What is physics?

Physics is the study of the basic laws of nature and their manifestations in various natural phenomena.

2) What is the discovery of C.V.Raman?

C.V.Raman discovered Raman Effect which deals with inelastic scattering of light by molecules.

3) What are the fundamental forces in nature?

The fundamental forces in nature are

Ø Gravitational force

Ø Electromagnetic force

Ø Strong nuclear force

Ø Weak nuclear force

4) Which of the following has symmetry a) Acceleration due to gravity b) Law of gravitation?

Law of gravitation has symmetry, because it is same at any place in the universe.

5) What is the contribution of S.Chandra Sekhar to physics?

Concept of Chandra Sekhar limit for white dwarfs.

PROPOSED SYLLABUS FOR M.PHIL./ PRE-PH.D. PROGRAMMES

noreply@blogger.com (kavitha) — Thu, 14 Apr 2011 11:54:00 -0700

PROPOSED SYLLABUS FOR M.PHIL./ PRE-PH.D. PROGRAMMES

PAPER II: NUCLEAR ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

Beginning of nuclear sciences:

α,β,γ- radiations; Transformation Hypothesis, Radioactive Decay Law, Radioactive Equilibrium, Natural Radioactive elements, Artificial radioactive elements.

Nuclear properties:

Discovery of the nucleus, Nomenclature and classification of nuclides, Isotopes, Isobars, Isotones, Isomers, Nuclear properties, Nuclear mass and binding energy, Nuclear radius and density, Nuclear force, Nuclear potential, Quantum numbers and nuclear spin, Parity, Magnetic moments, Quadruple moments, Statistics, Nuclear stability, Separation energy of the last nucleon

Nuclear models:

Liquid drop model, Semi-empirical mass formula, Applications of the semi-empirical mass formula, Nuclear shell model, Shell model potential, Shell model states, Spin-orbit interaction, Ground states of Nuclei, Nuclear spin, Nuclear isomerism,

Radioactivity:

α-decay, β-decay ,γ- decay, kinetics of radioactivity decay, half life, Statistical aspects of radioactivity, Growth of radioactive products, Radioactivity equilibria, Nuclear Decay Processes

Interaction of radiation with matter:

Stopping power, range, Absorption, Attenuation, Photoelectric effect, Compton effect, Pair production, Neutrons

Radiation Detectors:

Gas filled detectors, Ionization, proportional & GM counters; Scintillation detectors, Semi-conductor detectors, Ge(Li) and Si (Li), Features of detectors: counting curves, plateaus, energy resolution, dead time and detector efficiency, Fundamentals of nuclear electronics, pulse height analyzer

Nuclear reactions:

Notation, conservation, energetics of nuclear reactions, reaction cross section, angular momentum, types of reactions,

Nuclear fission and reactors:

Fission process, energy liberation in fission, fission cross section, mass distribution, basic features of a nuclear reactor, materials on nuclear reactors, research reactors, power reactors, conversion and breeding

Particle accelerators:

Cockroft Walton accelerator, Van de graph generator, Tandem accelerators, Pelletron accelerators, Linear accelerators, Cyclotron

Radio analytical techniques and applications:

Tracers, Neutron activation analysis (NAA), Sensitivity and detection limit, standardization methods in NAA, advantages and limitation of NAA, X-ray fluorescence and applications, PIXE

Applications of radioisotopes:

Applications in: agriculture, industry, health care and biology

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:

The Atomic Nucleus by R.D.Ewans, TMH, 1978

Nuclear Physics by I.Kaplan, Addision Wesley, 1963

Source book on atomic energy by S.Glasstone, Affiliated East West Press Pvt Ltd., 1967

Radiation detection and measurement by G.F.Knoll, Johen Wiley & Sons, 1979

PAPER: SOLID STATE PHYSICS (MATERIAL SCIENCE)

Structure of solids:

Crystal structure, lattice planes and directions, defects in solids, point line and plane defects,

Preparation of materials:

Mechanism of crystal growth, growth for melt and non-melt techniques, thin films, non-crystalline materials, amorphous semi conductors, plastic materials

Determination of structure:

X-ray diffraction, the Laue technique, applications of XRD, neutron diffraction, electron diffraction, structure of amorphous materials.

Mechanical and thermal properties of materials:

Elastic behaviour, plastic behaviour, fracture, creep, heat capacity, thermal expansion, thermoelectricity, Seebeck effect, Thompson effect, Peltier effect

Electrical and magnetic properties of materials:

Metals, semiconductors, transition metal compounds, magnetic semi conductors, Dia, para and ferro magnetism, magnetic anisotropy, magnetostriction , ferromagnetic domains, applications of ferro magnetic materials, magnetic ceramics, applications of ferri magnetic materials

Dielectrics:

Microscopic description of the static dielectric constant, the static electronic and ionic prolarisabilities of molecules, orientational polarization, the static dielectric constants of gases, the internal field according to Lorentz, the static dielectric constant of solids, the complex dielectric constant and dielectric losses and relaxation time.

Optical properties of materials:

Refractive index, birefringence, dispersion; absorption, ionic materials, semiconductors, metals, colour centres, double refraction, induced birefringence, photoelectric emission, photoconductivity, photoluminescence, lasers, solid state, gas and semi conductors

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:

Physical properties of materials by M.C.Lovell, A.J.Avery, M.W.Vernon, ELBS, 1984

Materials science and engineering by V.Raghavan, PHI, 2007

Solid State Physics by C.Kittel, Wiley, India, 2004

Electromagnetic theory and Modern optics important questions

noreply@blogger.com (kavitha) — Thu, 14 Apr 2011 11:51:00 -0700

Electromagnetic theory and Modern optics

Questions List:

1. Explain the characteristics of lasers

2. Deduce the relationship between the Einstein coefficients of spontaneous and stimulated emission from a consideration of the Planck’s radiation formula.

3. Derive an expression for population inversion density in a four level laser system and hence explain the life time of the lower lasing level.

4. What are the various line broadening mechanisms? Obtain expressions for FWHM for all these mechanisms

5. Discuss the principle and working of a Helium-neon laser.

6. Explain the term population inversion in lasers and mention why it is necessary for laser action.With a neat diagram, explain the construction and working principle of a Ruby laser

7. Using an energy level diagram explain the mechanism and structure of a Dye laser.

8. What are the features of a semiconductor laser? Obtain an expression for the laser action.

9. Explain the construction and working of CO2 laser.

10. Obtain the expression for producing population inversion by phonon excitation taking an example of solid state laser.

11. Explain principle of Holography and method of obtaining a hologram along with its characteristics.

12. Discuss the theory of holography. What are the characteristics of the holograms?

13. Describe the applications of holography to interferometry and optical memories.

14. Discuss the applications of holography.

15. What is a hologram? Give by simple theory, the recording and reconstruction of information on a hologram. What are the specific advantages of an image formed holographic ally?

16. Discuss the propagation of meridional ray through an optical fiber.(Ray optics representation)

17. Explain the mode theory for circular wave guides.

18. Explain the structure and advantage of step index fiber. Explain the signal degradation in optical fibers.

19. Explain Signal distortion in optical waveguides.

20. Einstein coefficients.

21. Directionality of laser

22. Relation between the coherence of the field and the size of the source for laser action.

23. Amplification of a medium.

24. Optical resonator

25. Three level laser

26. Applications of lasers

27. Homogeneous line broadening

28. Optical memories

29. Hologram recording materials

30. Types holograms

31. TIR

32. Wave Representation

33. Numerical aperture in graded index fiber.

34. Numerical aperture and its significance

35. Information capacity of optical fibers

36. Optical fiber materials

“Physics is enjoyable”

CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS-III-2011

noreply@blogger.com (kavitha) — Wed, 13 Apr 2011 01:58:00 -0700

M.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION, APRIL/MAY 2011

Fourth Semester

Physics

Paper III – CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS-III

Time: Three hours Maximum: 80 marks

Answer ALL questions.

All questions carry equal marks.

1. (a) Discuss different types of engineering materials based on their

structure and bonding.

(b) Discuss the properties of metal-polymer composites.

(i) Complete solid solution.

(ii) Incomplete solid solution.

(d) Discuss preparation and properties of metallic glasses.

2. (a) Explain what is transition. Briefly discuss the relevant theory.

(b) Discuss the factors which affect glass transition temperature.

glass formation is determined.

(d) Describe some interesting applications of glasses.

3. (a) When is a material called bio-compatible?

(b) Discuss some important materials for bio-logical applications.

(d) Discuss what are soft tissue replacement implants and their advantages

and disadvantages.

4. (a) Discuss classification of liquid crystals based a molecular orientation.

(b) Describe some applications of liquid crystals.

(d) Discuss a few methods used for the preparation of nano-materials.

5. Write short notes on any TWO of the following:

a) Different semi-conductor materials.

b) Methods of preparation of glasses.

c) Hydroxy apatite glass ceramics.

d) Characterization methods for nano materials.

ELECTROMAGNETICS THEORY AND MODERN OPTICS - 2011

noreply@blogger.com (kavitha) — Mon, 11 Apr 2011 23:03:00 -0700

M.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION, APRIL/MAY 2011

Fourth Semester

Physics

Paper I – ELECTROMAGNETICS THEORY AND MODERN OPTICS

Time: Three hours Maximum: 80 marks

Answer ALL questions.

All questions carry equal marks.

1. (a) Write Maxwell’s equations and discuss their significance.

(b) Discuss the propagation of electromagnetic waves in an isotropic

dielectric medium.

(d) What are retarded potentials? Discuss their significance in

electromagnetic wave propagation.

2. (a) What are Einstein’s coefficients? Discuss the absorption and emission

processes in a two level system.

(b) Discuss how population inversion can be obtained in a three level

system.

(d) Discuss line broadening mechanisms for a laser beam.

3. (a) Discuss how second harmonic generation can be obtained.

(b) Describe how optical mixing is achieved.

(d) Discuss how holograms are recorded and reconstructed.

4. (a) Describe different optical fiber modes and configurations.

(b) Discuss light wave propagation in a step indexed fiber.

(d) Describe how dispersion affects signal propagation through optical fiber.

5. Write short notes on any TWO of the following:

a) Lienard-Wiechert potentials.

b) Semiconductor GaAs laser.

c) Self-focussing of light.

d) Graded index fiber.

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND MODERN OPTICS MODEL PAPER-1

noreply@blogger.com (kavitha) — Fri, 8 Apr 2011 22:30:00 -0700

Acharya Nagarjuna University

M.Sc Physics IV Semester

Model paper

Paper I: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND MODERN OPTICS

Time: 3 hrs Max.Marks:80

Answer all questions

1. a) State the boundary conditions that are to be satisfied by the electric and

magnetic fields at the surface of separation of two dielectric media.

b) Deduce the expressions for the intensity of the reflected and transmitted wave

is incident at such an interface.

c) What is double refraction and discuss the propagation of light in double

refracting media.

2. a) Explain the working of ruby laser .

b) Discuss the line broadening mechanism.

c) What are the central features of semi conductor lasers?

d) Derive the expression for the laser action in semiconductor laser.

3. a) Give the basic principles of holography and explain its importance and uses.

b) Write in detail about Fourier transform holography

4 a) Discuss in detail the mode theory of circular wave guides.

b) Discuss various types of dispersions in optical fibers.

c) Explain the structure and advantages of a step index optical fiber

d) Explain the signal degradation in optical fibers.

5 Write notes on any two of the following

a) Retarded Potentials

b) Population Inversion

c) Speckle pattern

d) Attenuation in optical fibers

Intermediate 2011 physics second year question paper

noreply@blogger.com (kavitha) — Sat, 26 Mar 2011 19:15:00 -0700

PHYSICS, Paper - II
(English Version)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 60

SECTION-A
Note: i) Answer all questions. [2 x 10 = 20M]
ii) Each question carries two marks.
iii) All are very short answer type questions.

1. What are the Fraunhofer lines? State any two of their significances.

2. Mention any applications of diffraction?

3. Two magnetic poles of strength 40Am and 10Am are separated by a distance of 20cm in air. Find the force between them.

4. The potential of the earth is taken as zero. Explain.

5. On what factors does the resistance of a conductor depend?

6. What is a thermocouple? Write one of its uses.

7. How do you convert a moving coil galvanometer into a voltmeter?

8. What type of transformer is used in a bed lamp?

9. Define Modulation. Why is it necessary?

10. Draw the circuit symbols for p-n-p and n-p-n transistors.

SECTION-B
Note: i) Answer any six of the following questions. [6 x 4 = 24M]
ii) Each question carries four marks.
iii) All are short answer type questions.

11. Explain the construction and working of a Ramaden's eyepiece with a neat diagram.

12. State and explain the "Tangent Law" in magnetism.

13. Define intensity of electric field E and potential difference V. Derive the relationship between them.

14. Derive the balancing condition of a Wheatstone bridge.

15. Write short notes on the working principle of a thermopile?

16. Define the terms, work function and threshold frequency.

17. Write a short note on the discovery of a neutron.

18. What are n-type and p-type semiconductors? How is a semiconductor junction formed?

SECTION-C
Note: i) Answer any two of the following questions. [8 x 2 = 16M]
ii) Each question carries eight marks.
iii) All are long answer type questions.

19. State the laws of transverse vibrations in stretched strings. Describe and explain the experimental verification of the laws using a sonometer.
Problem:A wire length of 1m and mass 20kg is stretched with a force of 800N. Find its fundamental frequency.

20. Describe a tangent galvanometer with its necessary theory. Compare it with a moving coil galvanometer.

21. Explain the principle and working of a nuclear reactor with the help of a labeled diagram.
Problem:How much ²³5U is consumed in a day in an atomic power house operating at 400MW, provided that whole of the mass of the ²³5U is converted into energy?

Acharya Nagarjuna University M.Sc IV semester syllabus-2010

noreply@blogger.com (kavitha) — Thu, 3 Mar 2011 06:20:00 -0800

M.Sc, (IV Semeter)

Paper-I : ELECTROMAGNTIC THEORY AND MODERN OPTICS

UNIT-I Electromagnetic Theory

Maxwell’s equations –General wave equation-Propagation of light in isotropic dielectric medium – dispersion –Propagation of light in conducting medium –Skin depth –Reflection and refraction at the boundary of a dielectric interface-Fresenel’s equations-Propagation of light in crystals – double refraction.

Electromagnetic Radiation –Retarded Potentials –Radiation from an Oscillating dipole –Linear Antenna –Lienard-Wiechert Potentials.

UNIT-II Lasers

Lasers: Introduction – directionality- brightness- monochromacity- coherence – relation between the coherence of the field and the size of the source – absorption and emission processes - the Einstein coefficients - amplification in a medium- laser pumping Boltzman’s principle and the population of energy levels – attainment of population inversion - two level – three level and four level pumping . Optical feedback: the optical resonator laser power and threshold condition confinement of beam within the resonator – stability condition.

Laser output: Absorption and emission - shape and width of broadening lines – line broadening mechanisms – natural, collision and Doppler broadening.

Types of Lasers: Ruby laser, He-Ne Laser, CO₂ laser, Semiconductor GaAs laser, applications of lasers.

UNIT –III Non linear Optics and Holography

Basic Principles- Harmonic generation – Second harmonic generation- Phase matching –Third Harmonic generation-Optical mixing –Parametric generation of light –Parametric light oscillator-Frequency up conversion-Self focusing of light.

Introduction to Holography-Basic theory of Holography-Recording and reconstruction of Hologram-Diffuse object illumination-Speckle pattern –Fourier transform Holography-Applications of Holography.

UNIT-IV Fiber Optics

Fiber Optics : Introduction – total internal refraction –optical fiber modes and configurations- fiber types – rays and modes- Step index fiber structures – ray optics representation – wave representation – Mode theory for circular wave guides- wave guide equations – wave equations for step indexed fibers – modal equation – modes in step indexed fibers – power flow in step indexed fibers . Graded indexed fiber structure : Structure – Numerical aperture and modes in graded index fibers- Signal degradation in optical fibers – attenuation – losses – absorptive scattering – and radiative – core cladding – Signal distortion in optical wave guides – Information capacity determination – Group delay – Material dispersion – wave guide dispersion – inter modal dispersion – pulse broadening . Preparation of different techniques of optical fibers

Reference Books:

1. Introduction to Electrodynamics , D.J.Griffiths, Prentice-Hall, India

2. Electromagnetics, B.B.Laud, Wiley –Eastern, New Delhi.

3. Modern Optics, Fowels

4. Laser and their applications, M.J.Beesly, Taylor and Francis, 1976.

5. Laser and Non-Linear Optics, B.B.Laud, Wiley Eastern Ltd.,1983.

6. Optics , E.Hecht, Addison Wiley, 1974.

7. Optical fibers communications, Gerel Keiser, McGraw Hill Book, 2000.

NOTE : Question paper contains 5 questions. FOUR questions with internal choice have to be set from each unit. The 5^thquestion has 4 short answers question covering units I to IV and any two be answered.

M.Sc (IV Semester)

Paper-II Molecular and Solid State Spectroscopy

UNIT -I

Molecular States : Molecular Quantum numbers and classification of electronic states. Hund’s coupling cases ‘a’ and ‘b’. Symmetry adapted linear combination (SALC) of atomic orbitals of individual atoms and the resulting molecular orbitals, electronic configuration and ground states of linear molecules H₂ , C₂ , N₂ ,O₂and CO₂ and non-linear molecules H₂CO and H₂O . Symmetry properties of electronic and rotational levels. ( Ch. 6.2, 6.3 )

ROTATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY: Microwave spectrum of a diatomic molecule. Rigid

rotator and non-rigid rotator approximations. The effect of isotopic substitution. Vibrational satellites . Moment of Inertia and bond lengths of diatomic and linear triatomic molecule. Quantum theory and mechanism of Raman scattering. Rotational Raman spectra. Symmetry properties of rotational levels of ¹S states. Influence of nuclear spin and statistical weights on pure rotational Raman spectra of CO₂ , O₂ , H₂, D₂ .(Ch. 1.3, 4.2, 4.4, 4.8)

UNIT-II

VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY: The vibrating-rotating diatomic molecule. Harmonic and anharmonic oscillator energy levels. Evaluation of rotational constants from Infrared spectra .Evaluation of rotational constants from Raman vibration–rotation spectra. Vibrational modes of CO₂ and the influence of nuclear spin on Infrared and Raman vibration-rotation spectrum of CO₂. (Ch. 5.1, 5.2.4)

MOLECULAR VIBRATIONS: C_2v and C_3v Character tables from the properties of irreducible representations. Relationship between reducible and irreducible representations. C_2V character table: Symmetry types of translational, rotational and binary products. Reducible representation, vibrational modes and their activity (allowed and forbidden fundamentals, overtones and combination bands in IR and Raman) of H₂O, NH₃, and formaldehyde molecules.

ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES:

Vibrational analysis of an electronic band system of a diatomic molecule. Progressions and sequences. Deslandres table and vibrational constants. Isotope effect in vibrational spectra and its applications.

Rotational analysis: Selection rules and rotational fine structure of vibronic transistions. The fortrat diagram and the band head. Combination relations and evaluation of rotational constants for bands (¹S - ¹S ) having only P and R branches. Ch. 6.2.

UNIT-III

NMR Theory, Basic Principles, Nuclear spin and Magnetic moment, Relaxation mechanism, spin lattice and spin-spin relaxation(12) times by pulse methods, Bloch’s equations and solutions of Bloch’s equations – Experimental methods, CW NMR Spectrometer.

Electron Spin Resonance – The ESR spectrometer, experimental methods, thermal equilibrium and Relaxation methods, characteristics of g and A values, Unpaired electron, fine structure and Hyperfine structure

UNIT IV

Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy, The fundamental requirements of NQR spectroscopy, General principles, Integral spins and Half Integral Spin., experimental detection of NQR frequencies, block diagram of NQR spectrometer, Experimental methods of SR oscillator, CW oscillator, pulse methods.

Mossbauer spectroscopy: The Mossbauer Effect, Recoil less Emission and Absorption, The Mossbauer spectrometer, Experimental Methods, Chemical shift, Magnetic Hyperfine interactions.

Photo Electron Spectroscopy, its theory, instrumentation and Applications.

Books:

High resolution Spectroscopy (Butterworths) J.M.Hollas.

Molecular spectra and Molecular Structure (van Nostrand) – G.Herzberg

Introduction to atomic spectra – H.E. White(T)

Fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy – C.B.Banwell (T)

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance By E R Andrew, Cambridge University Press 1955

Spectroscopy by B.P. Stranghon and S.Walker Volume 1 John Wiley and Sons Inc.,

New York, 1976

Pulse and Fourier transform NMR by TC farrar and ED Becker, Academic Press 1971

Mossbauer Spectroscopy – M.B. Bhide.

M.Sc,.(IV Semester)

Paper-III Condensed Matter Physics-III

Unit-I

Classification of Materials: Types of materials, Metals, Ceramics (Sand glasses) polymers, composites, semiconductors.

Metals and alloys: Phase diagrams of single component, binary and ternary systems, diffusion, nucleation and growth. Diffusional and diffusionless transformations. Mechanical properties. Metallic glasses. Preparation, structure and properties like electrical, magnetic, thermal and mechanical, applications.

Unit-II

Glasses : The glass transition - theories for the glass transition, Factors that determine the glass-transition temperature. Glass forming systems and ease of glass formation, preparation of glass materials.

Applications of Glasses: Introduction: Electronic applications, Electrochemical applications, optical applications, Magnetic applications.

Unit-III

Biomaterials - Implant materials: Stainless steels and its alloys, Ti and Ti based alloys, Ceramic implant materials; Hydroxyapatite glass ceramics, Carbon Implant materials, Polymeric Implant materials, Soft tissue replacement implants, Sutures, Surgical tapes and adhesives, heart valve implants, Artificial organs, Hard Tissue replacement Implants, Internal Fracture Fixation Devices, Wires, Pins, and Screws, Fracture Plates.

Unit-IV

Liquid Crystals: Mesomorphism of anisotropic systems, Different liquid crystalline phases and phase transitions, Few applications of liquid crystals.

Nanomaterials

Different types of nano crystalline materials: nano crystalline metals, nano crystalline ceramics, Mesoporous materials, Carbon nanotubes, nano-coatings, zeolites, quantum dot lasers, nano structured magnetic materials; Synthesis of nanomaterials: Vacuum synthesis, sputtering, laser ablation, liquid metal ion sources, Gas-Phase synthesis, condensed-phase synthesis Characterization methods: XRD and TEM, Properties of Nanostructure materials, Electrical and mechanical properties Optical properties by IR and Raman spectroscopy. Applications of nanomaterials

Text books

1 Inorganic solids D. M. Adams (John-Wiley)

2 Physics of Amorphous Materials by S.R.Elliott.

3 Phase transformation in metal and alloys, D. A. Porter and K. E. Easterling

4 Fundamental of thermotropic liquid crystals deJen and Vertogen

5 Nanocrystalline materials- H. Gleiter

6 . Biomaterials Science and Engg. J.B. Park

7. Materials Science and Engg. – C. M. Srivastava

M.Sc. Physics (IV Semester)

Paper IV : Condensed Matter-IV

UNIT I

Lattice Dynamics and Optical properties of Solids

Inter atomic forces and lattice dynamics of simple metals, ionic and covalent crystals. Optical phonons and dielectric constants. Inelastic neutron scattering. Anhormonicity, thermal expansion and thermal conductivity. Interaction of electrons and phonons with photons., Direct and indirect transitions.

UNIT II

Crystal growth techniques: Bridgeman-Czochralski-liquid encapsulated czochralski (LEC) growth technique-zone refining and floating zone growth-chemical vapour deposition (CVD)-Molecular beam epitaxy(MOVPE)-vapour phase epitaxy-hydrothermal groth-Growth from melt solutions-Flame fusion method.

UNIT III

Absorption in insulators, Polaritons, One – phonon absorption, optical properties of metals, skin effect and anomalous skin effect. Interaction of electrons with acoustic and optical phonons, polarons.

UNIT IV

Superconductivity: The Meissner effect –- Isotope effect- specific heat-thermal conductivity and manifestation of energy gap. Quantum tunnelling-Cooper pairing due to phonons, BCS theory of superconductivity, Ginzsburg-Landau theory and application to Josephson effect: d-c Josephson effect, a-c Josephson effect, macroscopic quantum interference. Vortices and type I and type II superconductors, applications of superconductivity-high temperature superconductivity (elementary).

Text and Reference Books

Madelung : Introduction to Solid State Theory.

Callaway : Quantum theory of Solid State.

Huang : Theoretical Solid State Physics

Kittel : Quantum theory of Solids

Solid state Physics by Guptha Kumar and Sarma

Solid State Physics S.O.Pillai New Age International

Acharya Nagarjuna University M.Sc III semester syllabus-2010

noreply@blogger.com (kavitha) — Thu, 3 Mar 2011 06:18:00 -0800

M.Sc. PHYSICS (III Semester)

Paper-I NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS

UNIT-I

1. INTRODUCTION :

Objective of studying Nuclear Physics, Nomenclature, nuclear radius, mass & Binding energy, angular momentum, magnetic dipole moment, Electric quadrupole moment, parity and symmetry, domains of instability, Energy levels, mirror nuclei.

2. NUCLEAR FORCES :

Characteristics of Nuclear Forces- Ground state of deuteron, scattering cross-sections, qualitative discussion of neutron-proton and proton- proton scattering at low energies- charge independence, spin dependence and charge symmetry of nuclear forces - exchange forces and tensor forces- Meson theory of nuclear forces( Yukawa’s Potential).

UNIT-II

3.NUCLEAR MODELS:

Weisazacker’s semi-empirical mass formula- mass parabolas- Liquid drop model -Bohr –Wheeler theory of nuclear fission - Nuclear shell model : magic numbers, spin orbit interaction, prediction of angular momenta and parities for ground states, Collective model., More-realistic models

4 NUCLEAR DECAY:

Alpha decay process, Energy release in Beta-decay, Fermi’s theory of

b - decay, selection rules, parity violation in b -decay, Detection and properties of neutrino, energetics of gamma decay, selection rules, angular correlation, Mossbauer effect.

UNIT-III

5. NUCLEAR REACTIONS :

Types of reactions and conservation laws, Nuclear kinematics - the Q – equation, threshold energy- Nuclear cross section

6. NUCLEAR ENERGY

Nuclear fission- energy release in fission- Stability limit against spontaneous fission, Characteristics of fission, delayed neutrons, Nuclear fusion, prospects of continued fusion energy. Four factor formula for controlled fission (nuclear chain reaction)-nuclear reactor- types of reactors.

UNIT-IV

7. ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS:

Classification - Particle interactions and families, symmetries and conservation laws ( energy and momentum, angular momentum, parity, Baryon number, Lepton number, isospin, strangeness quantum number)

Discovery of K-mesons and hyperons ( Gellmann and Nishijima formula) and charm, Elementary ideas of CP and CPT invariance, SU(2), SU(3) multiplets, Quark model.

8.ACCELERATORS:

Electrostatic accelerators, cyclotron accelerators, synchrotrons, linear

accelerators, colliding beam accelerators.

9. APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS:

Trace Element Analysis, Rutherford Back-scattering, Mass spectrometry with accelerators, Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine, Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine.

TEXT BOOKS :

Nuclear Physics by D.C.Tayal, Himalaya publishing Co.,

Introductory Nuclear Physics Kenneth S. Krane

Reference Books:

1. Introduction to Nuclear Physics by Harald A.Enge

2. Concepts of Nuclear Physics by Bernard L.Cohen.

3. Introduction to High Energy physics by D.H. Perkins

4. Introduction to Elementary Particles by D. Griffiths

5. Nuclear Physics by S.B.Patel, Wiley Eastern Ltd.,

6.Fundamentals of Nuclear Physics by B.B. Srivastava , Rastogi Pub,. Meerut.

NOTE : Question paper contains 5 questions. FOUR questions with internal choice have to be set from each unit. The 5^thquestion has 4 short answers question covering units I to IV and any two be answered.

M.Sc., Physics(III Semester)

Paper-II Advanced Quantum Mechanics

Relativistic quantum mechanics:

Unit - I

Klien –Gordan equation –continuity equation (probability and Current density) - Klien –Gordan equation in presence of electromagnetic field – Dirac equation (for a free particle) - probability and Current density – constants of motion - Dirac equation in presence of electromagnetic fields

Unit - II

Hydrogen atom – Covariant notation – Covariance of Dirac equation - Invariance of Dirac equation under Lorenz transformation – Pure rotation and Lorenz transformation. Charge conjugation – Hole theory and Charge conjugation – projection Operators for energy and spin - bilinear covariant – Dirac equation for Zero mass and spin ½ particles.

Filed Quantization:

Unit - III

Introduction for quantization of fields – Concept of field Hamiltonian formulation of classical field – real scalar field Schrodinger field – Dirac field – Maxwell’s field – Quantum equation of the field – quantization of real scalar field and second quantization – Quantization of complex scalar field – Quantization of schrodinger field - quantization of Dirac field.

Unit - III

The Hamiltonian in the radiation field – The interaction term in the semi classical theory of radiation – quantization of radiation field .

Covariant perturbation theory, S-matrix expansion in the interaction picture, Feynman diagrams and Feynman rules for Q.E.D. Thompson scattering, Compton scattering and Miller scattering. A brief introduction to charge and mass renormalization, Bethe’s treatment of Lamb shift.

Books

1. Advanced Quantum Mechanics J. Sakurai

2. Relativistic Quantum Fields. Vols. I & II Bjorken and Drell

3. Quantum Field Theory Mandl

4. Particles and Fields Lurie

5. Quantum Theory of Fields. Vols. I & II Weinberg

M.Sc. Physics (III Semester)

Paper III: Condensed Matter Physics -1

UNIT I

1 Defects: Properties of metallic lattices and simple alloys: The structure of metals –classification of lattice defects. Configurational -entropy –The number of vacancies and interstitial as function of temperature –The formation of lattice defects in metals . Lattice defect in ionic crystals and estimation of concentration of defects in ionic crystals. Edge and screw dislocation The Frank read mechanism of dislocation multiplication.

UNIT-II

Optical Properties:

Optical and thermal electronic excitation in ionic crystals, The ultraviolet spectrum of the alkali halides; excitons, Illustration of electron-hole interaction in single ions, Qualitative discussion of the influence of lattice defects on the electronic levels, Non stoichiometric crystals containing excess metal, The transformation of F centers into F₁ centers and viceversa, Photoconductivity in crystals containing excess metal, The photoelectric effect in alkali halides, Coagulation of F centers and colloids, Color centers resulting from excess halogen, Color centers produced by irradiation with X-rays.

Luminescence General remarks, Excitation and emission , Decay mechanisms, Thallium-activated alkali halids, The sulfide phosphors, Electroluminescence.

UNIT-III

Lattice Vibrations and Thermal Properties

Elastic waves in one dimensional array of identical atoms. Vibrational modes of a diatomic linear lattice and dispersion relations. Acoustic and optical modes. Infrared absorption in ionic crystals. Phonons and verification of dispersion relation in crystal lattices.

Lattice heat capacity – Einstein and Debye theories. Lattice thermal conductivity- Phonon mean free path . Origin of thermal expansion and Gruneisen relation.

UNIT IV: Magnetic Properties of Solids

Quantum theory of Para magnetism, Crystal Field Splitting, Quenching of the orbital Angular Momentum Ferromagnetism Curie point and the Exchange integral, Saturation Magnetization at Absolute Zero, Magnons, Bloch’s T^3/2 law. Ferromagnetic Domains. Antiferromagnetism The two-sublattice model, Superexchage interaction Ferrimagnetism The structure of ferrites, The saturation magnetization, Elements of Neel’s theory.

(Solid State Physics by C.Kittel Chapters 14 and 15)

Text and Reference Books

1. Madelng : Introduction to Solid State theory

2. Callaway: Quantum theory of solid state

3. A.J.Dekker: Solid state physics

4. C.Kittel :Solid State Physics

5. Solid State Physics S.O.Pillai New Age International

M.Sc. Physics (III Semester)

Paper IV: Condensed Matter Physics -II

UNIT- I Elements of group theory

Introduction to crystallographic point groups, the five platonic solids, procedure for symmetry classification of molecules, class , matrix notation for geometrical transformations, matrix representation of point groups , reducible and irreducible representations, great orthoganality theorem and its consequences, Character tables for C_2V and C_3V point groups, Mullikan symbolism, Symmetry species.

Unit II: Elements of Ligand field theory Electronic spectra

Concept of ligand field and crystal field. Free ion configurations- terms and states. Derivation of free ion terms for d¹ and d² configuration. Energy ordering of terms- Hund’s rules. Strength of crystal fields, Crystal field potentials for O_h and T_d fields. Meaning of Dq. Construction of ligand field energy level diagrams- effect of weak crystal fields on terms. Splitting due to lower symmetries Electronic spectra of d¹ and d⁹ systems.T-S Diagrams

Electrical Properties of Solids

Unit-III Dielectrics

Macroscopic description of the static dielectric constant , The static electronic and ionic polarizabilities of molecules , Orientational Polarization, The static dielectric constant of gases. The internal field according to Lorentz, The static dielectric constant of solids, Clasius -Mosetti equation The complex dielectric constant and dielectric losses, Dielectric losses and relaxation time, Cole-Cole diagrams.The classical theory of electronic polarization and optical absorbtion.

Unit IV Ferroelectrics

General properties of ferroelectric materials. Classification and properties of representative ferroelectrics, the dipole theory of ferroelectricity, objections against the dipole theory, Ionic displacements and the behaviour of BaTiO₃ above the curie temperature, the theory of spontaneous polarization of BaTiO₃ . Thermodynamics of ferroelectric transitions, Ferroelectric domains.

Text Books:

1. Chemical applications of group theory – F.A. Cotton

2. Spectroscopy of molecules - Veera Reddy

3. Solid State Physics by A.J.Dekker (Macmillan)

4. Solid State Physics by C.Kittel

Acharya Nagarjuna University M.Sc II semester syllabus-2010

noreply@blogger.com (kavitha) — Thu, 3 Mar 2011 06:13:00 -0800

M.Sc. Physics ( II Semester)

Paper-I QUANTUM MECHANICS-II PHY 2.1

UNIT-I

Spin and Total angular momentum;

Spin angular momentum and Paulis spin matrices

Total angular momentum J. Explicit matrices for J²,J_x,J_y & J_z.Combination of two angular moment and tensor operator: Clebsch-Gordon coefficients for j₁=1/2 , j₂ =1/2 and j₁=1 , j₂ =1/2 Wigner-Eckart theorem.

UNIT-II

Quantum Dynamics and identical particles

Equation of motion in Schrödinger’s picture and Heisenberg’s picture, correspondence between the two. Correspondence with classical mechanics. Application of Heisenberg’s picture to Harmonic oscillator. The indistinguishability of identical particles – The state vector space for a system of identical particles – Creation and annihilation operators- continuous one particle system- Dynamical variables – the Quantum dynamics of identical particle systems

UNIT-III

Scattering Theory

Introduction of scattering – notion of cross section – scattering of a wave packet- scattering in continuous stream model – Green’s function in scattering theory – Born’s approximation – first order approximation – criteria for the validity of Born’s approximation . Form factor- scattering from a square well potential – partial wave analysis – Expansion of a plane wave – optimal theorem – calculation of phase shifts – low energy limit – energy dependence of b_e - scattering from a square well potential.

UNIT-IV

Molecular Quantum Mechanics

The Born-Openheimer Approximation – The hydrogen molecule ion the Hydrogen molecule – The valance bond method – The molecular orbital method- Comparison of the methods – Heitler-London method.( Ref : Atkins, Chapter-9, 279-294).

Text books

Merzbecher, Quantum Mechanics

L I Schiff, Quantum Mechanics (Mc Graw-Hill)

B Craseman and J D Powell, Quantum Mechanics (Addison Wesley)

A P Messiah, Quantum Mechanics

J J Sakural, Modem Quantum Mechanics

Mathews and Venkatesan Quantum Mechanics

Quantum Mechanics” by R.D. Ratna Raju

Quantum mechanics by Kakani and Chandalia

M.Sc. Physics ( II Semester)

Paper II : Statistical Mechanics PHY 2.2

Classical Statistical Mechanics

UNIT I

Foundations of statistical mechanics; specification of states of a system,

contact between statistics and thermodynamics, Postulate of classical stastical mechanics- phase space, trajectories - Ensembles-micro canonical,canonical and grand canonical - Density of states - Liouville’s theorem -equi-partition theorem- Classical ideal gas: entropy of ideal gas in micro canonical ensemble- Gibb’s paradox.

UNIT-II

2.Canonical ensemble - ensemble density- partition function - Energy fluctuations in canonical ensemble -Grand canonical ensemble- Density fluctuations in the Grand canonical ensemble- Equivalence between the canonical ensemble and Grand canonical ensemble.

Quantum statistical mechanics

UNIT III

3. Postulates of quantum statistical mechanics-Density matrix- Ensembles in quantum statistics- statistics of indistinguishable particles, Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein and Fermi- Dirac statistics - Thermodynamic properties of ideal gases on the basis of micro canonical and grand canonical ensemble. The Partition function: Derivation of canonical ensemble using Darwin and Fowler method.

UNIT IV

4.Ideal Fermi gas : Equation of state of an ideal Fermi gas, theory of

White dwarf stars, Landau diamagnetism.

Ideal Bose gas : Photons – Phonons - Bose Einstein condensation- Random walk- Brownian motion

Text and Reference Books:

Statistical and Thermal Physics by S. Lokanadham and R.S.Gambhir ( PHI).

Statistical Mechanics by K. Huang ( Wiley Eastern )

Statistical Mechanics: Theory and applications by S.K. Sinha

Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics by F. Reif

Statistical Mechanics by Gupta and Kumar, Pragathi Prakashan Pub. Meerut.

M.Sc. Physics ( II Semester)

Paper-III:COMPUTATIONAL METHODS AND PROGRAMMING PHY 2.3

UNIT-I

a) Fundamentals of C Language:

C character set-Identifiers and Keywords-Constants-Variables-Data types-Declarations of variables –Declaration of storage class-Defining symbolic constants –Assignment statement.

Operators: Arithmetic operators-Relational Operators-Logic Operators-Assignment operators- Increment and decrement operators –Conditional operators.

b) Expressions and I/O Statements:

Arithmetic expressions –Precedence of arithmetic operators-Type converters in expressions –Mathematical (Library ) functions –Data input and output-The getchar and putchar functions –Scanf – Printf-Simple programs.

UNIT –II

a) Control statements and arrays:

If-Else statements –Switch statements-The operators –GO TO –While, Do-While, FOR statements-BREAK and CONTINUE statements.

b) Arrays

One dimensional and two dimensional arrays –Initialization –Type declaration-Inputting and outputting of data for arrays –Programs of matrices addition, subtraction and multiplication

c)User Define functions

The form of C functions –Return values and their types –Calling a function – Category of functions. Nesting of functions. Recursion. ANSI C functions-Function declaration. Scope and life time of variables in functions.

UNIT-III

Linear and Non –linear equations:

Solution of Algebra and transcendental equations-Bisection, Falsi position and Newton-Rhapson methods-Basic principles-Formulae-algorithms

(b) Simultaneous equations:

Solutions of simultaneous linear equations-Guass elimination and Gauss

Seidel iterative methods-Basic principles- Formulae-Algorithms

UNIT-IV

(a) Interpolations:

Concept of linear interpolation-Finite differences-Newton’s and Lagrange’s interpolation formulae-principles and Algorithms

(b) Numerical differentiation and integration:

Numerical differentiation-algorithm for evaluation of first order derivatives using formulae based on Taylor’s series-Numerical integration-Trapezoidal and Simpson’s 1/3 rule-Formulae-Algorithms

Reference: 1.Programming with ‘C’ – Byron Gottfried. Tata McGraw Hill

2.Programming In ‘C’ – Balaguruswamy, Tata McGraw Hill

3.Numerical Methods, E. Balaguruswamy, Tata McGraw Hill

4.Computer oriented numerical methods-Rajaraman

M.Sc. Physics ( II Semester)

Paper-IV SOLID STATE PHYSICS (General) PHY 2.4

UNIT I

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE:

Periodic array of atoms—Lattice translation vectors and lattices, symmetry operations, The Basis and the Crystal Structure, Primitive Lattice cell, Fundamental types of lattices—Two Dimensional lattice types, three Dimensional lattice types, Index system for crystal planes, simple crystal structures-- sodium chloride, cesium chloride and diamond structures.

UNIT II

CRYSTAL DIFFRACTION AND RECIPROCAL LATTICE:

Bragg’s law, Experimental diffraction methods-- Laue method and powder method, Derivation of scattered wave amplitude, indexing pattern of cubic crystals and non-cubic crystals (analytical methods). Geometrical StructureFactor, Determination of number of atoms in a cell and position of atoms. Reciprocal lattice, Brillouin Zone, Reciprocal lattice to bcc and fcc Lattices.

UNIT III

FREE ELECTRON FERMI GAS:

Energy levels and density of orbitals in one dimension, Free electron gas in 3 dimensions, Heat capacity of the electron gas, Experimental heat capacity of metals, Motion in Magnetic Fields- Hall effect, Ratio of thermal to electrical conductivity.

FERMI SURFACES OF METALS:

Reduced zone scheme, Periodic Zone schemes, Construction of Fermi surfaces, Electron orbits, hole orbits and open orbits, Experimental methods in Fermi surface studies-- Quantization of orbits in a magnetic field, De-Hass-van Alphen Effect, extremal orbits, Fermi surface of Copper.

UNIT IV

THE BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS:

Nearly free electron model, Origin of the energy gap, The Block Theorem, Kronig-Penny Model, wave equation of electron in a periodic potential, Crystal momentum of an electron-Approximate solution near a zone boundary, Number of orbitals in a band--metals and isolators. The distinction between metals, insulators and semiconductors

TEXT BOOKS:

1.Introdcution to Solid State Physics, C.Kittel, 5^th edition,

2.Solid State Physics, A.J.DEKKER.

Acharya Nagarjuna University M.Sc I semester syllabus-2010

noreply@blogger.com (kavitha) — Thu, 3 Mar 2011 06:08:00 -0800

M.Sc. Physics (I Semester)

Paper I : MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS PHY 1.1

Unit-I

Special Functions: : Solution by series expansion: Legendre, Associated Legendre, Bessel, Hermite and Lagaurre equations: physical applications: Generating functions: orthogonality properties and recursion relations.

Unit-II

Integral Transforms, Laplace transform; first and second shifting theorems: Inverse LT by partial fractions; LT of derivative and integral of a function; Fourier series; Fourier series of arbitrary period; Half-wave expansions; Partial sums; Fourier n integral and transformations; FT of delta function.

Unit-III

Complex Variables: Complex, Algebra, Cauchy – Riemann Conditions, Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula, Taylor’s Series, Laurent’s expansion, Singularities, Calculus of Residues, Cauchy’s Residue theorem, Evaluation of Residues , Evaluation of contour integrals.

Unit-IV

Tensor Analysis: Introduction, Transformation of Co-ordinates, Contravariant, Covariant and Mixed tensors, Addition and multiplication of tensors, contraction and Quotient Law. The line element, fundamental tensors.

Text and reference books:

1. Mathematical Methods for Physics. By G.Arfken

2. Laplace and Fourier Transforms”-by Goyal and Gupta. Pragati Prakashan Meerut

3. Matrices and Tensors for Physicists by A W.Joshi

4. Mathematical Physics “ by B.D.Gupta. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi

5. Complex Variables “ Schaum Series”

6. Vector and Tensor Analysis “Schaum Series”

M.Sc. Physics ( I Semester)

Paper II: CLASSICAL MECHANICS PHY 1.2

Unit-I

1. Mechanics of a particle. Mechanics of a system of particles, constraints, D’Alembert’s principle and Lagrange’s equations, Velocity Dependent potentials and the Dissipation function Simple applications of the Lagrangian Formulation

2. Hamilton’s principle, some techniques of the calculus of variations. .Derivation of Lagrange’s equations from Hamilton’s principle. Conservation theorems and symmetry properties, Energy function and the conservation of Energy

Unit-II

3. Reduction to the equivalent one body problem. The equation of motion and first Integrals, The equivalent One – Dimensional problem and classification of orbits, The differential equation for the orbit, and Integrable power –law potentials, Conditions for closed orbits (Bertrand’s theorem), The Kepler problem inverse square law of force , The motion in time in the Kepler problem, Scattering in a central force field..

4. Legendre transformations and Hamilton’s equations of motion. Cyclic Coordinates and conservation theorems, Derivation of Hamilton’s equation of motion from variational principle, Principle of Least Action.

Unit-III

5. Equations of canonical transformation, Examples of Canonical transformations, The harmonic Oscillator, Poisson brackets and other Canonical invariants, Equations of motion, Infinitesimal canonical transformations, and conservation theorems in the poisson bracket formulation, the angular momentum poisson bracket relations.

6. Hamilton – Jacobi equation of Hamilton’s principal function, The Harmonic oscillator problem as an example of the Hamilton – Jacobi Method, Hamilton –Jacobi equation for Hamilton’s characteristic function. Action – angle variables in systems of one degree of freedom.

Unit-IV

7. Independent coordinates of rigid body. , The Euler angles, Euler’s theorem on the Motion of a rigid body, Infinitesimal rotations, Rate of change of a vector, The Coriolis Effect.

8. The Inertia tensor and the moment of inertia, The Eigenvalues of the inertia tensor and the principal axis transformation, Solving rigid body problems and Euler equations of motion, Torque – free motion of a rigid body

9. The Eigenvalue equation and the principal axis transformation, Frequencies of free vibration, and normal coordinates, Free vibrations of a linear triatomic molecule

TEXT BOOKS :“ Classical Mechanics “ by H.Goldstein (Addison-Wleley, 1^st & 2^nd ed)

REFERENCE :“Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems” by J.B.Marion.

M.Sc. Physics ( I Semester)

Paper III : QUANTUM MECHANICS I PHY 1.3

Unit-I

Why QM? Revision; Inadequacy of classical mechanics; Schrodinger equation; continuity equation; Ehrenfest theorem; admissible wave functions; Stationary states. One-dimensional problems, wells and barriers. Harmonic oscillator by Schrodinger equation.

Linear Vector Spaces in Quantum Mechanics: Vectors and operators, change of basis, Dirac’s bra and ket notations. Eigen value problem for operators. The continuous spectrum. Application to wave mechanics in one dimension. Hermitian, unitary, projection operators. Positive operators. Change of orthonormal basis. Orthogonalization procedure.

Unit-II

Angular momentum: commutation relations for angular momentum operator. , Angular Momentum in spherical polar coordinates, Eigen value problem for L^z and L_z,L ₊and L_ operators Eigen values and eigen functions of Rigid rotator and Hydrogen atom

Unit III

Time-independent perturbation theory; Non-degenerate and degenerate cases; applications to a)normal helium atom b) Stark effect in Hydrogen atom. Variation method. Application to ground state of Helium atom. WKB method.

Unit IV

Time dependent perturbation : General perturbations, variation of constants, transition into closely spaced levels –Fermi’s Golden rule. Einstein transition probabilities, Interaction of an atom with the electro magnetic radiation. Sudden and adiabatic approximation.

TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS

Merzbecher, Quantum Mechanics

L I Schiff, Quantum Mechanics (Mc Graw-Hill)

B Craseman and J D Powell, Quantum Mechanics (Addison Wesley)

A P Messiah, Quantum Mechanics

J J Sakural, Modem Quantum Mechanics

Mathews and Venkatesan Quantum Mechanics

Quantum Mechanics” by R.D. Ratna Raju

M.Sc. Physics (I Semester)

Paper IV : ELECTRONICS (General) PHY 1.4

UNIT I

Operational Amplifiers

Differential Amplifier –circuit configurations - dual input, balanced output differential amplifier – DC analysis – Ac analysis, inverting and non inverting inputs CMRR - constant current bias level translator .

Block diagram of a typical Op-Amp-analysis. Open loop configuration inverting and non-inverting amplifiers. Op-amp with negative feedback- voltage series feedback – effect of feedback on closed loop gain input resistance output resistance bandwidth and output offset voltage- voltage follower.

UNIT-II

Practical Op-amps

Input offset voltage- input bias current-input offset current, total output offset voltage, CMRR frequency response.

DC and AC amplifier- summing, scaling and averaging amplifiers, instrumentation amplifier, integrator and differentiator.

Oscillators principles – oscillator types – frequency stability – response – The phase shift oscillator, Wein bridge oscillator – LC tunable oscillators – Multivibrators- Monostable and astable –comparators – square wave and triangular wave generators.

Voltage regulators – fixed regulators – adjustable voltage regulators switching regulators.

UNIT III

Communication Electronics

Amplitude modulation – Generation jof AM waves – Demodulation of AM waves – DSBSC modulation. Generation of DSBSC wages., coherent detection of DSBSC waves, SSB modulation, Generation and detection of SSB waves. Vestigial side band modulation, Frequency division multiplexing (FDM).

Digital Electronics

Combinational Logic- Decoder- encoders- Multiplexer(data selectors)-application of multiplexer - De multiplexer( data distributors) –

Sequential Logic- Flip-Flops: A 1 bit memory – the R-S Flip – Flop, JK Flip-Flop – JK master slave Flip-Flops – T- Flip – Flop – D Flip – Flop – Shift registers – synchronous and asynchronous counters – cascade counters.

UNIT IV

Microprocessors

Introduction to microcomputers – memory – input/output –interfacing devices

8085 CPU -Architecture – BUS timings – Demultiplexing the address bus – generating control signals – instruction set – addressing modes – illustrative programmes – writing assembly language programmes –looping, counting and indexing – counters and timing delays – stack and subroutine.

Introduction to micro controllers-8051 micro controllers-architecture & pin description-Parallel I/O ports – memory organization.

Text and Reference Books

Electronic devices and circuit theory by Robert Boylested and Louis Nashlsky PHI 1991

Op-Amps & Linear integrated circuits by Ramakanth A.Gayakwad PHI 1991

Semi Conductor Electronics by A.K.Sharma New Age International Publishers.

Fundamentals of Digital Circuits by A.Ananda Kumar,PHI,New Delhi.

Digital principles and applications by A.P.Malvino and Donald P.Leech TMH 1993

Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications with 8085/8086 by Ramesh S.Gaonkar, Wiely-Eastern 1987.

Micro Controllers: Theory and Applications by Ajay V. Deshmukh,Tata Mc Graw- Hill.New Delhi, 2005

Electronics-anlog and digital – Nagarath PHI

Inter second year physics model paper-2011(telugu)

noreply@blogger.com (kavitha) — Sun, 20 Feb 2011 06:39:00 -0800

SECTION-A

Answer ALL the questions 10 X 2 = 20M

1. దండాయస్కాంతం అయస్కాంత బ్రామకంను నిర్వచించండి. దాని దిశ ఏది?

2. స్థిర విద్యుత్ శాస్త్ర౦లో గాస్ నియమ౦ను తెలప౦డి?

3. వి.చా.బ మరియు పోటెన్షియల్ తేడాల మధ్య భేదాలు వ్రాయండి.

4. ఘటాల సమా౦తర స౦ధాన౦ ఎప్పుడు ఎక్కువ ప్రయోజన౦? ఎ౦దువల్ల?

5. పరివర్తక నిష్పత్తి అంటే ఏమిటి? బెడ్ ల్యాంప్ లో ఏ రకం పరివర్తకాన్ని ఉపయోగిస్తారు?

6. చుట్ల సంఖ్య 1000 ఉన్న తీగచుట్ట ప్రేరకత 0.5Wb. దానిలో 2A విద్యుత్ ప్రవహిస్తున్నప్పుడు దానిలోని అభివాహబంధనం లెక్కకట్టండి?

7. కాంతి విద్యుత్ ఘటం యొక్క ఏవైన రెండు ఉపయోగాలను వ్రాయండి.

8. n-p-n మరియు p-n-p ట్రాన్సిస్టర్ల స౦కేతాలను గీయ౦డి.

9. p-రకం అర్ధవాహకంలోని అధిక, అల్ప సంఖ్యాక ఆవేశ వాహకాలేవి?

10. మాడ్యులేషన్ ను నిర్వచి౦చ౦డి. ఇది ఎ౦దుకు అవసర౦?

SECTION-B

Answer any SIX questions 6 X 4 = 24M

11. దృశాత౦తువు నిర్మాణ౦, పనిచేయు విధానమును వివరి౦చ౦డి? వాటి ఉపయోగాలు రాయ౦డి.

12. వివర్తనం యొక్క ఏవైన నాలుగు అనువర్తనాలను తెలపండి

13. ఏకరీతి అయస్కా౦త క్షేత్ర౦లో ఉన్న ద౦డాయస్కా౦త౦పై పనిచేసే బలయుగ్మానికి సమీకరణాన్ని ఉత్పాది౦చ౦డి. దాని ను౦డి అయస్కా౦త భ్రామక౦ నిర్వచనాన్ని రాబట్ట౦డి.

14. ఒక కెపాసిటర్ లొ నిల్వ ఉ౦డే శక్తికి సమీకరణ౦ ఉత్పాది౦చ౦డి. పలకల మద్య ఒక రోధకాన్ని ప్రవేశపెట్టినప్పుడు ఈ శక్తి ఎట్లా మారుతు౦ది?

15. వీట్ స్టన్ బ్రిడ్జి స౦తులన నియమాన్ని రాబట్ట౦డి.

16. సీబెక్ ప్రభావ౦ అ౦టే ఏమిటి? వేడి స౦ధి ఉష్ణోగ్రతకు, ఉష్ణ విచాబకు మధ్య గల స౦బ౦ధాన్ని చక్కగా గ్రాఫ్ సహాయ౦తో వివరి౦చ౦డి

17. మోస్లీ నియమ౦ అ౦టే ఏమిటి? దాని ప్రాముఖ్య౦ తెలప౦డి.

18. ఏకధిక్కరణం అంటే ఏమిటి? ఒక పూర్ణ తరంగ ఏకధిక్కరణి పనిచేసే విధానాన్ని వర్ణించండి.

SECTION-C

Answer any TWO questions 2 X 8 = 16M

19. సాగదీసిన తీగపై తిర్యక్ క౦పనాల సూత్రాలను రాయ౦డి. సోనామీటరును ఉపయోగి౦చి వాటిని ప్రయోగాత్మక౦గా ఎలా రుజువు చేస్తారో వివరి౦చ౦డి. సాగదీసిన తీగ మూడు ఉచ్చుల్లో క౦పి౦చేటప్పుడు ఎన్ని అస్ప౦దనాలు, ఎన్ని ప్రస్ప౦దనాలు ఏర్పపడతాయి?

20. కదిలే తీగచుట్ట గాల్వనామీటరు నిర్మాణ౦, పనిచేసే విధాన౦ను వివరి౦చ౦డి. ఒక కదిలే తీగచుట్ట గాల్వనామీటరులో తీగచుట్ట వైశాల్య౦ 4cm². తీగచుట్ల స౦ఖ్య 500. అయస్కా౦త ప్రేరణ తీవ్రత 2T, తీగచుట్టలో విద్యుత్ ప్రవాహ౦ 10^-4 A ఉన్నప్పుడు , అపవర్తన౦ 20⁰అయితే ఏకా౦కపురిలో ఏర్పడే బలయుగ్మ౦ కనుక్కొ౦డి.

21. పట౦ సహయ౦తో న్యూక్లియర్ రియాక్టర్ యొక్క సూత్ర౦ మరియు పనిచేసే విధానాలను విశదీకరి౦చ౦డి. దీని ఉపయోగాలు రాయ౦డి.. ఒక కే౦ద్రక౦ విచ్ఛిత్తికి లోనైనపుడు 200Mev శక్తి విడుదలై౦ది. 1 మెగావాట్ సామర్థ్యాన్ని ఉత్పత్తి చేయడానికి ఒక సెకనుకు అవసరమయ్యే కే౦ద్రక విచ్ఛిత్తుల స౦ఖ్యను గణి౦చ౦డి.

Inter first year physics model paper-2011(telugu)

noreply@blogger.com (kavitha) — Sun, 20 Feb 2011 06:38:00 -0800

SECTION-A

Answer ALL the questions 10 X 2 = 20M

1. పోడవు, ద్రవ్యరాశి, కాలం ప్రమాణాలను రెట్టింపు చేస్తే శక్తి ప్రమాణం ఏమవుతుంది?

2. బల౦ F = 3i + 4j + 5k మరియు స్థానభ్ర౦శ౦ S = 6i + 2j + 5k, బల౦ చేసిన పని కనుక్కో౦డి?

3. ప్రత్యావస్థాన గుణకాన్ని నిర్వచించి దాని ప్రాయోగిక విలువలను పేర్కోనండి.

4. వస్తువు (i) క్షితిజ సమాంతర తలంపై (ii) వాలుతలంపై ఉన్నప్పుడు దానిపై పనిచేసే అభిలంబ ప్రతిచర్య ఏమిటి?

5. రబ్బరు క౦టే స్టీలు స్థితిస్థాపకత ఎక్కువ. వివరి౦చ౦డి?

6. తలతన్యతను నిర్వచించండి. దాని మితిఫార్ములా వ్రాయండి.

7. బెర్నూలీ సిద్దా౦తము తెలిపి ఎటువ౦టి ద్రవాలకు బెర్నూలీ సిద్ధా౦త౦ను అనువర్తి౦చవచ్చును?

8. రె౦డు రైలు పట్టాల మధ్య కొ౦త ఖాళీ ప్రదేశాన్ని వదులుతారు. ఎ౦దువల్ల?

9. నీటి అస౦గత వ్యాకొచ౦ యొక్క ప్రాముఖ్యతను రాయ౦డి?

10. ఉష్ణగతిక శాస్త్ర శూన్యాంక నియమాన్ని తెలుపుము. దాని ప్రాముఖ్యత ఏమిటి?

SECTION-B

Answer any SIX questions 6 X 4 = 24M

11. సమాంతర చతుర్భుజ నియమం అంటే ఏమిటి? సమాంతర చతుర్భుజ నియమంలో ఫలిత సదిశ పరిమాణంకు సమీకరణం రాబట్టండి.

12. క్షితిజ సమాంతరంతో కొంత కోణంలో ప్రక్షిప్తం చేసిన వస్తువు పథం పరావలయం అని చూపండి.

13. 1kg, 2kg, 3kg మరియు 4kg ద్రవ్యరాశులు గల వ్యవస్థ (0,0), (1,0), (1,1) మరియు (0,1) నిరూపకాల వద్ద ఉంటే ఆ వస్తువు యొక్క ద్రవ్యరాశి కేంద్రం కనుక్కోండి?

14. లాన్ రోలరును నెట్టడ౦ క౦టే లాగడ౦ తేలిక, ఎ౦దుకో వివరి౦చ౦డి.

15. ల౦బాక్ష సిద్దా౦తాన్ని తెలిపి నిరూపి౦చ౦డి?

16. పలాయన వేగం అంటే ఏమిటి? దాని సమీకరణం రాబట్టండి.

17. C_P – C_V = R అని చూప౦డి?.

18. కిర్ఖాఫ్ వికిరణ నియమాన్ని వివరి౦చి అనువర్తనాలను తెలప౦డి?

SECTION-C

Answer any TWO questions 2 X 8 = 16M

19. శక్తి నిత్యత్వ నియమాన్ని తెలిపి స్వేచ్చగా కి౦దికి పడే వస్తువు విషయ౦లో దీనిని నిరూపి౦చ౦డి?

ఒక మరతపాకి నిమిషానికి 240 బుల్లెట్లు 500m/sec వేగంతో పేలుస్తుంది. ప్రతి బుల్లెట్ ద్రవ్యరాశి 5X10^-²kg, తుపాకి సామర్ధ్యాన్ని కనుక్కోండి

20. సరళ హరాత్మక చలన౦ నిర్వచి౦చ౦డి. సరళ హరాత్మక చలన౦లో ఉన్న కణ౦ యొక్క ఆవర్తన కాలమునకు సమీకరణాన్ని రాబట్ట౦డి. ఒక సరళ హరాత్మక చలనంలో ఉన్న కణం స్థానభ్రంశం X = 4cos (3πt + π/6), అయితే దాని డోలన పరిమితి మరియు పౌనఃపున్యంను కనుక్కోండి.

21. ద్రవ దృశ్య వ్యాకోచ గుణక౦ను నిర్వచి౦చ౦డి. ద్రవ దృశ్య వ్యాకోచ గుణక౦ను నిర్ధారి౦చ౦డానికి సా౦ద్రత బుడ్డి ప్రయోగాన్ని వివరి౦చ౦డి. ఒక ఖాళీ సాంద్రత బుడ్డి ద్రవ్యరాశి 45gm. ఆ బుడ్డిని 20⁰C వద్ద ఉన్నద్రవంతో నింపినప్పుడు సాంద్రత బుడ్డి ద్రవ్యరాశి 50gm. దానిని 120⁰C వరకు వేడిచేసినప్పుడు సాంద్రత బుడ్డి ద్రవ్యరాశి 45.5gm. ద్రవం దృశ్య వ్యాకోచ గుణకాన్ని రాబట్టండి?

Inter second year physics model paper-2011

noreply@blogger.com (kavitha) — Sun, 20 Feb 2011 06:36:00 -0800

SECTION-A

Answer ALL the questions 10 X 2 = 20M

1. Define the magnetic moment of a bar magnet. What is its direction?

2. State Gauss’s law in electrostatics.

3. Write two differences between emf and potential difference.

4. When is the parallel combination of cells advantageous and why?

5. What is transformer ratio? What type of transformer is used in a bed lamp?

6. A current of 2A is passed through a coil of 1000 turns to produce a flux of 0.5Wb. Calculate the self inductance of the coil?

7. Write any two uses of photo cell.

8. Draw the circuit symbols of p-n-p and n-p-n transistor.

9. What are the majority and minority charge carriers in a p-type semiconductor?

10. Define modulation. Why it is necessary?

SECTION-B

Answer any SIX questions 6 X 4 = 24M

11. Describe the construction and working of an optical fiber. State its uses.

12. Write any four applications of diffraction.

13. Derive the equation for the couple acting of a bar magnet in a uniform magnetic field and deduce the definition of magnetic moment.

14. Derive the expression for the energy stored in a capacitor. If a dielectric is introduced between plates how energy will change?

15. Derive the balancing condition of a Wheatstone bridge.

16. What is Seebeck effect? Explain how thermo emf varies with temperature in a thermocouple.

17. What is Moseley’s law? Discuss briefly its importance.

18. What is rectifier? Explain the working of Full wave rectifier.

SECTION-C

Answer any TWO questions 2 X 8 = 16M

19. State transverse laws. Explain verification of them by using Sonometer. When string vibrates in three segments how many nodes and antinodes are formed?

20. Explain construction and working of Moving Coil Galvanometer.

The coil in a moving coil galvanometer has an area 4cm², and 500 turns. The intensity of magnetic induction is 2T. When a current of 10^-4A is passed through it, the deflection is 20°. Find the couple per unit twist?

21. Explain construction and working of nuclear reactor. 200MeV energy is released when one nucleus undergoes fission. Find the number of fissions per second required for to produce a power of 1megawatt?

Inter first year physics model paper-2011

noreply@blogger.com (kavitha) — Sun, 20 Feb 2011 06:34:00 -0800

SECTION-A

Answer ALL the questions 10 X 2 = 20M

1. If the units of mass, length and time are doubled, what happens to unit of energy?

2. F = 3i + 4j + 5k and S = 6i + 2j + 5k, then find the work done?

3. Define coefficient of restitution. What are its practical values?

4. What is the normal reaction of the body when it is at rest on

(i) a horizontal surface and (ii) an inclined surface?

5. Is steel more elastic or less elastic than rubber? Why?

6. Define surface tension. Give its dimensional formula.

7. State Bernoulli’s theorem. For which type of fluids Bernoulli’s theorem is applicable?

8. Why a gap should be left between the two successive rails?

9. Explain anomalous expansion of water.

10. State Zeroth law of thermodynamics. What is its significance?

SECTION-B

Answer any SIX questions 6 X 4 = 24M

11. Define parallelogram law of vectors and derive an equation for the magnitude of resultant vector.

12. Show that the trajectory of an object thrown at certain angle with the horizontal is parabola.

13. Find the centre of mass of a system of masses 1kg, 2kg, 3kg and 4kg located at the points (0,0), (1,0), (1,1) and (0,1).

14. Pulling a lawn roller is easier than pushing. Explain?

15. State and prove the perpendicular axes theorem of moment of inertia.

16. Define escape velocity and derive the equation.

17. Show that C_P – C_V = R.

18. State Kirchhoff’s law. Mention the applications of Kirchhoff’s law.

SECTION-C

Answer any TWO questions 2 X 8 = 16M

19. State the law of conservation of energy and prove it in the case of a freely falling body with neat diagram.

A machine gun fires 240 bullets per minute with a velocity of 500m/sec. if the mass of the bullet is 5X10^-2kg, find the power of machine gun.

20. What is Simple Harmonic Motion? Derive an equation for the Time Period of a simple pendulum. The displacement of a body in simple harmonic motion is X = 4cos (3πt + π/6). Find the amplitude, frequency of the body.

21. Define apparent expansion of liquid. Determine the coefficient of apparent expansion of a liquid using specific gravity bottle. The mass of the specific gravity bottle is 50gm when it is filled with liquid at 20⁰C. Mass of the bottle is 45.5gm when it is heated to 120⁰C. The mass of the bottle is 45gm.Find the apparent expansion of the liquid.

Physical optics

noreply@blogger.com (kavitha) — Tue, 16 Nov 2010 09:04:00 -0800

Physical Optics

Polarization by Reflection:

Molus found that when an un-polarized light is incident on a surface of the transparent medium with polarizing angle then the reflected ray is completely plane polarized.

When an un-polarized light AB is incident on a glass surface with polarizing angle then the reflected light BC is completely plane polarized, which contains only dot components and the refracted ray BD is partially polarized, which contains both dot and arrow components. The polarizing angle depends upon the material of the reflecting surface. For ordinary glass the polarizing angle is 57.5°. If µ is the refractive index of reflecting surface and i_p is the polarizing angle then according to Brewster’s law

µ = Tan ip

Polarization of Refraction:

When an un-polarized light is incident on a surface of the transparent medium with polarizing angle then some part of light is reflected and some part is refracted. The refracted light is partially polarized and contains entire arrow components and few dot components.

When we use a pile of glass plates (number of glass plates arranged parallel to each other) the refracted light can be filtered in such a way that entire dot components are eliminated by successive reflections and only arrow components are transmitted as the light is refracted through them.

When an un-polarized light is incident on a surface of the first plate with polarizing angle then some of the light rays having dot components are reflected and the rest are transmitted to the second plate by refraction. The second plate again reflects the some more dot components and allows the rest. The process continuous through the successive glass plates and the out coming beam will be free of dot components and contains only the arrow components. Thus plane polarized light can be produced by refraction.

Polarization by Double Refraction:

When a ray of light is incident on the calcite crystal, the ray is split into two refracted rays as it enters the crystal. This phenomenon is called double refraction. This phenomenon of double refraction can be illustrated with the simple experiment. When a calcite crystal is placed on an ink dot made on a white paper and viewed through the calcite crystal, then two images of the ink dot are seen. If the crystal is rotated, it is observed that one image of the ink dot remains stationary while the other rotates about the former in direction of rotation. The stationary image is known is ordinary image and the rotating image is known is extraordinary image.

Consider an un-polarized light is incident on calcite crystal. Inside the crystal the ray splits up into two rays. One is called ordinary ray (o-ray) and another one is called extraordinary ray (e-ray). The ray which obeys Snell’s law is called o-ray and the ray which doesn’t obey Snell’s law is called e-ray. The o-ray contains only dot components and e-ray contains only arrow components. Thus o-ray and e-ray is linearly plane polarized.

Applications of Interference:

1) Used to determine the wavelength of monochromatic light.

2) Used to determine the difference between the wavelengths of two closely – separated spectral lines.

3) Used to determine the refractive index of liquids and gases.

4) Used to determine the thickness of a thin transparent material.

5) Used to test the flatness of surfaces.

6) Used to test the reflectivity of the surfaces of lenses and prisms.

Applications of Diffraction:

1) Used to measure the wavelengths of either monochromatic or composite radiations by using diffraction technique.

2) Used to determine the wavelength of X-rays by using X-diffraction.

3) Used to determine the structures of crystalline solids.

4) Used to estimate the velocity of sound in liquids.

Applications of Polarization:

1) Used to helpful in measuring the optical activity of crystals and liquids.

2) Used to study the helical structure of nucleic acids.

3) Used to study size and shape of molecules.

4) Polarizing glasses reduce the intensity of sun light falling on the eye and prevent the damage of retina.

Difference between Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction:

Fresnel Diffraction	Fraunhofer Diffraction
The source and screen are at finite distances from the slit.	The source and screen are at infinite distances from the slit.
The wave front meeting the slit is spherical or cylindrical.	The wave front meeting the slit is plane.
Diffracted light directly falls on screen.	Diffracted light is collected by means of a lens.
The centre of the diffraction pattern may be bright or dark depending upon the number of Fresnel zones.	The centre of the diffraction pattern is always bright.
No lenses are required to observe the pattern.	Two convex lenses are necessary to observe the pattern.
Theoretical treatment is complex.	Theoretical treatment is simple.