<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><rss xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/" xmlns:blogger="http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008" xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0" version="2.0"><channel><atom:id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357</atom:id><lastBuildDate>Fri, 13 Sep 2024 14:58:53 +0000</lastBuildDate><category>Free Burma</category><category>blog action day</category><category>ideas</category><category>information</category><category>এলে বেলে</category><title>Rasel&#39;s Blog</title><description>KEEP MOVING FORWARD</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/</link><managingEditor>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</managingEditor><generator>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>49</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-8884747974327697173</guid><pubDate>Tue, 25 Sep 2012 19:42:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-09-25T15:42:57.151-04:00</atom:updated><title>Re: Genome sequencing in Bangladesh &amp; reality/last mail</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
বরাবর,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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Dr. Sorowar Hossain&lt;br /&gt;
Assistant Professor&lt;br /&gt;
BRAC University&lt;br /&gt;
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আপনার ড: আলম বিষয়ক ই-মেইল গুলো বারংবার পড়ার পরে যে বিষয়টা প্রতিবারই মনে হয়েছে সেটা হলো আপনি এ বিষয়ে কোন রকম হোম ওয়ার্ক করা ব্যাতিতই আপনার মনগড়া কথা বার্তা দিয়ে বাংলাদেশের একজন বিজ্ঞানীকে অপমান করতে চেয়েছেন। তারই ধারাবাহিকতায় আরও একজন বিজ্ঞানী, বাংলাদেশ সরকার, এবং তারপর সমস্ত বাংলাদেশী বিজ্ঞানী সমাজকেই অপমান করেছেন। এসব গারবেজ সমালোচনা, আপনার দেশপ্রেম সব কিছু ছাপিয়ে যে বিষয়টি বারবার হাইলাইট হয়েছে আপনার ই-মেইলে সেটা আপনার/আপনাদের একান্তই ব্যাক্তিগত নতুন ওয়েব সাইটের ঠিকানা জানিয়ে বিজ্ঞাপন!! এবার আসা যাক আপনার শেষ ই-মেইলে। &lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: yellow;&quot;&gt;&quot;আমার হতাশা মিশ্রিত লেখার ফোকাস ছিল পলিসি মেকার। কথা প্রসঙ্গে দু’জন বিখ্যাত বিজ্ঞানীর নাম এসেছে। তাঁরা দু’জনেই দেশপ্রেমিক ও সন্মানিত। বেতন প্রসংগে মনোজ সাহা উল্লেখ করেছেন। তিনি যে বেতন নেননি এটা তাঁর দেশপ্রেমিকতার উজ্জ্বল দৃষ্টান্ত। কিন্তু আমি বলতে চেয়েছি পাটের জেনোম সিকুয়েন্স করা হয় বিদেশে। আমাদের দেশে জেনোম সিকুয়েন্স করা হলে ইনফ্রাস্ট্রাকচার ডেভেলপ হতো(বিস্তারিত- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jute_genome)&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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আশাকরি জনাব মোস্তফা মুকুলের ই-মেইল পড়ার পড়ে আপনার জানা হয়েছে যে আমাদের দেশেও জেনম সিকুয়েন্স করার মত ইনফ্রাস্ট্রাকচার আছে। আমি একটু যোগ করি বিজেআরআই ছাড়াও বাংলাদেশে আপনার আগের কর্মস্থল আইসিডিডিআরবিতেও ছোট আকারের সিকুয়েন্স মেশিন এবং ডাউনস্ট্রিম সিকুয়েন্স এনালাইসিস করার জন্য একঝাক তরুন আছেন। আপনি বারবার টাকার এমাউন্ট নিয়ে মাথা ঘামাচ্ছেন এবং মনোজ সাহার রেফারেন্সে আপনি শুধু ড: আলমের বেতনের কথা উল্লেখ করলেন অথচ ৫ বছরের কাজ তারা কম সময়ে করলেন সেটা উল্লেখ করলেন না, কেন? এতসব ইনফ্রাস্ট্রাকচার রেফারেন্সের পরে আমরা কি আপনার কাছ থেকে একটা রিজয়েন্ডার আশা করতে পারি যে আপনি না জেনেশুনে এসব বস্তাপচা গারবেজ লিখেছেন। পরেরবার আশাকরি কিছু লেখার আগে একটু হোমওয়ার্ক করে নিবেন।&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: yellow;&quot;&gt;&quot;এবার শুধুমাত্র ছত্রাকের সিকুয়েন্সিং করার জন্য বাজেট ছিল ৬৬ কোটি টাকা। এসব জেনোম সিকুয়েন্স থেকে সফলতা পেতে হলে দেশে ডিএনএ রিকম্বিনেন্ট টেকোনোলজির ভাল ইনফ্রাস্ট্রাকচারের থাকতে হবে। আমাদের দেশে উন্নত বিশ্বের (আমেরিকা) উদাহরণ বেমানান, কেননা দেশে বেসিক ইনফ্রাস্ট্রাকচারই গড়ে উঠেনি। তাহলে কীভাবে আমরা জুট জেনোম বা ছাত্রাকের সিকুয়েন্স থেকে সুবিধা নিতে পারব?&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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এ বিষয়ে আপনার ই-মেইল থেকে বার বার টাকার অংকটার কথা ঘুরে ফিরে আসছে। টাকাটা যে অযথাই খরচ হয়েছে সেটা বারবারই আপনি হাইলাইট করতে চেয়েছেন। আমার জানতে ইচ্ছে করছে ৬৬ কোটি টাকার যায়গায় ঠিক কত টাকা হলে আপনি এই ধরণের একটা নেগেটিভ ই-মেইল করতেন না। এই গ্রুপটা ৫ বছরের কাজ কম সময়ে করলেন সেটা একবারের জন্যও উল্লেখ করেননি আপনি। আর ডিএনএ রিকম্বিনেন্ট টেকনোলজির ইনফ্রাস্টা্রাকচার ঠিক কতটুকু ভাল হলে আপনার চলে। আপনি বারবার বলছেন বাংলাদেশে গবেষণার কোন ইনফ্রাস্ট্রাকচারই নেই। কেন? ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, বাংলাদেশ কৃষি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, রাজশাহী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে বেসিক কোন গবেষণা হয় না? (আমি এ তিনটা বিশ্ববিদয়ালয়ের নামই বলছি কারন এ তিনটি সম্পর্কেই আমার কিছু ধারণা আছে)। আপনি যদি দয়া করে পাবমেড সার্চ করে দেখেন শুধুমাত্র &quot;ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদয়ালয়ের&quot; নাম দিয়ে তাহলেই বুঝতে পারবেন বেসিক রিসার্চ বাংলাদেশে হয় কিনা হয় না। আর তরাপরে যদি সময় হয় তাহলে বাকৃবি এবং রাবি দিয়ে সার্চ করে দেখবেন। ঢাবির সার্চ রেসাল্ট হলো ১০৩৩ টা পাবলিকেশনস!! রাবির ১১৯টা আর বাকৃবির ১৯২ টা। এর মধ্যে যদি ২৫% ও ধরি বেসিক রিসার্চ মানে গবেষণাগারের ফলাফল তাহলেও দাড়ায় প্রায় ২৫০ পাবলিকেশনস ঢাবির আর রাবি আর বাকৃবির ২৫ এবং ৫০ টা পাবলিকেশনস,যথাক্রমে। এখন ঢাবির অণুজীববিজ্ঞান বিভাগের জার্নালে প্রতিবছর যদি কম করে হলেও ১০ টা পাবলিকেশনস ধরি (সংখ্যাটা আরও বেশি হবে নি:সন্দেহে) তাহলে প্রাণ-রসায়ন, বোটানি, জুলজি, সয়েল সাইন্স, ফার্মেসি মোট এই পাচটি ডিপার্টমেন্ট থেকে ধরলাম ৫০ টা গবেষণা পত্র বের হয়, তাহলে শুধু দেশী জার্নালেই প্রতিবছর বায়লোজিকাল সাইন্সে এই পরিমান গবেষণা হয়। এখন আপনি আমাকে বলেন দেশ-বিদেশ মিলিয়ে যদি একবছরে ১০০ টা পাবলিকেশনস শুধুমাত্র ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের বায়োলজিকাল ফ্যাকাল্টি থেকেই বের হয় তাহলে পুরা দেশে বায়োলজি আর নন-বায়োলজিকাল মিলিয়ে ধরলাম কম করে হলেও ৫০০ টা গবেষণা পত্র বের হয়। তাহলে এই গবেষণার জন্য কোথা থেকে টাকাটা আসে? সেটা নিশ্চই বাংলাদেশ সরকার বাদে অন্য কোন দেশের সরকার দিয়ে যায় না, তাই না। এখন আপনি ঠোট উল্টে বলতেই পারেন আরে &quot;বাংলাদেশে কোন গবেষণ-টবেষণা হয় নাকি আমরা কইরা আসছি না&quot;। আপনার জ্ঞাতার্থে বলতে চাই ৯০ এর দশকেই ঢাবির মাস্টার্সের গবেষণার ফলাফল ওরাল এবং পোস্টার ফরমেটে দেশের বাইরে (ভারত, পাকিস্তান, থাইল্যান্ড, জাপান) গিয়ে ছেলে-মেয়েরা প্রেজেন্ট করে আসছে। আরও টগবগে উদাহরণ চান। এই বছরেরই মে মাসে ঢাবির এক ছাত্র আমেরিকায় তার গবেষণার ফলাফল দুই ফরমেটেই প্রজেন্ট করে গেছেন (আপনিও সেটা জানেন)। এখন আমি বা আপনি আমাদের সময়ে গবেষণা ঠিক-ঠাক মত করি নাই সেই দোষত আপনি সরকারের উপরে চাপাতে পারেন না। আমি-আপনি ফাঁকিবাজি করব আর বলবো &quot;আগে ইনফ্রাস্ট্রাকচার করে দাও তারপরে দেখ আমি কি করি&quot; সেইটা বলে কি পার পাওয়া যাবে। &lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: yellow;&quot;&gt;&quot;তাহলে কীভাবে আমরা জুট জেনোম বা ছাত্রাকের সিকুয়েন্স থেকে সুবিধা নিতে পারব?&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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আপনিতো পত্রিকা পড়েই এই সংবাদটা পেয়েছেন। অবশ্য মনে হয় না আপনি হেডিং বাদে পুরো সংবাদটা পড়েছেন। এটার উত্তরতো ওখানেই দেয়া ছিল কিছু &quot;পেটেন্টের&quot; জন্য এপ্লাই করা হয়েছে। এখন নিশ্চই আপনাকে এটা বুঝানোর দরকার নাই পেটেন্ট করে কিভাবে লাভবান হওয়া যায়?। এখন যদি আপনার বর্তমান ইন্সটিটউট ব্র্যাকের পেটেন্ট করা HB 09, Jagoran, Shakti, Shakti 2 হাইব্রিড ধান আমি মফিজ-১/২/৩/৪ নামে বাজারে ছাড়ি তাহলে কি ব্র্যাক আমাকে কোলে তুলে নাচবে নাকি এ্যাপলের মত বিলিয়ন ডলার মামলা দিয়ে আমার বারোটা বাজাবে?&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: yellow;&quot;&gt;&quot;এ থেকে সুবিধা নিতে হলে অবশ্যই দেশের বেসিক ইনফ্রাস্ট্রাকচার গড়ে তুলতে বিশেষ নজর দিতে হবে। এ প্রসংগেই উদাহরণ হিসেবে ‘ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের এডভান্স বায়োটেকনোলজি ল্যাব’র (Advanced Biotechnology lab)কথা তুলে ধরেছি। সাধারনভাবে দেশের কোন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়েই ডিএনএ নিয়ে কাজ করার মত পর্যাপ্ত ব্যবস্থা নেই। প্রোটিন নিয়ে কাজ করার কথা বাদ-ই দিলাম। Western blot এর সম্পূর্ণ সেট কোন দেশের কোন ল্যাবে আছে কিনা তা অনেক খোঁজাখুজি করে পায়নি। দু-একটি ল্যাবে থাকলেও তা প্রাগঐতিহাসিকে কালের সিস্টেম ব্যবহার করে করা হয়। কেউ জেনে থাকলে দয়া করে জানাবেন।&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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এইখানে আপনে চরম মিথ্যাচার করেছেন এবং জেনেশুনে তথ্য গোপন করেছেন। এটা প্রয়োজনীয় না যে সবাইকেই সব কিছু জানতে হবে কিন্তু কিছু কথা পাবলিকলি বলার আগে জানার ইচ্ছাটা থাকতে হবে আর সাথে সাথে ব্লগ আর ফেসবুকের সাথে গ্রুপ-ইমেল এর পার্থক্যটা বুঝতে হবে। আপনি আগে গুগল করে দেখেন বাংলাদেশে কোথাও ডিএনএ/প্রোটিন নিয়ে কাজ হয় কিনা তারপরে লিখেন। এত এত হাইব্রিড ধান, উন্নত প্রজাতির শাক-সবজি, ফল-মূল, মাছ, কি সব তাহলে আকাশ থেকে টুপ করে পরে বাংলাদেশে আসছে? আর প্রোটিন নিয়ে কাজ হয় কিনা সেটাও গুগল করে দেখে নিবেন। আর Western blot নিয়ে আপনি জেনেশুনে মিথ্যা বলছেন। ১৯৯৭-৯৯ সাল পর্যন্ত আমি নিজের হাতে ঢাবিতে শুধু অণুজীব বিজ্ঞান না প্রাণ-রসায়ন বিভাগেও Western blot করেছি। শুধু তাই নয় আমার আগেও আমাদের সিনিয়র ভাই-আপারা করেছেন এবং আপনাদের ব্যাচের ছেলে-মেয়েরাও করেছেন। আপনি যদি নাও করে থাকেন তাহলে আপনাদের প্র্যাকটিকাল ক্লাশে একবারের জন্য হলেও Western blot করানো হয়েছে। আপনি সে সময় কি নিয়ে ব্যাস্ত ছিলেন সেটা আমি বলতে পারবো না তবে সেই সময়ও Western blot ছিল এখনও আছে। আর প্রাগৈতিহাসিক কালের সিস্টেম বলতে কি বোঝাতে চাচ্ছেন, আমরা সেসময় হাত-পা দিয়ে টিপে টিপে ব্লটিং পেপার চাপা দিয়ে জেল থেকে প্রোটিন ট্রান্সফার করতাম মেমব্রনে আর এখন পাওয়ার সাপ্লাইয়ের মাধ্যমে প্রোটিন ট্রান্সফার করা হয়। জ্বী-না জনাব সেসময়ও আমরা Western blot পাওয়ার সাপ্লাই দিয়েই &quot;ওয়েট ট্রান্সফার&quot; মেথডে করতাম আর ২০০৯ সালে যখন আমি ডিপার্টমেন্টে গিয়েছিলাম সেসময় সেমি-ড্রাই ট্রান্সফার এপারেটাস দেখে এসেছি। এই দুই মেথড ছাড়া Western সাহেব আর নতুন কি আবিস্কার করেছেন আমার জানা নেই। আপনার জানা থাকলে জানাতে পারেন। এখন আপনি যদি ২০১২ মডেলের অটোমেটেড এপারেটাসের কথা বলে ওয়েট আর সেমি-ড্রাই মেথডকে &quot;প্রাগৈতিহাসিক&quot; বলতে চান সেক্ষেত্রে আমি বলবো &quot;গ্রো আপ ম্যান!!&quot;। আপনি সরকার এবং ড: আলমকে অপমান করতে যেয়ে আমরা যারা লিমিটেড রিসোর্স নিয়ে সেসময় এবং নতুন প্রজন্ম যারা এখন গবেষণা করে যাচ্ছেন তাদের সবাইকেই অপমান করছেন সেটা কি আপনি বুঝতে পারছেন। আপনার কি মনে হয় না আপনার সবার কাছে দু:খ প্রকাশ করে ক্ষমা চাওয়া উচিৎ?&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: yellow;&quot;&gt;&quot;যেখানে বেসিক ইনফ্রাস্ট্রাকচার গড়ে উঠেনি সেখানে পাঁচ বছরের টাইমফ্রেম বেঁধে দিয়ে পাটের আশাতীত ফলন বাড়ানোর কথা ফলাও করে প্রচার করা হয়। স্বপ্ন থাকতে হবে, কিন্তু স্বপ্ন বাস্তবতা বিবর্জিত হলে সেটা স্বপ্নই থেকে যায়। ফলে সাধারণ মানুষ হয় আশাহত। কথা প্রসঙ্গে বলা যায়- ডানা ও গোঁথিয়া কাপ ফুটবলে বাংলাদেশের ‘বিশ্বজয়’ এর কথা। ইউরোপ-ল্যাটিন আমেরিকার সবদেশকে আমাদের টিম বড় ব্যবধানে পরাজিত করেছিল। সেসময় এতই আমরা অনুপ্রাণিত হয়েছিলাম যে মনে হচ্ছিল আমরা কয়েক বছরের মধ্যে হয়ত বিশ্বকাপে যাবো! কিন্তু করুণ বাস্তবতা হচ্ছে, বাংলাদেশে এখন আর ফুটবল তেমন খেলা হয় না। আগের মত আবাহনী-মোহামেডান ক্রেজ নেই! &quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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আপনি একজন বেসিক রিসার্চার হয়ে এধরণের কথা লিখতে পারেন সেটা ভাবতেই আমার কষ্ট হচ্ছে। আপনি যখন কোন প্রজেক্ট প্রপোজাল ফান্ডিং বা রিসার্চের এর জন্য জমা দেন সেখানে কি কোন টাইম ফ্রেম দেন নাকি বলেন টাইম ইনফিনিটি। আপনি হয়ত বাঘা গবেষক আপনি চিন্তা করলেন পিসিআর হও আর সেটা হয়ে গেল। একটা নতুন পিসিআর অপটিমাইজ করতে বা ৫০০ বিপি সিকুয়েন্স এনালাইজ করতে আপনার হয়ত সময় লাগে না কিন্তু অনেকেরই লাগে এবং লাগবে এটাই বাস্তবতা। আপনার এই লেখা বাংলাদেশের লোকাল পত্রিকায় ছাপা হলে হয়ত জনগন আরও একটা হরতাল পেত কিন্তু সাইন্টিফিক কমুনিটিতে এটা কোন প্রভাব ফেলবে না কেন জানেন? বিখ্যাত/আলোচিত হবার দুইটা পদ্ধতি আছে: ১) কষ্ট করে বিখ্যাত হওয়া; ২) কোন বিখ্যাত/আালোচিত ব্যাক্তিকে নিয়ে সমালোচনা করে সাময়িক আলোচনায় থাকা। আপনার ভুল ইনফরমেশনের গারবেজ সমালোচনা আপনাকে সরাসরি ২ নম্বর ক্যাটাগরিতেই ফেলবে। এই ইস্যু নিয়া টানাটনির আপনার উদ্দেশ্যটা কিছুটা হলেও আন্দাজ করতে পারি কিন্তু সেটা এখানে আলোচনা না করাই ভাল। শুধু একটা ছোট ইনফরমেশন দিয়ে রাখি। নিজস্ব ওয়েবসাইট বিজ্ঞাপনের জন্য &quot;গুগল এডওয়ার্ড&quot; ব্যবহার করে দেখতে পারেন বেশ ভাল সার্ভিস সেজন্য ড: আলম বা ড: ফারুকের নাম ভাঙ্গিয়ে আপনার/আপনাদের ব্যাক্তিগত সাইটে হয়ত আর ভিসিটর নিতে হবে না।&lt;br /&gt;
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শেষ করি একটা প্রশ্ন দিয়ে। আপনি সুযোগ পেলেই বলে থাকেন আপনি ট্যাক পলিমারেজ কন্স্ট্রাক্ট দিতে চেয়েছিলেন যাতে বাংলাদেশের সবাই ঘরে বসেই ট্যাক পলিমারেজ তৈরী করতে পারে। আপনার কি মনে হয় না যারা পিসিআর মেশিন কিনতে পারে হাজার ডলার দিয়ে তারা কয়েকশো ডলার দিয়ে ট্যাক পলিমারেজও কিনতে পারেন? আর এটা যদি মায়ের হাতের বানানো মোয়াই হয় তাহলে কেন সবাই (বাংলাদেশ ছাড়া) তাকারা ইনভিট্রোজেন বাদ দিয়ে ইন হাউস ট্যাক পলিমারেস দিয়ে কাজ করছেন না? কিন্তু সেই ১৯৯০ বা ১৯৯৩ এর পেপরেইতো Home-made Taq Polymerase Purification এর প্রটোকল দেয়া আছে। কোন কিন্তু কি আছে এর পেছনে? অযথাই জিএমএ, ডুমা বা ঢাবির শিক্ষকদের দোষারোপ না করে আপনি আপনার সুবিধামত যে কোন সাইটে বা গ্রুপে ঘরে বসে ট্যাক পলিমারেজ তৈরী করার জন্য টাইম ফ্রেম, প্রপোজাল এবং বাজেট কত সেটা শেয়ার করুন। তারপর যদি দেখা যায় সেটা &quot;কস্ট এফেক্টিভ&quot; তাহলে কেন সেটা কেউ&amp;nbsp;ব্যবহার করবেন না। আর যদি সেটা &quot;ব্র্যাক ট্যাক&quot; নামে বাজারজাত করে বাংলাদেশ বৈদিশিক মুদ্রা আয় করতে পারে তাহলে আপনাকেও আর কষ্ট করে ড: আলম এন্ড গোং যে গবেষণার নামে দেশের টাকা বিদেশ পাচার করছেন সেটা নিয়ে বড় বড় ই-মেইল করে জনসচেনতা বাড়াতে হবে না।&lt;br /&gt;
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ভাল থাকুন। সুস্থ থাকুন। বাংলাদেশীদের মধ্যে আপনি ছাড়াও আরও অনেকের একের অধিক পিয়ার রিভিউ পেপার আছে আরও অনেক পিএইচডি করা গেবষক আছেন সেটা বুঝতে চেষ্টা করুন। তাই তারাও জানেন সেরকম পেপার লেখার আগে অনেক অনেক রেফারেন্স আর ক্রস রেফারেন্স চেক করতে হয়। তাই অনুরোধ থাকবে আপনার প্রতি, পাবলিক ফোরম/ব্লগে যা খুশি তাই লিখুন কিন্তু গ্রুপ ই-মেইলে কিছু লেখার আগে একটু হোম ওয়ার্ক করলে আপনার এবং আমাদের সবারই উপকার হয়।&lt;br /&gt;
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ধন্যবাদ।&lt;br /&gt;
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</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2012/09/re-genome-sequencing-in-bangladesh.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>1</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-9088735432647368956</guid><pubDate>Fri, 07 Sep 2012 02:24:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-09-06T22:24:12.524-04:00</atom:updated><title>ইয়োসেমিতে (Yosemite National Park) একদিন</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
আমেরিকায় বেশ কিছু জাতীয় উদ্যান আছে। তার মধ্যে ইয়োসেমিতে ন্যাশনাল পার্ক একটি (http://www.nps.gov/yose/index.htm)। যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া অঙ্গরাজ্যে অবস্থিত এই পার্কটি এমনিতেই বেশ বিখ্যাত তার উপরে এই পার্ক নিয়ে রিসেন্টলি বেশ হৈ চৈ চলছে হান্টা ভাইরাসেরর কল্যানে (http://news.yahoo.com/u-officials-sound-worldwide-alert-yosemite-hantavirus-risk-013723439.html)। যেই সময়ে এই আউটব্রেকটা হয়েছিল (জুন ২০১২) আমরাও মোটামুটি সেই সময়েই গিয়েছিলাম একদিনের জন্য ওখানে। যদিও একদিন কিছুই না এই ভূ-স্বর্গের জন্য তবু যেটুকু সময় আমরা ছিলাম সেখানে তাতেই মনে এক ধরণের প্রশান্তি নিয়ে ফিরেছি। &lt;br /&gt;
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ইয়োসেমিতে পার্ক প্রবেশ দ্বার (সানফ্রানসিসকো থেকে আসলে)। আশেপাশে টিকেট বুথ না দেখে খুশিই হইছিলাম। অবশ্য সেই খুশি বেশিক্ষণ টিকে নাই।&lt;br /&gt;
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রাস্তার পাশেই কিছু সিনিক ভিউতে গাড়ী থামানোর যায়গা আছে। সেখানে নেমে আপনি প্রকৃতিকে উপভোগ করতে পারবেন এবং ছবিও তুলতে পারবেন। সেখানে থেমেই তোলা। এটা একটা ক্ষরস্রোতা পাহাড়ী নদী। &lt;br /&gt;
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সিনিক ভিউয়ের আর নদীর বৃতান্ত পরের ছবি দুটোতে আছে।&lt;br /&gt;
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এই হইল টিকেট বা এডমিশন পাস মূল্য প্রাইভেট কার ২০ আমেরিকান টাকা (গাড়ীতে যত মাথাই থাক না কেন) আর হেটে বা সাইকেলে গেলে মাথাপিছু ১০ টাকা। ভ্যান/আরভিতে কত মনে নাই। (এই মূল্য ২০১২ সালের জুনের জন্য প্রযোজ্য)&lt;br /&gt;
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এই রাস্তার নাক বরাবর পাহাড় (নাম জানি না) আর বামে তাকাইলে বিখ্যাত ইয়োসেমিতে ফলস।&lt;br /&gt;
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এটা হল ইয়োসেমিতে ভিলেজের প্রবেশ পথ। আমরা এই ভিলেজেই নোঙর ফেলে (গাড়ী পার্ক করে) ফ্রি বাস রাইড আর হেটে হেটে ঘুরে দেখেছি এলাকাটা। এখানে এরকম বেশ কিছু ভিলেজ আছে তার মধ্যে একটা হলো কারি ভিলেজ (যেখানে হান্টা ভাইরাসের কাহিনীর উৎপত্তি হয়েছিল)। এসব ভিলেজের বিভিন্ন ভাগ আছে যেমন, কোন ভিলেজে আপনি আরভি (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_vehicle) নিয়ে ক্যাম্পিং করতে পারবেন, কোথাও শুধু আপনার পার্সোনাল টেন্ট নিয়ে আবার কোথাওবা ভিলেজেরই টেন্ট বা কেবিন ভাড়া করে থাকতে পারবেন ইত‌্যাদি।&lt;br /&gt;
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অনেকেই ভাবতে পারেন ডাকঘরের ছবি কেন দিচ্ছি। দিচ্ছি জিপকোডের জন্য (যারা ভবিষ্যতে গাড়ী নিয়ে যাবেন জিপিএস ব্যবহার করে) কারনটা হল জিপিএস এ ইয়োসেমিতের কোন ঠিকানা পাওয়া খুব দুস্কর আর এলাকাটা ঠিক জিপিএস বান্ধব না। (বিস্তারিত প্রথম লিংকে পাবেন এ ব্যাপারে)।&lt;br /&gt;
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এবার একটু ইতিহাস জানা যাক। &lt;br /&gt;
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এক কাঠুরের কল্যানেই আজকের ইয়োসেমিতে এত বিখ্যাত!!&lt;br /&gt;
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ট্রেইল ধরে হেটে চলেছি আমরা ফলসের দিকে&lt;br /&gt;
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জুম করে তোলা ফলস&lt;br /&gt;
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অবশেষে ফলসের দোরগোড়ায় আমরা। এটাকে বলে লোয়ার ফলস&lt;br /&gt;
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অবশ্য পাথর ডিঙ্গিয়ে আরও কাছে যাইনি আমরা&lt;br /&gt;
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যদিও লোকজন ফলসের যত কাছে যাওয়া যায় যাচ্ছিল। বেশ পিচ্ছিল এবং সেজন্য প্রতি বছরই দু-একজন পটল তোলেন। তবে বেশীর ভাগ পটল তোলেন আপার ফলস থেকে নীচে দেখার সময়!!&lt;br /&gt;
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আপার ফলস &lt;br /&gt;
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পাখির চোখে ফলসের 3D মডেল &lt;br /&gt;
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ফলসের ম্যাপ (2D)&lt;br /&gt;
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লোয়ার এবং আপার ফলসের দিক নির্দেশনা&lt;br /&gt;
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ছবিতে ফলসের জীবন বৃতান্ত!!&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDh0-2MoWI6zq0IZWMHmphIDngBx9s-2bZ7RfPNCJiFCMF9l-0c7QVnDUP3tuittN353SOCoztWcjnACzgrNeMuyguyNjAPRvWXnOR3gAzMl2luOOvy40ZJYoTO6lXEwVOE7bIT9aclF4K/s1600/DSC03944.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; hea=&quot;true&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDh0-2MoWI6zq0IZWMHmphIDngBx9s-2bZ7RfPNCJiFCMF9l-0c7QVnDUP3tuittN353SOCoztWcjnACzgrNeMuyguyNjAPRvWXnOR3gAzMl2luOOvy40ZJYoTO6lXEwVOE7bIT9aclF4K/s320/DSC03944.JPG&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;em&gt;যদিও এই ট্যুরে প্রথমে ইয়োসেমিতে লিস্টে ছিল না, কিন্তু স্কুবা ডাইভিং করতে যেয়ে সদ্য প্রয়াত স্কুল বন্ধু নাফিজের&amp;nbsp;উৎসাহেই মূলত এখানে যাওয়া। তাই তার প্রতি কৃতজ্ঞতা এবং এই&amp;nbsp;ব্লগটা তাকে উৎসর্গ করছি।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2012/09/yosemite-national-park.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR0cnFD1AKumv1XlZdYlB-LLjb4fR043K_cBrlUDktxyxKqqltQ5ZZsSLf278-jwGSNKfN-_sh_HeMeHvQlZH1HBygorhK1-74V21yiUxt6UZLJ4acVSnxPEDbHu7bMTpnN2WC2s4qKZIk/s72-c/1.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>6</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-4429044648084524677</guid><pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2009 02:38:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-06-03T22:47:31.082-04:00</atom:updated><title>Genetics: Setting the biological clock</title><description>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.byhealth.com/files/puberty.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 292px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 285px; TEXT-ALIGN: center&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://www.byhealth.com/files/puberty.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;A series of studies has tracked possible genetic influences on when a woman&#39;s reproductive lifespan begins and ends.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;Chunyan He of the Harvard School of Public Health and her colleagues scanned the genomes of more than 17,000 women, looking for genetic sequences associated with age at menarche — the start of the first menstrual cycle. They found a series of genetic markers associated with the onset of sexual maturity, including several clustered in and near a gene called LIN28B, and additional markers associated with the timing of menopause.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;Another project, by Patrick Sulem and Kari Stefansson of deCODE Genetics in Reykjavik and their collaborators, also found a link between LIN28B and the onset of puberty. Meanwhile, a third study from Ken Ong and Ruth Loos of Addenbrooke&#39;s Hospital in Cambridge, UK, and their colleagues reports a particular form of the gene that is associated with earlier menarche and breast development in girls, and earlier voice-breaking in boys. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.385&quot;&gt;Nature Genet. 41, 724–728 (2009); &lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.383&quot;&gt;Nature Genet. 41, 734–738 (2009); &lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.382&quot;&gt;Nature Genet. 41, 729–733 (2009) &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/459618e.html&quot;&gt;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/459618e.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Photo: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.byhealth.com/files/puberty.jpg&quot;&gt;http://www.byhealth.com/files/puberty.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2009/06/genetics-setting-biological-clock.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>14</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-8997141626304700795</guid><pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2009 01:30:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-06-03T21:52:14.310-04:00</atom:updated><title>Animal behaviour: Pretty please</title><description>&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja90SJJiCMCYba46QxRNla60A8TeBERzdbyqjdwrMQkkNrL03iTAe3UXnnAlZb3FyuEy-JzO0T10fGA1L3PCmeYpLNHrkSve2m7aQDoiN67Snkd2-gDvgoztzR3TWzEB6sYMy1DBPcDWzd/s1600-h/459618a-i1_0.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5343284001320932130&quot; style=&quot;DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 203px; TEXT-ALIGN: center&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja90SJJiCMCYba46QxRNla60A8TeBERzdbyqjdwrMQkkNrL03iTAe3UXnnAlZb3FyuEy-JzO0T10fGA1L3PCmeYpLNHrkSve2m7aQDoiN67Snkd2-gDvgoztzR3TWzEB6sYMy1DBPcDWzd/s320/459618a-i1_0.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;Photo: R. WITTEK/GETTY (Nature)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;Many young animals beg for food from their elders. But, eventually, the pleading stops or the charity dries up. Joah Madden, at the University of Cambridge, UK, and his team looked to find the biological triggers that put an end to begging behaviour by studying free-ranging meerkats (Suricata suricatta) of the Kalahari Desert in South Africa over an 18-month period.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The group analysed the begging calls of meerkat pups aged between 40 and 60 days — the peak of their begging behaviour — and compared them with the calls of the same individuals aged 100–120 days. Experimental playback to adults revealed that lower-pitched juvenile calls reaped fewer rewards than the pleading of pups.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;amp;_udi=B6W9W-4W9V7JC-1&amp;amp;_user=906544&amp;amp;_rdoc=1&amp;amp;_fmt=&amp;amp;_orig=search&amp;amp;_sort=d&amp;amp;view=c&amp;amp;_acct=C000047747&amp;amp;_version=1&amp;amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;amp;_userid=906544&amp;amp;md5=81b5b6e5996449b254fb1ad4b3e2018b&quot;&gt;Anim. Behav. 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.03.11 (2009)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/459618a.html&quot;&gt;http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7247/full/459618a.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2009/06/animal-behaviour-pretty-please.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja90SJJiCMCYba46QxRNla60A8TeBERzdbyqjdwrMQkkNrL03iTAe3UXnnAlZb3FyuEy-JzO0T10fGA1L3PCmeYpLNHrkSve2m7aQDoiN67Snkd2-gDvgoztzR3TWzEB6sYMy1DBPcDWzd/s72-c/459618a-i1_0.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-3139330049880630998</guid><pubDate>Thu, 17 Apr 2008 01:03:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-04-16T21:03:53.139-04:00</atom:updated><title>Biomedicine: Resisting radiation</title><description>High doses of ionizing radiation, such as those used in radiotherapy for cancer, can cause many of the body&#39;s normal cells to self-destruct. But a tool pinched from cancer&#39;s own arsenal might keep those cells alive.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Elena Feinstein of Cleveland BioLabs in Buffalo, New York, and Andrei Gudkov of the Roswell Park Cancer Institute, also in Buffalo, developed a drug from a bacterial protein, flagellin, that activates a cell-survival pathway, known as the NF-B pathway, that is constantly active in the majority of tumours.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mice given 0.2 milligrams per kilogram of body weight of this protein — flagellin — survived usually lethal doses of radiation, up to 13 joules per kilogram of tissue.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Science 320, 226–230 (2008)</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2008/04/biomedicine-resisting-radiation.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>2</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-7275012027804309454</guid><pubDate>Thu, 17 Apr 2008 01:01:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-04-16T21:02:04.607-04:00</atom:updated><title>Evolution: Lungless life</title><description>All hail the first lungless frog: Barbourula kalimantanensis of Borneo, a small, flat creature that lives in fast-flowing streams. Djoko Iskandar at the Bandung Institute of Technology in Indonesia first described the frog 30 years ago. Now he, David Bickford of the National University of Singapore and Anggraini Barlian, also at the Bandung Institute, have determined by dissection that it is entirely without lungs. Instead, it breathes through its skin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lunglessness among the four-limbed vertebrates is rare; only two families of salamander and one species of caecilian — a limbless amphibian — are known to have evolved this trait. Unfortunately, the frog is endangered by habitat loss and gold mining, which warms, pollutes and muddies its formerly cool and clear home streams.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Curr. Biol. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.010 (2008)</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2008/04/evolution-lungless-life.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-182264895291846445</guid><pubDate>Thu, 17 Apr 2008 00:48:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-04-16T21:00:01.076-04:00</atom:updated><title>Peacocks: Peahens vs. Sex!!</title><description>&lt;a href=&quot;http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/StaticFiles/animals/images/800/peacock.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px;&quot; src=&quot;http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/StaticFiles/animals/images/800/peacock.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The elaborate train of the Indian peacock (Pavo cristatus) is the textbook example of a trait that is driven by female mate choice — or so everybody believed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mariko Takahashi at the University of Tokyo and her colleagues ran a seven-year study examining interactions between feral peahens and peacocks. They found no evidence that peahens preferred peacocks with trains that were longer, more marked or more symmetrical. They also noticed that peacocks usually actively shook their train after peahens initiated courtship, suggesting that train display is not luring females.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The train may once have been driven by sexual selection, but today it seems that the hens have grown weary of the ornament.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Anim. Behav. 75, 1209–1219 (2008)</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2008/04/peacocks-peahens-vs-sex.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-3667227284217054341</guid><pubDate>Sun, 13 Apr 2008 11:46:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-04-13T08:00:06.376-04:00</atom:updated><title>Bacteria as a Source of Electricity</title><description>Do you know that the earth’s capacity to supply fossil fuels are decreasing day by day and if we continue to utilize our natural resources on current trends then we might have no source of natural energy in another few decades. Have you ever imagined what would happen then? There will be no oil for your cars and no electricity for your daily life!! Can you live that life?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Well this might not be a problem for developed countries that already have alternate energy sources, like nuclear energy for their power supply. But what is the solution for country like Bangladesh? Many of you already got the answer in your mind and that is solar energy. But have you ever imagined that tiny little bacteria, a microorganism that we cannot see with naked eyes could be a source of electricity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In past few years scientific interests focused into some special group of bacteria, which can convert biochemical to electrical energy, that is during bacterial growth some products released form their body can be used to produce currents. At the beginning of this technology power production was very low but due to some development in recent years electricity production from bacteria has increased dramatically. Although most of the results are from miniature projects but the scientists are very much optimistic to produce energy from microorganisms in near future. At present the major limitations of this technology are the cost of materials used to construct microbial fuel cells. This costing problem is confined to specially those countries that already have enough power plants but may be not a problem for developing countries like Bangladesh as we are lacking of enough energy and we need more and more power plants to supply electricity. In addition we can supply the raw materials (e.g. wastewater) for such plants from our own. Therefore, if we can establish a plant where bacteria and wastewater will be the source of our future electricity, you can easily imagine how much foreign currency we can save. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So, far the bacteria which can produce electricity in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are Geobacter and Shewanella species. In addition Pseudomonas aeruginosa also shows promising results. The recent discovery of nanowires introduces a whole new dimension in MFCs. These conductive, nanowires scientifically known as pilus-like structures, appear to be directly involved in electron transfer, an important component for electricity production.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At present some of the developed countries are planning to use microbial fuels cells for wastewater treatment. In the United States approximately $25 billion is spent annually for water and wastewater treatment and approximately 4% of the electricity produced is used for the operation of the wastewater infrastructure. A treatment system based on microbial fuel cells provides a great opportunity to develop the technology, because the substrate is free and wastewater must be treated. It has been estimated that at a modern treatment plant of MFC, the wastewater may contain nine times as much energy as is used to treat it. Energy recovery at a wastewater treatment plant could lead not only to a sustainable system based on energy requirements but also to production of a net excess of energy. MFCs would be used in a treatment system as a replacement for the existing energy-demanding bioreactor, resulting in a net energy-producing system. However, it is not known at the moment how to economically scale up a MFC or what would be the cost to replace a conventional system with a MFC-based design. But we have an advantage, as we do not have necessary treatment plants in our country to treat the wastewater; therefore, we need more and more such treatment plants to save the environment as well as save energy by using MFCs. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The MFC system could even be useful for individual homes or other small applications, although power production would probably be too low to warrant recovery of electricity on the basis of at hand technology. However, in near future it could replace the existing generator or IPS to fight against our load shedding problem. At present MFCs may be particularly useful in remote areas where little power needed to run devices, for instance, environmental sensors particularly in river and deep-water environments where it is difficult to routinely access the system to replace batteries and can routinely monitor several environmental factors. Such sensors powered by MFCs are under operations in the United States. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;MFCs represent a promising technology for renewable energy production; their most likely near-term applications are as a method of simultaneous wastewater treatment and electricity production. The ability of a diverse range of bacteria to function and persist in MFC is a truly fascinating occurrence. This rapidly evolving technology will fascinate microbiologists and engineers who are challenged with waste technologies and energy production in the coming decades and could be a most suitable energy solution for developing countries like Bangladesh.</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2008/04/bacteria-as-source-of-electricity.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-6945838922110562521</guid><pubDate>Sat, 02 Feb 2008 19:36:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-02-02T14:37:56.508-05:00</atom:updated><title>Pneumococcus forks out…</title><description>New research in the EMBO Journal&lt;br /&gt;provides a first molecular insight into&lt;br /&gt;how Streptococcus pneumoniae binds&lt;br /&gt;to and invades human epithelial cells&lt;br /&gt;— the first step in the pneumococcal&lt;br /&gt;pathogenic process.&lt;br /&gt;Currently, S. pneumoniae infects&lt;br /&gt;approximately 100 million people&lt;br /&gt;each year,with a fatality rate of more&lt;br /&gt;than 10%. In the initial stages of&lt;br /&gt;infection the bacterium adheres to&lt;br /&gt;and enters human nasopharyngeal&lt;br /&gt;epithelial cells and subsequently&lt;br /&gt;escapes to the bloodstream. The&lt;br /&gt;mode of attachment of S. pneumoniae&lt;br /&gt;utilizes a protein on the bacterial&lt;br /&gt;cell surface called choline binding protein&lt;br /&gt;A (CbpA). This adhesin is secreted&lt;br /&gt;by the microorganism and is recaptured&lt;br /&gt;onto the bacterial surface&lt;br /&gt;through interaction with choline moieties.&lt;br /&gt;To invade epithelial cells,CbpA&lt;br /&gt;interacts with a protein — the polymeric&lt;br /&gt;immunoglobulin receptor&lt;br /&gt;(pIgR) — located on the epithelial cell&lt;br /&gt;surface. Although the participation of&lt;br /&gt;CbpA in this process has been known&lt;br /&gt;for some time, the molecular details of&lt;br /&gt;the interaction were not understood.&lt;br /&gt;Now, Elaine Tuomanen, Richard&lt;br /&gt;Kriwacki and colleagues report the&lt;br /&gt;solution structure of one of two&lt;br /&gt;‘repeated’ adhesion domains (R1 and&lt;br /&gt;R2) of CbpA, which are essential for&lt;br /&gt;interaction with pIgR. As these&lt;br /&gt;domains have 78% identity and&lt;br /&gt;exhibit similar biochemical properties,&lt;br /&gt;the authors were also able to use the&lt;br /&gt;solved structure of R2 to model that of&lt;br /&gt;R1. Their analysis of the domains&lt;br /&gt;reveals that both adopt a unique threehelical&lt;br /&gt;raft-like structure with a novel&lt;br /&gt;‘tyrosine fork’ motif positioned in a&lt;br /&gt;loop sequence connecting helices 1&lt;br /&gt;and 2. Phylogenetic analysis of CbpA&lt;br /&gt;sequences from 47 S. pneumoniae&lt;br /&gt;strains revealed that 22 conserved&lt;br /&gt;residues are located in, or in close&lt;br /&gt;proximity to, this loop region. To&lt;br /&gt;further investigate the role of the&lt;br /&gt;R domains in the interaction with&lt;br /&gt;pIgR and the significance of the tyrosine&lt;br /&gt;fork structure, the authors used&lt;br /&gt;surface plasmon resonance and&lt;br /&gt;isothermal titration calorimetry&lt;br /&gt;techniques to analyse the binding&lt;br /&gt;activity of wild-type and sitedirected&lt;br /&gt;mutants of CbpA. These&lt;br /&gt;data confirmed the importance of&lt;br /&gt;some of these conserved residues for&lt;br /&gt;high-affinity binding.&lt;br /&gt;These biochemical data, combined&lt;br /&gt;with the structural-based analysis,&lt;br /&gt;provide an initial insight into a molecular&lt;br /&gt;understanding of CbpA-mediated&lt;br /&gt;bacterial adhesion to pIgR. Future&lt;br /&gt;work will be required to further our&lt;br /&gt;understanding of the mechanism and&lt;br /&gt;to exploit this knowledge in the search&lt;br /&gt;for new antibacterial therapies.&lt;br /&gt;David O’Connell&lt;br /&gt;References and links&lt;br /&gt;ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER Lou, R. et al.&lt;br /&gt;Solution structure of choline binding protein A, the&lt;br /&gt;major adhesin of Streptococcus pneumoniae.&lt;br /&gt;EMBO J. 16 December 2004&lt;br /&gt;(doi:10.10138/sj.emboj.7600490)</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2008/02/pneumococcus-forks-out.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>1</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-3404623382380072313</guid><pubDate>Sat, 02 Feb 2008 19:14:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-02-02T14:27:34.636-05:00</atom:updated><title>How Cars Recovered In Ierland!!</title><description>&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjplgXgZ4GX1sD_-ETwutIAyp0-L0i9gmri-CEdKVF7dfZkgTqfensSsxf1fiR3XY5UohwXLo2rAAsgLsp15i2-Fykd487eAW8VBH29HBbVCboO2GSa4Eh6S4KY1wlGS5szY-5kA0Td3aar/s1600-h/Slide1.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; 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border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5162465459100313746&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2008/02/how-cars-recovered-in-ierland.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjplgXgZ4GX1sD_-ETwutIAyp0-L0i9gmri-CEdKVF7dfZkgTqfensSsxf1fiR3XY5UohwXLo2rAAsgLsp15i2-Fykd487eAW8VBH29HBbVCboO2GSa4Eh6S4KY1wlGS5szY-5kA0Td3aar/s72-c/Slide1.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-2973763938727683566</guid><pubDate>Sat, 02 Feb 2008 19:13:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-02-02T14:14:45.150-05:00</atom:updated><title>Sacrifice</title><description>Sacrifice&lt;br /&gt;(Elton John)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;Hot tip:You can sing this song with a PC karaoke player! &lt;br /&gt;With Microke you can sing Elton John songs and much more &lt;br /&gt;See &lt;a href=&quot;www.microke.com&quot;&gt;www.microke.com&lt;/a&gt; for details. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lyric: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It&#39;s a human sign when things go wrong,&lt;br /&gt;when the scent of her lingers&lt;br /&gt;and temptation&#39;s strong.&lt;br /&gt;Into the boundary of each married man,&lt;br /&gt;sweet deceit comes callin&#39; and negativity lands.&lt;br /&gt;Cold, cold heart hard done by you.&lt;br /&gt;Some things lookin&#39; better, baby,&lt;br /&gt;just passin&#39; through.&lt;br /&gt;And it&#39;s no sacrifice, just a simple word.&lt;br /&gt;It&#39;s two hearts living in two separate worlds.&lt;br /&gt;But it&#39;s no sacrifice, no sacrifice,&lt;br /&gt;it&#39;s no sacrifice at all.&lt;br /&gt;Mutual misunderstanding after the fact.&lt;br /&gt;Sensitivity builds a prison in the final act.&lt;br /&gt;We lose direction, no stone unturned.&lt;br /&gt;No tears to damn you, when jealousy burns.&lt;br /&gt;Cold, cold heart hard done by you.&lt;br /&gt;Some things lookin&#39; better, baby,&lt;br /&gt;just passin&#39; through.&lt;br /&gt;And it&#39;s no sacrifice, just a simple word.&lt;br /&gt;It&#39;s two hearts living in two separate worlds.&lt;br /&gt;But it&#39;s no sacrifice, no sacrifice,&lt;br /&gt;it&#39;s no sacrifice at all.&lt;br /&gt;Cold, cold heart hard done by you.&lt;br /&gt;Some things lookin&#39; better, baby,&lt;br /&gt;just passin&#39; through.&lt;br /&gt;And it&#39;s no sacrifice, just a simple word.&lt;br /&gt;It&#39;s two hearts living in two separate worlds.&lt;br /&gt;But it&#39;s no sacrifice, no sacrifice,&lt;br /&gt;it&#39;s no sacrifice at all, no sacrifice at all,&lt;br /&gt;no sacrifice at all.</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2008/02/sacrifice.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-9208232718392143032</guid><pubDate>Sat, 02 Feb 2008 19:11:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-02-02T14:12:25.996-05:00</atom:updated><title>Door</title><description>--- When one door of happiness closes ... another opens ... but often we look so long at the closed door that we do not see the one which has been opened for us ---</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2008/02/door.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-2182657718339630296</guid><pubDate>Sat, 02 Feb 2008 18:56:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-02-02T14:33:25.485-05:00</atom:updated><title>Cricket</title><description>An article from Sydney Morning Herald (about the ODI between Australia &amp; Bangladesh on June 18, 2005)&lt;br /&gt;Australia&#39;s world champion cricket team now has another place in history, and its Ashes tour a place in the doghouse.&lt;br /&gt;Its five-wicket, tri-series loss to Bangladesh - the poorest cousin of cricket&#39;s first family - sparked pandemonium at Sophia Gardens in Cardiff, wild celebration in Dhaka and humiliation across Australia.&lt;br /&gt;Australia lost to a side that was ranked 33-1 underdogs with nine wins from 107 one-dayers beforehand, among them victories over Scotland, Hong Kong and Zimbabwe (four times).&lt;br /&gt;Bangladesh&#39;s win is one of cricket&#39;s biggest upsets, possibly rivalling the Test that created the Ashes, when Australia beat England at The Oval in 1882, and Australia&#39;s loss to Zimbabwe in the 1983 World Cup.&lt;br /&gt;Ricky Ponting said the defeat was &quot;easily&quot; the worst of his stint at Australian captain and said his side had to accept the unthinkable.&lt;br /&gt;&quot;It&#39;s probably one of the biggest upsets in the history of the game, today, and we&#39;ve got to be made aware of that and if that doesn&#39;t click us into gear and into shape then nothing will,&quot; he said.&lt;br /&gt;While Australia can make amends - of sorts - against England in today&#39;s tri-series match in Bristol, the loss to the lowest-ranked one-day side in the world continued a shocking start to Australia&#39;s Ashes defence.&lt;br /&gt;Advertisement&lt;br /&gt;The sorry tale reads three beatings in six days, to England (Twenty20), county side Somerset and Bangladesh, with allrounder Andrew Symonds likely to face further suspension for drinking the night before the Cardiff match.&lt;br /&gt;Symonds is understood to have been drinking early into yesterday morning and it was only revealed during the side&#39;s warm-up that he was in no fit state to play.&lt;br /&gt;Australian team management met late into last night to discuss further sanctions, and it is expected that Symonds, 30, will also be suspended from today&#39;s match against England - the first real contest this winter of the Ashes combatants.&lt;br /&gt;In another shabby effort, Australia laboured to 5-249 after Ponting misread the wicket and seaming conditions and the batsmen struggled against the accurate Bangladeshi attack.&lt;br /&gt;Even worse, Australia was powerless to prevent 20-year-old batsman Mohammad Ashraful and his captain Habibul Bashar putting on 130 to spearhead their side to victory.&lt;br /&gt;Ashraful struck a glorious 100 from 101 balls, Habibul 47 and Aftab Ahmed a quickfire 21 not out.&lt;br /&gt;Needing seven runs off Jason Gillespie&#39;s final over, Aftab blasted the first delivery over mid-wicket for six to level the scores before he and partner Mohammad Rafique pinched a single next ball to give their nation its greatest-ever victory.&lt;br /&gt;Australia started the day unbackable - one bookie offered odds of 1-500 - and although the first Ashes Test against England is still over four weeks away, Ponting admitted to some worries, especially over how Bangladesh dictated terms.&lt;br /&gt;&quot;That&#39;s a bit of a worry - the No.1 ranked team in the world against Bangladesh, it&#39;s reasonably worrying,&quot; he said.&lt;br /&gt;&quot;That&#39;s why it&#39;s going to be difficult for us to sort of work out what&#39;s going on - it&#39;s not that we&#39;re not training well or training hard.&lt;br /&gt;&quot;It&#39;s just that when the games are coming around we&#39;re not performing.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;Bangladesh coach Dav Whatmore said the win would have huge repercussions in the Asian nation, and had come less than two years after his players spent the winter putting players like Steve Waugh, Ponting, Glenn McGrath and Adam Gilchrist on pedestal.&lt;br /&gt;&quot;[That] didn&#39;t didn&#39;t please me too much, but to get them again in a different country and to win was wonderful,&quot; Whatmore said.&lt;br /&gt;Bangladesh&#39;s 2005 includes its first Test win (over Zimbabwe) and one-day wins over India and Australia.&lt;br /&gt;To add to Australia&#39;s woes, batsman Mike Hussey could be interviewed by match referee Jeff Crowe today about a large sticker on the back of his bat, which exceeds International Cricket Council (ICC) guidelines that say advertising material must not take up more than 50 per cent of the back of the blade.&lt;br /&gt;A Cricket Australia spokeswoman said Crowe had not formally spoken with management, and that Hussey&#39;s bat and its graphite stickers - similar to the ones on Ponting&#39;s bats - had been approved until an ICC review later this year&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SONDESH SANDESH &lt;br /&gt;Mumbai, June 23, 2005 &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I have noted with full empathy the hurt sentiments and national pride of the people of Bangladesh by the article written by Deputy Editor of CricketNext.com, Tapan Joshi. Ironically, instead of celebrating Bangladesh&#39;s extraordinary achievement in trouncing the formidable World Cup champions and increasingly cocky Australian team, the author perhaps got too carried away by painting a dark side to the economic and social environment of Bangladesh, which was highly exaggerated, extremely inaccurate and totally inappropriate. I have since ensured that the relevant piece has been removed from our content pages forthwith. &lt;br /&gt;CricketNext&#39;s launch in Y 2000 and Bangldesh&#39;s entry into international cricket by getting ICC recognition go hand-in-hand. I am sure all cricket lovers will never forget the ICC Cricket Week 2000 which was completely sponsored by CricketNext.com, culminating in that sensational last-ball finish to the CricketNext.com Cup match between the first Asia XI vs Rest of the World XI. At that point, Jagmohan Dalmiya, then President, ICC had categorically told me of how CricketNext&#39;s sponsorship support would help in getting Bangladesh into the world-map. I am glad that finally we had played an instrumental role by getting Bangladesh cricket the requisite global attention, and the Bangladesh government with due humility recognized our contribution by issuing a prestigious stamp in our honour. We remain touched by the gesture. &lt;br /&gt;I would like to place on record the wonderful time I had there along with my wife and the rest of the CricketNext team. On a hot sultry day in early April, there were over 40,000 passionate cricket lovers trying to get into the Bangabandhu stadium, and yet there was such immaculate lane discipline and admirable crowd behaviour, appreciative of every nuance of the game, and full of bustling energy. And people in Dhaka loved Sachin Tendulkar as if like their own. And the teeming crowds in the bazaar streets, the genteel modest behaviour of all we met, the aroma of mutton curry and the palpable simplicity of the people of Bangladesh has remained a memorable experience. &lt;br /&gt;I would like to reiterate that people have expected miracles from Bangladesh from the time they have got recognition (unfairly enough, perhaps), and many (including us) were naturally frustrated by the continuing humiliating defeats. When Bangladesh defeated India in the ODI last year, believe me, we were genuinely happy for an outstanding performance by our opponents, despite our patriotic commitments and feelings. &lt;br /&gt;Right now, I am happy that Bangladesh is making all its critics and cynics, eat humble apple pie with cinnamon flavoured vanilla ice cream. This is a moment to rejoice, to celebrate! This could be the turning point for Bangladesh cricket, as red-faced Ricky Ponting and his gum-chewing supercilious bunch retreat into their dressing room to recuperate from the ravaging attack of the Bangladesh typhoon! &lt;br /&gt;Every citizen of Bangladesh must feel proud of this spectacular show by its cricketers. So are we all in India. And at CricketNext. &lt;br /&gt;SANJAY JHA&lt;br /&gt;Managing Editor&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Feedback to CricketNext&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Is Joshi afraid of Bangladeshi Tigers!!!! As in recent times they beat the two finalist of the 2003 World Cup. The first victim was the runners-up India (a reflection of how fortunate the Tigers) and the second was the champion Australia (again the Tigers were very fortunate).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We wont mind if our Tigers continuously win with the help of fortune and conquer the World Cup some day, so did the Sri Lankans, when they won the 1995/96 World Cup (fortunately!!!).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I hope like Joshi all Indians remember the ODI#1081, Wills World Cup, 1995/96, 1st Semi Final: India v Sri Lanka, Eden Gardens, Calcutta (day/night), 13 March 1996. In the history of World cricket it was a nightmare. Do you remember Joshi!! Sri Lanka won by default!! At the fall of the 8th Indian wicket, sections of the crowd vented their disgust with the state of the match by setting fire to some areas of the stands and throwing fruit and water bottles onto the field. The match was briefly stopped and when play was about to resume, the crowd again threw bottles at the deep fielders. The match referee (CH Lloyd) stopped the game and the game was awarded to Sri Lanka by default. Thanks God Joshi as we beat you at Dhaka otherwise who knows you might repeat the same performance and place your name in the history book again. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I guess from your fear whether Tigers beat India again in India, is the only reason why you wrote the article titled THE CUBS ARE LEARNING TO ROAR where the subject heading completely mismatched with inside text, where you write about poverty, fundamentalism, natural disasters and multitude social and economical problems of Bangladesh and many other things. But Dear Sir!! Is India free from above-mentioned problems? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Do you know in which country the world’s largest numbers of poor people live? I am sorry to say but the answer is INDIA. India still has the world’s largest number of poor people in a single country. Of its nearly 1 billion inhabitants, an estimated 350-400 million are below the poverty line, 75 per cent of them in the rural areas [http://www.indiaonestop.com/povertyindia.htm]. Do you know in India, one household in two is without electricity, two in three without running water and six in ten without indoor toilet facilities!!! What an example of rich country!! Hey, I suppose you live in Mumbai. Do you want me to write something interesting about Mumbai? Okay just tell me where you find “Asia&#39;s largest slums”, the answer would be definitely Mumbai, the Maharashtrian capital, where you will find the heat, humidity, hassle, traffic fumes, relentless crowds, appalling poverty, beggars, jostled by coolies, and hand-cart pullers (definitely better than cycle rickshaws)!!! And cow!! Yes hundreds of free floating cows and cow dung all over the streets. However, these scenarios are not only in Mumbai, you will find all the interesting things in all big and small cities in India, including the capital New Delhi. Hey are you still living in India!!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Do you know in which country world’s largest number of fundamentalist live? Again it’s INDIA. Indian experience with fundamentalism has been bloody and traumatic. Mahatma Gandhi (father of the Indian nation), fell victim to a Hindu fundamentalist&#39;s bullets. The Sikh fundamentalist gunned down Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and her son Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi also blew up by a female suicide bomber of the Tamil fundamentalist group. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now natural disasters. Do you know what is call tsunami? Is any part of South India affected by the recent devastating tsunami? Aren’t hundreds of Indian people died?  Hey man it is called natural disaster, i.e. naturally occurring disaster which is beyond the control of human being (till now) but you could control the Bhopal (Human) disaster where 3,500 were killed by a gas leak from a pesticide plant in Bhopal in 1984 and many are suffering still now.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You are also not free from social and economical problem. Do you know how many people mugged or killed, or how many women raped, in a day in India? The reported cases are in the column of thousands but unreported cases in millions!! Do you know which country gave birth of the bandit queen, Fulon (Phulan) Devi, the most dreaded bandit, poacher and smuggler, Veerappan, the Mumbai mafia don Daud Ibrahim? I assume they are all from India.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You described Bangladesh as a nation of chaotic, and blamed government for that and compares general peoples life with animals. I assume you did not know before reading my article that India harbors world’s largest number of poor people and fundamentalist, continuously giving birth of world famous bandit kings and queens as well as millions of malnourished children, and facing devastating social and economical problems daily, burning people live inside train and Church. So, please let us know: How you will describe your own country? To whom you will blame for it? and; With whom/which you will compare general peoples life? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You also said Bangladesh has no heroes on the world stage. But why your government awarded Indira Gandhi peace prize to Grameen Bank chairman Dr Mohammad Younus in 1998. I know why. Because the concept of Micro credit was invented by Dr. Mohammed Younus, and first implemented in the Grameen Bank, Bangladesh. Since its inception in 1976, the Grameen Bank has provided billions of dollars worth of loans to millions of Bangladeshis, most of them women for poverty alleviation. And his concept of Microcredit for poverty alleviation is widely accepted and implemented worldwide including India. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dear Mr. Joshi Bangladesh is emerging so did the Bangladeshi Tigers and we believe that we will defeat the Indian Cricket Team again in India in near future. So pleases don’t waste your time writing weird articles and start collecting fruit and water bottles for throwing onto the field to bring to an end that match by chaos!!</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2008/02/cricket.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-4088760592152171550</guid><pubDate>Sat, 02 Feb 2008 18:49:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-02-02T13:50:43.857-05:00</atom:updated><title>ABBA: Chiquitita</title><description>Chiquitita &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chiquitita, tell me what’s wrong &lt;br /&gt;you’re enchained by &lt;br /&gt;your own sorrow &lt;br /&gt;in your eyes &lt;br /&gt;there is no hope for tomorrow &lt;br /&gt;how I hate to see you like this &lt;br /&gt;there is no way you can deny it &lt;br /&gt;I can see that you’re &lt;br /&gt;oh so sad, so quiet &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chiquitita, tell me the truth &lt;br /&gt;I’m a shoulder you can cry on &lt;br /&gt;your best friend &lt;br /&gt;I’m the one you must rely on &lt;br /&gt;you were always sure of yourself &lt;br /&gt;now I see you’ve broken a feather &lt;br /&gt;I hope we can &lt;br /&gt;patch it up together &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chiquitita &lt;br /&gt;you and I know &lt;br /&gt;how the heartaches &lt;br /&gt;come and they go &lt;br /&gt;and the scars they’re leavin’ &lt;br /&gt;you’ll be dancin’ once again &lt;br /&gt;and the pain will end &lt;br /&gt;you will have no time for grievin’ &lt;br /&gt;Chiquitita &lt;br /&gt;you and I cry &lt;br /&gt;but the sun is still in the sky &lt;br /&gt;and shining above you &lt;br /&gt;let me hear you sing once more &lt;br /&gt;like you did before &lt;br /&gt;sing a new song &lt;br /&gt;Chiquitita &lt;br /&gt;try once more &lt;br /&gt;like you did before &lt;br /&gt;sing a new song &lt;br /&gt;Chiquitita &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So the walls came tumblin’ down &lt;br /&gt;and your love’s a blown out candle &lt;br /&gt;all is gone and it seems &lt;br /&gt;too hard to handle &lt;br /&gt;Chiquitita, tell me the truth &lt;br /&gt;there is no way you can deny it &lt;br /&gt;I see that you’re &lt;br /&gt;oh so sad, so quiet &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chiquitita &lt;br /&gt;you and I know &lt;br /&gt;how the heartaches &lt;br /&gt;come and they go &lt;br /&gt;and the scars they’re leavin’ &lt;br /&gt;you’ll be dancin’ once again &lt;br /&gt;and the pain will end &lt;br /&gt;you will have no time for grievin’ &lt;br /&gt;Chiquitita &lt;br /&gt;you and I cry &lt;br /&gt;but the sun is still in the sky &lt;br /&gt;and shining above you &lt;br /&gt;let me hear you sing once more &lt;br /&gt;like you did before &lt;br /&gt;sing a new song &lt;br /&gt;Chiquitita &lt;br /&gt;try once more &lt;br /&gt;like you did before &lt;br /&gt;sing a new song &lt;br /&gt;Chiquitita</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2008/02/abba-chiquitita.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-1880631260137786091</guid><pubDate>Sat, 02 Feb 2008 18:36:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-02-02T13:49:25.232-05:00</atom:updated><title>Friends: I&#39;LL BE THERE FOR YOU</title><description>I&#39;LL BE THERE FOR YOU &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So no one told you life was gonna be this way [four claps]&lt;br /&gt;Your job&#39;s a joke, you&#39;re broke, your love life&#39;s D.O.A.&lt;br /&gt;It&#39;s like you&#39;re always stuck in second gear&lt;br /&gt;When it hasn&#39;t been your day, your week, your month, or even your year, but &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CHORUS&lt;br /&gt;I&#39;ll be there for you&lt;br /&gt;(When the rain starts to pour)&lt;br /&gt;I&#39;ll be there for you&lt;br /&gt;(Like I&#39;ve been there before)&lt;br /&gt;I&#39;ll be there for you&lt;br /&gt;(&#39;Cause you&#39;re there for me too) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You&#39;re still in bed at ten and work began at eight&lt;br /&gt;You&#39;ve burned your breakfast so far, things are going great&lt;br /&gt;Your mother warned you there&#39;d be days like these&lt;br /&gt;But she didn&#39;t tell when the world has brought you down to your knees &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CHORUS &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No one could ever know me, no one could ever see me&lt;br /&gt;Seems you&#39;re the only one who knows what it&#39;s like to be me&lt;br /&gt;Someone to face the day with, make it through all the rest with&lt;br /&gt;Someone I&#39;ll always laugh with&lt;br /&gt;Even at my worst, I&#39;m best with you&lt;br /&gt;Yeah! &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It&#39;s like you&#39;re always stuck in second gear&lt;br /&gt;When it hasn&#39;t been your day, your week, your month, or even your year, but &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CHORUS</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2008/02/friends-ill-be-there-for-you.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-9092396595388331838</guid><pubDate>Sat, 02 Feb 2008 18:22:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-02-02T13:33:44.668-05:00</atom:updated><title>Ashraful heating England</title><description>&lt;OBJECT class=BLOG_video_class id=BLOG_video-9379c6a6fbf1d906 height=266 width=320 contentId=&quot;9379c6a6fbf1d906&quot;&gt;&lt;/OBJECT&gt;</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2008/02/ashraful-heating-england.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-3914748284428615759</guid><pubDate>Sat, 02 Feb 2008 15:55:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-02-02T11:07:36.707-05:00</atom:updated><title>Article on Bangladesh Today: Peptic Ulcer and Helicobacter pylori</title><description>Part 1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjycuRetqTOSPgO_x7xVNn_Dt8NfkToGCYv0mmiB38uu30Va1vUMh8cFf9gFB3otyiDlvalS6VJBGQJkdvLjHifswrnJmRJ-gH9fsTy_YzKvgXd-obH4xHq4eR2DfwEusOAA2MRwwnwEZwl/s1600-h/BD_Today_10.8.05.bmp&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjycuRetqTOSPgO_x7xVNn_Dt8NfkToGCYv0mmiB38uu30Va1vUMh8cFf9gFB3otyiDlvalS6VJBGQJkdvLjHifswrnJmRJ-gH9fsTy_YzKvgXd-obH4xHq4eR2DfwEusOAA2MRwwnwEZwl/s400/BD_Today_10.8.05.bmp&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5162413923787729010&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Part 2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1KoV8CerToXmdqLv9OD_ipv1jRTxFuUBIn3lsgaOw5sBAFS3oh0mokx1d0ymmZZ1Gu1o4pLx80qFzG6cN2HLN9rzuue8qCyA_2ibNB-ea39Il8TBUQsbpQvH7BYzDXdRB2blaG3doEXO4/s1600-h/BD_Today_14.8.05.bmp&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1KoV8CerToXmdqLv9OD_ipv1jRTxFuUBIn3lsgaOw5sBAFS3oh0mokx1d0ymmZZ1Gu1o4pLx80qFzG6cN2HLN9rzuue8qCyA_2ibNB-ea39Il8TBUQsbpQvH7BYzDXdRB2blaG3doEXO4/s400/BD_Today_14.8.05.bmp&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5162414610982496386&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2008/02/article-on-bangladesh-today-peptic.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjycuRetqTOSPgO_x7xVNn_Dt8NfkToGCYv0mmiB38uu30Va1vUMh8cFf9gFB3otyiDlvalS6VJBGQJkdvLjHifswrnJmRJ-gH9fsTy_YzKvgXd-obH4xHq4eR2DfwEusOAA2MRwwnwEZwl/s72-c/BD_Today_10.8.05.bmp" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-8548894494221657861</guid><pubDate>Thu, 31 Jan 2008 14:16:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-01-31T09:19:33.867-05:00</atom:updated><title>Scientists discover way to reverse loss of memory</title><description>By Jeremy Laurance, Health Editor&lt;br /&gt;Wednesday, 30 January 2008 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Scientists performing experimental brain surgery on a man aged 50 have stumbled across a mechanism that could unlock how memory works.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The accidental breakthrough came during an experiment originally intended to suppress the obese man&#39;s appetite, using the increasingly successful technique of deep-brain stimulation. Electrodes were pushed into the man&#39;s brain and stimulated with an electric current. Instead of losing appetite, the patient instead had an intense experience of déjà vu. He recalled, in intricate detail, a scene from 30 years earlier. More tests showed his ability to learn was dramatically improved when the current was switched on and his brain stimulated.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Scientists are now applying the technique in the first trial of the treatment in patients with Alzheimer&#39;s disease. If successful, it could offer hope to sufferers from the degenerative condition, which affects 450,000 people in Britain alone, by providing a &quot;pacemaker&quot; for the brain.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Three patients have been treated and initial results are promising, according to Andres Lozano, a professor of neurosurgery at the Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, who is leading the research.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/scientists-discover-way-to-reverse-loss-of-memory-775586.html&quot;&gt;more....&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2008/01/scientists-discover-way-to-reverse-loss.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-7682917855141175330</guid><pubDate>Thu, 31 Jan 2008 03:20:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-01-30T22:22:01.073-05:00</atom:updated><title>Epidemic community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Recent clonal expansion and diversification</title><description>Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, especially those caused by drug-resistant bacteria, are a major problem worldwide. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) appeared rapidly and unexpectedly in the United States, resulting in an epidemic caused primarily by isolates classified as USA300. The evolutionary and molecular underpinnings of this epidemic are poorly understood. Specifically, it is unclear whether there has been clonal emergence of USA300 isolates or evolutionary convergence toward a hypervirulent phenotype resulting in the independent appearance of similar organisms. To definitively resolve this issue and understand the phylogeny of USA300 isolates, we used comparative whole-genome sequencing to analyze 10 USA300 patient isolates from eight states in diverse geographic regions of the United States and multiple types of human infection. Eight of 10 isolates analyzed had very few single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and thus were closely related, indicating recent diversification rather than convergence. Unexpectedly, 2 of the clonal isolates had significantly reduced mortality in a mouse sepsis model compared with the reference isolate (P = 0.0002), providing strong support to the idea that minimal genetic change in the bacterial genome can have profound effects on virulence. Taken together, our results demonstrate that there has been recent clonal expansion and diversification of a subset of isolates classified as USA300. The findings add an evolutionary dimension to the epidemiology and emergence of USA300 and suggest a similar mechanism for the pandemic occurrence and spread of penicillin-resistant S. aureus (known as phage-type 80/81 S. aureus) in the 1950s. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Adam D. Kennedy*, Michael Otto*, Kevin R. Braughton*, Adeline R. Whitney*, Liang Chen, Barun Mathema, Jose R. Mediavilla, Kelly A. Byrne*, Larye D. Parkins*, Fred C. Tenover, Barry N. Kreiswirth, James M. Musser, and Frank R. DeLeo*,¶ &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; International Center for Public Health, Public Health Research Institute, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103; Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333; and Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Methodist Hospital Research Institute and Department of Pathology, 6565 Fannin Street, B490, Houston, TX 77030 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Edited by Richard M. Krause, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and approved December 10, 2007 (received for review October 26, 2007)</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2008/01/epidemic-community-associated.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-3981986605721291469</guid><pubDate>Wed, 30 Jan 2008 04:12:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-01-30T22:17:27.867-05:00</atom:updated><title>Microbial Diagnostic Microarrays</title><description>A powerpoint presentati on &lt;a href=&quot;http://raselkhan.googlepages.com/Microbialdiagnosticmicroarrays_L_Bod.ppt&quot;&gt;microbial diagnostic microarrays&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2008/01/microbial-diagnostic-microarrays.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-969602135639527767</guid><pubDate>Wed, 30 Jan 2008 02:42:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-01-29T21:45:01.762-05:00</atom:updated><title>Enhanced hydrogen production from glucose by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli.</title><description>To utilize fermentative bacteria for producing the alternative fuel hydrogen, we performed successive rounds of P1 transduction from the Keio Escherichia coli K-12 library to introduce multiple, stable mutations into a single bacterium to direct the metabolic flux toward hydrogen production. E. coli cells convert glucose to various organic acids (such as succinate, pyruvate, lactate, formate, and acetate) to synthesize energy and hydrogen from formate by the formate hydrogen-lyase (FHL) system that consists of hydrogenase 3 and formate dehydrogenase-H. We altered the regulation of FHL by inactivating the repressor encoded by hycA and by overexpressing the activator encoded by fhlA, removed hydrogen uptake activity by deleting hyaB (hydrogenase 1) and hybC (hydrogenase 2), redirected glucose metabolism to formate by using the fdnG, fdoG, narG, focA, focB, poxB, and aceE mutations, and inactivated the succinate and lactate synthesis pathways by deleting frdC and ldhA, respectively. The best of the metabolically engineered strains, BW25113 hyaB hybC hycA fdoG frdC ldhA aceE, increased hydrogen production 4.6-fold from glucose and increased the hydrogen yield twofold from 0.65 to 1.3 mol H(2)/mol glucose (maximum, 2 mol H(2)/mol glucose).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Maeda T, Sanchez-Torres V, Wood TK.&lt;br /&gt;Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A &amp; M University, 220 Jack E. Brown Building, College Station, TX, 77843-3122, USA.</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2008/01/enhanced-hydrogen-production-from.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-9118767787103006651</guid><pubDate>Tue, 29 Jan 2008 11:38:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-01-29T06:40:20.707-05:00</atom:updated><title>Ultrafast DNA sequencing on a microchip by a hybrid separation mechanism that gives 600 bases in 6.5 minutes</title><description>To realize the immense potential of large-scale genomic sequencing after the completion of the second human genome (Venter&#39;s), the costs for the complete sequencing of additional genomes must be dramatically reduced. Among the technologies being developed to reduce sequencing costs, microchip electrophoresis is the only new technology ready to produce the long reads most suitable for the de novo sequencing and assembly of large and complex genomes. Compared with the current paradigm of capillary electrophoresis, microchip systems promise to reduce sequencing costs dramatically by increasing throughput, reducing reagent consumption, and integrating the many steps of the sequencing pipeline onto a single platform. Although capillary-based systems require 70 min to deliver 650 bases of contiguous sequence, we report sequencing up to 600 bases in just 6.5 min by microchip electrophoresis with a unique polymer matrix/adsorbed polymer wall coating combination. This represents a two-thirds reduction in sequencing time over any previously published chip sequencing result, with comparable read length and sequence quality. We hypothesize that these ultrafast long reads on chips can be achieved because the combined polymer system engenders a recently discovered &quot;hybrid&quot; mechanism of DNA electromigration, in which DNA molecules alternate rapidly between reptating through the intact polymer network and disrupting network entanglements to drag polymers through the solution, similar to dsDNA dynamics we observe in single-molecule DNA imaging studies. Most importantly, these results reveal the surprisingly powerful ability of microchip electrophoresis to provide ultrafast Sanger sequencing, which will translate to increased system throughput and reduced costs. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Christopher P. Fredlake*, Daniel G. Hert*, Cheuk-Wai Kan*, Thomas N. Chiesl*, Brian E. Root, Ryan E. Forster, and Annelise E. Barron*,, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Departments of *Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry, and Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2008/01/ultrafast-dna-sequencing-on-microchip.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-4461924521481420015</guid><pubDate>Tue, 29 Jan 2008 11:37:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-01-29T06:38:37.450-05:00</atom:updated><title>New Mode of Cell Communication Discovered</title><description>By Steve Mitchell&lt;br /&gt;ScienceNOW Daily News&lt;br /&gt;9 January 2008&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Like teenagers, cells in our bodies constantly chatter back and forth. But instead of zapping text messages, they relay signals with molecules. Now, researchers have discovered a surprisingly tiny new messenger in worms: protons. The find raises the possibility that the subatomic particle plays the same role in humans, the researchers say.&lt;br /&gt;Research in mice has hinted that protons--hydrogen atoms stripped of their electrons--might act as messengers, but until now direct evidence has been lacking. A team led by biologist Erik Jorgensen of the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, made the discovery while investigating how the worm Caenorhabditis elegans contracts certain muscles around its intestines to squeeze out waste. Previous experiments had ruled out several neurotransmitters known to aid defecation, suggesting that a novel molecule might be playing a role.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After sequencing the DNA of worms with defects in muscle contraction, the team identified mutations in a gene called PBO4. This gene encodes a protein located on the outer surface of intestinal cells, where it brings sodium ions into the cell while pumping protons out. This hinted that protons might play a role in making the muscles contract.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;more....http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2008/01/new-mode-of-cell-communication.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-8866010483063846896</guid><pubDate>Tue, 29 Jan 2008 11:32:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-01-29T06:36:46.946-05:00</atom:updated><title>Why We&#39;re Different: Probing the Gap Between Apes and Humans</title><description>Science 25 January 2008: Vol. 319. no. 5862, pp. 404 - 405&lt;br /&gt;Michael Balter&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We sometimes see apes and monkeys in the movies, but we never see them at the movies. Although nonhuman primates can do remarkable things--chimps have rudimentary cultures, and some monkeys have highly complex social systems--none shows the kind of creativity and innovation that are the hallmarks of Homo sapiens. Researchers have long puzzled about which human behaviors stem from our primate roots and which are unique to the hominid line.&lt;br /&gt;Beginning in the 1960s, scientists focused on the similarities, as lab and field studies revealed that the cognitive talents of other primates had been underestimated. But during the past decade or so, researchers say, there has been renewed interest in the traits that set us apart. At a recent meeting* here, anthropologist Carel van Schaik of the University of Zurich, Switzerland, emphasized this evolutionary divergence. &quot;Mind the gap!&quot; he said in a keynote talk. &quot;Humans have a huge number of [novel] characteristics.&quot; Indeed, participants at the meeting, which was designed to compare and contrast humans and nonhuman primates, demonstrated several of these seemingly unique human behaviors: advanced planning (the conference was months in the making), social organization and cooperation (everyone showed up at the same time and place), and culture and teaching through language.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At the conference, researchers heard evidence that many of these behaviors, such as planning, may have deep evolutionary roots. But some talents, such as cultural innovation, seem unique to our species, and others, including altruism, may represent a novel blend of old and new characteristics. The challenge now, says van Schaik, &quot;is to figure out how one ape among many--humans--could become so radically different.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;more....http://www.sciencemag.org</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2008/01/why-were-different-probing-gap-between.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4893420001111593357.post-333199311434803719</guid><pubDate>Tue, 29 Jan 2008 11:29:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-01-29T06:31:35.090-05:00</atom:updated><title>Biofuels on a Big Scale</title><description>By Robert F. Service&lt;br /&gt;ScienceNOW Daily News&lt;br /&gt;7 January 2008&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On paper, making biofuels from switchgrass and other perennials that need not be replanted seems like a no-brainer. Use the sun&#39;s energy to grow the crop, and then convert it to liquid fuels to power our cars without the need for gasoline. But so far, experiments with these &quot;cellulosic&quot; crop-based fuels have only been conducted on small scales, leaving open the question of how feasible the strategy is. Now, the first large-scale study shows that switchgrass yields more than five times the energy needed to grow, harvest, and transport the grass and convert it to ethanol. The results could propel efforts to sow millions of hectares of marginal farmland with biofuel crops.&lt;br /&gt;Previous studies on switchgrass plots suggested that ethanol made from the plant would yield anywhere from 343% to 700% of the energy put into growing the crop and processing it into biofuel. But these studies were based on lab-scale plots of about 5 square meters. So 6 years ago, Kenneth Vogel, a geneticist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Lincoln, Nebraska, and colleagues set out to enlist farmers for a much larger evaluation. Farmers planted switchgrass on 10 farms, each of which was between 3 and 9 hectares. They then tracked the inputs they used--diesel for farm equipment and transporting the harvested grasses, for example--as well as the amount of grass they raised over a 5-year period. After crunching the numbers, Vogel and his colleagues found that ethanol produced from switchgrass yields 540% of the energy used to grow, harvest, and process it into ethanol. Equally important, the researchers found that the switchgrass is carbon neutral, as it absorbs essentially the same amount of greenhouse gases while it&#39;s growing as it emits when burned as fuel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;more...http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org</description><link>http://raselkhan.blogspot.com/2008/01/biofuels-on-big-scale.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Unknown)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item></channel></rss>