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2021-03-13T16:53:00.000+05:30

Best APM Tools In 2021 Here are the complete details of the most popular Website and Application Performance Monitoring APM Tools. #1) Traceview Earlier it was known as Tracelytics which was acquired by AppNeta and now it is a part of SolarWinds. Traceview SolarWinds was found in 1999 with its headquarter in Texas, USA. More than 150 employees are working here and it has revenue of $429 million. It is an Application Performance Monitoring tool for web applications. It provides a deep insight into the application, better end-user experience, and is a very cost-effective performance monitoring tool. Key Features: Traceview supports Java, .NET, PHP, Ruby, Python, etc. It monitors, web applications and SaaS applications. Traceview supports a detailed level of code-level performance monitoring. It fixes the problem with a real user monitoring system. It supports online as well as email and phone support. => Download Free
#2) eG Innovations eG Innovations Logo eG Innovations is an industry leader in application performance and IT infrastructure monitoring. Founded in 2001, eG Innovations has expanded its portfolio over the years to support monitoring for over 180 applications including Java, .NET, SAP, SharePoint, Office 365, and more. Hundreds of organizations around the world use eG Innovations’ flagship application performance monitoring software, eG Enterprise, to solve their IT challenges such as slow apps, downtime, code-level errors, capacity issues, hardware faults, config changes, and so on. eG Enterprise helps application managers, developers, DevOps, and IT Ops personnel detect the root cause of application performance issues and troubleshoot faster. Key Features of eG Enterprise: Monitor the digital experience of users as they access applications and be the first to know when their user experience is affected. Get code-level visibility into applications using distributed transaction tracing and identify reasons for slowness: code errors, slow queries, slow remote calls, etc. Benefit from deep-dive performance insight into the application infrastructure: JVMs, CLRs, application servers, message queues, databases, and more. Auto-discover dependencies between applications and underlying IT components (network, virtualization, cloud, container, etc.) and construct topology maps. Isolate the root cause of performance slowdowns using built-in correlative intelligence and machine learning. => Visit eG Innovations Website
#3) Datadog Datadog_Logo Datadog APM enables you to analyze and isolate dependencies, remove bottlenecks, reduce latency, track errors, and increase code efficiency to optimize your application. Distributed traces correlate seamlessly with browser sessions, logs, profiles, synthetic tests, process-level data, and infrastructure metrics, giving you full visibility into your application’s health across all hosts, containers, proxies, and serverless functions. Features: Seamlessly correlate between application performance to logs and underlying infrastructure metrics in one integrated platform. Tracing without Limits: Search and analyze 100% of traces (no sampling) in real-time and retain only the ones that matter to you using tag-based rules. Continuous Profiling: Analyze code-level performance across your entire stack with minimal overhead, identify your most resource-consuming methods (CPU, memory, etc.) using tags, and correlate it with relevant requests and traces. Real User Monitoring (RUM) and Synthetics: Measure and improve your front-end application performance and end-user experience in real-time or by simulating controlled browser and API tests, and tie them to relevant traces, logs, and infrastructure metrics. Auto-detect anomalies to surface issues and reduce alert fatigue with ML-based Watchdog. Navigate applications seamlessly with the Service Map and other out-of-the-box dashboards and visualizations to reduce resolution time and release features more quickly. With over 400 turn-key integrations, Datadog seamlessly aggregates metrics and events across your full DevOps stack. => Visit Datadog Website
#4) Sematext APM Sematext Logo Sematext APM provides real-time end-to-end visibility into web application performance by tracing individual and business transactions to detect the slowest and under-performing parts of your application. It helps troubleshoot faster and improve user experience. Key Features: See how applications interact with underlaying components, databases and external services in real-time. Real-time alerting helps discover anomalies before they impact the end-user. Get code-level visibility to pinpoint root causes for performance issues and reduce MTTR. Ability to track & filter database operations and slow SQL to detect the most time-consuming transactions. Custom pointcuts (for JVM). Sematext AppMap shows inter-component communication and their throughput, latency, error rates, etc. => Visit Sematext Website
#5) ManageEngine Applications Manager ManageEngine Applications Manager ManageEngine Applications Manager is a comprehensive application performance monitoring software built for today’s complex, dynamic environments. It gives deep performance insight into business-critical applications – both within the data center and on the cloud. It is easy to use and can be set up in minutes. Key Features: Agent-based monitoring with byte-code instrumentation and code-level diagnostics for Java, .NET, PHP, Node.js, and Ruby applications. Synthetic transaction monitoring from multiple geographical locations for multi-page end-user workflow simulation. Out-of-the-box support for over a hundred applications and infrastructure elements. Extensively monitor hybrid cloud, virtual, and container technologies such as Kubernetes and Docker. Identify and resolve the root-cause of issues faster with automated application discovery, tracing, and diagnostics (ADTD). Anticipate future resource utilization and growth with machine learning-enabled analytics. Applications Manager is used by users in varied roles such as IT Operations, DBAs, DevOps engineers, Site Reliability Engineers, application developers, application owners, Cloud Ops, etc. in 5000+ businesses worldwide. => Visit ManageEngine Applications Manager Website
#6) Site24x7 Zoho Site24x7 Site24x7 is a cloud monitoring tool from Zoho Corporation. Site24x7 was born from the collective expertise of Zoho, a Saas leader for business and productivity applications, and Manage Engine, a world-class IT management software suite. With more than 10,000 plus customers worldwide, Site24x7 helps IT teams and DevOps of all shapes and sizes to troubleshoot issues across their applications and infrastructure with ease. Site24x7 APM Insight is an application performance monitoring tool, that helps you optimize your application performance in real-time. With Site24x7 APM Insight, you can understand your application behaviour and bridge the gap between end-user experience and application performance, thereby providing a seamless digital experience for your customers. Key features of Site24x7 APM Insight: Understand how your applications connect and communicate with external components 50+ metrics that enable you to correlate how your application performance impacts end-user experience. Helps you troubleshoot easily across microservices and distributed architecture with the help of distributed tracing. AI-powered APM tool, that enables you to proactively identify sudden spikes in your application performance. Monitor business-critical transactions in real-time. Seamless integration with Site24x7 Real User Monitoring, to obtain a holistic view of front-end and back-end performance. Supported Platforms: Java, .NET, Ruby, PHP, and Node.js => Visit Site24x7 Application Performance Monitoring Website
#7) New Relic New Relic New Relic was established in 2008 by Lew Cirne. New Relic has grown so fast and quickly that now it has become an integral tool for developers, IT support teams and business executives. It is now servicing thousands of customers to improve the software or application performance. New Relic is spread across the globe with offices in San Francisco, Portland, Dublin, Sydney, London, Zurich, and Munich. New Relic has a fantastic growth rate and it delivers around $263 million in revenue in the current fiscal year 2017 and it has a year on year growth of 45%. New Relic APM provides the facility to drill down the application of performance-related problems. It provides performance-related metrics as given below: Response Time, Throughput, Error Rates, etc. Performance of external services. Most time-consuming transactions. Cross-Application Tracing. Transaction breakdown. Deployment Analysis, History, and Comparison. New Relic supports languages like Java, .NET, Python, Ruby, and PHP. And it also provides performance monitoring for mobile apps, advanced browser performance, and infrastructure monitoring. => Visit New Relic Website
#8) AppDynamics AppDynamics AppDynamics is an American Application Performance Management Company that was found in 2008 and is based out of San Francisco. More than 1000 employees are currently working with a revenue of $118 million in 2017. It was ranked #9 in the Forbes list among 100 top Cloud companies. AppDynamics is part of Cisco now; Cisco has completed the acquisition in March 2017. AppDynamics provides end to end, real-time performance of complex and distributed applications. It has the following key features: It supports languages like Java, Node.js, PHP, .NET, Python, C++, etc. Sends the alert for a business-critical issue with automatic performance base-lining. Resolves production application performance issues by monitoring each and every line of the code. Using AppDynamics, the root cause of any issue can be easily identified and fixed. Using the alerts and Response, Appdynamics automatically discovers what is normal with the performance. Visit the official site: AppDynamics
#9) Opsview Opsview opsview is a software company which was launched in 2005 with its headquarters at Reading, England. It has offices in the United States at Woburn, Massachusetts. opsview Application Monitoring tools provide a single view of the entire infrastructure and the performance of business applications. In the digital technology era, multiple applications are deployed at multiple locations so it is a very challenging task to get the performance data and display in a single context. But opsview makes it easier using its automated and unified approach. Key Features: Opsview tracks the health and alerts of the application when it is not normal and before the end-user gets impacted It tracks the database availability and its connectivity with the client, storage metrics Opsview ensures that business-critical applications are meeting their SLAs It works with other Opsview product such as Opsview Mobile Visit the official site: Opsview
#10) Dynatrace Dynatrace Dynatrace was launched in 2006 with its headquarters in Massachusetts, USA. Currently, around 2000 employees are working for Dynatrace. It has around $354 million in revenue in the financial year 2017. Dynatrace Application Monitoring tool monitors and manages the performance of the software application. Along with that it also ensures the availability of the software application. All the individual and business transactions are monitored deeply at the code level by dynatrace APM. It monitors real data, application performance, cloud environment, and infrastructure. Key Features: Dynatrace supports .NET and Java. End to end and code-level monitoring is done by dynatrace APM. It delivers better digital customer experience by understanding how the performance of an application is important to business growth It resolves problems proactively before the end-user gets impacted. This proactive approach has reduced the time to resolve the issue and it also saves the resources used for identification and resolution of the issue. The performance issue is discovered using artificial intelligence. Visit the official site: Dynatrace
#11) Zenoss Zenoss Zenoss is a leader in hybrid IT monitoring and analytics software. It was launched in 2005 with its headquarters in Austin, Texas, USA. It has three software offerings – Zenoss core (Open source), Zenoss Service dynamics (Commercial software) and Zenoss as a Service (ZaaS). Zenoss has a huge application monitoring capacity- that it monitors 1.2 million devices and 17 billion data points in a day. Zenoss won the Forbes award in 2016 for “Best Enterprise Software Startups and CEOs to Work For” Key Features: Zenoss reduces downtime with proactive application monitoring. Resolves the issues with seamless Infrastructure before the end-user gets impacted due to the issue. Zenoss can automatically monitor application events and provide immediate alerts & notification. Zenoss can integrate with leading APM vendor such as New Relic, AppDyanmics, Dynatrace, etc Visit the official site: Zenoss
#12) Dell Foglight Dell DELL is a multinational computer technology company based out of Texas, United States and was established in 1984. DELL has around 138,000 employees across the globe. DELL acquired Quest software in 2012. Quest Software was well known as one of the leaders in 2011 for Application Performance Monitoring. Dell Foglight monitors the performance of an application across various technologies such as .NET Java. It also provides various analytical dashboards, better user experience, and cross-mapping between an application and the database. Foglight quickly identifies and resolves the issues related to applications, virtual environments, and databases. Foglight can be integrated with different other tools to monitor application performance along with the Infrastructure performance. Key Features: Foglight supports languages like Java, .NET, AJAX, etc. It is used to monitor Application Performance, database monitoring, storage platform performance, etc. It helps to improve compliance with the end-users SLA. Foglight captures user transactions to monitor the application health. Visit the official site: Dell Foglight
#13) Stackify Retrace Stackify Retrace Stackify was launched in 2012 by Matt Watson with its headquarters in Kansas, USA. It had a revenue of around $1 million in 2016. Stackify has been rewarded 2016 Editors’ Choice Award by PC Magazine for its tremendous work of Application Performance Monitoring. Stackify reported a 300% revenue growth in 2016. Stackify provides application performance monitoring tool – Retrace and with the help of Retrace, Stackify has around 1000 customers including small companies as well as giant organizations like Xerox, Microsoft, Honeywell, etc. Key Features: It supports .NET, Java and various other frameworks. Retrace can be integrated with other tools and it supports various environments. It is a SaaS-based APM tool and is designed specifically for developers. Retrace identifies the problems using detailed code-level performance trace. Retrace maintains the health of various servers and applications. It collects the details of all the applications stack and identifies its impact on performance. Visit the official site: Stackify Retrace
#14) Application Insights Application Insights Microsoft is one of the reputed software company launched in 1975 with its headquarters in Washington, USA. More than 124,000 employees are working with a revenue of $90 billion. Microsoft jumps into the Application Performance Monitoring tool market by releasing “Application Insights”, which will help the organizations to understand how their applications are performing. Application Insights is more focused on developers and is designed to monitor the application performance and to collect data to help in troubleshooting and improving the performance of the application. Key Features: Application Insights works with .NET, C++, PHP, Ruby, Python, JavaScript, etc. It works with Window-based application along with Android and iOS platforms. Application Insights is used to monitor the response time for various requests, CPU, network, memory usage, etc. Quickly identifies any problem and finds out the root cause of the issue and fixes it immediately. It has a powerful alerting system such as response time, email, various metrics, etc. It provides various metrics and dashboards to ensure that an application is available and running. Visit the official site: Application Insights
#15) CA Technologies CA Technologies CA Technologies was launched in 1976 and is headquartered in New York, USA. It has more than 12K employees currently with a revenue of $4 billion. CA Application Performance Monitoring supports web, mobile, cloud, mainframe, etc. It monitors the application performance and provides greater customer experience. CA APM is available on-premises for enterprise customers. Key Features: It identifies the problems quickly and resolves them immediately. Easily monitors application and simulates real user transactions. It safeguards the application performance from Mobile to Mainframe. Improvement in the digital performance of the application and customer journey. Simplifying and speeding up the detection and resolution of the issues results in reducing time and efforts. It provides better metrics when compared to other APM tools. It is easy to deploy and a stable APM tool. Visit the official site: CA Technologies
#16) IT-Conductor It-conductor logo IT-Conductor is an enterprise-grade IT/SAP Service Management solution in the Cloud providing End-User Experience Monitoring, App & Infrastructure Monitoring, Impact Analysis, Root Cause Analysis, Notification, and IT Process Automation. IT-Conductor Automates so your IT Operations can Accelerate! Minimize Noise > Maximize Performance. It has the following key features: APMaaS (Application Performance Management as a Service): Monitor & Manage SAP WITHOUT Installation, Subscription-based, easy wizard-based setup, Powerful best-practices service management templates will save effort and operation costs. Proactive Performance Management: Pinpoint Problems with Performance & Availability, Unified service level management provides uniform support of new technologies, components, and architectures. Automated: Automate Root-cause Analysis by making sense of Application Diagnostics, Integrated Infrastructure provides IT process & runbook automation, including job scheduling. Conclusion

2021-03-13T16:42:00.004+05:30

Top 10 Most Common Cyber Attacks Denial-of-service (DoS) and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks A denial-of-service attack overwhelms a system’s resources so that it cannot respond to service requests. A DDoS attack is also an attack on system’s resources, but it is launched from a large number of other host machines that are infected by malicious software controlled by the attacker. Unlike attacks that are designed to enable the attacker to gain or increase access, denial-of-service doesn’t provide direct benefits for attackers. For some of them, it’s enough to have the satisfaction of service denial. However, if the attacked resource belongs to a business competitor, then the benefit to the attacker may be real enough. Another purpose of a DoS attack can be to take a system offline so that a different kind of attack can be launched. One common example is session hijacking, which I’ll describe later. There are different types of DoS and DDoS attacks; the most common are TCP SYN flood attack, teardrop attack, smurf attack, ping-of-death attack and botnets. TCP SYN flood attack In this attack, an attacker exploits the use of the buffer space during a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) session initialization handshake. The attacker’s device floods the target system’s small in-process queue with connection requests, but it does not respond when the target system replies to those requests. This causes the target system to time out while waiting for the response from the attacker’s device, which makes the system crash or become unusable when the connection queue fills up. There are a few countermeasures to a TCP SYN flood attack: Place servers behind a firewall configured to stop inbound SYN packets. Increase the size of the connection queue and decrease the timeout on open connections. Teardrop attack This attack causes the length and fragmentation offset fields in sequential Internet Protocol (IP) packets to overlap one another on the attacked host; the attacked system attempts to reconstruct packets during the process but fails. The target system then becomes confused and crashes. If users don’t have patches to protect against this DoS attack, disable SMBv2 and block ports 139 and 445. Smurf attack This attack involves using IP spoofing and the ICMP to saturate a target network with traffic. This attack method uses ICMP echo requests targeted at broadcast IP addresses. These ICMP requests originate from a spoofed “victim” address. For instance, if the intended victim address is 10.0.0.10, the attacker would spoof an ICMP echo request from 10.0.0.10 to the broadcast address 10.255.255.255. This request would go to all IPs in the range, with all the responses going back to 10.0.0.10, overwhelming the network. This process is repeatable, and can be automated to generate huge amounts of network congestion. To protect your devices from this attack, you need to disable IP-directed broadcasts at the routers. This will prevent the ICMP echo broadcast request at the network devices. Another option would be to configure the end systems to keep them from responding to ICMP packets from broadcast addresses. Ping of death attack This type of attack uses IP packets to ‘ping a target system with an IP size over the maximum of 65,535 bytes. IP packets of this size are not allowed, so attacker fragments the IP packet. Once the target system reassembles the packet, it can experience buffer overflows and other crashes. Ping of death attacks can be blocked by using a firewall that will check fragmented IP packets for maximum size. Botnets Botnets are the millions of systems infected with malware under hacker control in order to carry out DDoS attacks. These bots or zombie systems are used to carry out attacks against the target systems, often overwhelming the target system’s bandwidth and processing capabilities. These DDoS attacks are difficult to trace because botnets are located in differing geographic locations. Botnets can be mitigated by: RFC3704 filtering, which will deny traffic from spoofed addresses and help ensure that traffic is traceable to its correct source network. For example, RFC3704 filtering will drop packets from bogon list addresses. Black hole filtering, which drops undesirable traffic before it enters a protected network. When a DDoS attack is detected, the BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) host should send routing updates to ISP routers so that they route all traffic heading to victim servers to a null0 interface at the next hop. 2. Man-in-the-middle (MitM) attack A MitM attack occurs when a hacker inserts itself between the communications of a client and a server. Here are some common types of man-in-the-middle attacks: Session hijacking In this type of MitM attack, an attacker hijacks a session between a trusted client and network server. The attacking computer substitutes its IP address for the trusted client while the server continues the session, believing it is communicating with the client. For instance, the attack might unfold like this: A client connects to a server. The attacker’s computer gains control of the client. The attacker’s computer disconnects the client from the server. The attacker’s computer replaces the client’s IP address with its own IP address and spoofs the client’s sequence numbers. The attacker’s computer continues dialog with the server and the server believes it is still communicating with the client. IP Spoofing IP spoofing is used by an attacker to convince a system that it is communicating with a known, trusted entity and provide the attacker with access to the system. The attacker sends a packet with the IP source address of a known, trusted host instead of its own IP source address to a target host. The target host might accept the packet and act upon it. Replay A replay attack occurs when an attacker intercepts and saves old messages and then tries to send them later, impersonating one of the participants. This type can be easily countered with session timestamps or nonce (a random number or a string that changes with time). Currently, there is no single technology or configuration to prevent all MitM attacks. Generally, encryption and digital certificates provide an effective safeguard against MitM attacks, assuring both the confidentiality and integrity of communications. But a man-in-the-middle attack can be injected into the middle of communications in such a way that encryption will not help — for example, attacker “A” intercepts public key of person “P” and substitute it with his own public key. Then, anyone wanting to send an encrypted message to P using P’s public key is unknowingly using A’s public key. Therefore, A can read the message intended for P and then send the message to P, encrypted in P’s real public key, and P will never notice that the message was compromised. In addition, A could also modify the message before resending it to P. As you can see, P is using encryption and thinks that his information is protected but it is not, because of the MitM attack. So, how can you make sure that P’s public key belongs to P and not to A? Certificate authorities and hash functions were created to solve this problem. When person 2 (P2) wants to send a message to P, and P wants to be sure that A will not read or modify the message and that the message actually came from P2, the following method must be used: P2 creates a symmetric key and encrypts it with P’s public key. P2 sends the encrypted symmetric key to P. P2 computes a hash function of the message and digitally signs it. P2 encrypts his message and the message’s signed hash using the symmetric key and sends the entire thing to P. P is able to receive the symmetric key from P2 because only he has the private key to decrypt the encryption. P, and only P, can decrypt the symmetrically encrypted message and signed hash because he has the symmetric key. He is able to verify that the message has not been altered because he can compute the hash of received message and compare it with digitally signed one. P is also able to prove to himself that P2 was the sender because only P2 can sign the hash so that it is verified with P2 public key. 3. Phishing and spear phishing attacks Phishing attack is the practice of sending emails that appear to be from trusted sources with the goal of gaining personal information or influencing users to do something. It combines social engineering and technical trickery. It could involve an attachment to an email that loads malware onto your computer. It could also be a link to an illegitimate website that can trick you into downloading malware or handing over your personal information. Spear phishing is a very targeted type of phishing activity. Attackers take the time to conduct research into targets and create messages that are personal and relevant. Because of this, spear phishing can be very hard to identify and even harder to defend against. One of the simplest ways that a hacker can conduct a spear phishing attack is email spoofing, which is when the information in the “From” section of the email is falsified, making it appear as if it is coming from someone you know, such as your management or your partner company. Another technique that scammers use to add credibility to their story is website cloning — they copy legitimate websites to fool you into entering personally identifiable information (PII) or login credentials. To reduce the risk of being phished, you can use these techniques: Critical thinking — Do not accept that an email is the real deal just because you’re busy or stressed or you have 150 other unread messages in your inbox. Stop for a minute and analyze the email. Hovering over the links — Move your mouse over the link, but do not click it! Just let your mouse cursor h over over the link and see where would actually take you. Apply critical thinking to decipher the URL. Analyzing email headers — Email headers define how an email got to your address. The “Reply-to” and “Return-Path” parameters should lead to the same domain as is stated in the email. Sandboxing — You can test email content in a sandbox environment, logging activity from opening the attachment or clicking the links inside the email. 4. Drive-by attack Drive-by download attacks are a common method of spreading malware. Hackers look for insecure websites and plant a malicious script into HTTP or PHP code on one of the pages. This script might install malware directly onto the computer of someone who visits the site, or it might re-direct the victim to a site controlled by the hackers. Drive-by downloads can happen when visiting a website or viewing an email message or a pop-up window. Unlike many other types of cyber security attacks, a drive-by doesn’t rely on a user to do anything to actively enable the attack — you don’t have to click a download button or open a malicious email attachment to become infected. A drive-by download can take advantage of an app, operating system or web browser that contains security flaws due to unsuccessful updates or lack of updates. To protect yourself from drive-by attacks, you need to keep your browsers and operating systems up to date and avoid websites that might contain malicious code. Stick to the sites you normally use — although keep in mind that even these sites can be hacked. Don’t keep too many unnecessary programs and apps on your device. The more plug-ins you have, the more vulnerabilities there are that can be exploited by drive-by attacks. 5. Password attack Because passwords are the most commonly used mechanism to authenticate users to an information system, obtaining passwords is a common and effective attack approach. Access to a person’s password can be obtained by looking around the person’s desk, ‘‘sniffing’’ the connection to the network to acquire unencrypted passwords, using social engineering, gaining access to a password database or outright guessing. The last approach can be done in either a random or systematic manner: Brute-force password guessing means using a random approach by trying different passwords and hoping that one work Some logic can be applied by trying passwords related to the person’s name, job title, hobbies or similar items. In a dictionary attack, a dictionary of common passwords is used to attempt to gain access to a user’s computer and network. One approach is to copy an encrypted file that contains the passwords, apply the same encryption to a dictionary of commonly used passwords, and compare the results. In order to protect yourself from dictionary or brute-force attacks, you need to implement an account lockout policy that will lock the account after a few invalid password attempts. You can follow these account lockout best practices in order to set it up correctly. Handpicked related content: Password Policy Best Practices 6. SQL injection attack SQL injection has become a common issue with database-driven websites. It occurs when a malefactor executes a SQL query to the database via the input data from the client to server. SQL commands are inserted into data-plane input (for example, instead of the login or password) in order to run predefined SQL commands. A successful SQL injection exploit can read sensitive data from the database, modify (insert, update or delete) database data, execute administration operations (such as shutdown) on the database, recover the content of a given file, and, in some cases, issue commands to the operating system. For example, a web form on a website might request a user’s account name and then send it to the database in order to pull up the associated account information using dynamic SQL like this: “SELECT * FROM users WHERE account = ‘“ + userProvidedAccountNumber +”’;” While this works for users who are properly entering their account number, it leaves a hole for attackers. For example, if someone decided to provide an account number of “‘ or ‘1’ = ‘1’”, that would result in a query string of: “SELECT * FROM users WHERE account = ‘’ or ‘1’ = ‘1’;” Because ‘1’ = ‘1’ always evaluates to TRUE, the database will return the data for all users instead of just a single user. The vulnerability to this type of cyber security attack depends on the fact that SQL makes no real distinction between the control and data planes. Therefore, SQL injections work mostly if a website uses dynamic SQL. Additionally, SQL injection is very common with PHP and ASP applications due to the prevalence of older functional interfaces. J2EE and ASP.NET applications are less likely to have easily exploited SQL injections because of the nature of the programmatic interfaces available. In order to protect yourself from a SQL injection attacks, apply least0privilege model of permissions in your databases. Stick to stored procedures (make sure that these procedures don’t include any dynamic SQL) and prepared statements (parameterized queries). The code that is executed against the database must be strong enough to prevent injection attacks. In addition, validate input data against a white list at the application level. 7. Cross-site scripting (XSS) attack XSS attacks use third-party web resources to run scripts in the victim’s web browser or scriptable application. Specifically, the attacker injects a payload with malicious JavaScript into a website’s database. When the victim requests a page from the website, the website transmits the page, with the attacker’s payload as part of the HTML body, to the victim’s browser, which executes the malicious script. For example, it might send the victim’s cookie to the attacker’s server, and the attacker can extract it and use it for session hijacking. The most dangerous consequences occur when XSS is used to exploit additional vulnerabilities. These vulnerabilities can enable an attacker to not only steal cookies, but also log key strokes, capture screenshots, discover and collect network information, and remotely access and control the victim’s machine. While XSS can be taken advantage of within VBScript, ActiveX and Flash, the most widely abused is JavaScript — primarily because JavaScript is supported widely on the web. To defend against XSS attacks, developers can sanitize data input by users in an HTTP request before reflecting it back. Make sure all data is validated, filtered or escaped before echoing anything back to the user, such as the values of query parameters during searches. Convert special characters such as ?, &, /, <, > and spaces to their respective HTML or URL encoded equivalents. Give users the option to disable client-side scripts. 8. Eavesdropping attack Eavesdropping attacks occur through the interception of network traffic. By eavesdropping, an attacker can obtain passwords, credit card numbers and other confidential information that a user might be sending over the network. Eavesdropping can be passive or active: Passive eavesdropping — A hacker detects the information by listening to the message transmission in the network. Active eavesdropping — A hacker actively grabs the information by disguising himself as friendly unit and by sending queries to transmitters. This is called probing, scanning or tampering. Detecting passive eavesdropping attacks is often more important than spotting active ones, since active attacks requires the attacker to gain knowledge of the friendly units by conducting passive eavesdropping before. Data encryption is the best countermeasure for eavesdropping. 9. Birthday attack Birthday attacks are made against hash algorithms that are used to verify the integrity of a message, software or digital signature. A message processed by a hash function produces a message digest (MD) of fixed length, independent of the length of the input message; this MD uniquely characterizes the message. The birthday attack refers to the probability of finding two random messages that generate the same MD when processed by a hash function. If an attacker calculates same MD for his message as the user has, he can safely replace the user’s message with his, and the receiver will not be able to detect the replacement even if he compares MDs. 10. Malware attack Malicious software can be described as unwanted software that is installed in your system without your consent. It can attach itself to legitimate code and propagate; it can lurk in useful applications or replicate itself across the Internet. Here are some of the most common types of malware: Macro viruses — These viruses infect applications such as Microsoft Word or Excel. Macro viruses attach to an application’s initialization sequence. When the application is opened, the virus executes instructions before transferring control to the application. The virus replicates itself and attaches to other code in the computer system. File infectors — File infector viruses usually attach themselves to executable code, such as .exe files. The virus is installed when the code is loaded. Another version of a file infector associates itself with a file by creating a virus file with the same name, but an .exe extension. Therefore, when the file is opened, the virus code will execute. System or boot-record infectors — A boot-record virus attaches to the master boot record on hard disks. When the system is started, it will look at the boot sector and load the virus into memory, where it can propagate to other disks and computers. Polymorphic viruses — These viruses conceal themselves through varying cycles of encryption and decryption. The encrypted virus and an associated mutation engine are initially decrypted by a decryption program. The virus proceeds to infect an area of code. The mutation engine then develops a new decryption routine and the virus encrypts the mutation engine and a copy of the virus with an algorithm corresponding to the new decryption routine. The encrypted package of mutation engine and virus is attached to new code, and the process repeats. Such viruses are difficult to detect but have a high level of entropy because of the many modifications of their source code. Anti-virus software or free tools like Process Hacker can use this feature to detect them. Stealth viruses — Stealth viruses take over system functions to conceal themselves. They do this by compromising malware detection software so that the software will report an infected area as being uninfected. These viruses conceal any increase in the size of an infected file or changes to the file’s date and time of last modification. Trojans — A Trojan or a Trojan horse is a program that hides in a useful program and usually has a malicious function. A major difference between viruses and Trojans is that Trojans do not self-replicate. In addition to launching attacks on a system, a Trojan can establish a back door that can be exploited by attackers. For example, a Trojan can be programmed to open a high-numbered port so the hacker can use it to listen and then perform an attack. Logic bombs — A logic bomb is a type of malicious software that is appended to an application and is triggered by a specific occurrence, such as a logical condition or a specific date and time. Worms — Worms differ from viruses in that they do not attach to a host file, but are self-contained programs that propagate across networks and computers. Worms are commonly spread through email attachments; opening the attachment activates the worm program. A typical worm exploit involves the worm sending a copy of itself to every contact in an infected computer’s email address In addition to conducting malicious activities, a worm spreading across the internet and overloading email servers can result in denial-of-service attacks against nodes on the network. Droppers — A dropper is a program used to install viruses on computers. In many instances, the dropper is not infected with malicious code and, therefore might not be detected by virus-scanning software. A dropper can also connect to the internet and download updates to virus software that is resident on a compromised system. Ransomware — Ransomware is a type of malware that blocks access to the victim’s data and threatens to publish or delete it unless a ransom is paid. While some simple computer ransomware can lock the system in a way that is not difficult for a knowledgeable person to reverse, more advanced malware uses a technique called cryptoviral extortion, which encrypts the victim’s files in a way that makes them nearly impossible to recover without the decryption key. Handpicked related content: How to Prevent Ransomware Best Practices Ransomware Protection Using FSRM and PowerShell Ransomware Survivor: 6 Tips to Prevent Ransomware Attacks Adware — Adware is a software application used by companies for marketing purposes; advertising banners are displayed while any program is running. Adware can be automatically downloaded to your system while browsing any website and can be viewed through pop-up windows or through a bar that appears on the computer screen automatically. Spyware — Spyware is a type of program that is installed to collect information about users, their computers or their browsing habits. It tracks everything you do without your knowledge and sends the data to a remote user. It also can download and install other malicious programs from the internet. Spyware works like adware but is usually a separate program that is installed unknowingly when you install another freeware application. Conclusion Mounting a good defense requires understanding the offense. This article has reviewed the 10 most common cyber-security attacks that hackers use to disrupt and compromise information systems. As you can see, attackers have many options, such as DDoS assaults, malware infection, man-in-the-middle interception, and brute-force password guessing, to trying to gain unauthorized access to critical infrastructures and sensitive data. Measures to mitigate these threats vary, but security basics stay the same: Keep your systems and anti-virus databases up to date, train your employees, configure your firewall to whitelist only the specific ports and hosts you need, keep your passwords strong, use a least-privilege model in your IT environment, make regular backups, and continuously audit your IT systems for suspicious activity. Handpicked related content: 4 Steps You Should Take If You Have Been Hacked Top 10 Cyber Attack Maps and How They Can Help You

2020-10-25T16:20:00.000+05:30

Profile

Elon Reeve Musk FRS is a business magnate, industrial designer, engineer, and philanthropist. He is the founder, CEO, CTO and chief designer of SpaceX; early investor, CEO and product architect of Tesla, Inc.; founder of The Boring Company; co-founder of Neuralink; and co-founder and initial co-chairman of OpenAI. Wikipedia

Born: 28 June 1971 (age 49 years), Pretoria, South Africa

Net worth: US$98.5 billion (September 2, 2020)

Citizenship: South Africa (1971–present); Canada (1971–present); United States (2002–present)

Education: University of Pennsylvania (1991–1997), MORE

Children: X Æ A-Xii, Nevada Alexander Musk, Kai Musk, Xavier Musk, Saxon Musk, Damian Musk, Griffin Musk

Spouse: Talulah Riley (m. 2013–2016), Talulah Riley (m. 2010–2012), Justine Musk (m. 2000–2008)

Profiles

Website:

https://www.spacex.com/

The List of Elon Musk’s Projects

https://www.spacex.com/

2020-10-25T16:04:00.005+05:30

https://www.spacex.com/human-spaceflight/

EARTH TO EARTH

TIME COMPARISONS

ROUTE	DISTANCE	COMMERICAL AIRLINE	STARSHIP
LOS ANGELES TO NEW YORK	3,983 km	5 hours, 25 min	25 min
BANGKOK TO DUBAI	4,909 km	6 hours, 25 min	27 min
TOKYO TO SINGAPORE	5,350 km	7 hours, 10 min	28 min
LONDON TO NEW YORK	5,555 km	7 hours, 55 min	29 min
NEW YORK TO PARIS	5,849 km	7 hours, 20 min	30 min
SYDNEY TO SINGAPORE	6,288 km	8 hours, 20 min	31 min
LOS ANGELES TO LONDON	8,781 km	10 hours, 30 min	32 min
LONDON TO HONG KONG	9,648 km	11 hours, 50 min	34 min

NASA Apps For Smartphones, Tablets and Digital Media Players

2020-10-25T15:53:00.001+05:30

NASA Apps For Smartphones, Tablets and Digital Media Players

Let NASA bring the universe to you. Find videos, virtual tours, podcasts at more at NASA at Home.

NASA

The NASA app showcases a huge collection of the latest NASA content, including over 18,000 images, videos on-demand, NASA Television, Solar System Exploration feature, podcasts, news & feature stories, ISS sighting opportunities and tracking, mission information, Third Rock Radio and much more. Learn More

Install the app:

Amazon Fire TV: Please go to the App Store on your Fire TV device to install.

Apple TV: Please go to the App Store on your Apple TV device to install.

Roku: Add the NASA channel in the Roku channel store.

2020-10-24T16:37:00.003+05:30

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What Does Your Body Language Say About You? How To Read Signs and Recognize Gestures

2014-03-05T21:44:00.001+05:30

What Does Your Body Language Say About You? How To Read Signs and Recognize Gestures

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As we all know, communication is essential in society. Advancements in technology have transformed the way that we correspond with others in the modern world. Because of the constant buzz in our technological world, it’s easy to forget how important communicating face-to-face is. When conversing old-school style, it’s not only speech we verbalize that matters, but what our nonverbal gestures articulate as well.
Body language is truly a language of its own. We all have quirks and habits that are uniquely our own. What does your body language say about you? And what can you learn about others by becoming aware of what some of the signs mean?
I thought it would be fun to list some of the well-known signs that body language experts study and recognize. It is said that when talking to a person the information that we receive can be broken down as:

10% from what the person actually says
40% from the tone and speed of voice
50% is from their body language.

HEAD

Lowering one’s head can signal a lack of confidence. If someone lowers their head when complimented, they may be shy or timid

Touching or tugging at one’s ear can indicate indecisiveness

Sincere smiles encompass the whole face (noticeable in the eyes)

A false smile usually only engages the lips

Tilting one’s head can symbolize interest in something or someone

Overly tilted heads can be a sign of sympathy

Closing of eyes or pinching at the bridge of one’s nose is often done when making a negative evaluation

When a listener nods, this is usually a positive message and relays that they are interested and paying attention

However, excessive nodding can imply that the listener has lost interest but doesn’t want to be rude

Touching/rubbing one’s nose may indicate doubtfulness or rejection of an idea

Sticking out one’s chin toward another may show defiance

Resting a hand on one’s cheek is often done if they are thinking or pondering; and stroking the chin can mean the person is trying to make a decision

UPPER BODY

Pushing back one’s shoulders can demonstrate power and courage

Open arms means one is comfortable with being approached and willing to talk/communicate

Folded arms show that there is a sort of barricade between them and other people (or their surroundings) and indicate dissatisfaction

Resting one’s arms behind their neck shows that they are open to what is being discussed and interested in listening more

Pointing one’s finger can be construed as aggression or assertiveness

Touching the front of the neck can show that someone is interested and concerned about what another is saying

Hand movements that are upward & outward signify positive and open messages

Palms that are faced outwards towards another indicate one’s wish to stop and not approach

If one’s fingers are interlaced or if the finger tips are pressed together, it usually shows that a person is thinking and evaluating

If offering ideas to other people, many times the sides of one’s palms are close together, with fingers extended

LOWER BODY

Putting your hands on your hips can show eagerness and readiness (also, at times, aggression)

Hips pushed forward, while leaning back can show that one feels powerful (also can be a suggestive gesture)

A wide stance – where one’s feet are positioned far apart – signifies more power and dominance

When one sits with legs open and part, they might feel secure in their surroundings

Crossed legs can mean several things: relaxed/comfortable, or defensive – depending on how tense the leg muscles are

When you cross your legs towards another person, you are showing more interest in them than when they are crossed away in the other direction

A confident and powerful position is the “Figure of Four Cross” when one’s ankle is atop the other leg’s knee and the top leg is pointed sideways

Bouncing your foot if your legs are crossed can show that you are bored or losing patience

EYES

The lowering of the eyes can convey fear, guilt or submission

Lowered eyebrows and squinted eyes illustrate an attempt at understanding what is being said or going on

A lack of confidence or apprehensiveness can be displayed when you don’t look another person in the eyes

One tends to blink more often if nervous or trying to evaluate someone else

If you look directly into another person’s eyes you are displaying self-assurance

Wide eyes show more of an interest in a subject or person

If you are irritated with a comment made by another during a conversation, a common movement is to take a quick glance sideways

Staring at someone can be an aggressive gesture or suggest that the one staring feels dominant

Recalling a memory is usually done by looking up and to the right

Looking directly upwards can indicate that one is thinking

Eye contact is normally broken if someone feels insulted by another

2014-03-03T16:53:00.004+05:30

Mind Blowing Facts: How Famous Companies Got Their Names?

Nike: Named for the greek goddess of victory. The swoosh

symbolises her flight.

Skype: The original concept was â€˜Sky-Peer-to-Peerâ€™, which morphed into Skyper, then Skype..
Mercedes: This was actually financier’s daughter’s name.
Adidas: The company name was taken from its founder Adolf (ADI) Dassler whose first name was shortened to the nickname Adi. Together with first three letters of his surname it formed ADIDAS.
Adobe: This came from the name of the river Adobe Creek that ran behind the house of founder John Warnock.

Apple Computers: It was the favourite fruit of founder Steve Jobs. He was three months late for filing a name for the business, and he threatened to call his company Apple Computers if the other colleagues didn’t suggest a better name by 5 o’clock.
CISCO: It is not an acronym as popularly believed. It’s short for San Francisco.
Compaq: This name was formed by using COMP, for computer and PAQ to denote a small integral object.
Corel: The name was derived from the founder’s name Dr. Michael Cowpland. It stands for COwpland Research Laboratory.
Google: The name started as a joke boasting about the amount of information the search-engine would be able to search. It was originally named ‘Googol’, a word for the number represented by 1 followed by 100 zeros. After founders – Stanford graduate students Sergey Brin and Larry Page presented their project to an angel investor; they received a cheque made out to ‘Google’. So, instead of returning the cheque for correction, they decided to change the name to Google.
Hotmail: Founder Jack Smith got the idea of accessing e-mail via the web from a computer anywhere in the world. When Sabeer Bhatia came up with the business plan for the mail service, he tried all kinds of names ending in ‘mail’ and finally settled for hotmail as it included the letters “html” – the programming language used to write web pages. It was initially referred to as HoTMaiL with selective uppercasing.
Hewlett Packard: Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard tossed a coin to decide whether the company they founded would be called Hewlett-Packard or Packard-Hewlett.
Intel: Bob Noyce and Gordon Moore wanted to name their new company ‘Moore Noyce’ but that was already trademarked by a hotel chain so they had to settle for an acronym of INTegrated ELectronics.

Lotus (Notes): Mitch Kapor got the name for his company from ‘The Lotus Position’ or ‘Padmasana’. Kapor used to be a teacher of transcendental Meditation of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.
Microsoft: Coined by Bill Gates to represent the company that was devoted to MICROcomputer SOFTware. Originally christened Micro-Soft, the ‘-’ was removed later on.

Motorola: Founder Paul Galvin came up with this name when his company started manufacturing radios for cars. The popular radio company at the time was called Victrola.

Sony: It originated from the Latin word ‘sonus’ meaning sound and ‘sonny’ as lang used by Americans to refer to a bright youngster.

SUN: Founded by 4 Stanford University buddies, SUN is the acronym for Stanford University Network. Andreas Bechtolsheim built a microcomputer; Vinod Khosla recruited him and Scott McNealy to manufacture computers based on it, and Bill Joy to develop a UNIX-based OS for the computer.

Apache: It got its name because its founders got started by applying patches to code written for NCSA’s httpd daemon. The result was ‘A PAtCHy’ server – thus, the name Apache Jakarta (project from Apache): A project constituted by SUN and Apache to create a web server handling servlets and JSPs. Jakarta was name of the conference room at SUN where most of the meetings between SUN and Apache took place.
Tomcat: The servlet part of the Jakarta project. Tomcat was the code name for the JSDK 2.1 project inside SUN.
C: Dennis Ritchie improved on the B programming language and called it ‘New B’. He later called it C. Earlier B was created by Ken Thompson as a revision of the Bon programming language (named after his wife Bonnie).
C++: Bjarne Stroustrup called his new language ‘C with Classes’ and then ‘newC’. Because of which the original C began to be called ‘old C’ which was considered insulting to the C community. At this time Rick Mascitti suggested the name C++ as a successor to C.
GNU: A species of African antelope. Founder of the GNU project Richard Stallman liked the name because of the humour associated with its pronunciation and was also influenced by the children’s song ‘The Gnu Song’ which is a song sung by a gnu. Also it fitted into the recursive acronym culture with ‘GNU’s Not Unix’.
Java: Originally called Oak by creator James Gosling, from the tree that stood outside his window, the programming team had to look for a substitute as there was no other language with the same name. Java was selected from a list of suggestions. It came from the name of the coffee that the programmers drank.
LG: Combination of two popular Korean brands Lucky and Goldstar.
Linux: Linus Torvalds originally used the Minix OS on his system which here placed by his OS. Hence the working name was Linux (Linus’ Minix). He thought the name to be too egotistical and planned to name it Freax (free+freak+x). His friend Ari Lemmke encouraged Linus to upload it to a network so it could be easily downloaded. Ari gave Linus a directory called ‘Linux’ on his FTP server, as he did not like the name Freax. (Linus parents named him after two-time Nobel Prize winner Linus Pauling).
Mozilla: When Marc Andreessen, founder of Netscape, created a browser to replace Mosaic (also developed by him), it was named Mozilla (Mosaic-Killer, Godzilla). The marketing guys didn’t like the name however and it was re-christened Netscape Navigator.
Red Hat: Company founder Marc Ewing was given the Cornell lacrosse team cap (with red and white stripes) while at college by his grandfather. He lost it and had to search for it desperately. The manual of the beta version of Red Hat Linux had an appeal to readers to return his Red Hat if found by anyone!

SAP: “Systems, Applications, Products in Data Processing”, formed by 4 ex-IBM employees who used to work in the ‘Systems/Applications/Projects’ group of IBM.
UNIX: When Bell Labs pulled out of MULTICS (MULTiplexed Information and Computing System), which was originally a joint Bell/GE/MIT project, Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie of Bell Labs wrote a simpler version of the OS. They needed the OS to run the game ‘Space War’ which was compiled under MULTICS. It was called UNICS – UNIplexed operating and Computing System by Brian Kernighan. It was later shortened to UNIX.

SCO (UNIX): From Santa Cruz Operation. The company’s office was in Santa Cruz.
Xerox: The inventor, Chestor Carlson, named his product trying to say ‘dry’ (as it was dry copying, markedly different from the then prevailing wet copying). The Greek root ‘xer’ means dry.

Yahoo: The word was invented by Jonathan Swift and used in his book ‘Gulliver’s Travels’. It represents a person who is repulsive in appearance and action and is barely human. Yahoo! founders Jerry Yang and David Filo selected the name because they considered themselves yahoos.

3M: Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company started off by mining the material corundum used to make sandpaper. It was changed to 3M when the company changed its focus to Innovative Products.

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2014-01-15T13:01:00.003+05:30

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The 8 Useful DOS Commands That You Should Memorize

2014-01-15T12:51:00.000+05:30

The 8 Useful DOS Commands That You Should Memorize

I realize that providing a lesson on DOS commands to MUO readers is sort of like offering to teach a group of martial arts experts how to throw a punch. The thing is, there are quite a few people out there that don’t realize how easy it is to troubleshoot and fix certain computer issues using a few simple key entries. I’m not about to argue that DOS isn’t outdated. However, Windows 7 still features a command prompt window.

We’ve covered a number of current uses for DOS, such as playing DOS games. I also provided some Windows Scripting tips, which is the next generation replacing DOS commands. With that said, there’s still a place for DOS commands. So, for those of you that like the idea of typing in a few commands to avoid the hassle of several mouse clicks, I’m going to review eight of what I consider to be the most essential and helpful DOS commands that are still available in Windows 7.

The DOS Prompt Window Is Not Missing!

If you are one of those folks that became convinced the DOS prompt was officially wiped out with Windows 7, all you have to do is click on the Start menu, and in the “Search programs and files” field, just type “cmd” and press enter. Voila – there’s your DOS window.

Assoc: Associated Extension

Not sure what default program you have set up to handle ZIP, MP3 or HTML files? A quick and easy way to check for your default file associations is the “assoc” command. Just open a command prompt and type “assoc” followed by the file extension.

The response is the installed application that is currently configured to handle that file type. As you can see above, WinRAR is my ZIP file handler, MS Word handles doc files, and Chrome is set up as the default for HTML files.

Tree: View Directory Structure

If you’ve created a virtual spiderweb of files and directories on your computer, it can get pretty confusing to remember where everything is. Sometimes it would be nice to have a diagram showing directories and sub-directories. Using the Tree command, you can do just that.
First, navigate to the directory you want to get the file structure of, and then type “tree > myfile.txt“. The text file can be called anything you like.

The command writes the entire directory structure, completed with all folders, into the text file, which you can print out for easy viewing.

The formatting may look a little bit funky, but if you look closely you’ll see that the directories are all there, they just might be prefaced with some weird symbols.

File Search & Comparison

If you ever have two text files – particularly two very large text files – the file compare (fc) command is all you need to identify and synchronize file differences.
The usage is about as easy as it can get. Just type “fc” followed by the names of the two files.

The system will respond by showing the lines from both files where there are differences. This command can become pretty handy when you’re collaborating with people and trying to sync up differences between files that several people are working on.
If you only need to find a file on your system, and you know the name of the file, the “find” command is far faster than any point and click operation you can do. Just do a “dir” command to the directory you want to search, and then “|” followed by the name of the file.

The system will respond with the directory where the file is stored.

Network Commands

I really don’t think there are easier ways available to do network troubleshooting than the sort of tools you get in DOS commands. For example, if you want to know your basic network setup, just do a quick “ipconfig” and you will get details like your computer IP and the default gateway (which is typically your home router IP address).

If you’re not sure you have a good network connection, try doing a “ping” to a known IP address or a website. You’ll see it echo back with an IP address if the link is good. If you want to see all network connections currently active from your PC, type “netstat“.

This shows you all network connections from your PC. It may be a good idea to search through these carefully to make sure that there’s no surprises in the form of malware or a virus hijacking your bandwidth.

Windows Utilities

Finally, there are a multitude of DOS commands that are invaluable as system troubleshooting tools. For example, to view a list of active processes, just open up a command prompt and type “tasklist“.

If you see any process you want to kill, just type “taskkill” follwoed by the image name.
Nervous about whether a particular system file became corrupted after a recent virus infection? Just type “sfc /VERIFYFILE=” followed by the full path of the file.

Windows will check to be sure it is the original. You can also scan all system files like this at once by typing “sfc /scannow”
Finally, probably one of the most useful DOS commands available – the AT command. With “AT”, you have the ability to schedule tasks to run on a regular routine, all from a simple command prompt.

Setting up the AT commands can be a little tricky, so type “at help” if you need parameter help. In the command above I set up the computer to automatically archive all files in the temp directory to the archive folder. You could do similar jobs to routinely back up important files on your computer to a mapped external drive.
As you can see, there’s still plenty that you can do with the command prompt. Having these resources at your fingertips can really make it a lot easier to troubleshoot, maintain and repair computer systems.
Were any of these commands new to you? Do you know of any other useful DOS tips? Share your insights in the comments section below.

10 Useful Windows Commands You Should Know

2014-01-15T12:49:00.002+05:30

10 Useful Windows Commands You Should Know

There are some things you can only do from the command line, even on Windows. Some of these tools don’t have graphical equivalents, while others are just plain faster to use than their graphical interfaces.
We can’t possibly cover all the useful commands you can use in the Command Prompt or PowerShell here. We’ll be focusing on commands that should be useful even if you’re not a command-line person.

ipconfig – Quickly Find Your IP Address

You can find your IP address from the Control Panel, but this takes quite a few clicks. The ipconfig command is a fast way of determining your computer’s IP address and other information, such as the address of its default gateway — useful if you want to know the IP address of your router’s web interface.
To use the command, just type ipconfig into a Command Prompt window. You’ll see a list of all the network connections your computer is using. Look under Wireless LAN adapter if you’re connected to Wi-Fi or Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection if you’re connected to a wired network.

ipconfig /flushdns – Flush Your DNS Resolver Cache

If you change your DNS server, the effects won’t necessarily take place immediately. Windows uses a cache that remembers DNS responses it’s received, saving time when you access the same addresses again in the future.
To ensure Windows is getting addresses from the new DNS servers instead of using old, cached entries, run the ipconfig /flushdns command after changing your DNS server.

ping, tracert – Troubleshoot Network Connection Issues

If you’re experiencing issues connecting to a website or other network connection issues, Windows and other operating systems have some standard tools you can use to identify problems.
First, there’s the ping command. Type ping google.com and Windows will send packets to Google.com. Google will respond and let you know it’s received them. You’ll be able to see if any packets didn’t make it to Google.com — perhaps you’re experiencing packet loss — and how long it took you to hear back — perhaps the network is saturated and packets are taking a while to reach their destinations.

There’s also the tracert command, which traces the route it takes for a packet to reach a destination. For example, run tracert google.com and you’ll see the path your packet takes to reach Google. If you’re having issues connecting to a website, tracert can show you where the problem is occurring.

For more information about using these commands, read our introduction to troubleshooting Internet connection problems.

shutdown – Create Shutdown Shortcuts on Windows 8

The shutdown command is particularly useful on Windows 8. You can use it to create your own shortcuts and place them on your Start screen or desktop, allowing you to more easily shut down Windows without digging through the charms bar or logging out first.
This command can also be used to restart your computer. On Windows 8, you can even use a special switch to restart your computer into the advanced startup options menu.

Shut Down: shutdown /s /t 0
Restart: shutdown /r /t 0
Restart Into Startup Options: shutdown /r /o

recimg – Create Custom Recovery Images

The Refresh Your PC feature on Windows 8 allows you to restore your computer’s system state to its original state — either from a clean Windows install or as the computer came from its manufacturer. You can create your own custom recovery images, but this feature is hidden — you have to do it with the recimg command from a command line. This allows you to remove manufacturer-installed bloatware or add your favorite desktop programs to your recovery image.
For more information about using recimg, read our overview of everything you need to know about creating and using custom recovery images on Windows 8.

wbadmin start backup – Create System Recovery Images

Windows 8.1 removes the Windows 7 backup interface, which allowed you to create system backup images. These system images contain a complete snapshot of every single file on the system, so they’re different from Windows 8′s recovery images.
While the graphical interface has been removed, system administrators and geeks can still create system image backups by running the wbadmin start backup cmdlet in a PowerShell window. Unlike all the other commands here, this command-line tool must be run from within PowerShell, not the Command Prompt.

sfc /scannow – Scan System Files for Problems

Windows includes a system file checker tool that scans its system files and looks for problems. If system files are missing or corrupted, the system file checker will repair them. This may fix problems with some Windows systems.
To use this tool, open a Command Prompt window as Administrator and run the sfc /scannow command.

telnet – Connect to Telnet Servers

The telnet client isn’t installed by default. You’ll have to install it from the Control Panel. Once installed, you can use the telnet command to connect to telnet servers without installing any third-party software.
You should avoid using telnet if you can help it, but if you’re connected directly to a device and it requires that you use telnet to set something up — well, that’s what you have to do.

cipher – Permanently Delete and Overwrite a Directory

The cipher command is mostly used for managing encryption, but it also has an option that will write garbage data to a drive, clearing its free space and ensuring no deleted file can be recovered. Deleted files normally stick around on disk unless you’re using a solid state drive. The cipher command effectively allows you to “wipe” a drive without installing any third-party tools.
To use the command, specify the drive you want to wipe like so:

ciper /w:C:\

netstat -an – List Network Connections and Ports

The netstat command is particularly useful, displaying all sorts of network statistics when used with its various options. One of the most interesting variants of netstat is netstat -an, which will display a list of all open network connections on their computer, along with the port they’re using and the foreign IP address they’re connected to.

This isn’t a comprehensive list of all the commands you might find useful, but we hope it’s given you some idea of the many powerful tools lurking under the surface. Linux isn’t the only operating system where users can benefit from learning some commands.

Notable Replies

ACF
July 30, 2013

Shutdown /i - granted that brings up the GUI, but I use it all the time.
z7b
July 30, 2013

I always like to recommend 'netstat -ano' which shows process numbers as well. Makes it easier to pull up task manager (or more preferably Process Explorer) and find out what exact process is using or listening for connections.
NSDCars5
July 30, 2013

taskkill /f /im process.exe
Ends the process "process.exe".
TechCheckers
July 30, 2013
Three really useful additions are the Forward Slash + K Switch :: /k :: allowing command(s) to be RUN directly from the RUN box , the Double Ampersand :: && :: for joining commands together and the Greater Than Sign :: > :: for outputting data to a file:
Example of /k switch
```
cmd /k ipconfig /all
```
Will display the ipconfig info, from the RUN box, without having to launch to CLI initially.
Secondly is the &&, allow concatenating (joining) of commands.
Example of &&
```
cmd /k cd \ && md foo && cd foo && md apps backups drivers && md backups && md "Ccleaner Backups"
```
Interpretation:
Launch cmd.exe and change directory to root of C:\ ; make a directory at root of c named foo; change directory to foo and make directories apps, backups and drivers, change directory to backups and create a Directory call Ccleaner Backups.
Outputting CMD results to text File
Example of using > symbol to ouput results to a text file.
```
cmd /k cd "program files" > C:\My_progs_list.txt
```
Creates a list of instaled programs in a text file named My_progs_list in C:\ Drive
```
cmd /k ping 8.8.8.8 -t > C:\PINGTEST.txt
```
outputs a continuous ping test to the text file.
( No results appear in the CLI/CMD box while this is running).
[ To STOP or CANCEL the command : control + C].
And result can be viewed through opening the saved text file at C:\PINGTEST
Good L.U.C.K = L abouring U nder C orrect K nowledge

We Saw It Coming: Dinky Asteroid Hits Earth, Burns Up

2014-01-05T13:23:00.000+05:30

Artist's impression of a small asteroid hitting the Earth’s upper atmosphere. Credit: Getty

GALLERY

Top10WaystoStopanAsteroid

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Weirdest Mars Craters Spotted By HiRISE: Photos

‹›

For only the second time in history, an asteroid has hit Earth that was discovered hours before impact. But don’t panic! The asteroid didn’t put a city-sized divot in our planet, it most likely burned up somewhere between Africa and South America over the Atlantic Ocean at midnight EST.

Top 10 Ways to Stop an Asteroid

Asteroid 2014 AA, the first asteroid discovery of the year, was spotted by astronomers using the Mt. Lemmon Survey telescope in Arizona. As shrewdly pointed out by Bad Astronomer Phil Plait, the asteroid was the approximate size of a couch — measuring only a couple of meters across. That’s around one-half of a Mini Cooper, whichever takes your fancy. But whatever your preferred size comparison, the outcome was likely the same; the asteroid burned up on atmospheric entry as a meteor.

This might have provided a nice visual spectacle only a day after New Years, but 2014 AA is notable as being the first pre-impact discovery of an asteroid since 2008.

PHOTOS: Russian Meteor Strike Aftermath

“2014 AA was unlikely to have survived atmospheric entry intact, as it was comparable in size to 2008 TC3, the only other example of an impacting object observed prior to atmospheric entry,” said a Minor Planet Electronic Circular announcement.

In 2008, 2008 TC3 was discovered hours before it disintegrated over Sudan. Knowing the precise time of impact and its approximate geographical location, meteorite hunters were able to find fragments of the fireball strewn over the desert. This was the first time an asteroid had been discovered, impact location predicted and fragments recovered from that location.

Although it’s unlikely that fragments from 2014 AA will be recovered from the ground (as the most likely region of reentry was off the western coast of Africa), this is a stunning achievement by asteroid hunters who were able to detect a tiny (and very faint) object approaching Earth and forecast the time and approximate location of impact.

PHOTOS: Psychedelic Landscapes of Asteroid Vesta

As we learned from the Russian meteor event nearly a year ago, even comparatively small asteroids can wreak havoc if they slam into the skies over populated regions, so the techniques being developed to detect incoming space rocks could help us prepare — or even evacuate — a city if necessary.

After all, it’s not a question of if we’ll get hit again, it’s a question of when, and near-Earth asteroid surveys are our first line of defense.

Mars Wear and Tear: Curiosity's Wheel Damage: Photos

2014-01-05T13:22:00.001+05:30

BEFORE - SEPT. 9, 2012 (SOL 34)

On Friday (Dec. 20), NASA's Mars Science Laboratory team announced that they were monitoring Curiosity's wheels. The rover's six wheels appear to have sustained accelerated damage as the one-ton rover drives over the rocky terrain inside Gale Crater. Although the aircraft-grade aluminum is designed to withstand some dents and holes, some of the rips and gashes in between the wheels' treads are causing concern. In this selection of "before and after" photos from Curiosity's raw image archive, we've pulled some photos taken by Curiosity's robotic-arm mounted MAHLI camera. The dates and the day (sol) of Curiosity's mission are noted.

NEWS: Rough Roving: Curiosity's Wheel Damage 'Accelerated'

Curiosity's middle-right wheel is shown here 34 days (sols) after the mission touched down in Gale Crater. Some red dust can be seen lightly covering the wheel. Very few dents are evident.

Note: Some minor contrast and brightness adjustments have been made to the raw imagery.

NASA/JPL-CALTECH

AFTER - DEC. 20, 2013 (SOL 488)

454 sols later, significant wear and tear can be seen on the same wheel. On the top, a gash in the aluminum skin is evident.

NASA/JPL-CALTECH

COMPARISON

Close up and comparison of the gash in the aluminum wheel skin as seen on sol 488 (Dec. 20).

NASA/JPL-CALTECH

BEFORE - FEB. 4, 2013 (SOL 177)

Curiosity's front-right wheel as seen on sol 177 of the mission.

NASA/JPL-CALTECH

AFTER - DEC. 20, 2013 (SOL 488)

The same front-right wheel as seen 311 sols later. Note the punctures on the inside of the wheel.

NASA/JPL-CALTECH

BEFORE - FEB. 4, 2013 (SOL 177)

Until now we've seen minor damage to Curiosity's wheels, likely well within the wear expected for nearly 3 miles of roving. But the rover's front-left wheel is exhibiting one of the larger gashes with a long flap of aluminum bending toward the inside of the wheel. Shown here is the wheel in sol 177 when only minor dings and scratches can be seen.

NASA/JPL-CALTECH

AFTER - DEC. 20, 2013 (SOL 488)

By sol 488, the same wheel is dented and damaged, but of most concern is the large hole that is forming near the bottom of the photo.

NASA/JPL-CALTECH

COMPARISON

The same wheel, zoomed in and compared between sol 177 and sol 488. Arrows indicate the spreading of the crack through the wheel's skin, along the tread.

NASA/JPL-CALTECH

UP NEXT

Psychedelic Landscapes Of Asteroid Vesta: Photos

‹

›BEFORE - SEPT. 9, 2012 (SOL 34)

NEWS: Rough Roving: Curiosity's Wheel Damage 'Accelerated'

Curiosity's middle-right wheel is shown here 34 days (sols) after the mission touched down in Gale Crater. Some red dust can be seen lightly covering the wheel. Very few dents are evident.

Note: Some minor contrast and brightness adjustments have been made to the raw imagery.

8 Places Humans and Wild Animals Clash

2014-01-05T13:19:00.001+05:30

PREVIOUS / NEXT

Mumbai and Sanjay Gandi National Park

Monkeys groom in Sanjay Gandhi National Park.

RICHARD T. NOWITZ/CORBIS

Expanding cities can swallow biodiversity hotspots and other important protected natural areas. The resulting conflicts can prove fatal for both humans and wildlife.

Defining boundaries between human homes and wildlife habitats presents a serious challenge when conservation areas intertwine with cities, Charles Nilon, professor of urban wildlife management at the University of Missouri, told Discovery News. Nilon provided eight examples of places where parks and people cohabitate.

Sanjay Gandi National Park and Mumbai

Mumbai, India's most populous city, sprang up around Sanjay Gandhi National Park's 40 square miles (104 square kilometers). Many squatter settlements fringe the park. These communities often lack proper latrines and running water, so residents may go into the forest to relieve themselves. These trips into the forest can prove deadly. Between 1986 and 2010, leopards caused 92 deaths in the park and its outskirts, according to Mumbaikars for SGNP, a park supporters' organization.

Garbage-eating feral dogs also attract leopards into the settlements around the park, reported the Times of India. The dense population of dogs makes easy prey for the big cats, compared to the park's fleet-footed chital deer.

Top 10 Sinkhole Facts That Can Save Your Life

2014-01-05T13:16:00.002+05:30

PREVIOUS / NEXT

Sinkholes Usually Don't Kill

Firemen secure the perimeter of a sinkhole that left a huge crater in the middle of a residential area in Schmalkalden, Germany, Nov. 1, 2010. No one was hurt. The hole was about 20 meters (66 feet) deep.

STEFAN THOMAS/CORBIS

Sinkholes are a common feature in Florida's limestone-rich bedrock as groundwater easily dissolves the calcium carbonate into solution turning the ground into a slushy mix that washes out under the structures built on top of it.

But rarely do they kill.

On Thursday night, a sinkhole in Tampa opened up and swallowed the bedroom where Jeffrey Bush, 37, was sleeping. Rescue crews and his brother acted quickly to try and save him, but Friday morning, listening devices and cameras placed in the hole failed to pick up any signs of life.

The fast-acting sinkhole that likely took Bush in his sleep is unusual. Most sinkholes give warning signs of their impending devastation.

Top 20 Reasons We're Not as Powerful as We Think

The Most Important 2013 Social Media Updates

2014-01-05T13:13:00.002+05:30

The Most Important 2013 Social Media Updates

December 25th, 2013

The year 2013 is almost over and as per usual, a lot has happened in the internet marketing world. Google's been cracking down again on spammy marketers with its latest search engine algorithm updates. Content marketing has become even more important for online marketing than it already was, with marketers seeing better results from even longer, and more in-depth content than before. And many social media networks have been pushing a number of improvements to their service.

In this article we want to mainly focus on social media. What's been going on with your favorite social networks in 2013 that you should know about?

Facebook

Facebook has rolled out its new social search function, called Graph Search throughout 2013. Graph Search offers a lot of potential for internet marketers. You can now find terms used in Facebook posts, updates, pages, groups, apps, check-ins and comments from Facebook friends and people who post publicly. Ways in which internet marketers can utilize Graph Search include using it as a discovery/research tool for content topics, for content curation and to research competitors. These are just a few of the many opportunities that the new Graph Search provides.

Facebook also launched clickable hashtags this year. Like on Twitter, hashtags help group content on similar topics. You can now just click on a hashtag on Facebook and see all the content that's available on the social network for that hashtag. This makes it easier for marketers to research a certain topic on Facebook and helps them add context to their own Facebook content.

Twitter

Twitter is now showing images in people's feed. Including images in your tweets has been shown to improve user engagement drastically, so make sure you are using visual content in your tweets and upload them to Twitter. Don't just include an Instagram link, because they won't be shown in a person's feed anymore, nor be indexed by Twitter.

Twitter also introduced "Lead Generation Cards" this year, which makes it really simple for marketers to gather leads directly from within tweets. Twitter users just need to make one click to become a lead from a Lead Generation Card.

Google+

Google's been hard at work making Google+ look better this year. They updated Google+'s entire look and feel. One of many updates in the redesign involves the addition of the "related hashtags" feature, which automatically adds hashtags related to a post. This provides marketers a new way of researching topics via hashtags on Google+ and through this improve their context marketing efforts.

Google also updated the Google+ dashboard this year. With this update, Google wants to make it easier for people and business to manage their online presence across all Google's properties.

Conslusion

As you can tell, this year's been pretty exciting for social media, and we haven't even covered social networks such as Pinterest, LinkedIn and Instagram yet that also have been pretty busy with improving their service for both regular users and marketers. Make sure to keep up with everything that's going on in social media so you can take advantage of new features as soon as they're released. This can give a you a significant edge on competitors who aren't actively following social media news.

Causes of Pakistan's New Island Revealed

2014-01-05T13:12:00.002+05:30

Pakistani people on Sept. 25, 2013, walk on an island that appeared off the coastline of Gwadar, after an earthquake the day before. The island is about 60 to 70 feet (18 to 21 meters) high, up to 300 feet wide and up to 120 feet long.

GWADAR LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICE/XINHUA PRESS/CORBIS

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VIEW CAPTION +#4: Pakistani People On Sept. 25, 2013, Walk On The New Island.

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Intense Mount Etna Eruption Flares Up: Photos

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Top 20 Reasons We're Not as Powerful as We Think

Shaking from yesterday's earthquake in Pakistan demolished homes in the Awaran district near the epicenter, according to news reports. The death toll will likely rise as survivors and emergency workers search the debris.

In the hours after the quake, a new island suddenly rose offshore in shallow seas near the town of Gwadar, about 230 miles (380 kilometers) southwest of the epicenter. Geologists with the Pakistan Navy have collected samples from the rocky pile, the Associated Press reported. From pictures and descriptions, many scientists think the mound is a mud volcano, which often erupt after strong earthquakes near the Arabian Sea. A second island has also been reported offshore of Ormara, about 170 miles (280 km) east of Gwadar, Geo News said.

"Other mud volcanoes have been triggered at this distance for similar size earthquakes," Michael Manga, a geophysicist and expert on mud volcanoes at the University of California, Berkeley, told LiveScience's OurAmazingPlanet.

Fall from Space: Foliage Photos

Little known risk

The unexplained island may have focused unusual global attention on the earthquake, which hit in a region that frequently experiences devastating temblors. (Video: Island Appears After Pakistan Earthquake)

But despite the hazards faced by millions living near the Chaman Fault, a combination of geography and politics means the seismic zone remains little studied. The Taliban killed 10 climbers, including an American, in northern Pakistan in June.

"Its location is in an area that is very difficult to do any traditional field work," Khan told LiveScience's OurAmazingPlanet. "I tried twice to submit proposals to (the National Science Foundation) and I got excellent reviews, but the review panel said I was risking my life to work in that area."

But the National Academy of Sciences felt differently. With their support, Khan and his colleagues in Pakistan and at the University of Cincinnati are now studying the fault's current and past movement. This will help the researchers forecast future earthquake risk.

"This fault has had very little work and no paleoseismology," Khan said. "It is really important."

List of government budgets by country From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2014-01-05T13:11:00.003+05:30

List of government budgets by country

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2012)

Budgeted revenues of governments in 2006.

This article includes a chart representing revenues, expenditures and resulting deficit or surplus ofgovernment budget. The countries are ranked by budget revenues. The data is taken mainly from CIA World Factbook.^[1]

[hide]

Estimating budgets[edit]

Note: For some federations like Brazil and Mexico, only the federal budget is shown. For most other countries the total budget is shown. Although Germany is a federation the statistics for Germany represent total general government spending.^[2] In the United States federal spending represents only 55% of total public spending (the total being approximately 6 trillion USD in 2011^[3]).

Nations[edit]

Rank	Country	Revenues (million USD)	Expenditures (million USD)	Deficit/surplus (million USD)	Deficit/surplus (%)	Date
1	United States (details)	2,902,000	3,803,000	-901,000	-31.00 %	2013 est.
2	Japan	1,971,000	2,495,000	-524,000	-21 %	2011 est.
3	China	1,646,000	1,729,000	-83,000	-4.80 %	2011 est.
4	Germany	1,551,000	1,588,000	-37,000	-2.33 %	2011 est.
5	France (details)	1,386,000	1,535,000	-149,000	-9.71 %	2011 est.
6	Italy	1,025,100	1,112,000	-86,900	-7.81 %	2011 est.
7	United Kingdom (details)	986,500	1,188,000	-201,500	-16.96 %	2011 est.
8	Brazil	978,300	901,000	+77,300	8.6 %	2011 est.
9	Canada (details)	660,200	747,800	-87,600	-11.71 %	2011 est.
10	Spain	545,200	672,100	-126,900	-18.88 %	2011 est.
11	Australia (details)	498,100	541,000	-42,900	-8.61 %	2012 est.
12	Russia	382,800	376,200	+6,600	1.75 %	2011 est.
13	Netherlands	381,300	420,400	-39,100	-	2011 est.
14	India (details)	210,000	302,000	-92,000	-30.5%	2013 est.
15	Norway	280,500	209,500	+71,000	25.3 %	2011 est.
16	Sweden	277,600	277,100	+0,500	-	2011 est.
17	South Korea	267,900	242,000	+25,900	-	2011 est.
18	Mexico	263,200	292,200	-29,000	-	2011 est.
19	Belgium	249,600	271,200	-21,600	-	2011 est.
20	Saudi Arabia ^[4]	221,100	218,700	+2,400	-	2013 est.
21	Switzerland	217,900	214,500	+3,400	-	2011 est.
22	Austria	202,600	216,600	-14,000	-	2011 est.
23	Iraq	178,200	200,200	-13,400	-	2013 est.
24	Turkey	176,700	187,100	-10,400	-	2011 est.
25	Finland	136,200	137,600	-1,400	-	2011 est.
26	Indonesia	134,200	144,100	-9,900	-	2011 est.
27	Iran	131,200	92,600	+38,600	-	2011 est.
28	Greece	129,500	158,600	-29,100	-	2011 est.
29	Denmark	118,300	127,500	-9,200	-	2011 est.
30	Kuwait	114,000	54,000	+60,000	-	2013 est.
31	United Arab Emirates	113,400	95,500	+17,900	-	2011 est.
32	Portugal	110,800	120,200	-9,400	-	2011 est.
33	Argentina	105,800	113,300	-7,500	-	2011 est.
34	South Africa	102,800	118,300	-15,500	-	2011 est.
35	Poland	92,200	100,600	-8,400	-	2011 est.
-	Venezuela	90,700	106,100	-15,400	-	2011 est.
36	Colombia	89,900	97,800	-7,900	-	2011 est.
37	Ireland	75,900	97,900	-22,000	-	2011 est.
38	Taiwan	75,300	90,700	-15,400	-	2011 est.
39	Qatar	59,879	57,834	+2,046	-	FY13/14
40	Hungary	74,000	68,200	+5,800	-	2011 est.
41	Algeria	73,700	78,600	-4,900	-	2011 est.
43	Israel	66,700	74,800	-8,100	-	2011 est.
44	Thailand	200,300	187,100	+13,200	-	2011 est.
45	New Zealand	60,900	74,700	-13,800	-	2011 est.
46	Malaysia	59,800	73,800	-14,000	-	2011 est.
47	Romania	59,600	67,400	-7,800	-	2011 est.
48	Chile	55,500	51,800	+3,700	-	2011 est.
—	Hong Kong	55,500	47,000	+8,500	-	2011 est.
49	Ukraine	53,070^[5]	59,580	-6,510	-	2013 est.^[6]
50	Czech Republic	51,450	59,410	-7,960	-	2011 est.
51	Egypt	44,700	67,700	-23,000	-	2011 est.
52	Cuba	43,600	46,200	-2,600	-	2011 est.
53	Angola	42,900	35,300	+7,600	-	2011 est.
54	Singapore	40,500	37,200	+3,300	-	2011 est.
55	Kazakhstan	36,600	40,500	-3,900	-	2011 est.
56	Peru	35,800	32,600	+3,200	-	2011 est.
57	Vietnam	32,800	35,700	-2,900	-	2011 est.
58	Slovakia	32,500	37,800	-5,300	-	2011 est.
59	Philippines	31,400	36,000	-4,600	-	2011 est.
60	Croatia	30,100	26,300	+3,800	-	2011 est.
61	Pakistan	35,000	51,500	-16,500	-32.10%	2013 est.
62	Oman	29,700	22,500	+7,200	-	2011 est.
63	Morocco	25,700	31,400	-5,700	-	2011 est.
64	Luxembourg	25,000	25,500	-0,500	-	2011 est.
65	Belarus	23,300	22,300	+1,000	-	2011 est.
66	Nigeria	23,100	31,100	-8,000	-	2011 est.
67	Slovenia	21,300	23,500	-2,200	-	2011 est.
68	Ecuador	18,600	22,300	-3,700	-	2011 est.
69	Libya	18,200	32,000	-13,800	-	2011 est.
70	Bulgaria	18,100	19,200	-1,100	-	2011 est.
71	Lithuania	14,200	16,300	-2,100	-	2011 est.
72	Sudan	9,000	11,900	-2,900	-	2011 est.
73	Cyprus	10,400	12,000	-1,600	-	2011 est.
74	Syria	11,700	17,900	-6,200	-	2011 est.
75	Latvia	9,900	11,100	-1,200	-	2011 est.
76	Tunisia	10,200	12,800	-1,600	-	2011 est.
77	Serbia	17,600	19,600	-2,000	-	2011 est.
78	Yemen	7,300	10,600	-3,300	-	2011 est.
79	Estonia	8,500	8,600	-0,100	-	2011 est.
80	Bangladesh	12,700	17,200	-4,500	-	2011 est.
81	Bosnia and Herzegovina	8,400	9,000	-0,600	-	2011 est.
82	Azerbaijan	18,500	19,500	-1,100	-	2011 est.
83	Trinidad and Tobago	7,300	8,100	-0,800	-	2011 est.
84	Uruguay	13,600	14,000	-0,400	-	2011 est.
85	Bolivia	10,800	10,700	+0,100	-	2011 est.
86	Uzbekistan	15,000	14,800	+0,200	-	2011 est.
87	Dominican Republic	8,000	9,500	-1,500	-	2011 est.
88	Sri Lanka	8,500	12,600	-4,100	-	2011 est.
89	Iceland	5,900	6,500	-0,600	-	2011 est.
90	Lebanon	9,300	11,700	-2,400	-	2011 est.
91	Brunei	5,500	5,800	-0,300	-	2011 est.
—	Puerto Rico	6,700	9,600	-2,900	-	FY99/00
92	Kenya	6,600	8,400	-1,800	-	2011 est.
—	Macau	14,500	5,000	+9,500	-	2011 est.
93	Panama	7,800	8,500	-0,700	-	2011 est.
94	Jordan	5,900	9,600	-3,700	-	2011 est.
95	Bahrain	7,500	8,400	-0,900	-	2011 est.
96	Equatorial Guinea	8,800	8,500	+0,300	-	2011 est.
97	Republic of the Congo	4,800	5,900	-1,100	-	2011 est.
98	Guatemala	5,500	6,900	-1,400	-	2011 est.
99	Cote d'Ivoire	4,400	6,300	-1,900	-	2011 est.
100	Costa Rica	5,800	8,100	-2,300	-	2011 est.
101	Ethiopia	5,400	6,000	-0,600	-	2011 est.
102	Botswana	5,600	6,200	-0,600	-	2011 est.
103	Tanzania	4,600	6,100	-1,500	-	2011 est.
104	Jamaica	3,800	4,700	-0,900	-	2011 est.
105	Ghana	8,800	10,400	-1,600	-	2011 est.
106	Cameroon	5,000	5,300	-0,300	-	2011 est.
107	El Salvador	4,400	5,300	-0,900	-	2011 est.
108	Georgia	4,100	4,700	-0,600	-	2011 est.
109	Zambia	3,600	4,400	-0,800	-	2011 est.
110	Albania	3,300	3,700	-0,400	-	2011 est.
111	Malta	4,600	3,400	+1,200	-	2011 est.
112	Senegal	3,300	4,300	-1,000	-	2011 est.
113	Papua New Guinea	4,200	4,200	0,000	-	2011 est.
114	Paraguay	4,500	4,400	+0,100	-	2011 est.
115	Macedonia	3,100	3,400	-0,300	-	2011 est.
116	North Korea	3,200	3,300	-0,100	-	2007 est.
117	Mozambique	3,700	4,200	-0,500	-	2011 est.
118	Uganda	2,400	3,400	-1,000	-	2011 est.
119	Namibia	3,700	4,900	-1,200	-	2011 est.
120	Gabon	5,500	4,400	+1,100	-	2011 est.
121	Honduras	3,000	3,700^[7]	-0,700	-	2011 est.
122	Armenia	2,300	2,600	-0,300	-	2011 est.
123	Chad	2,500	3,500	-1,000	-	2011 est.
124	Moldova	2,700	2,700	0,000	-	2011 est.
125	Mauritius	2,400	2,800	-0,400	-	2011 est.
126	Burkina Faso	2,200	2,600	-0,400	-	2011 est.
127	Mongolia	3,400	3,500	-0,100	-	2011 est.
128	Nepal	3,900	5,300	-1,400	-	FY11
129	Madagascar	1,600	1,700	-0,100	-	2011 est.
130	Mali	2,200	2,600	-0,400	-	2011 est.
131	Benin	1,400	1,700	-0,300	-	2011 est.
132	Turkmenistan	4,200	4,100	+0,100	-	2011 est.
133	Fiji	0,900	1,100	-0,200	-	2011 est.
-	Greenland	1,100	1,100	0,000	-	2010 est.
134	Tajikistan	1,800	1,800	0,000	-	2011 est.
135	Nicaragua	1,400	1,600	-0,200	-	2011 est.
136	Cambodia	2,000	2,700	-0,700	-	2011 est.
137	Malawi	1,800	1,800	0,000	-	2011 est.
138	Swaziland	1,000	1,500	-0,500	-	2011 est.
—	Kosovo	1,700	2,100	-0,400	-	2011 est.
—	Gaza Strip^[8]	1,149.0	2,310.0	-1,161.0	-	2006
139	Bahamas	1,030.0	1,030.0	+0.0	-	FY04/05
—	New Caledonia	996.0	1,072.0	-76.0	-	2001 est.
140	Burma	983.6	1,775.0	-791.4	-	2008 est.
—	Isle of Man	965.0	943.0	+22.0	-	FY05/06 est.
141	Rwanda	902.2	1,032.0	-129.8	-	2008 est.
142	Afghanistan	890.0 ^[9]	2,700.0	-1,810.0	-	2007 est.
—	French Polynesia	865.0	644.1	+220.9	-	1999
143	Monaco	863.0	920.6	-57.6	-	2005 est.
144	Barbados	847.0^[10]	886.0	-39.0	-	2000 est.
—	U.S. Virgin Islands	837.0	837.0	+0.0	-	FY08/09
—	Jersey	829.0	851.0	-22.0	-	2005
145	Haiti	820.6	965.2	-144.6	-	2008 est.
146	Laos	809.6	954.0	-144.4	-	2008 est.
147	Mauritania	770.0	770.0	+0.0	-	2007 est.
148	Maldives	762.0^[11]	884.0	-122.0	-	2008 est.
—	Netherlands Antilles	757.9	949.5	-191.6	-	2004
—	Bermuda	738.0	665.0	+73.0	-	FY04/05
149	Timor-Leste^[12]	733.0	309.0	+424.0	-	FY06/07 est.
150	Democratic Republic of the Congo	700.0	2,000.0	-1,300.0	-	2006 est.
151	San Marino	690.6	652.9	+37.7	-	2006
—	Faroe Islands	588.0	623.0	-35.0	-	2005
—	Guernsey	563.6	530.9	+32.7	-	2005
152	Togo	551.5	620.1	-68.6	-	2008 est.
153	Cape Verde	525.4	585.3	-59.9	-	2008 est.
154	Lesotho	523.0	479.5	+43.5	-	2008 est.
—	Aruba	507.9	577.9	-70.0	-	2005 est.
155	Andorra	496.9	496.8	+0.1	-	2007
156	Guyana	463.7	536.0	-72.3	-	2008 est.
—	Gibraltar	455.1	423.6	+31.5	-	2005 est.
157	Liechtenstein	424.2	414.1	+10.1	-	1998 est.
—	Cayman Islands	423.8	392.6	+31.2	-	2004
—	Mayotte	420.0	394.0	+26.0	-	2005
158	Suriname	392.6	425.9	-33.3	-	2004
159	Belize	335.5	361.5	-26.0	-	2008 est.
160	Niger	320.0^[13]	320.0	+0.0	-	2002 est.
—	Guam	319.6	427.8	-108.2	-	2002 est.
161	Seychelles	318.1	324.6	-6.5	-	2008 est.
162	Guinea	315.0	796.5	-481.5	-	2008 est.
163	Vatican City	310.0	307.0	+3.0	-	2006
164	Burundi	292.2	351.3	-59.1	-	2008 est.
165	Bhutan	272.0	350.0 ^[14]	-78.0	-	2005
166	Central African Republic	250.0	273.0	-23.0	-	2007 est.
167	Eritrea	234.5	523.1	-288.6	-	2008 est.
—	British Virgin Islands	204.7	180.4	+24.3	-	2004
168	Gambia	194.3	228.8	-34.5	-	2008 est.
—	Northern Mariana Islands	193.0	223.0	-30.0	-	FY01/02 est.
169	Samoa	171.3	78.1	+93.2	-	FY04/05 est.
170	Federated States of Micronesia	166.0^[15]	152.7	+13.3	-	FY07 est.
—	American Samoa	155.4^[16]	183.6	-28.2	-	FY07
171	Saint Lucia	141.2	146.7	-5.5	-	2000 est.
172	Djibouti	135.0	182.0	-47.0	-	1999 est.
173	Antigua and Barbuda	123.7	145.9	-22.2	-	2000 est.
174	Marshall Islands	123.3	1,213.0	-1,089.7	-	2008
175	Palau	114.8	99.5	+15.3	-	2008 est.
176	Sierra Leone	96.0	351.0	-255.0	-	2000 est.
177	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	94.6	85.8	+8.8	-	2000 est.
178	Saint Kitts and Nevis	89.7	128.2	-38.5	-	2003 est.
179	Grenada	85.8	102.1	-16.3	-	1997
180	Tonga	80.48	109.8	-29.32	-	FY07/08
181	Vanuatu	78.7	72.23	+6.47	-	2005
182	Dominica	73.9	84.4	-10.5	-	2001
—	Cook Islands	70.95	69.05	+1.9	-	FY05/06
—	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	70.0	60.0	+10.0	-	1996 est.
—	Falkland Islands	66.2	67.9	-1.7	-	FY98/99 est.
183	Kiribati	55.52	59.71	-4.19	-	FY05
184	Solomon Islands	49.7	75.1	-25.4	-	2003
185	Sao Tome and Principe	47.65	51.48	-3.83	-	2008 est.
—	Turks and Caicos Islands	47.0	33.6	+13.4	-	1997-98 est.
—	Montserrat	31.4	31.6	-0.2	-	1997 est.
—	Anguilla	22.8	22.5	+0.3	-	2000 est.
186	Tuvalu	21.54	23.05	-1.51	-	2006
—	Niue	15.07	16.33	-1.26	-	FY0405
187	Nauru	13.5	13.5	+0.0	-	2005
—	Saint Helena	12.33^[17]	30.28	-17.95	-	FY06/07 est.
—	Norfolk Island	4.6	4.8	-0.2	-	FY99/00
—	Pitcairn Islands	0.746	1.028	-0.282	-	FY04/05
—	Tokelau	0.4308	2.8	-2.3692	-	1987 est.
188	Zimbabwe	2.7^[18]	2.2	0.5	-	2011 est.
—	Wallis and Futuna	0.02973	0.03133	-0.0016	-	2004

List of government budgets by country From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2014-01-05T13:11:00.001+05:30

List of government budgets by country

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2012)

Budgeted revenues of governments in 2006.

[hide]

Estimating budgets[edit]

Nations[edit]

Rank	Country	Revenues (million USD)	Expenditures (million USD)	Deficit/surplus (million USD)	Deficit/surplus (%)	Date
1	United States (details)	2,902,000	3,803,000	-901,000	-31.00 %	2013 est.
2	Japan	1,971,000	2,495,000	-524,000	-21 %	2011 est.
3	China	1,646,000	1,729,000	-83,000	-4.80 %	2011 est.
4	Germany	1,551,000	1,588,000	-37,000	-2.33 %	2011 est.
5	France (details)	1,386,000	1,535,000	-149,000	-9.71 %	2011 est.
6	Italy	1,025,100	1,112,000	-86,900	-7.81 %	2011 est.
7	United Kingdom (details)	986,500	1,188,000	-201,500	-16.96 %	2011 est.
8	Brazil	978,300	901,000	+77,300	8.6 %	2011 est.
9	Canada (details)	660,200	747,800	-87,600	-11.71 %	2011 est.
10	Spain	545,200	672,100	-126,900	-18.88 %	2011 est.
11	Australia (details)	498,100	541,000	-42,900	-8.61 %	2012 est.
12	Russia	382,800	376,200	+6,600	1.75 %	2011 est.
13	Netherlands	381,300	420,400	-39,100	-	2011 est.
14	India (details)	210,000	302,000	-92,000	-30.5%	2013 est.
15	Norway	280,500	209,500	+71,000	25.3 %	2011 est.
16	Sweden	277,600	277,100	+0,500	-	2011 est.
17	South Korea	267,900	242,000	+25,900	-	2011 est.
18	Mexico	263,200	292,200	-29,000	-	2011 est.
19	Belgium	249,600	271,200	-21,600	-	2011 est.
20	Saudi Arabia ^[4]	221,100	218,700	+2,400	-	2013 est.
21	Switzerland	217,900	214,500	+3,400	-	2011 est.
22	Austria	202,600	216,600	-14,000	-	2011 est.
23	Iraq	178,200	200,200	-13,400	-	2013 est.
24	Turkey	176,700	187,100	-10,400	-	2011 est.
25	Finland	136,200	137,600	-1,400	-	2011 est.
26	Indonesia	134,200	144,100	-9,900	-	2011 est.
27	Iran	131,200	92,600	+38,600	-	2011 est.
28	Greece	129,500	158,600	-29,100	-	2011 est.
29	Denmark	118,300	127,500	-9,200	-	2011 est.
30	Kuwait	114,000	54,000	+60,000	-	2013 est.
31	United Arab Emirates	113,400	95,500	+17,900	-	2011 est.
32	Portugal	110,800	120,200	-9,400	-	2011 est.
33	Argentina	105,800	113,300	-7,500	-	2011 est.
34	South Africa	102,800	118,300	-15,500	-	2011 est.
35	Poland	92,200	100,600	-8,400	-	2011 est.
-	Venezuela	90,700	106,100	-15,400	-	2011 est.
36	Colombia	89,900	97,800	-7,900	-	2011 est.
37	Ireland	75,900	97,900	-22,000	-	2011 est.
38	Taiwan	75,300	90,700	-15,400	-	2011 est.
39	Qatar	59,879	57,834	+2,046	-	FY13/14
40	Hungary	74,000	68,200	+5,800	-	2011 est.
41	Algeria	73,700	78,600	-4,900	-	2011 est.
43	Israel	66,700	74,800	-8,100	-	2011 est.
44	Thailand	200,300	187,100	+13,200	-	2011 est.
45	New Zealand	60,900	74,700	-13,800	-	2011 est.
46	Malaysia	59,800	73,800	-14,000	-	2011 est.
47	Romania	59,600	67,400	-7,800	-	2011 est.
48	Chile	55,500	51,800	+3,700	-	2011 est.
—	Hong Kong	55,500	47,000	+8,500	-	2011 est.
49	Ukraine	53,070^[5]	59,580	-6,510	-	2013 est.^[6]
50	Czech Republic	51,450	59,410	-7,960	-	2011 est.
51	Egypt	44,700	67,700	-23,000	-	2011 est.
52	Cuba	43,600	46,200	-2,600	-	2011 est.
53	Angola	42,900	35,300	+7,600	-	2011 est.
54	Singapore	40,500	37,200	+3,300	-	2011 est.
55	Kazakhstan	36,600	40,500	-3,900	-	2011 est.
56	Peru	35,800	32,600	+3,200	-	2011 est.
57	Vietnam	32,800	35,700	-2,900	-	2011 est.
58	Slovakia	32,500	37,800	-5,300	-	2011 est.
59	Philippines	31,400	36,000	-4,600	-	2011 est.
60	Croatia	30,100	26,300	+3,800	-	2011 est.
61	Pakistan	35,000	51,500	-16,500	-32.10%	2013 est.
62	Oman	29,700	22,500	+7,200	-	2011 est.
63	Morocco	25,700	31,400	-5,700	-	2011 est.
64	Luxembourg	25,000	25,500	-0,500	-	2011 est.
65	Belarus	23,300	22,300	+1,000	-	2011 est.
66	Nigeria	23,100	31,100	-8,000	-	2011 est.
67	Slovenia	21,300	23,500	-2,200	-	2011 est.
68	Ecuador	18,600	22,300	-3,700	-	2011 est.
69	Libya	18,200	32,000	-13,800	-	2011 est.
70	Bulgaria	18,100	19,200	-1,100	-	2011 est.
71	Lithuania	14,200	16,300	-2,100	-	2011 est.
72	Sudan	9,000	11,900	-2,900	-	2011 est.
73	Cyprus	10,400	12,000	-1,600	-	2011 est.
74	Syria	11,700	17,900	-6,200	-	2011 est.
75	Latvia	9,900	11,100	-1,200	-	2011 est.
76	Tunisia	10,200	12,800	-1,600	-	2011 est.
77	Serbia	17,600	19,600	-2,000	-	2011 est.
78	Yemen	7,300	10,600	-3,300	-	2011 est.
79	Estonia	8,500	8,600	-0,100	-	2011 est.
80	Bangladesh	12,700	17,200	-4,500	-	2011 est.
81	Bosnia and Herzegovina	8,400	9,000	-0,600	-	2011 est.
82	Azerbaijan	18,500	19,500	-1,100	-	2011 est.
83	Trinidad and Tobago	7,300	8,100	-0,800	-	2011 est.
84	Uruguay	13,600	14,000	-0,400	-	2011 est.
85	Bolivia	10,800	10,700	+0,100	-	2011 est.
86	Uzbekistan	15,000	14,800	+0,200	-	2011 est.
87	Dominican Republic	8,000	9,500	-1,500	-	2011 est.
88	Sri Lanka	8,500	12,600	-4,100	-	2011 est.
89	Iceland	5,900	6,500	-0,600	-	2011 est.
90	Lebanon	9,300	11,700	-2,400	-	2011 est.
91	Brunei	5,500	5,800	-0,300	-	2011 est.
—	Puerto Rico	6,700	9,600	-2,900	-	FY99/00
92	Kenya	6,600	8,400	-1,800	-	2011 est.
—	Macau	14,500	5,000	+9,500	-	2011 est.
93	Panama	7,800	8,500	-0,700	-	2011 est.
94	Jordan	5,900	9,600	-3,700	-	2011 est.
95	Bahrain	7,500	8,400	-0,900	-	2011 est.
96	Equatorial Guinea	8,800	8,500	+0,300	-	2011 est.
97	Republic of the Congo	4,800	5,900	-1,100	-	2011 est.
98	Guatemala	5,500	6,900	-1,400	-	2011 est.
99	Cote d'Ivoire	4,400	6,300	-1,900	-	2011 est.
100	Costa Rica	5,800	8,100	-2,300	-	2011 est.
101	Ethiopia	5,400	6,000	-0,600	-	2011 est.
102	Botswana	5,600	6,200	-0,600	-	2011 est.
103	Tanzania	4,600	6,100	-1,500	-	2011 est.
104	Jamaica	3,800	4,700	-0,900	-	2011 est.
105	Ghana	8,800	10,400	-1,600	-	2011 est.
106	Cameroon	5,000	5,300	-0,300	-	2011 est.
107	El Salvador	4,400	5,300	-0,900	-	2011 est.
108	Georgia	4,100	4,700	-0,600	-	2011 est.
109	Zambia	3,600	4,400	-0,800	-	2011 est.
110	Albania	3,300	3,700	-0,400	-	2011 est.
111	Malta	4,600	3,400	+1,200	-	2011 est.
112	Senegal	3,300	4,300	-1,000	-	2011 est.
113	Papua New Guinea	4,200	4,200	0,000	-	2011 est.
114	Paraguay	4,500	4,400	+0,100	-	2011 est.
115	Macedonia	3,100	3,400	-0,300	-	2011 est.
116	North Korea	3,200	3,300	-0,100	-	2007 est.
117	Mozambique	3,700	4,200	-0,500	-	2011 est.
118	Uganda	2,400	3,400	-1,000	-	2011 est.
119	Namibia	3,700	4,900	-1,200	-	2011 est.
120	Gabon	5,500	4,400	+1,100	-	2011 est.
121	Honduras	3,000	3,700^[7]	-0,700	-	2011 est.
122	Armenia	2,300	2,600	-0,300	-	2011 est.
123	Chad	2,500	3,500	-1,000	-	2011 est.
124	Moldova	2,700	2,700	0,000	-	2011 est.
125	Mauritius	2,400	2,800	-0,400	-	2011 est.
126	Burkina Faso	2,200	2,600	-0,400	-	2011 est.
127	Mongolia	3,400	3,500	-0,100	-	2011 est.
128	Nepal	3,900	5,300	-1,400	-	FY11
129	Madagascar	1,600	1,700	-0,100	-	2011 est.
130	Mali	2,200	2,600	-0,400	-	2011 est.
131	Benin	1,400	1,700	-0,300	-	2011 est.
132	Turkmenistan	4,200	4,100	+0,100	-	2011 est.
133	Fiji	0,900	1,100	-0,200	-	2011 est.
-	Greenland	1,100	1,100	0,000	-	2010 est.
134	Tajikistan	1,800	1,800	0,000	-	2011 est.
135	Nicaragua	1,400	1,600	-0,200	-	2011 est.
136	Cambodia	2,000	2,700	-0,700	-	2011 est.
137	Malawi	1,800	1,800	0,000	-	2011 est.
138	Swaziland	1,000	1,500	-0,500	-	2011 est.
—	Kosovo	1,700	2,100	-0,400	-	2011 est.
—	Gaza Strip^[8]	1,149.0	2,310.0	-1,161.0	-	2006
139	Bahamas	1,030.0	1,030.0	+0.0	-	FY04/05
—	New Caledonia	996.0	1,072.0	-76.0	-	2001 est.
140	Burma	983.6	1,775.0	-791.4	-	2008 est.
—	Isle of Man	965.0	943.0	+22.0	-	FY05/06 est.
141	Rwanda	902.2	1,032.0	-129.8	-	2008 est.
142	Afghanistan	890.0 ^[9]	2,700.0	-1,810.0	-	2007 est.
—	French Polynesia	865.0	644.1	+220.9	-	1999
143	Monaco	863.0	920.6	-57.6	-	2005 est.
144	Barbados	847.0^[10]	886.0	-39.0	-	2000 est.
—	U.S. Virgin Islands	837.0	837.0	+0.0	-	FY08/09
—	Jersey	829.0	851.0	-22.0	-	2005
145	Haiti	820.6	965.2	-144.6	-	2008 est.
146	Laos	809.6	954.0	-144.4	-	2008 est.
147	Mauritania	770.0	770.0	+0.0	-	2007 est.
148	Maldives	762.0^[11]	884.0	-122.0	-	2008 est.
—	Netherlands Antilles	757.9	949.5	-191.6	-	2004
—	Bermuda	738.0	665.0	+73.0	-	FY04/05
149	Timor-Leste^[12]	733.0	309.0	+424.0	-	FY06/07 est.
150	Democratic Republic of the Congo	700.0	2,000.0	-1,300.0	-	2006 est.
151	San Marino	690.6	652.9	+37.7	-	2006
—	Faroe Islands	588.0	623.0	-35.0	-	2005
—	Guernsey	563.6	530.9	+32.7	-	2005
152	Togo	551.5	620.1	-68.6	-	2008 est.
153	Cape Verde	525.4	585.3	-59.9	-	2008 est.
154	Lesotho	523.0	479.5	+43.5	-	2008 est.
—	Aruba	507.9	577.9	-70.0	-	2005 est.
155	Andorra	496.9	496.8	+0.1	-	2007
156	Guyana	463.7	536.0	-72.3	-	2008 est.
—	Gibraltar	455.1	423.6	+31.5	-	2005 est.
157	Liechtenstein	424.2	414.1	+10.1	-	1998 est.
—	Cayman Islands	423.8	392.6	+31.2	-	2004
—	Mayotte	420.0	394.0	+26.0	-	2005
158	Suriname	392.6	425.9	-33.3	-	2004
159	Belize	335.5	361.5	-26.0	-	2008 est.
160	Niger	320.0^[13]	320.0	+0.0	-	2002 est.
—	Guam	319.6	427.8	-108.2	-	2002 est.
161	Seychelles	318.1	324.6	-6.5	-	2008 est.
162	Guinea	315.0	796.5	-481.5	-	2008 est.
163	Vatican City	310.0	307.0	+3.0	-	2006
164	Burundi	292.2	351.3	-59.1	-	2008 est.
165	Bhutan	272.0	350.0 ^[14]	-78.0	-	2005
166	Central African Republic	250.0	273.0	-23.0	-	2007 est.
167	Eritrea	234.5	523.1	-288.6	-	2008 est.
—	British Virgin Islands	204.7	180.4	+24.3	-	2004
168	Gambia	194.3	228.8	-34.5	-	2008 est.
—	Northern Mariana Islands	193.0	223.0	-30.0	-	FY01/02 est.
169	Samoa	171.3	78.1	+93.2	-	FY04/05 est.
170	Federated States of Micronesia	166.0^[15]	152.7	+13.3	-	FY07 est.
—	American Samoa	155.4^[16]	183.6	-28.2	-	FY07
171	Saint Lucia	141.2	146.7	-5.5	-	2000 est.
172	Djibouti	135.0	182.0	-47.0	-	1999 est.
173	Antigua and Barbuda	123.7	145.9	-22.2	-	2000 est.
174	Marshall Islands	123.3	1,213.0	-1,089.7	-	2008
175	Palau	114.8	99.5	+15.3	-	2008 est.
176	Sierra Leone	96.0	351.0	-255.0	-	2000 est.
177	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	94.6	85.8	+8.8	-	2000 est.
178	Saint Kitts and Nevis	89.7	128.2	-38.5	-	2003 est.
179	Grenada	85.8	102.1	-16.3	-	1997
180	Tonga	80.48	109.8	-29.32	-	FY07/08
181	Vanuatu	78.7	72.23	+6.47	-	2005
182	Dominica	73.9	84.4	-10.5	-	2001
—	Cook Islands	70.95	69.05	+1.9	-	FY05/06
—	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	70.0	60.0	+10.0	-	1996 est.
—	Falkland Islands	66.2	67.9	-1.7	-	FY98/99 est.
183	Kiribati	55.52	59.71	-4.19	-	FY05
184	Solomon Islands	49.7	75.1	-25.4	-	2003
185	Sao Tome and Principe	47.65	51.48	-3.83	-	2008 est.
—	Turks and Caicos Islands	47.0	33.6	+13.4	-	1997-98 est.
—	Montserrat	31.4	31.6	-0.2	-	1997 est.
—	Anguilla	22.8	22.5	+0.3	-	2000 est.
186	Tuvalu	21.54	23.05	-1.51	-	2006
—	Niue	15.07	16.33	-1.26	-	FY0405
187	Nauru	13.5	13.5	+0.0	-	2005
—	Saint Helena	12.33^[17]	30.28	-17.95	-	FY06/07 est.
—	Norfolk Island	4.6	4.8	-0.2	-	FY99/00
—	Pitcairn Islands	0.746	1.028	-0.282	-	FY04/05
—	Tokelau	0.4308	2.8	-2.3692	-	1987 est.
188	Zimbabwe	2.7^[18]	2.2	0.5	-	2011 est.
—	Wallis and Futuna	0.02973	0.03133	-0.0016	-	2004

List of government budgets by country From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2014-01-05T13:09:00.001+05:30

List of government budgets by country

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2012)

Budgeted revenues of governments in 2006.

[hide]

Estimating budgets[edit]

Nations[edit]

Rank	Country	Revenues (million USD)	Expenditures (million USD)	Deficit/surplus (million USD)	Deficit/surplus (%)	Date
1	United States (details)	2,902,000	3,803,000	-901,000	-31.00 %	2013 est.
2	Japan	1,971,000	2,495,000	-524,000	-21 %	2011 est.
3	China	1,646,000	1,729,000	-83,000	-4.80 %	2011 est.
4	Germany	1,551,000	1,588,000	-37,000	-2.33 %	2011 est.
5	France (details)	1,386,000	1,535,000	-149,000	-9.71 %	2011 est.
6	Italy	1,025,100	1,112,000	-86,900	-7.81 %	2011 est.
7	United Kingdom (details)	986,500	1,188,000	-201,500	-16.96 %	2011 est.
8	Brazil	978,300	901,000	+77,300	8.6 %	2011 est.
9	Canada (details)	660,200	747,800	-87,600	-11.71 %	2011 est.
10	Spain	545,200	672,100	-126,900	-18.88 %	2011 est.
11	Australia (details)	498,100	541,000	-42,900	-8.61 %	2012 est.
12	Russia	382,800	376,200	+6,600	1.75 %	2011 est.
13	Netherlands	381,300	420,400	-39,100	-	2011 est.
14	India (details)	210,000	302,000	-92,000	-30.5%	2013 est.
15	Norway	280,500	209,500	+71,000	25.3 %	2011 est.
16	Sweden	277,600	277,100	+0,500	-	2011 est.
17	South Korea	267,900	242,000	+25,900	-	2011 est.
18	Mexico	263,200	292,200	-29,000	-	2011 est.
19	Belgium	249,600	271,200	-21,600	-	2011 est.
20	Saudi Arabia ^[4]	221,100	218,700	+2,400	-	2013 est.
21	Switzerland	217,900	214,500	+3,400	-	2011 est.
22	Austria	202,600	216,600	-14,000	-	2011 est.
23	Iraq	178,200	200,200	-13,400	-	2013 est.
24	Turkey	176,700	187,100	-10,400	-	2011 est.
25	Finland	136,200	137,600	-1,400	-	2011 est.
26	Indonesia	134,200	144,100	-9,900	-	2011 est.
27	Iran	131,200	92,600	+38,600	-	2011 est.
28	Greece	129,500	158,600	-29,100	-	2011 est.
29	Denmark	118,300	127,500	-9,200	-	2011 est.
30	Kuwait	114,000	54,000	+60,000	-	2013 est.
31	United Arab Emirates	113,400	95,500	+17,900	-	2011 est.
32	Portugal	110,800	120,200	-9,400	-	2011 est.
33	Argentina	105,800	113,300	-7,500	-	2011 est.
34	South Africa	102,800	118,300	-15,500	-	2011 est.
35	Poland	92,200	100,600	-8,400	-	2011 est.
-	Venezuela	90,700	106,100	-15,400	-	2011 est.
36	Colombia	89,900	97,800	-7,900	-	2011 est.
37	Ireland	75,900	97,900	-22,000	-	2011 est.
38	Taiwan	75,300	90,700	-15,400	-	2011 est.
39	Qatar	59,879	57,834	+2,046	-	FY13/14
40	Hungary	74,000	68,200	+5,800	-	2011 est.
41	Algeria	73,700	78,600	-4,900	-	2011 est.
43	Israel	66,700	74,800	-8,100	-	2011 est.
44	Thailand	200,300	187,100	+13,200	-	2011 est.
45	New Zealand	60,900	74,700	-13,800	-	2011 est.
46	Malaysia	59,800	73,800	-14,000	-	2011 est.
47	Romania	59,600	67,400	-7,800	-	2011 est.
48	Chile	55,500	51,800	+3,700	-	2011 est.
—	Hong Kong	55,500	47,000	+8,500	-	2011 est.
49	Ukraine	53,070^[5]	59,580	-6,510	-	2013 est.^[6]
50	Czech Republic	51,450	59,410	-7,960	-	2011 est.
51	Egypt	44,700	67,700	-23,000	-	2011 est.
52	Cuba	43,600	46,200	-2,600	-	2011 est.
53	Angola	42,900	35,300	+7,600	-	2011 est.
54	Singapore	40,500	37,200	+3,300	-	2011 est.
55	Kazakhstan	36,600	40,500	-3,900	-	2011 est.
56	Peru	35,800	32,600	+3,200	-	2011 est.
57	Vietnam	32,800	35,700	-2,900	-	2011 est.
58	Slovakia	32,500	37,800	-5,300	-	2011 est.
59	Philippines	31,400	36,000	-4,600	-	2011 est.
60	Croatia	30,100	26,300	+3,800	-	2011 est.
61	Pakistan	35,000	51,500	-16,500	-32.10%	2013 est.
62	Oman	29,700	22,500	+7,200	-	2011 est.
63	Morocco	25,700	31,400	-5,700	-	2011 est.
64	Luxembourg	25,000	25,500	-0,500	-	2011 est.
65	Belarus	23,300	22,300	+1,000	-	2011 est.
66	Nigeria	23,100	31,100	-8,000	-	2011 est.
67	Slovenia	21,300	23,500	-2,200	-	2011 est.
68	Ecuador	18,600	22,300	-3,700	-	2011 est.
69	Libya	18,200	32,000	-13,800	-	2011 est.
70	Bulgaria	18,100	19,200	-1,100	-	2011 est.
71	Lithuania	14,200	16,300	-2,100	-	2011 est.
72	Sudan	9,000	11,900	-2,900	-	2011 est.
73	Cyprus	10,400	12,000	-1,600	-	2011 est.
74	Syria	11,700	17,900	-6,200	-	2011 est.
75	Latvia	9,900	11,100	-1,200	-	2011 est.
76	Tunisia	10,200	12,800	-1,600	-	2011 est.
77	Serbia	17,600	19,600	-2,000	-	2011 est.
78	Yemen	7,300	10,600	-3,300	-	2011 est.
79	Estonia	8,500	8,600	-0,100	-	2011 est.
80	Bangladesh	12,700	17,200	-4,500	-	2011 est.
81	Bosnia and Herzegovina	8,400	9,000	-0,600	-	2011 est.
82	Azerbaijan	18,500	19,500	-1,100	-	2011 est.
83	Trinidad and Tobago	7,300	8,100	-0,800	-	2011 est.
84	Uruguay	13,600	14,000	-0,400	-	2011 est.
85	Bolivia	10,800	10,700	+0,100	-	2011 est.
86	Uzbekistan	15,000	14,800	+0,200	-	2011 est.
87	Dominican Republic	8,000	9,500	-1,500	-	2011 est.
88	Sri Lanka	8,500	12,600	-4,100	-	2011 est.
89	Iceland	5,900	6,500	-0,600	-	2011 est.
90	Lebanon	9,300	11,700	-2,400	-	2011 est.
91	Brunei	5,500	5,800	-0,300	-	2011 est.
—	Puerto Rico	6,700	9,600	-2,900	-	FY99/00
92	Kenya	6,600	8,400	-1,800	-	2011 est.
—	Macau	14,500	5,000	+9,500	-	2011 est.
93	Panama	7,800	8,500	-0,700	-	2011 est.
94	Jordan	5,900	9,600	-3,700	-	2011 est.
95	Bahrain	7,500	8,400	-0,900	-	2011 est.
96	Equatorial Guinea	8,800	8,500	+0,300	-	2011 est.
97	Republic of the Congo	4,800	5,900	-1,100	-	2011 est.
98	Guatemala	5,500	6,900	-1,400	-	2011 est.
99	Cote d'Ivoire	4,400	6,300	-1,900	-	2011 est.
100	Costa Rica	5,800	8,100	-2,300	-	2011 est.
101	Ethiopia	5,400	6,000	-0,600	-	2011 est.
102	Botswana	5,600	6,200	-0,600	-	2011 est.
103	Tanzania	4,600	6,100	-1,500	-	2011 est.
104	Jamaica	3,800	4,700	-0,900	-	2011 est.
105	Ghana	8,800	10,400	-1,600	-	2011 est.
106	Cameroon	5,000	5,300	-0,300	-	2011 est.
107	El Salvador	4,400	5,300	-0,900	-	2011 est.
108	Georgia	4,100	4,700	-0,600	-	2011 est.
109	Zambia	3,600	4,400	-0,800	-	2011 est.
110	Albania	3,300	3,700	-0,400	-	2011 est.
111	Malta	4,600	3,400	+1,200	-	2011 est.
112	Senegal	3,300	4,300	-1,000	-	2011 est.
113	Papua New Guinea	4,200	4,200	0,000	-	2011 est.
114	Paraguay	4,500	4,400	+0,100	-	2011 est.
115	Macedonia	3,100	3,400	-0,300	-	2011 est.
116	North Korea	3,200	3,300	-0,100	-	2007 est.
117	Mozambique	3,700	4,200	-0,500	-	2011 est.
118	Uganda	2,400	3,400	-1,000	-	2011 est.
119	Namibia	3,700	4,900	-1,200	-	2011 est.
120	Gabon	5,500	4,400	+1,100	-	2011 est.
121	Honduras	3,000	3,700^[7]	-0,700	-	2011 est.
122	Armenia	2,300	2,600	-0,300	-	2011 est.
123	Chad	2,500	3,500	-1,000	-	2011 est.
124	Moldova	2,700	2,700	0,000	-	2011 est.
125	Mauritius	2,400	2,800	-0,400	-	2011 est.
126	Burkina Faso	2,200	2,600	-0,400	-	2011 est.
127	Mongolia	3,400	3,500	-0,100	-	2011 est.
128	Nepal	3,900	5,300	-1,400	-	FY11
129	Madagascar	1,600	1,700	-0,100	-	2011 est.
130	Mali	2,200	2,600	-0,400	-	2011 est.
131	Benin	1,400	1,700	-0,300	-	2011 est.
132	Turkmenistan	4,200	4,100	+0,100	-	2011 est.
133	Fiji	0,900	1,100	-0,200	-	2011 est.
-	Greenland	1,100	1,100	0,000	-	2010 est.
134	Tajikistan	1,800	1,800	0,000	-	2011 est.
135	Nicaragua	1,400	1,600	-0,200	-	2011 est.
136	Cambodia	2,000	2,700	-0,700	-	2011 est.
137	Malawi	1,800	1,800	0,000	-	2011 est.
138	Swaziland	1,000	1,500	-0,500	-	2011 est.
—	Kosovo	1,700	2,100	-0,400	-	2011 est.
—	Gaza Strip^[8]	1,149.0	2,310.0	-1,161.0	-	2006
139	Bahamas	1,030.0	1,030.0	+0.0	-	FY04/05
—	New Caledonia	996.0	1,072.0	-76.0	-	2001 est.
140	Burma	983.6	1,775.0	-791.4	-	2008 est.
—	Isle of Man	965.0	943.0	+22.0	-	FY05/06 est.
141	Rwanda	902.2	1,032.0	-129.8	-	2008 est.
142	Afghanistan	890.0 ^[9]	2,700.0	-1,810.0	-	2007 est.
—	French Polynesia	865.0	644.1	+220.9	-	1999
143	Monaco	863.0	920.6	-57.6	-	2005 est.
144	Barbados	847.0^[10]	886.0	-39.0	-	2000 est.
—	U.S. Virgin Islands	837.0	837.0	+0.0	-	FY08/09
—	Jersey	829.0	851.0	-22.0	-	2005
145	Haiti	820.6	965.2	-144.6	-	2008 est.
146	Laos	809.6	954.0	-144.4	-	2008 est.
147	Mauritania	770.0	770.0	+0.0	-	2007 est.
148	Maldives	762.0^[11]	884.0	-122.0	-	2008 est.
—	Netherlands Antilles	757.9	949.5	-191.6	-	2004
—	Bermuda	738.0	665.0	+73.0	-	FY04/05
149	Timor-Leste^[12]	733.0	309.0	+424.0	-	FY06/07 est.
150	Democratic Republic of the Congo	700.0	2,000.0	-1,300.0	-	2006 est.
151	San Marino	690.6	652.9	+37.7	-	2006
—	Faroe Islands	588.0	623.0	-35.0	-	2005
—	Guernsey	563.6	530.9	+32.7	-	2005
152	Togo	551.5	620.1	-68.6	-	2008 est.
153	Cape Verde	525.4	585.3	-59.9	-	2008 est.
154	Lesotho	523.0	479.5	+43.5	-	2008 est.
—	Aruba	507.9	577.9	-70.0	-	2005 est.
155	Andorra	496.9	496.8	+0.1	-	2007
156	Guyana	463.7	536.0	-72.3	-	2008 est.
—	Gibraltar	455.1	423.6	+31.5	-	2005 est.
157	Liechtenstein	424.2	414.1	+10.1	-	1998 est.
—	Cayman Islands	423.8	392.6	+31.2	-	2004
—	Mayotte	420.0	394.0	+26.0	-	2005
158	Suriname	392.6	425.9	-33.3	-	2004
159	Belize	335.5	361.5	-26.0	-	2008 est.
160	Niger	320.0^[13]	320.0	+0.0	-	2002 est.
—	Guam	319.6	427.8	-108.2	-	2002 est.
161	Seychelles	318.1	324.6	-6.5	-	2008 est.
162	Guinea	315.0	796.5	-481.5	-	2008 est.
163	Vatican City	310.0	307.0	+3.0	-	2006
164	Burundi	292.2	351.3	-59.1	-	2008 est.
165	Bhutan	272.0	350.0 ^[14]	-78.0	-	2005
166	Central African Republic	250.0	273.0	-23.0	-	2007 est.
167	Eritrea	234.5	523.1	-288.6	-	2008 est.
—	British Virgin Islands	204.7	180.4	+24.3	-	2004
168	Gambia	194.3	228.8	-34.5	-	2008 est.
—	Northern Mariana Islands	193.0	223.0	-30.0	-	FY01/02 est.
169	Samoa	171.3	78.1	+93.2	-	FY04/05 est.
170	Federated States of Micronesia	166.0^[15]	152.7	+13.3	-	FY07 est.
—	American Samoa	155.4^[16]	183.6	-28.2	-	FY07
171	Saint Lucia	141.2	146.7	-5.5	-	2000 est.
172	Djibouti	135.0	182.0	-47.0	-	1999 est.
173	Antigua and Barbuda	123.7	145.9	-22.2	-	2000 est.
174	Marshall Islands	123.3	1,213.0	-1,089.7	-	2008
175	Palau	114.8	99.5	+15.3	-	2008 est.
176	Sierra Leone	96.0	351.0	-255.0	-	2000 est.
177	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	94.6	85.8	+8.8	-	2000 est.
178	Saint Kitts and Nevis	89.7	128.2	-38.5	-	2003 est.
179	Grenada	85.8	102.1	-16.3	-	1997
180	Tonga	80.48	109.8	-29.32	-	FY07/08
181	Vanuatu	78.7	72.23	+6.47	-	2005
182	Dominica	73.9	84.4	-10.5	-	2001
—	Cook Islands	70.95	69.05	+1.9	-	FY05/06
—	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	70.0	60.0	+10.0	-	1996 est.
—	Falkland Islands	66.2	67.9	-1.7	-	FY98/99 est.
183	Kiribati	55.52	59.71	-4.19	-	FY05
184	Solomon Islands	49.7	75.1	-25.4	-	2003
185	Sao Tome and Principe	47.65	51.48	-3.83	-	2008 est.
—	Turks and Caicos Islands	47.0	33.6	+13.4	-	1997-98 est.
—	Montserrat	31.4	31.6	-0.2	-	1997 est.
—	Anguilla	22.8	22.5	+0.3	-	2000 est.
186	Tuvalu	21.54	23.05	-1.51	-	2006
—	Niue	15.07	16.33	-1.26	-	FY0405
187	Nauru	13.5	13.5	+0.0	-	2005
—	Saint Helena	12.33^[17]	30.28	-17.95	-	FY06/07 est.
—	Norfolk Island	4.6	4.8	-0.2	-	FY99/00
—	Pitcairn Islands	0.746	1.028	-0.282	-	FY04/05
—	Tokelau	0.4308	2.8	-2.3692	-	1987 est.
188	Zimbabwe	2.7^[18]	2.2	0.5	-	2011 est.
—	Wallis and Futuna	0.02973	0.03133	-0.0016	-	2004

Chrome Shortcuts

2014-01-05T13:08:00.000+05:30

Chrome Shortcuts

pdf print hide all show all

Uploaded by bernd, updated on 1/29/2012 by bernd
Platform: Linux/ English

1. Manage Tabs
Ctrl+t	Open new tab
Ctrl+w/Ctrl+F4	Close tab (or close Chrome if only one tab is open)
Ctrl+Shift+t	Reopen last tab closed. Up to 10 tabs.
Ctrl+1 through Ctrl+8	Jump to first tab, second tab, etc.
Ctrl+9	Switch to the last tab
Ctrl+Tab/Ctrl+Shift+Tab	Switch to the next / previous tab (or use ctrl+page up/ctrl+page down)
Ctrl+n	Open new Chrome window
Ctrl+Shift+n	Open new Chrome window in incognito mode
Alt+F4	Close current window
Ctrl and click on link	Open link in a new background tab
Shift+ctrl and click on link	Open link in a new foreground tab
Shift and click on link	Open link in a new window
Alt and click on link	Download link
Drag link to existing tab	Open link in selected tab
Drag link to tab bar	Open link in a new tab in the specified position on the tab strip.

▲ up

2. Address Bar
Alt+d/Ctrl+l	Jump to address bar; highlights current webpage URI if available
Ctrl+e	Enter search query in address bar
Home/End in address bar	Jump to beginning / end of address bar
Ctrl+a in address bar	Select all text of address. Also use shift+end with cursor at beginning or shift+home with cursor at end
Type name of site and pressCtrl+Enter	Add www. to beginning and .com to end of input and opens the web address in current tab.
Type name of site and pressAlt+Enter	Add www. to beginning and .com to end of input and opens the web address in new background tab.
Type search term and pressEnter	Perform a search using the search engine associated with the keyword or the URI.

▲ up

3. View Webpages
F6	Alternate focus between address bar and webpage
Arrow Down/Arrow up with focus on webpage	Scroll down / scroll up
Page Down/Page Up	Scroll one page down / one page up. Also use space/shift+space
Home/End	Jump to beginning / to end of webpage
Ctrl++ / Ctrl+-	Zoom in / zoom out (or ctrl+mousewheel)
Ctrl+0 (zero)	Return to normal text size
Ctrl+u	View webpage source
F11	Turn full screen on / off

▲ up

4. Browse between Webpages
Alt+Home	Jump to homepage
Alt+Arrow Left/Arrow Right	Jump to previous webpage visited / jump to next webpage
F5/Ctrl+r	Reload current webpage
Ctrl+F5/Shift+F5	Reload current webpage with cache override
Esc	Stop webpage loading

▲ up

5. Browse within Webpages
Tab/Shift+Tab with focus on webpage	Jump to next / previous link
Enter on link	Open link in current tab
Ctrl+Enter on link	Open link in a new background tab
Shift+Ctrl+Enter on link	Open link in a new foreground tab
Shift+enter on link	Open link in a new window
Alt+enter on link	Download link
Shift+F10	Open context menu (simulate right mouse button)
Ctrl+a	Select all content on webpage
Ctrl+c with content selected	Copy selected content to clipboard

▲ up

6. Access Browser Features
Ctrl+p	Print current webpage
Ctrl+o	Open file
Ctrl+s	Save current webpage
Alt+f	Open Wrench Menu (I'd call it file menu to remember the shortcut)
Ctrl+h	Open History tab
Ctrl+j	Open Downloads tab

▲ up

7. Search
Ctrl+f	Find text on webpage
Enter with text found on webpage	Find next match
Shift+Enter with text found on webpage	Find previous match
Esc	Close Search Window

▲ up

8. Bookmarks Shortcuts
Ctrl+Shift+b	Show or hide bookmarks bar
Ctrl+d	Add bookmark for current webpage
Ctrl+Shift+d	Add bookmark for current webpage and edit details
Drag URI to bookmark bar	Bookmark webpage (can be URI from address bar or link from page)
Alt+d, then f6	Jump to bookmark toolbar. Use arrow keys and enter to access bookmarks
Alt+f, then b	Open Bookmark Manager Tab

▲ up

9. The Rest
Shift+Alt+t	Set focus on the toolbar. Use arrow keys to navigate between different buttons on the toolbar.
Ctrl+Shift+i/Ctrl+Shift+j	Open Developer Tools / JavaScript Console
Shift+Esc	View Google Task manager
F1

Notable deaths in 2013

2014-01-05T13:02:00.000+05:30

Notable deaths in 2013

Nelson Mandela, whose death this month prompted a worldwide outpouring, led the list of notable deaths for the year.

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THEANA CALITZ-BILT / THE ASSOCIATED PRESS, 2009

Nelson Mandela, who died Dec. 5 at age 95, became South Africa’s first black president after spending 27 years in prison for fighting apartheid and ushering in a more equal society.

BEST OF 2013

NEW YEAR'S EVE

2013: A LOOK BACK

career in airforce

2013-01-05T16:41:00.002+05:30

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FIND YOUR FUTURE – AS PER BRANCHES

Last Updated On: 14/06/2012 |

Ground Duty Branches

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Become a Navy Seal

2013-01-05T16:38:00.001+05:30

for info go to http://www.sealswcc.com/seal-default.aspx

Navy SEALs are physically fit, mentally sharp, mature and resilient. Those men who want to become SEALs are screened to determine their potential to succeed in the community.

In addition to meeting the basic requirements for enlistment or commissioning in the Navy, candidates interested in becoming SEALs must meet rigorous physical and mental requirements.

The physical fitness of a potential candidate is assessed using:

Pre-enlistment medical screening

Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery ( ASVAB )

Armed Forces Qualification Test ( AFQT )

Computerized-Special Operations Resilience Test ( C-SORT )

SEAL Physical Screening Test ( SEAL PST )

The ASVAB and AFQT are used to assess a candidate's mental sharpness and ability to learn. While the C-SORT is used to screen his maturity and mental resilience.

PHYSICAL SCREENING TEST: ADMINISTERED BY NAVAL SPECIAL WARFARE

USE | PST CALCULATOR

To receive a Navy SEAL contract, a candidate must pass the SEAL PST, which consists of:

PHYSICAL SCREENING TEST	MINIMUM	AVERAGE	OPTIMUM
Swim 500 yard breast or side stroke	12:30	10:00	9:30
Push-ups in two-minutes	42	79	100
Sit-ups in two-minutes	50	79	100
Pull-ups no time limit	06	11	25
Run 1.5 miles	11:00	10:20	09:30

To qualify for a contract, a prospective candidate must meet the minimum requirements. The qualifying SEAL PST must be administered by a Naval Special Warfare coordinator or mentor. Prospective candidates can increase their chances of being selected for BUD/S and succeeding in training by having optimum PST scores. You can judge your current level of fitness by taking the SEAL PST Calculator. The SEAL PST Calculator will compare your scores to actual Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL ( BUD/S ) entry level scores and rank you accordingly.

ASVAB: MEASURING YOUR ABILITY TO LEARN

ADMINISTERED | AT MEPS

The ASVAB is used to assess an applicant's mental sharpness and ability to learn. The ASVAB is generally administered at a Military Entrance Processing Station.

The standard ASVAB contains the following subtests:

Word Knowledge ( WK )

Arithmetic Reasoning ( AR )

Mechanical Comprehension ( MC )

Shop Information ( SI )

Automotive Information ( AI )

Electronics Information ( EI )

Mathematics Knowledge ( MK )

General Science ( GS )

Paragraph Comprehension ( PC )

Assembling Objects ( AO )

Verbal Expression ( VE ) - a scaled combination of WK+PC

An additional line score, Coding Speed ( CS ), should be requested at MEPS, and the score can be included in the calculation to determine eligibility for the SEAL program. If the CS line score is not taken, only one set of line scores can be used to determine eligibility.

As of May 1, 2012 to qualify, an applicant must score one of the following on the ASVAB:

1. GS + MC + EI = 170 or better ( PAY 97 ) or option #2

2. VE + MK + MC + CS = 220 or better

In addition to the above, you must score: VE + AR = 110 with minimum MC = 50

1. GS + MC + EI = 170 or better ( PAY 80 ) or option #2

2. VE + MK + MC + CS = 220 or better

In addition to the above, you must score: VE + AR = 110 with minimum MC = 50

AFQT results are returned as percentiles from 1-99. A score of a 50 would mean you were in the 50th percentile or have an average score. The Navy requires an AFQT score of at least 35. Men who succeed at BUD/S traditionally have AFQT scores of 78 or better.

What if my ASVAB score isn't high enough?

If you are not in the Navy, you will have to work with your recruiter to study for and re-take the ASVAB. If you are a fleet candidate, the Navy College offers ASVAB preparation courses you can take while you arrange a re-test with your career counselor. You may be eligible for a waiver if you are a particularly strong candidate and your score is close to the minimum.

Specifically, you will not receive a waiver if your Mechanical Comprehension ( MC ) score is more than five points below the minimum. If your overall ASVAB score is a few points to low, and you are not in the Navy, you will need to work with your Navy recruiter to seek a waiver through the Navy's Recruiting Command.

Waivers are granted on a case-by-case basis. The applicants SEAL PST scores and strength of the overall application package will be used to make a determination of eligibility. If you're already in the Navy, submit your transfer package. It will be evaluated by the SEAL detailer. The detailer will make a recommendation to the Naval Special Warfare Enlisted Community Manager who will make the final determination.

What's the max ASVAB score waiver?

Overall score waivers are granted on a case-by-case basis. However, if your Mechanical Comprehension ( MC ) score is more than five points below the minimum, you will not be granted a waiver.

CSORT: TESTING MENTAL TOUGHNESS AND RESILIENCE

COMBINED | BAND SCORE

The Computerized-Special Operations Resilience Test, or C-SORT, is designed to assess a prospective SEAL candidate's mental toughness or resilience. The test includes multiple sections designed to assess a prospective candidate's abilities in three areas:

Performance strategies

Psychological resilience

Personality traits

Performance strategies test for capabilities such as a person's goal-setting, self-talk and emotional control. Psychological resilience focuses on assessing several other areas like an individual's acceptance of life situations and the ability to deal with cognitive challenges and threats.

The scores on the sections of this test are combined into a band score on a scale of one to four. A band score of four indicates that a candidate is most mentally resilient, and a one indicates the lowest level of mental resilience. Each prospective SEAL candidate can only take the C-SORT one time.

To determine eligibility for the SEAL program, the C-SORT band score is combined with the candidate's run and swim time. People who have low C-SORT and slow combined run and swim times will not be considered for SEAL contracts. They will be counseled that they are not ready to pursue a career as a SEAL.

While candidates are not allowed to retake the C-SORT, a candidate can demonstrate his motivation by improving his PST score - particularly run and swim times - and re-taking the Delayed Entry Program qualifying PST in order to move into the qualifying band to become eligible for a SEAL contract.

OTHER REQUIREMENTS: OBTAIN SECRET CLEARANCE

VISION CORRECTION | PERMITTED

Age

Applicants must be from 17 to 28 years old. Waivers for men ages 29 and 30 are available for highly qualified candidates. Men with prior enlisted service as SEALs who are seeking to become SEAL Officers can request waivers to age 33.

Vision

Must be correctable to 20/25. Uncorrected vision must be at least 20/70 in the worst eye and 20/40 in the best. Color blindness is disqualifying.

Citizenship

Candidates must be U.S. citizens.

Other

In addition to the other requirements listed on this website, applicants must be able to obtain a secret security clearance, be male and must remain morally, mentally and physically qualified.

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