Digital Sanjiv – SEO, Blogging, Digital Marketing & Online Earning Tips

What is Google Business Profile and How It Matters for Local SEO

2026-03-14T14:26:00.004+05:30

Today most people search online before visiting any shop or service provider. Whether someone is looking for a computer institute, bakery, mobile repair shop, or digital marketing service, the first step is usually a Google search. When people type queries like **“computer institute near me”** or **“best bakery near me,”** Google often shows a map with nearby businesses. These results usually come from **Google Business Profile** listings.

**Google Business Profile** is a free tool that allows businesses to appear on Google Search and Google Maps. It helps customers easily find important details such as business location, contact number, website link, photos, reviews, and working hours. In simple words, it works like a digital shop board that is visible to people searching online.

For small businesses in India, this tool has become extremely important. Earlier, customers used to ask friends or neighbours for recommendations. However, today most people rely on Google reviews and ratings before choosing any service. Because of this change in behaviour, having a properly optimized Google Business Profile is essential for Local SEO.

Why Google Business Profile is Important

One of the biggest benefits of Google Business Profile is that it helps businesses appear in “near me” searches. These searches are very common on smartphones. When someone searches for services near their location, Google shows businesses that have active and optimized profiles. If your business profile is complete and updated, the chances of appearing in these results become much higher.

Another important factor is customer trust. When people see a business with good ratings and positive reviews, they feel more confident about contacting or visiting that business. For example, if two computer institutes appear in search results and one has many positive reviews, most students will prefer that institute.

Google Business Profile also makes communication easy for customers. They can directly call the business, get directions through Google Maps, visit the website, or read reviews before making a decision. This convenience helps businesses get more calls and enquiries.

How Businesses Can Use Google Business Profile Effectively

Creating a Google Business Profile is simple, but maintaining it properly is important for better results. Business owners should make sure that all information is correct and updated. The business name, address, and phone number should be accurate so that customers can easily reach the business.

Uploading high-quality photos is also helpful because images make the profile more attractive and trustworthy. Businesses should also encourage satisfied customers to leave honest reviews. Positive reviews not only build trust but also improve local search rankings.

Posting regular updates about offers, services, or events can also help keep the profile active. Google often prefers profiles that are updated regularly.

Conclusion

Google Business Profile has become a powerful tool for local businesses in India. It helps businesses appear in Google Maps, attract nearby customers, and build trust through reviews. Even small businesses can compete with larger companies if they maintain their profiles properly.

In today’s digital world, where most customers begin their search online, having an optimized Google Business Profile is no longer optional. It is an essential step for improving local SEO, increasing visibility, and attracting more customers to your business.

Tally & GST Course in Joginder Nagar with Placement & Job Training

2026-02-07T11:35:00.002+05:30

🔷 INTRODUCTION

Learning Tally and GST is one of the fastest ways to get a practical job in India today.
In small towns like Joginder Nagar, many shops, offices, and firms need trained accountants.

However, most students do not know where to start properly. They join random courses without placement or real practice.

Therefore, this article explains everything about the Tally & GST Course in Joginder Nagar with Placement & Job Training in very simple language.

You will learn about fees, syllabus, jobs, future scope, and real-life examples.

🌟 Why Join This Course?

✔ Learn accounting from zero level
✔ Practice on real shop data
✔ Get placement support
✔ Earn from freelancing
✔ Work in local businesses
✔ Start career quickly

👉 Result: Job-ready skills in 2–3 months

What is the Tally & GST course?

A Tally & GST course teaches accounting software use and goods-and-services tax rules.
Tally Prime is easy software that shops and small companies use daily.
GST is the tax law businesses follow to collect and pay taxes accurately.
The course mixes computer practice with tax rules and real-life paperwork examples.
By the end, students will prepare bills, file basic returns, and do bookkeeping.
Many employers prefer candidates who can show practical training and work samples.

Who should join this course in Joginder Nagar?

Students finishing school who want a job quickly will benefit most from this course.
Shop owners and small business helpers can reduce costs by learning these skills.
Housewives and government job aspirants can add practical skills to their CVs.
People planning to freelance or offer bookkeeping services locally should join too.
Anyone who wants computer-based accounting knowledge without a long degree should consider it.

📌 Quick Answer: Is Tally & GST Course in Joginder Nagar Worth It?

Yes, this course is worth it for students and job seekers who want practical accounting skills, local job support, and stable income within two to three months of training.

It is especially useful for beginners, shop workers, and commerce students in Himachal Pradesh.

Course structure — What you will actually learn, week by week 📚

Module	What you learn	Practical task example
1. Basics of Accounting	Understand debit, credit, ledgers, and vouchers	Create simple sales and purchase vouchers
2. Tally Prime Introduction	Install, setup company, and navigate menus	Enter day-to-day transactions for a shop
3. Inventory & GST basics	Stock items, rates, and tax types	Create items and apply correct GST rates
4. GST Returns in Tally	GSTR-1, GSTR-3B basics and reconciliation	Prepare a sample GSTR-3B for a month
5. Bank Reconciliation & Reports	Bank matching, profit & loss, and balance sheet	Reconcile bank statement sample entries
6. Payroll & TDS basics	Employee salary, PF, and basic deductions	Generate payslip and calculate TDS
7. Practical Project	Live project with local shop or dummy company	Submit full books and GST returns as project
8. Job Training & Interview Prep	Resume help, mock interviews, and placement calls	Mock interview and job application support

Each module contains hands-on practice and real paperwork examples that students can keep for their job interviews.

Course duration and batches ⏰

Most local courses run from one to three months depending on intensity.
Part-time batches suit working people who cannot attend daily sessions.
Weekend batches help students who study or work on weekdays.
Short intensive batches of four weeks are available for motivated learners.
Ask the institute about number of practical hours and live project exposure.

How the placement & job training works 💼

Good institutes connect with local shops and small firms for interviews.
They prepare students with resumes, certificates, and short portfolio of work.
Mock interviews and soft-skill sessions increase student confidence before placement.
Some institutes offer internship with stipend to gain real-time experience locally.
Placement support usually includes help in applying and follow-up calls to employers.

Admission Process Step-by-Step

Joining this course is simple and fast.

Follow these steps:

Call or WhatsApp the institute Attend free demo class Fill registration formSubmit ID proof, Qualifications docs and photo Pay fees in installments or full Join the next batch

Where Will You Get Jobs After This Course?

After completing the course, students usually get jobs in:

Joginder Nagar Main Market Mandi Palampur Kangra Dharamshala Baijnath Local CA Offices Transport Companies

Start Your Journey Today

Do not wait for “perfect time”.
Skills create opportunities.

If you want a stable career in accounting, start now.

Call Now: 9882027366 WhatsApp: 9882027366

Visit Center Today : RDS Computer Institute Near Central Store Joginder Nagar Distt Mandi HP

Free Demo Available This Week

String Handling in C Language

2020-11-29T15:13:00.001+05:30

String Handling in C

A string in C Language can be defined as a character array terminated with a special character ‘\0’ to mark the end of the string. Unlike some other high-level languages like BASIC language, C does not have built-in “string” type data. So, C has no built-in facilities for manipulating entire arrays(such as copying and comparing them, etc). It also has very few built-in facilities for manipulating strings. In fact, C’s only truly built-in string-handling is that it allows us to use string constants (also called string literals) in our code, Whenever we write a string, enclosed in double quotes, C automatically creates an array of characters for us, containing that string, terminated by the ‘\0‘ character.

The reason why the last character in a character array should be a ‘\0’ (called null character , a character with the value 0) is that in most programs that manipulate character arrays expect it. For example, printf uses the ‘\0’ to detect the end of a character array when printing it out with a ‘%s’.

There are two ways to represent a string (of characters) in C, that are :

· As arrays of type char ( as in char str[10] or char str[] )

· As pointers of type char (as in char *str )

Since, neither of these approaches provides a complete solution to the representation of strings in C, so in practice, elements of both of them are often used together.

String as an array of type char

When a string is represented as an array of type char, then that array must have the provision to accommodate the string terminating character ‘\0‘ also. For example, if a string as a character array is defined as,

char str[10];

Then, the longest string which we would contain in this array would be 9 characters long, since, all the strings are terminated by a special character ‘\0 ‘. Although this special character ‘\0’ is appended automatically (and implicitly) to strings of characters in most contexts, but if it is not there ( or is lost anyway), then you may see unpredictable results. For example, in the following code

char str1[10] = “kangaroo” ;

char str2[10] = “australian” ;

The first string str1 contains 8 characters, and so in the memory, the ninth character ‘\0’ is automatically appended to it, as is shown below :

But, the second string str2 contains 10 characters, and so in memory, the terminating ‘\0’ is lost, as is shown below :

So, any attempt made to copy or display this sting would cause unpredictable results, since the string now has an undefined length, and will be terminated after displaying ( or copying) the contents of all the memory locations after the string “australian” until a ‘\0’ is encountered.

Intializing the (char array) strings

To initialize a character array (or string) , with a string literal (or string constant), then you have to initialize that character array just along with the declaration in a single statement, and not in two statements (i.e. , first statement for declaring the character array and second for initializing it!) For example,

Char str [ ] =”This is ok” ; /* declare & initialize at the same time is valid*/

It is valid to declare a character array (string) but invalid to assign value to string is invalid

char str [11] ; /* declaring a character array ( or string) , */

str=” This is ok”; /* and then trying to initialize it is invalid */

Is invalid, because an array name is a pointer constant, and a constant must be initialized then and there along with the declaration. So, first declaring, and then assigning it a string constant “This is OK” is illegal. However, we can initialize a character array after declaration in some other way - by initializing it one character at a time! For example,

char str[6] ; /* 5 characters + ‘/0’ */

str [0]=’R’ ; /* OK, 1^st character of str initialized to R */

str [1]=’a’ ; /* OK, 2^nd character of str initialized to a */

str[2]= ‘m’ ; /*OK, 3^rd character of str initialized to m */

str[3] =’a’ ; /*OK, 4^th character of str initialized to a */

str[4]=’n’ ; /*OK, 5^th character of str initialized to n */

strcpy and strncpy

We have just saw that we cannot copy one char array (string) into another, as shown below:

char str1[] =”string1” ;

char str2[8] ;

str2=str1; /* invalid ! */

However, C provides two functions declared in the header file string. h, to do this job, whose syntax are :

strcpy(string1, string2) ; : copies contents of string2 to string1 , including the terminating ‘\0’

strncpy (string1, string2 ,n) ; : copies first n characters of string2 to string1 (n<length of string2)

We see that the strncpy function takes an extra parameter than strcpy function, which is the number of characters to be copied from one string to another. This makes copying a little safer, since we can avoid the possibility of putting too many characters into the array. However, care must be taken to reserve the last character position for the terminating ‘\0’. If required, this ‘\0’ can be explicitly added. For example,

Char str1 [ ] =”Avinash” ;

Char str2 [8] ;

Strncpy (str2, str1 , 7) ;

Str2 [7] =’\0’ ;

The following program illustrates the use of strncpy in safely copying a string from one array to another . Again, let me make you remember that a character array is treated as a string, if terminated with ‘\0’ ;.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<string.h>

void main()

{

char str1 [25} ;

char str2 [16] ;

printf(“Enter a string (up to 24 characters) :”) ;

gets (str1) ;

puts (str1) ;

strncpy (str2, str1, 15) ; /* strncpy will truncate any string

longer than 16 Characters */

Str2 [15] =’\0’ ; /* the last character (i.e. 16^th character) will

be the terminating ‘\0’ */

Puts (str2) ;

}

Output :

Enter a string (up to 24 characters): I am going deeper in C.

I am going deeper in C.

I am going deep

Most of the time we have to put in our own ‘ \ 0 ‘ at the end of a string. If we want to print the line with printf, it’s necessary. This code prints the number of characters before the line:

main ( )

{

int i;

char line[80];

for(i=0 ;(line[i++ ] = getchar( ))!=’ \n’;)

;

line [i ] = ‘\0’;

printf (“%d : \t%s”,i,line);

}

Here we increment i in the subscript itself, but only after the previous value have been used.

The character is read, placed in line[i] , and only then i incremented.

String as a pointer to type char

From the above discussion, it is clear that using arrays of type ‘char’ to represent strings has many drawbacks, since arrays are hard to manipulate and so cannot be used for many purposes (e.g., they cannot be used as the return type of a function!) . Another way of representing strings is to use a pointer to reference a string of characters. To declare a pointer to a string , the pointer must be of the type ‘char’ , as shown below :

char *str; /* now, str is a pointer to a string of characters */

The above declaration declares a pointer of type char called str, which is able to point to the first character of a string of characters.

The benefit of using this approach for representing strings is that now we can manipulate the pointer by using the arithmetic that is applicable on pointers. For example, now we can use a char pointer (string) to reference an array of characters quite easily, as is shown below :

#include<stdio.h>

#include<string.h>

void main ( )

{

char str1[10]=”Education”; /* string represented by a

char array str1 */

char *str2; /* string represented by char

pointer str2 */

str2=str1; /* ok, put address of str1 to str2, so that now str2 can refer str1 */

puts (str2); /* displays Education*/

}

Thus, with pointer representation of strings, we can use assignment operator at any time after declaration to make one char pointer equal to another. The following example makes things more clear :

main( )

{

char str1 [10]=”Education”; /* string represented by a

char array str1*/

Char str2 [10]=”Literacy”; /* string represented by a

char array str2 */

Char *str3=” Institute”; /*string represented by char

pointer str3*/

Char *str4=”Schooling” /* string represented by char

pointer str4 */

Str2=str1; /*wrong! ! Won’t compile . Cannot

assign to char array. */

Str4=str3; /*wrong! ! Won’t compile . Cannot

assign to char array . */

Str4=”Graduation”; /*valid. Will compile. */

Str4=”Graduation”; /* valid. Will compile. */

}

No strong medicine comes without its side effects! There is a potential problem with char pointer representation of strings too! This is so because using the assignment operator to make them equal. This results in making both pointers pointing to the same memory location (this is known as shallow copying!).

main()

{

char *str1=”string1”; /* declare 1^st string with initial

value */

char *str2=”string2”; /* declare 2^nd string with

initial value */

str1=str2; /* assign str1 equal to str2 */

}

Thus, after assigning one char pointer to another results in both the pointers now pointing to the same string, so that change in one will affect the another one. This is not safe, and can lead to strange behavior by the program in many cases ( e.g., when memory is allocated dynamically!). So, for safe storage of strings, char arrays are more reliable option.

Q. Can’t we use strcpy (or, strncpy ) function with char pointer (strings) to copy data (i.e., to make deep copy) and not addresses?

It is possible to use strcpy (or, strncpy) function with char pointers to make deep copy (i.e. to copy data in one string to another string, and not to copy the address of one string to the another). This is shown below :

char *str1=”Avinash” ;

char *str2=”Vikas” ;

strcpy(str1, str2) ;

Now , the situation of str1 and str2 is shown below :

Str1

Str2

After using strcpy( )

Both the char pointers (strings) have the same data,

And even they are pointing to different addresses.

But, the use of strcpy can still lead to problems with char pointers (strings), because by using strcpy we are actually overwriting the data in the subsequent memory locations. This can create a problem when we declare a char pointer to point to a string of one length, and then

· Copy a longer string to it, or

· Try to allocate a char string to a pre declared char pointer.

Running the following program, for example

main()

{

char *str1=”Ram”;

char *str2=”Kumar”;

char *str3 ;

strcpy(str1,str2); /*str2 is larger than str1, so this copy is

not good, and the result */

puts(str2); /* of strcpy (str1, str2) is that str2 may

print unpredictable string */

strcpy(str3, str2) ; /* also, trying to copy a str2 to str3

may result in unpredictable str3! */

}

May or may not give the desired output, since its behavior is unpredictable. This is so, because we are trying to copy a char pointer with a string constant (i.e. str1), to the char pointer that is not pre-initialized (i.e., str2)! So, any attempt to copy a string into this uninitialized char pointer may result in copying only the starting address of the string that is assigned to it. Hence printing a string would print only the first character of the copied string (ie., of “Ram”), and rest of the characters printed may be unpredictable because what will be in the subsequent memory locations is unpredictable! Below is shown the situation of str3

After running the above program:

Str1

? ? ? ? ?

Str3

What are the similarities and differences between strings represented by char arrays and char pointers?

The similarities , the differences between character array and character pointer representations of strings are :

· With strings, the definitions char str[] =”My string”; and char *str1=”My string” ; have the same effect. In both the case , a string is created and its starting address is used for str or str1.

· Each individual character, in both the representations of the string, can be accessed by any of the following expressions:

- str[index] or str1[index]

- *(str+index) or *(str1+index)

· We cannot assign a value to the character string after it is declared.

char str[25] ; /* declaring a character array

string, and */

str=”This can not be done”; /* then assigning it a value, is

invalid. */

We can initialize it only at the time of declaration, as shown below:

char str[25] =”This can be done” ; /* declaring & initializing in

a single shot is valid */

On the other hand, a string represented as char pointer, can be assigned a value (at the time of declaration as well as) after being declared also. For, example,

char *str1; /* declaring a character pointer string , and*/

str1=”This can also be done”; /* then assigning it a value, is also valid.*/

· We cannot assign one char array string to another, to copy the contents of the one to the another. For example,

Char str1 [ ] =”First” ;

Char str2 [6] ;

Str2=str1 ; /* invalid, cannot copy one char array string into another */

But, we can assign one char pointer string to another, to copy the contents of the one to the another. For example,

Char *str1=”First” ;

Char *str2;

Str2=str1; /*valid, now str2 also points to “First” */

· The most significant difference between string representations char str[] and char *str1 , is that later one is a pointer variable and so we can modify it. So, str1=str and str1++ both are legal. But str=str1 and str++ is totally illegal because str isn an array and not a pointer. So, when we say str, we produce the starting address of the array, but str is not a variable, and therefore we cannot say str=str1 or str++.

· Char arrays are suitable only for storing strings, and not allows for their manipulation. A char pointer is suitable for manipulating strings, but can lead to unpredictable results in some contexts where one char pointer is copied to another one.

How do we perform operations on strings?

We have a variety of standard library string-handling functions declared in the header file string.h readily available to be used by us . Some of these library functions are :

1. Strlen()

Syntax : size _t strlen (const char *string) ;

To find the length of the string given by string. The number of characters before the terminating character ‘\0’ is returned. The string may be a string constant or a string variable. Size_t may be an integral unsigned type. On systems with 2-bytes int, it is equivalent to unsigned type. On systems with 4-bytes int, it is equivalent to unsigned long.

2. Strchr()

Syntax : char *strchr ( const char *string, int ch) ;

Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of ch in string. Returns NULL if ch is not in string.

3. Strcpy()

Syntax : char *strcpy(char *string1, const char *string2) ;

To copy string2 to string1, where string2 may be a string constant or a string variable. This function effectively assign one string to another string. The characters in string2 are copied into string1 until ‘\0’ is moved. It returns string1.

4. Strncpy()

Syntax : char *strncpy (char *string1, const char * string2, size_t n) ;

Replaces first n characters or string1 with first n characters of string2, where string2 may be a string constant or a string variable. It returns string1. Also,

If n < strlen (string1), then the length of string1 is not affected , but

If n >= strlen (string1), then strncpy ( string1, string2, n) and strcpy (string1, string2) have the same effect.

5. Strcmp()

Syntax : int strcmp (const char *string, const char *string2);

This function takes 2 strings (string1 and string2) as its arguments to compare string2 with string1, where any of these strings may be a string constant or a string variable. This function returns an integer value, depending on the relative order of the two strings, as follows:

- a negative value, if string1 is alphabetically les than string2

- a positive value, if string1 is alphabetically greater than string2

- a zero value, if string1 is identical to string2

6. strncmp()

Syntax : int strncmp (const char * string1, const char *string2, size_t n) ;

This function takes 2 strings (string1 and string2) and an integer (n) as its arguments to compare first n characters of string1 with first n characters of string2, where any of these strings may be a string constant or a string variable. This function returns an integer value, which can be a negative value, a positive value, or a zero, depending on whether the first substring is alphabetically less than, greater than, or identical to second substring.

7. Strcat()

Syntax : char *strcat (char *string1, const char *string2) ;

This function takes 2 strings (string1 and string2) as arguments to concatenate string2 to string1. That is, to append (or add at the end) string2 to string1. It returns string1. The programmer must ensure that string 1 points to enough space to hold the result.

8. Strncat()

Syntax : char *strncat (char *string1, const char * string2, size_t n0 ;

This function takes 2 strings (string1 and string2) and an integer (n) as arguments, and appends the first n characters of string2 to string1. It returns string1. If n>=strlen (string2), this function has same effect as strcat (string1,string2).

9. Strstr()

Syntax : char * strstr (const char *string1, const char * string2);

Returns the address of the first occurrence of string 2 as a substring of string1. Returns NULL if string2 is not in string1.

10. Strtok(0)

Syntax : char * strtok (char *string1, const char * string2) ;

Tokenizes string1 into tokens delimited by the characters found in string2. After the initial call to strtok (string1, string2), each successive call strtok (NULL, string2) returns a pointer to the next token found in string1. These calls change the string1, replacing each delimiter with the NUL character ‘\0’.

11. Memcpy()

Syntax : vod *memcpy (const void *string1, const void * string2, size_t n) ;

Copies the n bytes of memory beginning at string2 into memory location string1, and returns string1.

12. Memmove()

Syntax : int memmove ( const void *string1, const void * string2, size_t n) ;

Same as memcpy ( ) except strings may overlap.

13. Memcmp()

Syntax : int memcmp (const void *string1, const void* string2, size_t n) ;

Compares the n bytes of memory beginning at string1 with the n bytes of memory beginning at string2. Returns a negative, zero, or positive integer according to whether the first string is alphabetically less than, equal to, or greater than the second string.

14. Memchr()

Syntax : void *memchr (const void * string, int ch, size_t n);

Searches the n bytes of memory beginning at string for character ch. If ch is found , the address of its first occurrence is returned, otherwise a NULL is returned.

Functions in C Language

2020-11-17T17:03:00.001+05:30

Functions

A function is a self contained block of code that does some specific task. A function definition has a header and body.

Header

A header of a function is made up of

· Return type: It is the data type of the value being returned by the function. If a function has no value to return. It has the return type as void.

· Name : It is the name of the function by which you call it. The name of a function is its address.

· Argument List : A function can have zero or more parameters known as formal parameters, separated by commas in case it is more than one in number. These formal parameters take values form the calling body so that it can perform the specific tasks on it. These arguments are enclosed within the pair of parenthesis.

Body

Body of a function contains the actual logic to perform certain task. It may return a value of a particular type, if its return type is not defined as void. The body of a function should be enclosed within a pair of curly braces.

Syntax

type name(argument_list)

{

body

}

Example : To write a program to get the largest of three values

#include<stdio.h>

float larger(float x, float y)

{

return x>y?x:y;

}

void main()

{

float a,b,c;

printf("Enter Three Numbers");

scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c);

printf(The Largest of %f ,%f and %f is %f",a,b,c,larger(a,larger(b,c)));

}

Properties of functions

1 Functions perform well defined task and can be used anywhere in a program

2 Reusability- A function is created once and can be used any number of times.

3 Information hiding- Function contents are not available in the other part of the program where it is implemented.

4 Extensibility - Functions are written to and called to get more functionality in the other program.

5 Clarity - A function body is written once and saved in one part of the program and called in the other. which removes the extra cluttering from the program and increases the clarity in the codes.

6 Maintainability - A function when used at several places can be modified without affecting the rest of the program and vice versa. Which makes the maintainability more efficient.

7 Testing and debugging - Testing a program in bits and pieces is quite easy. So if you use multiple functions in your program then testing and debugging it individually would be quite easy to test and debug the errors.

Function Prototypes

Before using a function in c, compiler need to know details about the function. So the syntax used to declare a function is called function prototype. The function prototype tells the compiler that -

· The number of arguments being passed to the function

· The type of each argument being passed to the function

· Return type of the function

Syntax

return_type function_name(type of each argument)

int larger(int a, int b );

Here larger is the name of function with return type int. It has two integer arguments a and b. both arguments a and b here are optional. So you can also write this as -

int larger(int, int);

Types of Functions

1) Library Functions - which are defined in the c libraries and also called pre-defined functions. example - scanf(), printf().

2) User defined Functions - In the larger program, it becomes extremely important to break program into more manageable pieces called functions. These functions are declared and defined by the programmer in the program.

How to defined a function?

A Function can be defined by two different styles-

1) Function Declaration- Declaring a function means to write the function prototype above main() or inside the main but before using it. And defining its body just after the curly braces of main().

Syntax

#include<stdio.h>

int sum(int,int);

void main()

{

int x=5, y=6;

sum(x,y);

}

int sum(int a, int b)

{

int total;

total=a+b;

printf("The Sum of %d and %d = %d",a,b,total);

return 0;

}

2) Define - A function can be defined without declaring it before main (). These functions must be defined in such a order that

· The function, that does not call any other function, must be defined first.

· The function, which may call the first function but not other functions, must be defined second.

· The function , which may call the first or second functions (or both), must be defined third.

· That is , the functions are defined in the order that ensures that they are not used in any calling environment before being known to the compiler.

More info on Functions is available on the Link

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What is Law of Marketing?

2020-08-13T22:31:00.004+05:30

What is Law of Marketing?

Introduction

Marketing is a Science of reaching out and getting potential customers who buy your products and services. Marketing involves in researching, promoting, selling and distributing the products and services.

It is a study of market, consumer behavior. It analyzes the commercial management of companies in order to attract, acquire and retain customers by satisfying their aspirations and demands.

Marketing starts even before the product and it's emphasis is to convey right message, to right person and at right time.

Marketing does not end with just sales. It is a continuous process whereby offering better services, better understanding of customers need will definitely result in crossing selling and up-selling.

A satisfied client always recommends you to new prospects.

There is a very famous quote by Peter Drucker

“The aim of marketing is to know and understand the customer so well the product or service fits him and sells itself… The aim of marketing is to make selling superfluous.” – Peter Drucker

The 4 Ps of Marketing

According to E. J. McCarthy, the 4 Ps of Marketing is a simple formula for identifying and working with the essential elements of your marketing strategy.

· Product - Having a product is key and the root of every thing is marketing. In this sense, a product would be anything that a company could offer consumers which might satisfy a need. The best thing to do is to decide on your product or service based both on the needs and motivations of consumers and how the product would benefit the consumer.

· Place. Strategic merchandising locations can be anything from an online store to a channel of physical stores across multiple towns and countries. The goal of the distribution strategy is to enable potential clients to have easy access to products/services, and also as well as should offer a good company experience throughout the purchasing process.

· Price. How we price our products and services is an extremely important decision within the marketing strategy; this factor affects other factors such as:

o The margin we hope to obtain.

o What target market do we want to present ourselves to? What purchasing power do our consumers have? Do we want to enter into the luxury market or bet on the mass market?

o A company's financial goals.

o How does the competition price their products and what possible product substitutes are there?

o Trends and fads.

o Increased price in order to give a better perception of quality.

· Promotion. This refers to all the marketing and communication actions we carry out in order to diffuse the benefits and characteristics of our product or service within the market. This is how we increase sales.

In order to have successful Marketing plan, you should follow some basic tried and tested marketing principles

1) Law to leadership- It is better to be First than it is to be better. You have select your niche where you can be leader. Everybody remembers the number one only.

2) Law of Category - If you can't be First in your category then create a new category where you can be first.

3) Law of Mind - It's better to be first in mind than to be first in the market place.

4) Law of Perception - Marketing is not a battle of products, it's battle of perceptions.

5) Law of Focus - The most powerful concept in marketing is owning a word in prospect's mind.

6) Law of Exclusivity - Two companies can not own the same words in the prospect's mind.

7) The Law of Ladder - The strategy to use depends on which rung you occupy on a ladder.

8) Law of Duality - In the long run every market becomes a two- horse race.

9) Law of Opposite - If you are shooting for second place, your strategy is determined by the leader.

10) Law of Division - Over a time a category will divide and become two or more categories.

11) Law of Perspective - Marketing effects take place over extended period of time.

12) Law of Line Extension - There is an irresistible pressure to extend the equity of the brand.

13 Law of Sacrifice - You have to give up something in order to get something.

14) Law of Attributes- For every attribute, there is opposite and effective attribute.

15) Law of Candor - When you admit a negative, the prospective will give you positive.

16) Law of Singularity - In each situation only one move will produce substantial result.

17) Law of unpredictability - Unless you write your competitor's plan you cannot predict the future.

18) Law of Success - Success often leads to arrogance and arrogance to failure.

19) Law of Failure - Failure is to be expected and accepted.

20) Law of Hype - The situation is often opposite of the way it appear in the press.

21) Law of Acceleration - Successful programs are not build on fads, they are build on trends.

22) Law of Resources - Without adequate funding, an idea wouldn't get off the ground.

Digital Marketing Vs Traditional Marketing

Marketing Plan is very crucial component of a business. A good marketing plan need a good design for implementing your business goals. Without a marketing plan, a company or brand can’t reach its goals.

Digital Marketing - is the discipline of marketing which focuses on developing a strategy solely within the digital environment. Today, this has been the best available option when everybody is locked in their houses and only having easy access to their digital devices.

So using Digital medium for advertising is a win-win situation. also the reach and penetration of Digital platform is just unlimited. We can use E-mail marketing, Mobile marketing, Social Media Marketing, blogging and Affiliate Marketing to carry out Digital marketing and deep marketing.

It is quite easy to target and address your audience also the conversion rate is quite high and response time is quite low.

Traditional Marketing - For traditional marketing you need to move out, suppose you wish to put a hoarding, banner, stick some bills, cold calls then physical movement to required. The level of efforts you need to put to cover certain geographical area would be huge.

The amount of efforts to be put in traditional marketing is much more as compare to its outcome. When the shopping pattern has changed and public has moved from showroom shopping to online shopping, so more and more engagements are moving towards digital marketing.

CATT Funnels

What is Law of Marketing

wealth=n^CATT

where n stands for Niche - It should be selected after due research.

C stands for Content- quality content will always lead to more wealth.

A Stands for Attention - You should be able to draw attention of potential audience

T Stands for Trust - Trust building is really crucial aspect, tripwire, marketing automation and re-targeting are used here.

T Stands for Transactions - you should be able to convert your sales just a natural sales.

This was a brief description about Law of Marketing and it is an assignment of my Internship program by mentor DigitalDeepak. You may also join his internship program Batch5 by visiting the link https://deepak.me/internapply .

As further reading you may also read

22 Immutable Laws Of Marketing Books -by Al Ries and Jack Trout

Let us talk about DigitalSanjiv Version 2.0

2020-08-06T22:33:00.000+05:30

For a person to succeed in life, need to put some efforts . So efforts I put till date, were to spread digital education and to bring general public more closer to digital world by providing digital/ online services. So my focus was more on consuming online content. Although very late but now I have changed my thought process and have stated working on my next version i.e 2.0 . I have set a very decent target for me and by 2022 I wish to be a digital content creator, a mentor and would have my Digital ads agency. Thanks to Digital Deepak Internship Program which encouraged me to take a step forward. So how my 2.0 version would look like by year 2022.

Digital Sanjiv a well know Entrepreneur a Mentor, Blogger, Affiliate Marketer, SEO Expert on the digital world today. He has put commendable efforts in training and mentoring more than 1000 students and have made then self reliant. His presence can be seen in every digital platforms today. He has been a prominent Public speaker and has been actively participating in seminars, webinars and addressing digital enthusiasts.

His blog digitalsanjiv.com has been a great source of information and knowledge to general public. His digital Ads Agency has been doing great within a year the company has touched to revenue of 2 millions. And company plans achieve 5 millions target in the current financial year.

On personal front he is quite down to earth and very accommodating person. Follows vegan diet, teetotaler and practices Yoga on regular basis. Being a nature lover he spends 2-3 months in the Himalaya. His corporate office is based in New Delhi with a branch office in Himachal Pradesh. Currently his team comprises of 25 young minds.

As per his future plans he wish to provide digital content in 14 different regional languages apart from Hindi and English.

Inventory Masters -Stock Groups, Categories

2020-06-24T08:20:00.001+05:30

Inventory Masters

The Inventory Info menu, lists the inventory masters like Stock Group, Stock Items, Units of Measure of the company, using which you can create, alter and display the inventory master details.

By using F11: Features , you can enable the various settings under inventory features which determine the information to be entered during transaction entries.

By using F12: Configure , you can enable the required settings of Inventory Masters .

By default, the settings pertaining to Inventory Masters are set to No . If you set them to Yes , the features will be enabled. Typically, they are additional fields that appear during Masters creation which enable you to obtain more information and detailed analysis.

Note: If you press F12 anywhere in the Menu, it will take you to the configuration menu.

Stock Group

Stock Groups in Inventory are similar to Groups in Accounting Masters. They are helpful in the classification of Stock Items. You can group Stock Items under different Stock Groups to reflect their classification based on some common features such as brand name, product type, quality, and so on. Grouping enables you to locate Stock Items easily and report their details in statements.

Create Single Stock Groups

Stock Items are classified into stock groups to reflect their classification based on some community.

1. Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Stock Groups > Create (under Single Stock Group ).

2. Enter the Name of the Stock Group.

3. Enter additional name apart from primary name [if required] in the field Alias . You can create any number of additional names.

4. Specify whether it is a primary group or a sub-group of another group in the field Under , by selecting from the list.

5. Press Alt+C to create a parent group, if you do not have it in the list.

6. The field Should quantities of items be added pertains to information on measuring the units of the Stock Items that you would categorise under the Stock Group . The Stock Items categorised under the group should have similar units for them to be added up. You cannot add quantities in Kgs to quantities in Pcs .

7. Enable the option Set/alter GST Details to define the GST rate .

8. Press Enter to save.

Create Multiple Stock Groups

Tally.ERP 9 allows you to create Stock Groups using single or multiple options.

1. Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Stock Groups > Create (under Multiple Stock Groups ).

2. Select the parent group under which you want the new groups to be created from the List of Groups .

3. Enter the Name of the Stock Group.

4. If you select any group other than All Items in the Under Group field, then this column is filled in automatically with the selected Group name and the cursor skips this column. This will speed up data entry.

5. If you select All Items in the Under Group field, the cursor does not skip this field and allows you to enter the parent group for each one of them.

6. In the field Should Quantities of Items be Added you can select whether units of the Stock Items under Stock Group are to be added or not.

Display Single Stock Group

You can display the existing Stock Group in Single mode and multiple mode, since it is only display Tally.ERP 9 does not allow you to alter any information in display mode.

1. Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Stock Groups > Display (under Single Stock Group ).

2. Select the Stock Group whose particulars you want to display from the List of Groups . The Stock Group Display screen appears.

Note: Category and Godown buttons are visible only if you have opted for the same in F11: Features.

Stock Categories

Stock Category offers a parallel classification of stock items. Like stock Groups, classification is done based on similarity in behaviour.

For example,

Stock Item	Sub Group	Main Group	Sub-Category	Main Category
Brand A - 19” LED TV	Brand A	Grade One	LED TV	Television
Brand A - 17” Smart TV	Brand A	Grade One	Smart TV	Television
Brand B - 19” LED TV	Brand B	Grade Two	LED TV	Television
Brand B - 17” Smart TV	Brand B	Grade Two	Smart TV	Television

The advantage of Categorizing items is that you can classify the stock items (based on functionality) together – across different stock groups which enables you to obtain reports on alternatives or substitutes for a stock item.

For enabling Stock Category option in the Inventory Info menu, press F11 > Inventory Features > Set Yes for Maintain stock categories .

Create a single Stock Categories

This option allows parallel classification of stock items. Like Stock Groups, Stock Categories are also classified based on some similar behaviour. This enables you to obtain reports for alternatives or substitutes of a stock item.

1. Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Stock Categories > Create (under Single Stock Category). The Stock Category Creation screen is displayed as shown below:

2. Enter the Name of the Stock Category.

3. Specify whether it is a primary category or a sub-category of another category in the field Under. Select Primary from the list, if you do not have a parent group. Use Alt +C to create a parent if you do not have the required category in the list.

4. Press Enter to save.

Display a single Stock Category

You can display the existing Stock Category in Single mode and multiple mode, since it is only display Tally.ERP 9 does not allow you to alter any information in display mode.

1. Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Stock Categories > Display (under Single Stock Category).

2. Select the Category for which you want to view the display details from the List of Categories . The Stock Category Display screen shows the details entered in Stock Category Master.

Introduction to JavaScript

2020-06-23T18:56:00.002+05:30

Introduction to JavaScript

JavaScript Introduction

JavaScript was developed by Brendan Eich in 1995, and became an ECMA standard in 1997. ECMA-262 is the official name of the standard. ECMAScript is the official name of the language.

JavaScript and Java completely different from each other both in design and concepts.

Today HTML,CSS and JavaScript are very much crucial scripting languages for web developers. Let us understand their role in web development

HTML-is used to define the content of a web page.

CSS-is used to specifies layout of a web page.

JavaScript- programs the behavior of a web page.

JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted scripting programming language. It is designed for creating network-centric applications. JavaScript is extremely easy to implement because it's integrated with HTML. It is open and cross-platform.
JavaScript can be used in developing great front-end also as back-end softwares using different Javascript based frameworks like jQuery, Node.JS etc.

Javascript comes installed on every modern browser then to find out Javascript you actually don't need any special environment setup. For example Chrome, Mozilla Firefox , Safari and each browser you recognize as of today, supports Javascript.

Javascript helps you create really beautiful and crazy fast websites. You can develop your website with a console like look and feel and provides your users the simplest Graphical User Experience.

JavaScript usage has now extended to mobile app development, desktop app development, and game development. Due to its vast applicability, there's plenty of job options in the market with good payout.

Great thing about Javascript is that you simply will find plenty of frameworks and Libraries already developed which may be used directly in your software development which reduced the development time to great extent.

JavaScript code should always be written within <script>..</script> tags. You can place the <script> tags, containing your JavaScript, anywhere within your web page, but it is normally recommended that you should keep it within the > tags.The complete syntax of script tag is as under:

The script tag takes two important attributes −

· Language − This attribute specifies what scripting language you are using. Typically, its value will be javascript. Although recent versions of HTML (and XHTML, its successor) have phased out the use of this attribute.

· Type − This attribute is what is now recommended to indicate the scripting language in use and its value should be set to "text/javascript".

Nowadays we can simply write script tag ignoring its language and type attributes.

JavaScript Framework and Libraries

A JavaScript framework is an application framework written in JavaScript. It differs from a JavaScript library in its control flow: A library offers functions to be called by its parent code, whereas a framework defines the entire application design.

There are so many useful JavaScript frameworks and libraries available:

· Angular.js

· React.js

· jQuery

· Vue.js

· Ext.js

· Ember.js

· Meteor

· Mithril

· Node.js

· Polymer

· Aurelia

· Backbone.js

Applications of JavaScript

JavaScript is one of the most widely used programming languages (Front-end as well as Back-end). It has presence in almost every area of software development.

· Client side validation - Sometimes, it is important to verify any user input before submitting it to the server and JavaScript plays an important role in validating those inputs at front-end itself.

· Manipulating HTML Pages - JavaScript helps in manipulating HTML page on the fly. This helps in adding and deleting any HTML tag very easily using JavaScript and modify your HTML to change its look and feel based on different devices and requirements.

· User Notifications - JavaScript is used to raise dynamic pop-ups on the web pages to give different types of notifications to your website visitors.

· Back-end Data Loading - JavaScript provides Ajax library which helps in loading back-end data while you are doing some other processing.

· Presentations - JavaScript also provides the facility of creating presentations which gives website look and feel. JavaScript provides RevealJS and BespokeJS libraries to build a web-based slide presentations.

· Server Applications - Node JS is built on Chrome's JavaScript runtime for building fast and scalable network applications. This is an event based library which helps in developing very sophisticated server applications including Web Servers.

Advantages of JavaScript

The main advantanges of using JavaScript are −

· Less server interaction − You can validate user input before sending the page off to the server. This saves server traffic, which means less load on your server.

· Immediate feedback to the visitors − They don't have to wait for a page reload to see if they have forgotten to enter something.

· Increased interactivity − You can create interfaces that react when the user hovers over them with a mouse or activates them via the keyboard.

· Richer interfaces − You can use JavaScript to include such items as drag-and-drop components and sliders to give a Rich Interface to your site visitors.

Limitations of JavaScript

We cannot treat JavaScript as a full-fledged programming language. It lacks the following important features −

· Client-side JavaScript does not allow the reading or writing of files. This has been kept for security reason.

· JavaScript cannot be used for networking applications because there is no such support available.

· JavaScript doesn't have any multi-threading or multiprocessor capabilities.

Hence, JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted scripting programming language that allows you to build interactivity into otherwise static HTML pages.

JavaScript Development Tools

One of major strengths of JavaScript is that it does not require expensive development tools. You can start with a simple text editor such as Notepad. Since it is an interpreted language inside the context of a web browser, you don't even need to buy a compiler.

To make our life simpler, various vendors have come up with very nice JavaScript editing tools. Some of them are listed here −

· Microsoft FrontPage − Microsoft has developed a popular HTML editor called FrontPage. FrontPage also provides web developers with a number of JavaScript tools to assist in the creation of interactive websites.

· Macromedia Dreamweaver MX − Macromedia Dreamweaver MX is a very popular HTML and JavaScript editor in the professional web development crowd. It provides several handy prebuilt JavaScript components, integrates well with databases, and conforms to new standards such as XHTML and XML.

· Macromedia HomeSite 5 − HomeSite 5 is a well-liked HTML and JavaScript editor from Macromedia that can be used to manage personal websites effectively.

· Notepad++ - Notepad++ is a text and source code editor for use with Microsoft Windows. It supports tabbed editing, which allows working with multiple open files in a single window.

CSS Navigation Bar

2020-06-10T15:07:00.001+05:30

CSS Navigation Bar

Navigation Bar is the important component of a website. It gives us ease of navigating important links at one place.

Normally there are two types of Navigation Bars

1) Vertical

2) Horizontal

Vertical Navigation Bar

Let us create a vertical navigation bar in a step by step manner. A navigation bar needs standard HTML as a base. In this chapter we will use lists to create navigation bars. A navigation bar is basically a list of links, so using the <ul> and <li> elements makes perfect sense: So the basic html code would look like this.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<ul>

<li><a href="#contact">Contact</a></li>

<li><a href="#about">About</a></li>

</ul>

</body>

</html>

This was just basic HTML. Now let's remove the bullets and the margins and padding from the list using CSS:

ul{

background-color:orange;

list-style-type:none;

margin:0;

padding:0;

width:100px;

font-weight:bold;

height:100%;

position:fixed;

border:1px solid blue;

}

Here list-style-type: none; - Removes the bullets. and margin: 0; and padding: 0; to remove browser default settings and makes margin and paddding 0. we will set width of 60px. Position:fixed will make ul block fixed irrespective of scrollbar.

Now we will tweak a tag. since a tag is inside li tag so our style will go like this.

li a {
display: block;
}

display: block; - Displaying the links as block elements makes the whole link area , width: 60px; - Block elements take up the full width available by default. We want to specify a 100 pixels width

You can also set the width of <ul>, and remove the width of <a>, as they will take up the full width available when displayed as block elements. This will produce the same result as our previous example:

li a {
display: block;
color: #000;
padding: 8px 16px;
text-decoration: none;
}

/* Change the link color on hover */
li a:hover {
background-color: #555;
color: white;
}

Center Links & Add Borders

Add text-align:center to <li> or <a> to center the links.

Add the border property to <ul> add a border around the navbar. If you also want borders inside the navbar, add a border-bottom to all <li> elements, except for the last one:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

ul{

background-color:#ffffff;

list-style-type:none;

width:200px;

height:100%;

margin:0 auto;

padding:0;

font-weight:bold;

border:1px solid blue;

align:center;

position:fixed;

background-color:yellow;

}

li{

display:inline-block;

width:200px;

padding:20px 10px;

text-align:center;

}

li a {

display: block;

color: #000;

padding: 16px 8px;

text-decoration: none;

}

li a:hover {

background-color: #555;

color: white;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<ul>

<li><a href="#contact">Contact</a></li>

<li><a href="#about">About</a></li>

<li><a href="#Products">Products</a></li>

</ul>

</body>

</html>

Horizontal Navigation Bar

There are two ways to create a horizontal navigation bar. Using inline or floating list items.

Inline List Items

One way to build a horizontal navigation bar is to specify the <li> elements as inline, in addition to the "standard" code from the previous page:

display: inline; - <li> elements are block elements by default. Here, we assign as much width required by li tag and remove the line breaks before and after each list item, to display them on one line

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

ul{

background-color:#ffffff;

list-style-type:none;

width:80%;

margin:0 auto;

padding:0;

font-weight:bold;

border:1px solid blue;

align:center;

}

li{

display:inline-block;

width:212.6px;

text-align:center;

background-color:skyblue;

}

li a {

display: block;

color: #000;

padding: 8px 16px;

text-decoration: none;

align:center;

margin:auto;

}

li a:hover {

background-color: #555;

color: white;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<ul>

<li><a href="#contact">Contact</a></li>

<li><a href="#about">About</a></li>

<li><a href="#Products">Products</a></li>

</ul>

</body>

</html>

Horizontal Navigation Bar using Floating List Items

Another way of creating a horizontal navigation bar is to float the <li> elements, and specify a layout for the navigation links:

li {
float: left;
}

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

ul{

background-color:white;

list-style-type:none;

width:80%;

margin:0 auto;

padding:0;

font-weight:bold;

}

li{

float:left;

width:215.8px;

text-align:center;

background-color:skyblue;

}

li a {

display: block;

align:center;

color: #000;

padding: 8px 16px;

text-decoration: none;

border:1px solid green;

}

li a:hover {

background-color: #555;

color: white;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<ul>

<li><a href="#contact">Contact</a></li>

<li><a href="#about">About</a></li>

<li><a href="#Products">Products</a></li>

</ul>

</body>

</html>

float: left; - use float to get block elements to slide next to each other

Computers Web QnA Series Part II

2020-06-09T14:26:00.002+05:30

Multiple Choice Questions- Web Technology PART -2

1) Which of the following tag is used to embed css in html tag?

a) <script> b) <style>

c) <css> d) <!doctype html>

2) Which selector is used to specify a group of element?

a) id b) class

c) tag d) none of above

3) Which of the following property sets the width of an elements complete border?

a) border-width b) width

c) border-depth d) none of above

4) Which css property sets the opacity level for an element?

a) transparency b) opacity

c) transparent d) all of mentioned

5) Which property specifies direction in which marquee move?

a) marquee b) marquee-direction

c)marquee-time d)none of above

6) Which feature was already introduced before html5?

a) canvas b) video

c) geolocation d) frame

7) What is the correct syntax of doctype in html5?

a) <!doctype html> b) <doctype !html>

c) <doctype html> d) <html doctype>

8) Which tag is used for the break line?

a) </br> b) <p>

c) <br> d) </p>

9)What are the methods used to specify colors in HTML?

a)RGB b)Color Name

b)Hexadecimal d)All of the mentioned

10)Abbrevate RWD.(HTML)?

a)Real World Data b)Relay Web Diagram

c)Responsive Web Design d)None of the mentioned

Ans:- 1)B 2)B 3)A 4)B 5)B 6)A 7)A 8)C 9)D 10)C

Computer Question Answer Part 2

2020-06-09T13:32:00.000+05:30

Computer Question Answer Part 2

1) Which function in MS Excel joins two values together in a cell?

a) trim b) value

c) substitute d) concatenate

2 Which one of following is a keyboard shortcut to format a cell?

a) ctrl+space b) ctrl+1

c) ctrl+2 d) ctrl+tab

3 What kind of software ms word is?

a) word casing b) word align

c) word processing d) word formatting

4 How many spreadsheets are there in a one ms excel workbook?

a) 2 b) 3

c) 4 d) 5

5 Intersection of rows and columns known as?

a) grid b) cell

c) ruler d) pane

6 which function evaluates a condition and returns the value result in true or false?

a) false b) and

c) if d) true

7 Which function in ms excel finds a value in a table by matching on the first column?

a) lookup b) match

c) exact d) vlookup

8 Which cable provides display on the monitor?

a) IDE b) IDC

d) VGA d) ATA

9 Which one of following is a full HD video mode?

a) 720p b) 1080p

c) 1024p d) 2160p

10) Which generation of computers is based on Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

a) 3^rd generation b) 4^th generation

c) 5^th generation d) none of above

Ans- 1)D 2)B 3)C 4)B 5)B 6)B 7)D 8)D 9)B 10)C

Masters in Tally.erp9

2020-06-09T13:02:00.000+05:30

Masters in Tally.ERP9

Masters in tally are pre-defined structure and content of our accounting information system. Basically there are two basic types of Masters in tally. Accounting Masters, Inventory Masters, in later stages we will also study Payroll Masters as well. Under Masters in tally there are two options

1. Accounts Info

· Groups

· Vouchers

· Voucher Types

2. Inventory Info

· Stock Groups

· Stock Items

· Units of Measure

· Voucher Types

· Copy Bills Allocation Details

· Tax Rate Setup

Groups

Groups are collection of ledgers of the same nature. Account groups are maintained to determine the hierarchy of Ledger Accounts, which is helpful in determining and presenting meaningful and compliant reports.

At the highest level, accounts are classified into Capital or Revenue – and more specifically into Assets , Liabilities , Income and Expenditure .

Tally.ERP 9 provides you with 28 pre-defined Groups . Of these 15 are Primary Groups and 13 are Sub-Groups . You can also create your own groups, either as Sub-groups or Primary groups . Groups can be sub-classified to an unlimited level to give a virtual accounting tree. The lowest level would be the Ledger Account. All Voucher entries are passed using ledgers. Groups at the time of creating the chart of accounts or you can alter them at any time.

Tally.ERP 9 has pre-defined ledgers for Cash (under Cash-in-hand group) and for the Profit & Loss A/c (under primary group).

Default /Predefined Groups

In Tally.ERP 9, there are a number of default Groups that can be used for various accounts.

Capital Account

This records the Capital and Reserves of the company. The ledgers that belong to Capital Accounts are Share Capital, Partners' Capital A/c, Proprietor's Capital Account and so on.

Reserves and Surplus [Retained Earnings]

This contains ledgers like Capital Reserve, General Reserve, Reserve for Depreciation and so on.

Current Assets

Current Assets record the assets that do not belong either to Bank Accounts or to Cash-in-Hand sub-groups.

● Bank Accounts : Current account, savings account, short term deposit accounts and so on.

● Cash-in hand : Tally.ERP 9 automatically creates Cash A/c in this group. You can open more than one cash account, if necessary.

● Deposits (Asset) : Deposits contain Fixed Deposits, Security Deposits or any deposit made by the company (not received by the company, which is a liability).

● Loans & Advances (Asset) : This records all loans given by the company and advances of a non-trading nature (example: advance against salaries) or even for purchase of Fixed Assets.

● Stock-in-hand : This group contains accounts like Raw Materials, Work-in-Progress and Finished Goods. The balance control depends on whether you have selected Integrated Account-cum-Inventory option while creating the company. (refer to Company creation section for more details) Let us consider these options:

● Integrated Accounts-cum-Inventory : This option has a significant effect on the Balance Sheet and Profit & Loss Account. If set to Yes, it brings the stock/inventory balance figures from the inventory records and provides a drill down to the Stock registers from the Balance Sheet. You are not allowed to directly change the closing balance of an account under this group. You are allowed to pass transactions in Inventory records and the account balances are automatically reflected in the Balance Sheet as Closing Stock.

● Non-integrated Accounts-cum-Inventory : If Integrated Account-cum-Inventory option is set to No, it ignores the inventory books figures and picks up manually entered closing stock balances from the ledger account created. This provides the facility to maintain accounts separately and inventory separately.

You are not allowed to pass transactions if your accounts that come under this Group. It allows you to hold opening and closing balances only. Since no vouchers can be passed for these accounts, they are the only accounts for which the closing balances can be directly altered (by an authorised user only).

● Sundry Debtors : For customer accounts refer to common and possible errors in grouping of accounts section.

Current Liabilities

Accounts like Outstanding Liabilities, Statutory Liabilities and other minor liabilities can be created directly under this group. Sub-groups under Current Liabilities are Duties and Taxes, Provisions and Sundry Creditors

● Duties and Taxes : Duties and Taxes contain all tax accounts like VAT, CENVAT, Excise, Sales and other trade taxes and the total liability (or asset in case of advances paid) and the break-up of individual items.

● Provisions : Accounts like Provision for Taxation, Provision for Depreciation and so on are recorded under Provisions.

● Sundry Creditors : For trade creditors, refer to common and possible errors in grouping of accounts section.

Investments

Group your investment accounts like Investment in Shares, Bonds, Govt. securities, long term Bank deposit accounts and so on. This allows you to view the total investments made by the company.

Loans (Liability)

Loans that a company has borrowed, typically long-terms loans.

● Bank OD Accounts [Bank OCC Accounts] : Tally.ERP 9 provides you with distinct types of Bank Accounts,

● Bank OCC A/c : To record the company's overdraft accounts with banks. For example, Bill Discounted A/c’s and Hypothecation A/c’s etc.

● Secured Loans : Term loans or other long/medium term loans, which are obtained against security of some asset. does not verify the existence of the security. Typical accounts are Debentures, Term Loans, and so on.

● Unsecured Loans : Loans obtained without any security. Example: Loans from Directors/partners or outside parties.

Suspense Account

In modern accounting, many large corporations use a Suspense Ledger to track the money paid or recovered, the nature of which is not yet known. The most common example is money paid for Traveling Advance whose details will be known only upon submission of the Travelling Allowance bill. Some companies may prefer to open such accounts under Suspense Account.

● Loans and Advances (Asset) group : The Suspense Account is a Balance Sheet item. Any expense account even if it has 'suspense' in its name, it should be opened under Revenue group like Indirect Expenses and not under Suspense Account group.

Miscellaneous Expenses (Asset)

This group is typically used for legal disclosure requirements such as Schedule VI of the Indian Companies Act. It should hold incorporation and pre-operative expenses. Companies would write off a permissible portion of the account every year. A balance remains to an extent that cannot be written off in Profit & Loss Account. Tally.ERP 9 does not show loss, carried forward in the Profit & Loss Account, under this group. The Profit & Loss Account balance is displayed separately in the Balance Sheet.

Branch/Divisions

This maintains ledger accounts of all your company's branches, divisions, affiliates, sister concerns, subsidiaries and so on. Tally.ERP 9 permits Sales and Purchase transactions to take place with accounts opened here. Remember, these are their accounts in your books and not their books of accounts. Just treat them as any other party account. If you wish to maintain the books of a branch/division on your computer, you must open a separate company. (Tally.ERP 9 allows maintenance of multiple company accounts).

Sales Account

You can classify your sales accounts based on Tax slabs or type of sales. This also becomes a simple mechanism for preparation of Tax returns.

For example,

● Domestic Sales

● Export Sales

You can even open an account as Sales Returns under the group Domestic Sales to view your net sales after returns (or the returns may be directly passed through Journal against the specific Sales account).

Purchase Account

Purchase of all goods falls under this group.

Direct Income [Income Direct]

These are Non-trade income accounts that affect Gross Profit. All trade income accounts fall under Sales Accounts. You may also use this group for accounts like Servicing, Contract Charges that follow sales of equipment.

For a professional services company, you may not use Sales Account group at all. Instead, open accounts like Professional Fees under this group.

Indirect Income [Income Indirect]

These are miscellaneous non-sale income accounts. Example: Rent Received and Interest Received.

Direct Expenses [Expenses Direct]

These are Manufacturing or direct trading expenses. These accounts determine the Gross Profit of the company.

Indirect Expenses [Expenses Indirect]

All administrative, selling or non-direct expenses.

Profit & Loss Account is a reserved primary account in Tally.ERP 9. You can use this account to pass adjustment entries through journal vouchers. For example, transfer of profit or loss account to Capital or Reserve account.

Learn How to Create Company in Tally.ERP9

2020-06-08T16:48:00.003+05:30

Company Creation Tally.ERP9

Tally.ERP 9 is not a just an accounting software but its a complete ERP solution to business organisations such as managing Accounts, Inventory, Payroll and taxations (GST) compatibility from version Tally.ERP 9 release 6.

How to create a company in Tally.ERP 9?

To create a company in Tally.ERP 9,

Double Click on tally icon on the desktop. Press Alt+F3 -> Create Company

Details to be filled in company creation screen

Directory

The tally directory will store all data you entered in Tally ERP 9. By default, the data storage will be inside the installation folder. i.e.

c:\users\public\tally.erp9\data

Name

In this field, we are required to type the name of the company, for example. XYZ INC.

Primary mailing details

Mailing name

In this field, we are required to type the name of the company, for example. XYZ INC.

Address

In this data field, we are required to enter the address of the company.

Country

Here we are required to select the country from the list in which the business Operates.

State

In this data field, we have to select the state in which we would comply with statutory laws . It is mandatory.

Pincode

Pincode of the location where the office exists.

Contact details

Phone no

Enter the Company contact number which we would like to display on Invoices

Mobile no

Enter the Contact number of Managing Person to whom any queries related to Invoicing or Delivery of product, complaint in the product could be reached to

Fax No

Enter the Fax number to which any confirmation statements, ledger copies etc., could be sent and received

E-mail

Enter the company’s email address to which any product inquiry and other communications could be made.

Website

Enter the company’s web address if any

Books and financial year details

Financial year begins from

In this data field, you have to type the financial year in which you want to create a company. Suppose you may be starting company on December 01 2018, you should enter the financial year from as 01.04.2018.

Book beginning from

Starting in the middle of the financial year.
Companies which are migrating from Manual Accounting to Tally ERP 9 in the middle of the financial year.

Security control

Tally Vault password (if any)

This data filed is for security purpose. By enabling this field, Tally ERP 9 Convert tally data into an encrypted format. To encrypt means convert data from recognised format to unrecognised format.

By entering the Tally Vault password we can prevent unauthorized access of company data. Now in Latest Tally ERP 9, There is a password strength indicator, which will help you to set a strong password. Red colour indicates a weak password whereas peach-orange colour: fair, Yellow is good and Green colour indicates a strong password.

CAUTION: FORGETTING TALLY VAULT PASSWORD WILL RENDER THE DATA INACCESSIBLE

Use security control?

Enabling this data field, we will get complete control over the data, we can assign users for specific purposes, for example :

We can assign data entry operators who can access only voucher entry screens.
We can assign billing clerks who can access only Sales invoice voucher
We can assign Financial managers who can access financial data’s and reports as the administrator control his access.

In this data field, we will be asked the administrator name and password.

Base currency information

Base currency symbol

In this data field, the currency symbol of the country is auto selected based on the country of origin fed by you in the previous data field. There is no need to change this data field if you are using the same currency for accounting.

Formal name

This is the formal name of the currency selected in the previous field

Suffix symbol to amount?

This data field will ask you whether currency symbol is required for example: prior to amount like INR 5,500

Add space between amount and symbol?

This data field is like INR 5,500 space in between currency symbol and amount.

Show amount in millions?

If we set this data field to Yes, Tally will display the amount in millions that are in the Balance sheet or other reports. Amount for example 100,00,000 will be shown as 10. [One million equals 10,00,000].

Number of decimal places

It is a general practice to use 2 decimal places, for example :

for using Paisa in Indian currency we use 2 decimal place.
for using cents in American dollar currency we use 2 decimal places

Word representing amount after decimal

This data field is used in printing, in Indian currency decimal portion is said to be Paisa. Set this field as per your formal name of decimal value in your currency. For USD it is cents. Hundred cents make one dollar.

Number of decimal places for amount in words

If we set this data field to 1 decimal places in Indian currency, then while printing 75 Paisa. Will print as seventy Paisa, if we set this to 2 decimal places, then it will print second fraction like seventy-five Paisa.

To save the details entered in company creation screen -> Accept IT

If you have entered all the details and after verifying it seems to be right, then you have to accept the screen by pressing Enter and again Enter to accept and save the details.

Responsive Web Design

2020-06-08T13:52:00.002+05:30

Responsive Website Design

Responsive web design lets us create web pages that looks good on all devices. By using HTML and CSS to automatically resize, hide, shrink, enlarge a web page to better fit on different devices such as desktop, laptop, tablet and mobiles.

What is Viewport

The viewport is the viewing / visible area on a web page. It varies with the devices. It is smaller on a mobile phone than on a computer screen. Before tablets and mobile phones, web pages were designed only for computer screens, and it was common for web pages to have a static design and a fixed size.

We use meta tag to create viewport for different devices.

This will set the viewport of your page, which will give the browser instructions on how to control the page's dimensions and scaling. The width property controls the size of the viewport. It can be set to a specific number of pixels like width=600 or to the special value device-width, which is the width of the screen in CSS pixels at a scale of 100%. The initial-scale property controls the zoom level when the page is first loaded.

CSS @media Rule

The @media rule is used in media queries to apply different styles for different media types/devices.

Media queries can be used to check many things, such as:

width and height of the viewport
width and height of the device
orientation (is the tablet/phone in landscape or portrait mode?)
resolution

Using media queries are a popular technique for delivering a tailored style sheet (responsive web design) to desktops, laptops, tablets, and mobile phones.

You can also use media queries to specify that certain styles are only for printed documents or for screen readers (media type: print, screen, or speech).

In addition to media types, there are also media features. Media features provide more specific details to media queries, by allowing to test for a specific feature of the user agent or display device. For example, you can apply styles to only those screens that are greater, or smaller, than a certain width.

Change the background color of the element to "lightblue" when the browser window is 600px wide or less:

@media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {
body {
background-color: lightblue;
}
}

You can also have different stylesheets for different media, like this:

Hide an element when the browser's width is 600px wide or less:

@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {
div.example {
display: none;
}

Use media queries to set the background-color to lavender if the viewport is 800 pixels wide or wider, to lightgreen if the viewport is between 400 and 799 pixels wide. If the viewport is smaller than 400 pixels, the background-color is lightblue:

body {
  background-color: lightblue;
}

@media screen and (min-width: 400px) {
body {
    background-color: lightgreen;
  }
}

@media screen and (min-width: 800px) {
body {
    background-color: lavender;
  }
}
Create a responsive navigation menu (displayed horizontally on large screens and vertically on small screens):

@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {
.topnav a {
    float: none;
    width: 100%;
  }
}

Use media queries to create a responsive column layout:

/* On screens that are 992px wide or less, go from four columns to two columns */
@media screen and (max-width: 992px) {
.column {
    width: 50%;
  }
}

/* On screens that are 600px wide or less, make the columns stack on top of each other instead of next to each other */
@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {
  .column {
    width: 100%;
  }
}

Use a lightblue background color if the orientation is in landscape mode:

@media only screen and (orientation: landscape) {
  body {
    background-color: lightblue;
  }
}

Use mediaqueries to set the text color to green when the document is displayed on the screen, and to black when it is printed:

@media screen {
body {
    color: green;
  }
}

@media print {
  body {
    color: black;
  }
}

Comma separated list: add an additional media query to an already existing one, using a comma (this will behave like an OR operator):

/* When the width is between 600px and 900px OR above 1100px - change the appearance of

@media screen and (max-width: 900px) and (min-width: 600px), (min-width: 1100px) {
div.example {
    font-size: 50px;
    padding: 50px;
    border: 8px solid black;
    background: yellow;
  }
}

Example

Resize the browser window to see the effect!

By default, the background color of the document is "tan". If the screen size is 992px or less, the color will change to "blue". If it is 600px or less, it will change to "olive".

HTML CSS mcq Question Bank

2020-06-05T13:47:00.003+05:30

Multiple Choice Questions

1) What does CSS stands for?

A) Creative Style Sheet B) Colorful Style Sheet

C) Cascading Style Sheet D) none of the above

2) Which HTML attribute is used to define inline style?

A) Style B) font

C) Styles D) none of the above

3) How do you insert comment in a CSS File?

A) /* */ B) #

C) // D)<!-- - - >

4) Which property is used to change the background colour?

A) background-color B) bgcolor

C) color D) none of the above

5) Which CSS property is used to change text-color of an element?

A) text-color B) fgcolor

C) color D) None of above

6)Which CSS property is used to control the text size?

A) text-size B) text-style

C) font-style D) font-size

7) Which of the following is not the request method?

A) Head B) Get

C) Remove D) Put

8) Which of the following is not sectioning elements?

A) <article> B) <aside>

C) <nav> D) <header>

9) How many times can HTML5 events be fired?

A) Multiple B) one

C) only two D) zero

10) Which element is used to get highlighted text in HTML?

A) <highlight> B) <b>

C) <mark> D) <u>

Ans:-1)C 2)A 3)A 4)A 5)A 6)A 7)C 8)D 9)A 10)C

Computer Question Answers

2020-06-05T12:46:00.003+05:30

Multiple Choice Questions Series 1.0

1 Which one of following performs arithmetic and logic operations?

a) CPU b) CU

c) ALU d) API

Ans:- C

2 Which one of following is the first ever computer?

a) EDVAC b) ENIAC

c) EDSAC d) PARAM

Ans:-B

3 Which computer component converts AC current into a steady low-voltage DC current?

a) GPU b) PCI

c) UPS d) SMPS

Ans:-D

4 Most of the integrated circuit chips are made up of?

a) silver b) gold

c) sillicon d) iron

Ans:-C

5 Which device stores electrical energy and works as a passive electronic component in a computer?

a) resistors b) capacitors

c) transistors d) rectifiers

Ans:-B

6 An application software which provides interface between a hardware and user known as?

a) troubleshooting b) utility

c) operating system d) antivirus

Ans:-C

7 The smallest measuring unit of data is?

a) nibble b) bit

c) byte d) k byte

Ans:-B

8 Which one of following is not an operating system?

a) windows b) linux

c) apple d) ios

Ans:-C

9 ROM instruct computer to initiate sequence for?

a) read/write start up b) shut down

c) reboot d) OS start up

Ans:-A

10 Which one of following can be used to reset a system clock?

a) prom b) chipset

c) cmos d) rom

Ans:-D

Mixed Supply and Composite Supply under GST

2020-06-03T13:23:00.000+05:30

Mixed Supply and Composite Supply under GST

Let us understand first the term “supply” simply means all forms of supply of goods/ services. It is carried out during the course of business.

There are two types of supplies under GST, Composite and Mixed. Both of these supplies help to determine the correct GST rate and provides uniform tax treatment under GST for such supplies.

Bundled Supply

A bundled supply means supply of goods and/or services in a combination. This concept was mainly found in service tax where a bundled service meant a combination of two or more services.

Here are some ways to identify whether it is a naturally bundled(Composite) or mixed one them:

1. If buyers mostly expect such services to be provided as a package, then the package will be treated as naturally bundled. For example, most business conventions look for combination of hotel accommodation, auditorium and food.

2. If most of the service providers in the industry provide a package of services then it can be considered as naturally bundled. For example, air transport and food on board is a bundle offered by most airlines.

3. The nature of the various services in a bundle of services will also help to identify whether the services are bundled.

If there is a main service and the others are ancillary service then it becomes a bundled service.

For example, five- star hotels often provide free laundry services on staying at the hotel. Renting the room is the primary service and laundry is ancillary. A person can opt for laundry services only if he is staying at the hotel

Other indicators of bundling of services in the ordinary course of business:

– There is a single price for the package even if the customers opt for less

– The components are normally advertised as a package

– The different components are not available separately

Composite Supply under GST?

Composite supply means a supply is comprising two or more goods/services, which are naturally bundled and supplied in with each other in the ordinary course of business, one of which is a principal supply.

It means that the items are generally sold as a combination.

The items cannot be supplied separately.

How to determine if it is a composite supply?

A supply of goods and/or services will be treated as composite supply if it fulfills the following criteria:

Supply of 2 or more goods or services together AND

It is a natural bundle, i.e., goods or services are usually provided together in the normal course of business.

They cannot be separated.

What tax rate will apply?

The tax rate of the principal supply will apply on the entire supply.

Example:

Goods are packed and transported with insurance. The supply of goods, packing materials, transport and insurance is a composite supply. Insurance, transport cannot be done separately if there are no goods to supply. Thus, the supply of goods is the principal supply.

Tax liability will be the tax on the principal supply i.e., GST rate on the goods.

What is mixed supply under GST?

Mixed supply under GST means a combination of two or more goods or services made together for a single price.
Each of these items can be supplied separately and is not dependent on any other.

Under GST, a mixed supply will have the tax rate of the item which has the highest rate of tax.

For example-

A Diwali gift box consisting of canned foods, sweets, chocolates, cakes, dry fruits, aerated drink and fruit juices supplied for a single price is a mixed supply. All are also sold separately. Since aerated drinks have the highest GST rate of 28%, aerated drinks will be treated as principal supply and 28% will apply on the entire gift box.

How to determine if it is a mixed supply or a composite supply?

You have to rule out that the supply is a composite supply. A supply can be a mixed supply only if it is not a composite supply.

If the items can be sold separately, i.e., the supplies not naturally bundled in the ordinary course of business, then it would be a mixed supply.

For example:

If a person buys canned foods, sweets, chocolates, cakes, dry fruits, aerated drink and fruit juices separately and not as a Diwali gift box, then it is not considered a mixed supply. All items will be taxed separately.

Differences between mixed and composite supplies

Particulars	Composite Supply	Mixed supply
Main item	Principal item	Item with highest tax rate
Tax rate applicable	Tax rate of principal item	Highest tax rate of all the items

Time of supply

Time of supply in case of composite supply

If the principal supply is a service (for example, air transport and food on board) then the composite supply will be treated as a supply of services. The provisions relating to time of supply of services will apply.

Similarly, in the case of purchasing and transporting the goods, the supply of goods is the principal supply. The composite supply will qualify as supply of goods and the provisions relating to time of supply of goods will apply.

Time of supply in case of mixed supplies

If the highest tax rate belongs to a service then the mixed supply will be treated as the supply of services. The provisions relating to time of supply of services would be applicable.

Similarly, if the highest tax rate belongs to goods then the mixed supply will be treated as supply of goods. The provisions relating to time of supply of services would be applicable.

Rate of tax applicable to the principal supply will be charged to the whole composite bundle. Therefore, rate of GST applicable to transportation of passengers by rail (5%) will be charged by IRCTC on the booking of Rajdhani ticket.

Example 2: Buy detergent Get bucket free

Many shops offer a free bucket with detergent purchased. This is a mixed supply as it does not satisfy the 2nd condition, i.e., it can be sold separately. You can buy either just a bucket or just detergent. The highest rate of GST will then apply. Since detergents have the higher rate (28%), this rate will apply on the whole mixed bundle.

Example : Restaurant

Restaurant business provides a bundled supply of preparation of food and serving the same.

It is also a classic example of a composite supply. However, to avoid the confusion under earlier tax law, GST Act clearly clarifies restaurants as a supply of service with specific tax rates.

Position Property in CSS

2020-06-01T17:47:00.001+05:30

CSS Layout - The Position Property

The position property specifies the type of positioning method used for an element .

There are five different position values:

static
relative
fixed
absolute
sticky

Elements are then positioned using the top, bottom, left, and right properties. However, these properties will not work unless the position property is set first. They also work differently depending on the position value.

position: static;

HTML elements are by default positioned static. The static elements are not affected by the top, bottom, left, and right properties. Here the div tags are placed in the HTML one after another. They stack up in order on the page, each one beneath the previous. It is always positioned according to the normal flow of the page.

This

element has position: static;

Here is the CSS that is used:

div.static1 {
position: static;
border: 3px solid #73AD21;
}

div.static2 {
position: static;
border: 3px solid #2273AD;
}

div.static3 {
position: static;
border: 3px solid #73AD57;
}

Position Static

position: relative;

An element with

position:
relative;

is positioned relative to its normal position. Relative to the placement of the element within the flow of the document. Here the div tags are placed in the HTML one after another. Box2 has position relative and values for top and left applied. Setting the top, right, bottom, and left properties of a relatively-positioned element will cause it to be adjusted away from its normal position. Other content will not be adjusted to fit into any gap left by the element.

This

element has position: relative;

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>This is a demo page</title>

<style type="text/css">

div.box1 {

border: 3px solid #73AD21;

width:300px;

}

div.box2 {

position: relative;

border: 3px solid #2273AD;

width:300px;

left:20px;

top:20px;

background-color:red;

}

div.box3 {

border: 3px solid #73AD57;

width:300px;

}

p{

text-align:center;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<div class="box1"><p>Box1</p></div>

<div class="box2"><p>Box2</p></div>

<div class="box3"><p>Box1</p></div>

</body>

</html>

Position Relative

position: fixed;

An element with

position:
fixed;

is positioned relative to the viewport(browser window), which means it always stays in the same place even if the page is scrolled. The top, right, bottom, and left properties are used to position the element.

A fixed element does not leave a gap in the page where it would normally have been located.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

div.box1 {

border: 3px solid #73AD21;

width:300px;

}

div.box2 {

position: fixed;

border: 3px solid #2273AD;

width:100px;

left:0px;

top:0px;

background-color:red;

}

div.box3 {

position:relative;

border: 3px solid #73AD57;

width:300px;

}

text-align:center;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

</body>

</html>

This

element has position: fixed;

Position Fixed

position: absolute;

It removes the element from the normal flow of content and allows it to be positioned in relation to the HTML document. Box3 moves up to occupy the space vacated by box2, and box2 takes an absolute position with respect to the HTML document. An Absolute positioned elements will scroll with the page.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

div.box1 {

border: 3px solid #73AD21;

width:300px;

}

div.box2 {

position: absolute;

border: 3px solid #2273AD;

width:200px;

left:100px;

top:200px;

background-color:red;

}

div.box3 {

position:relative;

border: 3px solid #73AD57;

width:300px;

}

text-align:center;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

</body>

</html>

Note: A "positioned" element is one whose position is anything except static.

position: sticky;

An element with position: sticky; is positioned based on the user's scroll position.

A sticky element toggles between relative and fixed, depending on the scroll position. It is positioned relative until a given offset position is met in the viewport - then it "sticks" in place (like position:fixed). At the end of the sticking area, the element stops and stacks on top of the other element, much like an absolutely positioned element behaves inside a position: relative container.

!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>This is a demo page</title>

<style type="text/css">

.container {

display: flex;

justify-content: space-around;

align-items: flex-start;

border: 2px dashed rgba(114, 186, 94, 0.35);

height: 1000px;

background: rgba(114, 186, 94, 0.05);

}

.pirate {

position: -webkit-sticky;

position: sticky;

top: 4rem;

}

.police {

position: -webkit-sticky;

position: sticky;

top: 0;

}

.doctor {

position: -webkit-sticky;

position: sticky;

bottom: 1rem;

align-self: flex-end;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<div class="container">

<div class="item pirate">

<img src="pirate.svg" width="100" alt="Item 1">

</div>

<div class="item police">

<img src="police.svg" width="100" alt="Item 2">

</div>

<div class="item cowboy">

<img src="cowboy.svg" width="100" alt="Item 3">

</div>

<div class="item doctor">

<img src="doctor.svg" width="100" alt="Item 4">

</div>

</body>

</html>

Position Sticky

Overlapping Elements

When elements are positioned with different attribute values, they can overlap other elements. The z-index property specifies the stack order of an element which means the z-index decides which element should be placed in front of, or behind, the others. An element can have a positive or negative stack order. If z-index of an element is -1 then it would be placed behind the other element

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

img {

position: absolute;

left: 0px;

top: 0px;

z-index: -1;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1>The z-index Property</h1>

<p>Because the image has a z-index of -1, it will be placed behind the heading.</p>

</body>

</html>

An element with greater stack order is always in front of an element with a lower stack order.

Z-Index

Note: If two positioned elements overlap without a z-index specified, the element positioned last in the HTML code will be shown on top.

RCM- Reverse Charge Mechanism

2020-05-29T20:58:00.003+05:30

RCM - REVERSE CHARGE MECHANISM

Under normal circumstances, the supplier of goods or services collects the tax and pays it to the Govt. But in case of Reverse Charge, the receiver becomes liable to pay the tax to the Govt., which means the chargeability gets reversed.

Reverse charge is a mechanism where the recipient of the goods and/or services who is a registered dealer is liable to pay GST instead of the supplier.

Normal GST Transaction Flow

RCM Transaction

When is Reverse Charge Applicable

A. Supply from an Unregistered dealer to a Registered dealer

If a vendor who is not registered under GST, supplies goods to a person who is registered under GST, then Reverse Charge would apply. This means that the GST will have to be paid directly by the receiver to the Government instead of the supplier.

The registered dealer who has to pay GST under reverse charge has to do self-invoicing for the purchases made.

For Inter-state purchases the buyer has to pay IGST. For Intra-state purchased CGST and SGST has to be paid under RCM by the purchaser.

B. Services through an e-commerce operator

If an e-commerce operator supplies services then reverse charge will be applicable to the e-commerce operator. He will be liable to pay GST.

For example, Zomato provides food services. So Zomato is liable to pay GST and collect it from the customers instead of the registered service providers.

If the e-commerce operator does not have a physical presence in the taxable territory, then a person representing such electronic commerce operator for any purpose will be liable to pay tax. If there is no representative, the operator will appoint a representative who will be held liable to pay GST.

C. Supply of certain goods and services specified by CBEC

CBEC has issued a list of goods and a list of services on which reverse charge is applicable.

Exemption Limit

The government has given an exemption limit of Rs. 5,000 per day. If a total purchase is of less than Rs. 5,000 in one day from unregistered person then there is no requirement to pay tax on RCM.

Time of Supply under Reverse Charge

A. Time Of Supply in case of Goods

In case of reverse charge, the time of supply shall be the earliest of the following dates:

the date of receipt of goods
the date of payment
the date immediately after 30 days from the date of issue of an invoice by the supplier

If it is not possible to determine the time of supply, the time of supply shall be the date of entry in the books of account of the recipient.

B. Time Of Supply in case of Services

In case of reverse charge, the time of supply shall be the earliest of the following dates:

The date of payment
The date immediately after 60 days from the date of issue of invoice by the supplier

If it is not possible to determine the time of supply, the time of supply shall be the date of entry in the books of account of the recipient.

Self Invoicing

Self-invoicing means raising a purchase invoice, which is to be done when you have purchased goods / services from an unregistered dealer AND such purchase of goods or services falls under reverse charge.

Since supplier is unregistered person hance cannot issue a GST-compliant invoice to you, thus you become liable to pay taxes on the supplier's behalf. Hence, self-invoicing, in this case, becomes necessary.

All taxpayers required to pay tax under reverse charge have to register for GST and the threshold of Rs 20 Lakhs is not applicable to them.

Is Input Tax Credit allowed under Reverse Charge?

Tax paid on reverse charge basis will be available for input tax credit if such goods and/or services are used, or will be used, for business. The recipient (i.e., who pays reverse tax) can avail input tax credit.

width, max-width and max-height, overflow Property in CSS Layout

2020-05-27T11:34:00.000+05:30

CSS Layout - width , max-width, max-height, margin:auto, Overflow

width, max-width and margin: auto;

A block-level element always takes up the full width available. By setting the width of a block-level element to some value will restrict it from stretching out to the edges of its container. Then, by setting the margins to auto, will align the element horizontally within its container. The element will only take up the width specified, and the remaining space will split equally between the left and right margins:

div.ex1 {
  width: 500px;
  margin: auto;
  border: 3px solid #73AD21;
}
This <div> element with ex1 class has a max-width of 500px, and margin set to auto.

Note: The problem with the <div> above occurs when the browser window is smaller than the width of the element. The browser then adds a horizontal scrollbar to the page.

Using max-width instead, in this situation, will improve the browser's handling of small windows. This is important when making a site usable on small devices:

div.ex2 {
max-width: 500px;
margin: auto;
border: 3px solid #73AD21;
}

Here div element with class ex2 has the maximum width of 500px else we can assign it to max-device-width. Max-width is used where we would like to run our page on different screen sizes. This property is helpful in creating responsive websites.

CSS max-height Property

The max-height property defines the maximum height of an element in css.

If the content is larger than the maximum height, it will overflow. How the container will handle the overflowing content is defined by the overflow property.

If the content is smaller than the maximum height, the max-height property has no effect.

Set the maximum height of a element to 50 pixels:

p.ex1 {
max-height: 50px;
}

Note: This prevents the value of the height property from becoming larger than max-height. The value of the max-height property overrides the height property.

Syntax

max-height: none|length|initial|inherit;

none No maximum height specified. This is default

length Defines the maximum height in px, cm, etc.

% Defines the maximum height in percent of the containing block

initial Sets this property to its default value. Read about initial

inherit Inherits this property from its parent element

CSS overflow Property

The overflow property specifies how the content be handled if it overflows an element's box. This property is used configure how to clip content or to add scrollbars when an element's content is too big to fit in a specified block.

Note: The overflow property only works for block elements with a specified height.

Example

Show different overflow property values:

div.ex1 {
overflow: scroll;
}
Enables the scrollbar if content exceeds the block, displays clipped content only.

div.ex2 {
overflow: hidden;
}
Hides the extra content and displays the clipped content only

div.ex3 {
overflow: auto;
}

If overflow is clipped then scrollbar should be implemented to view the clipped content.

div.ex4 {
overflow: visible;

}

The overflow is not clipped. It is displayed outside the element's box

Also See : Let us Learn CSS Step by Step Learn about Goods and Services Tax

The Display Property in CSS Layout

2020-05-25T17:26:00.000+05:30

CSS Layout - The display Property

The display property plays a very important role in controlling CSS layout.

The display Property

The display the property specifies how to display an element. Every HTML element has a default display value depending on the type of element. There are two default display values for most of the elements one is block and other is inline.

Block-level Elements

The main feature of a block-level element is that it always starts on a new line and takes up the full width available.

Block Element

Block-level elements:

<div>
<h1> - <h6>
<p>
<form>
<header>
<footer>
<section>

Inline Elements

Sometimes we want to place an element which should take up only a limited portion of the screen then we use Inline Elements. It does not start on a new line and only takes up as much width as needed.

Inline elements:

&th;span>
<a>
<img>

Inline Block

Display: none

The display: none; is commonly used with JavaScript to hide and show elements without deleting and recreating them.

The <script > element uses display: none; as default.

Overriding The Default Display Value

Every element has a default display value. However, you can override this. Changing an inline element to a block element, or vice versa, can be useful for making the page look in a different way, and still follow the web standards.

To make a list element inline <li> elements for horizontal menus:

li {
display: inline;
}

Note: Setting the display property of an element only changes how the element is displayed, NOT what kind of element it is. So, an inline element with display: block; is not allowed to have another block elements inside it.

To displays <span> elements as block elements:

span {
display: block;
}

The example displays <a> elements as block elements:

a {
display: block;
}

To Hide an Element -Use display:none or visibility:hidden?

display:none;

Hiding an element can be done by setting the display property to none. The element will be hidden, and the page will be displayed as if the element is not there:

h1.hidden {
display: none;
}

visibility:hidden;

It also hides an element. But, the element will still take up the same space as before. The element will be hidden, and the space remains reserved by the element in the layout:

h1.hidden {visibility: hidden;}

Input Tax Credit - ITC

2020-05-23T18:45:00.006+05:30

INPUT TAX CREDIT

When we purchase goods we pay Input GST to dealer and when we sell the same then we collect output GST from customer. So when we pay Taxes to Tax Authorities, we deduct the one we paid during purchase this is called Input Tax credit . Means while paying tax we don't pay whole amount collected from customer but the difference between output GST(GST collected from customer while selling the goods) and Input GST (GST paid to dealer while purchasing goods), this adjustment is called Input Tax Credit.

Let us understand the same with the help of following illustrations

Input Tax Credit ITC

Who can claim ITC

ITC can be claimed by a person registered under GST only if he meets ALL the conditions mentioned below.

a. The dealer should have tax invoice

b. The said goods/services have been received

c. Returns have been filed.

d. The tax collected has been paid to the government by the supplier.

e. When goods received in installments, Input Tax Credit can be claimed only after the last lot is received.

f. If depreciation has been claimed on tax component of a capital good, No ITC will be allowed

Note: Business registered under composition scheme in GST cannot claim ITC.

Input Tax Credit can be claimed only for business purpose Transactions.

ITC will not be available for goods or services specifically used for:

a. Personal use

b. Exempt supplies

c. Supplies for which ITC is not available

How to claim ITC

All regular taxpayers must file the amount of input tax credit(ITC) in their monthly GST returns in the Form GSTR-3B. Table below shows eligible ITC, Ineligible ITC and ITC reversed during the tax period.

Reversal of Input Tax Credit

ITC can be availed only on goods and services for business purposes. Apart from these, there are certain other situations where ITC will be reversed.

ITC will be reversed in the following cases-

1) Non-payment of invoices in 180 days

2) Credit note issued to ISD by seller

3) Inputs partly for business purpose and partly for exempted supplies or for personal 4) Capital goods partly for business and partly for exempted supplies or for personal use

5) ITC reversed is less than required

Reconciliation of ITC

ITC claimed by the person has to match with the details specified by his supplier in his GST return. In case of any mismatch, the supplier and recipient would be communicated regarding discrepancies after the filling of GSTR-3B.

How to utilize the Input tax credit

In GST we have three types of taxes CGST, IGST, and SGST/UTGST.
IGST is applicable for the inter-state supply of goods/ services.
and for the intra-state supply of goods/services both CGST and SGST/UTGST are charged.

While payments are made for these taxes, input tax credit will be allowed in the following manner

ITC Utilization

GST Returns

2020-05-22T17:35:00.000+05:30

GST Returns

All registered businesses are required to file monthly, quarterly and annual/yearly GST Returns based on the type of business.

Returns are the reports to be submitted to the Tax Authorities by a tax payer along with Tax whenever applicable, as per schedule notified by CBIC which may change as per CBIC Notifications. These reports are submitted online in the GSTN portal by a tax payer and are used by tax authorities to calculate tax liability.

Under GST, a regular registered dealer has to file GST returns that include:

· Purchases

· Sales

· Output GST (On sales)

· Input tax credit (GST paid on purchases)

Who should file GST Returns?

Under GST Law, every regular registered has to file two monthly returns and one annual return. This amounts to 26 returns in a year.

The best thing about the system is that one has to manually enter its sales details of one monthly return – GSTR-1. The other return GSTR 3B will automatically get populated by calling information from GSTR-1 filed by the business and the vendors.

As per GST registrations separate returns required to be filed by the taxpayer such as composition dealers has to file GSTR-4.

GST Returns in Tabular Form

Return Form No	Particulars	Frequency/Interval	Due Dates
GSTR-1	Details of outward supplies of taxable goods and/or services (Sales)within a month	Monthly	11th* of the next month with effect from October 2018
GSTR-2 Suspended	Details of inward supplies of taxable goods and/or services(Purchases) affected claiming the input tax credit.	Monthly	15th of the next month
GSTR-3 Suspended	Monthly return on the basis of finalization of details of outward supplies and inward supplies along with the payment of tax.(Difference between Sales and Purchases)	Monthly	20th of the next month
GSTR-3B	Simple Return in which summary of outward supplies along with Input Tax Credit is declared and payment of tax is affected by taxpayer .(Difference between Sales and Purchases and Vice Versa)	Monthly	20th of the next month
GSTR-4	Return for a taxpayer registered under the composition Scheme	Quarterly	18th of the month succeeding quarter
GSTR-5	Return for a Non-Resident foreign taxable person	Monthly	20th of the next month
GSTR-6	Return for an Input Service Distributor	Monthly	13th of the next month
GSTR-7	Return for authorities deducting tax at source.(TDS)	Monthly	10th of the next month
GSTR-8	Details of supplies effected through e-commerce operator and the amount of tax collected (TCS)	Monthly	10th of the next month
GSTR-9	Annual/Yearly Return for a Normal Taxpayer	Annually	31st December of next financial year*
GSTR-9A	Annual/Yearly Return a taxpayer registered under the composition Scheme anytime during the year	Annually	31st December of next financial year*
GSTR-10	Final Return	Once, when GST Registration is cancelled or surrendered	Within three months of the date of cancellation or date of cancellation order, whichever is later.
GSTR-11	Details of inward supplies to be furnished by a person having UIN and claiming a refund	Monthly	28th of the month following the month for which statement is filed

Also See : Goods and Services Tax (GST) Advantages of GST GST Registration Online

Shortcut Keys in MS Excel

2020-05-22T16:55:00.001+05:30

Microsoft Excel Shortcut Keys

To Carry out the task	Shortcut Keys
Close a workbook	Ctrl+W
Open a workbook	Ctrl+O
Go to the Home tab	Alt+H
Save a workbook	Ctrl+S
Copy	Ctrl+C
Paste	Ctrl+V
Undo	Ctrl+Z
Remove cell contents	Delete
Choose a fill color	Alt+H, H
Cut	Ctrl+X
Go to Insert tab	Alt+N
Bold	Ctrl+B
Center align cell contents	Alt+H, A, C
Go to Page Layout tab	Alt+P
Go to Data tab	Alt+A
Go to View tab	Alt+W
Open context menu	Shift+F10, or Context key
Add borders	Alt+H, B
Delete column	Alt+H, D, C
Go to Formula tab	Alt+M
Hide the selected rows	Ctrl+9
Hide the selected columns	Ctrl+0
Edit the active cell.	F2
Displays the Go To box.	F5
Open the Spelling dialogue box to check a selected range.	F7
Create a chart of data in the current range in a separate sheet.	F11
Insert a new worksheet.	Alt + Shift + F1
Opens Insert Function dialogue box.	Shift + F3
Opens the Find and Replace dialogue box.	Shift + F5
Enter the current time.	Ctrl + Shift + :
Enter the current date.	Ctrl + ;
Select all content in the worksheet.	Ctrl + A
Bold highlighted selection.	Ctrl + B
Italicize highlighted selection.	Ctrl + I
Open the Insert hyperlink dialogue box.	Ctrl + K
Underline highlighted selection.	Ctrl + U
Apply strikethrough formatting.	Ctrl + 5
Brings up the print dialog box.	Ctrl + P
Undo.	Ctrl + Z
Minimize a workbook window to an icon.	Ctrl + F9
Maximize a selected workbook window.	Ctrl + F10
Switch to the next workbook window when multiple are open.	Ctrl + F6
Move to previous sheet in a workbook.	Ctrl + Page Up
Move to next sheet in a workbook.	Ctrl + Page Down
Switch to next tab in dialogue box.	Ctrl + Tab
Insert the value of the above cell into the cell currently selected.	Ctrl + Apostrophe (')
Apply the Number format.	Ctrl + Shift + !
Apply the Currency format.	Ctrl + Shift + $
Apply the Date format.	Ctrl + Shift + #
Apply the Percentage format.	Ctrl + Shift + %
Apply the Exponential format.	Ctrl + Shift + ^
Apply the Time format.	Ctrl + Shift + @
Move to the edge of the current data region in a worksheet.	Ctrl + Arrow Key
Select an entire column	Ctrl + Space
Select an entire row	Shift + Space
Insert a Blank Cell	Ctrl+(+)Plus Sign
To Delete a Cell	Ctrl+(-)Minus Sign

Also See : Shortcut Keys in MS Word, Shortcut Keys and Commands in Windows 7

Padding in CSS

2020-05-21T19:51:00.003+05:30

CSS Padding

The CSS padding properties are used to define the space between the content and the borders.

CSS has the padding for each side of an element such as (top, right, bottom, and left).

Defining Padding one each Sides

CSS has properties for specifying the padding for each side of an element:

padding-top
padding-right
padding-bottom
padding-left

These properties can take the following values:

length - specifies a padding in px, pt, cm, etc.
% - specifies a padding in % of the width of the containing element
inherit - specifies that the padding should be inherited from the parent element

Note: Negative values are not allowed.

Set different padding for all four sides of a

element:

div {
padding-top: 50px;
  padding-right: 30px;
  padding-bottom: 50px;
  padding-left: 80px;
}

Padding - Shorthand Property

We can specify all the padding properties in one property only.

The padding property is a single shorthand property for the below mentioned padding properties:

padding-top
padding-right
padding-bottom
padding-left

If the padding property has four values:

padding: 25px 50px 75px 100px;

top padding is 25px
right padding is 50px
bottom padding is 75px
left padding is 100px

Use the padding shorthand property with four values:

div {
padding: 25px 50px 75px 100px;
}

If the padding property has three values:

padding: 25px 50px 75px;

top padding is 25px
right and left paddings are 50px
bottom padding is 75px

Use the padding shorthand property with three values:

div {
padding: 25px 50px 75px;
}

If the padding property has two values:

padding: 25px 50px;

top and bottom paddings are 25px
right and left paddings are 50px

Use the padding shorthand property with two values:

div {
padding: 25px 50px;
}

If the padding property has one value:

padding: 25px;

all four sides have paddings equal to 25px

Use the padding shorthand property with one value:

div {
padding: 25px;
}

Padding and Element Width

The CSS width property is used to define the width of the element's content area. The content area is the portion innermost area of the padding, border, and margin of an element (the box model).

If an element has a its width specified , then the padding added to that element will be added to the total width of the element. This may produce an undesirable result.

In the example below

element is given a width of 300px. But the actual width of the

element will be 350px (300px + 25px of left padding + 25px of right padding):

div {
width: 300px;
padding: 25px;
}

In order to keep the width at 300px, and no matter what is the padding values, you can use the box-sizing property. The box-sizing property will make the element to maintain its width; if you increase the padding, the respective defined content space will decrease.

Use the box-sizing property to keep the width at 300px, no matter the amount of padding:

div {
width: 300px;
padding: 25px;
box-sizing: border-box;
}

Also See : Margins in CSS , Let Us Learn CSS3 Step By Step, Borders in CSS