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PREHISTORIC MACEDONIAN FIGURINES

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 17 Jun 2010 07:41:00 -0700

Organizer: Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, Zagreb;
Museum of Macedonia, Skopje

Venue: The Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, Trg Nikole Subic Zrinskog 19

Time period: November - December 2007.

Author of the concept: Irena Kolištrkoska-Nasta

Project Coordinator: Jacqueline Balen

The international cooperation – Meeting of archaeologists-prehistoric from the Balkans and Japan in Sainsbury Centre in Norwich, the United Kingdom, in Sainsbury Institute (www.sainsbury-institute.org), on the topic Prehistoric Figurines; Irena Kolistrkoska Nasteva, archaeologist, expert in prehistoric figurines, was the participant from the Republic of Macedonia.

The subject Prehistoric Figurines gathered at a recent archaeological assembly archaeologists from the Balkans (Macedonia, Albania, and Kosovo), as well as their colleagues from Japan and Great Britain. It was exactly from 19 to 23 December 2006 that in the United Kingdom, in the small town of Norwich, this idea came true in the organization of Dr. Simon Kaner and Professor Richard Hodges. Archaeologist Irena Kolistrkoska-Nasteva, author of the extraordinary exposition “Prehistoric Ladies from Macedonia” in 2005 in the Macedonian Museum, was the representative of the Republic of Macedonia. This exhibition had inspired eminent archaeologists from the United Kingdom to organize this scientific assembly. 95 female figurines originating from several sites throughout Macedonia were collected and presented at the exhibition. It was accompanied by a rich color catalogue in Macedonian and English, and following its distribution around the world, interests and desires for contacts with the author (Irena Kolistrkoska-Nasteva -archaeologist) followed, with the aim of presenting the exhibition in other parts of Europe and the world.

After becoming familiar with the “Prehistoric Ladies” from Macedonia, the Sainsbury Institute from the UK expressed the wish to see them in a Balkan-Japanese presentation of prehistoric figurines that is to be organized in 2009. In this way, a segment from the Macedonian prehistoric archaeology will be once again presented in order to sense the rich spiritual life of our ancestors. World’s archaeological eminent persons will have the opportunity to evaluate chronologically and stylistically these artifacts in a broader context of this archaeological discovery. The basic idea of the organizers to join, on one spot in the world, which is in the case Norwich, a part of the Balkan and a part of the Japanese prehistoric archaeology, proved to be very successful. It is interesting for the archaeologists to trace the similarities and the differences in the presented artifacts, taking into consideration the distance that was insurmountable five thousand years B. C. However, in spite of that, the development of prehistory is evident, and also similar on the two far ends of the Planet. The purpose is to link a part of the prehistoric figurines from the Balkans (Macedonia, Kosovo, and Albania) and from Japan and to show them in a joint exhibition that would start in the UK, Norwich, in the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, which would continue in museums in the Balkans and end-up in the Sainsbury Centre in Japan, Tokyo, in 2009. In the meantime, this task is developing into a Project for the realization of the international exhibition “Prehistoric figurines from the Balkans and Jomon figurines from Japan”. The ambitious project in which the Republic of Macedonia is also taking part will include a number of researchers and archaeologists, museum experts, and theoreticians. The entire museum approach of a conglomerate of prehistoric artifacts from diametrically different parts of the Earth will be presented.

The abundance of terracotta figurines depicting the woman from prehistory, more precisely from the Neolithic and Eneolithic eras, which were discovered in the Republic of Macedonia, have imposed the idea of jointly presenting archaeological artifacts that are inter-related merely by one concept – the woman. The purpose is to elucidate a segment of the rich spiritual life of the prehistoric populace settling the territory of present day Macedonia from the sixth till the third millennia BC.

This collection has been compiled in excavations carried out throughout the sixty years of Macedonian archaeology.

Analogies, chronological and cultural framework

Analogies to the figurines are being found, above all, by analysis of the overall discovered archaeological material, including both the architecture (houses, structures, dug-outs, etc.) and the movable material excavated at particular sites. These observations and accomplishments are being compared with the features of the nearest and most closely associated cultural groups in the region and at large. In this way the discovered archaeological material is assigned within a certain chronological framework.
Throughout the decades of archaeological excavations, researches and reconnaissance activities that have been rather intense in the past thirty years, about four hundred prehistoric sites have been identified on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia dating from the Neolithic and Eneolithic periods. Archaeological excavations have been carried out only at some of them, having resulted so far with a pretty clear picture of the prehistoric chronological development. Having been correlated with the analysis of the overall archaeological material, figurines have been ascribed to a certain chronological framework. They have also been attributed with specific features and traits of the designated period.
By C 14 analysis carried out in Macedonia and in the neighboring countries, and also by comparative analyses, the chronological framework of the Neolithic era has been set from 6500 till 4800 BC and of the Eneolithic from 4800 till 2500 BC.
Concerning the Neolithic period on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia the basic widely accepted cultural groups are the Anzabegovo - Vrsnik, i.e.(st)., Zelenikovo culture and Velusina - Porodin culture. On the grounds of an overall chronological analysis three stages have been identified in the Neolithic, classified as Early, Middle and Late Neolithic Ages. They correlate with the cultural compounds in the Balkans at large, above all with the Balkan-Anatolian compound, rather than with the Starcevo, i.e., Vinca-Tordos compound, Zelenikovo; and the compounds Karanovo; Proto-Sesklo, Sesklo and Dimini. Each of the mentioned cultural compounds has been classified into sub-groups according to specific stylistic features and chronological definitions.
As to the Eneolithic, the basic cultural group in the Republic of Macedonia is Suplevec – Bakarno Gumno, which corresponds to the wider cultural compound in the region of Bubanj – Salkutca – Krivodol. The Eneolithic has also been assigned a more detailed chronology, having been classified as Early, Middle and Late Eneolithic Ages with a further division into sub-groups.

Settlements and dwellings

As we know, the Neolithic settlements were relatively small, consisting of twenty to thirty houses and located on mounds in plains. In their vicinity there were regularly clear drinking water, fertile soil for cultivating grain, natural resources of salty earth for the cattle, and other necessities. Houses were built of vertical support beams with wattle-and-daub between them. They were coated with mud mixed with cattle manure as binding material. Walls built in this way were covered with thatched roof of light structure, presumably of a pitched type. The interior space was often parted with parapet walls. The width of the houses was normally five to six meters, their length measuring up to ten meters. The Eneolithic settlements were smaller, with a less number of houses, situated on higher spots with strategic positions. The houses were more-or-less the same as the Neolithic dwellings.

Places of discovery of ladies

Prehistoric ladies were discovered almost regularly in houses, at places which where, in some way, marked as cult points, where they were laid on pedestal altars. Some times there are assumptions that the entire structure was used as a shrine for performing certain ritual activities.

Typological classification

Regarding the Neolithic typological analyses, there have been classified figurines as: 1. free-style figurines expressing postures from everyday life, standing and seated 2. free style figurines showing stylization, often column-shaped with emphasized feminine features, and 3. cylinder-figurines, lay on top of house models. Most of the depicted women were adorned with bracelets, armbands, necklaces, and diverse hairdos..

The Eneolithic period lacked the type of cylinder-figurine on the house model, whereas production continued of: 1. free-style realistic, standing and seated figurines, often adorned with engraved decorations on the body, resembling tattoo (bodies were presumably painted on occasion of some festivities or to express some beliefs) 2. free - style figurines stylization, standing and seated, and also slightly stylized, with emphasized feminine attributes, jewelry, coiffure, and pieces of garment.

It should be added that certain differences can be perceived in the execution: Neolithic figurines were often depicted nude or partly dressed, whereas garment was rendered on most of the Eneolithic ones. There are no essential differences between the two periods in the concept of representing the woman, apart from the ones stated above.

Some artifacts of different nature should be singled out, such as utilitarian objects – vases depicting woman, which are considered by some scholars to have played a certain role in performing cult ceremonies.

Very unusual and so far unique is the totem from Madzari, which arouses a sense of admiration, respect, and protection by its voluminousness.

Production

The figurines were made by hand, almost regularly of well purified clay. After being modeled, they were baked at high temperature from 900oC to 1000oC. Larger figurines or altars were molded on wooden pole, which served as a carrier for holding the heavy clay applied. These poles must have been burnt in the process of baking, but there are visible imprints of them on the inside of these figurines. Decorations on the bodies were made either by applying ornaments of clay, or by carving with sharp bone tools.

The figurines have been executed with a high sense of creativity. Every figurine is unique, although they often resemble each other, according to the stylistic- typological analyses carried out. Such is the case with the Great Mother Goddess, whose image has been discovered in the regions of Skopje, Tetovo, Kumanovo and Ovce Pole, as well as in Pelagonija. This should certainly be taken into consideration, since it indicates mutual contacts of the population from these areas, showing also that they worshiped the same gods and shared the same beliefs. These goddess-figurines were confined to a specific area. Namely, they have so far been discovered merely in the Republic of Macedonia. In some of the neighboring countries fragments have been discovered, which could not be confirmed with certainty to have belonged to the same altar type. This is an argument in favor of certain local beliefs and features distinctive only to this territory.

Anyway, a question has arisen of who made these ladies, a man or a woman? In that sense, interesting information has been obtained from analyses of fingerprints preserved on the clay. In some cases, the fingers were thinner, which leads to an assumption that they were sometimes created by woman’s hands. However, not always have obvious traces of fingers been preserved, so that we cannot state with certainty the above mentioned presumption. The question shall certainly remain without an answer. The fact is that they were always designed by skillful hands of an artisan showing concern for accurate depicting. In cases where the image showed stylized expression, the creator made efforts to emphasize the feminine attributes. The abundance and diversity of coiffures and jewelry point to realistic examples from everyday life.

Beliefs

Following the data acquired from archaeological excavations, we could conclude that figurines have been discovered inside the houses, within the homes of our ancestors. These images were laid in areas designed especially for that purpose, forming podiums, pedestals, altar tables, identified as cult places.

There is a considerable number of images of pregnant women and they were probably adored, above all as bearers of the new life, of the generations to come. Due to the fact that figurines were frequently found in fragments, they are considered to have been ritually broken during performance of certain rites, conveying wishes for fertility, easy birth without losses of the mother-to-be and invoking regeneration for the Mother Earth. According to the semantics and the stylistic features of the figurines, as well as the issues that inspired the creative spirit of prehistoric artisans, the woman was sometimes captured as a symbol of beauty. Some figurines reflect woman’s concern for the hearth and home, house and family. An example of this are the altars with the image of the Great Mother (Mother Goddess, Magna Mater) embracing the cosmogony symbol, the relation between the Mother-Earth and the universe. This is presumably the reason why these images have holes on the top of the cylinder-heads and, occasionally, on the floor of the house model. They are to facilitate the communication of the earth-house-mother-fertility-cosmos forces.

The woman epitomizing a symbol, modeled into a figurine and multiplied in diverse varieties, implies that she was highly esteemed in the prehistoric community.

From the present view, the social status of the woman has more-or-less the same characteristics, at least on these territories, so, we find no difficulties in interpreting the symbolic elements encountered with some figurines.

The worship, adoration and respect for women in the prehistory were confirmed in almost every house. There was hardly any of the researched Neolithic and Eneolithic houses that did not contain an idol of a woman.

Through these figurines, one can feel the skilful hands of our ancestor showing a sense of beauty, harmony and, at some points, an irresistible urge for stylization, always with the sole purpose of depicting her - the highly respected and widely worshiped prehistoric Lady. The woman was adored intensively and modeled in clay in the Neolithic and Eneolithic Ages. However, towards the end of the Eneolithic Age and the beginning of the Bronze Age the precedence was taken by the newly discovered metal (copper and bronze) and the creative potentials of artisans were focused on it. Designing figurines of clay gradually died out. New trends emerged in making details as cult objects, including pendants, buttons, buckles, pins, belts, etc., inspiring a new breath in the spirit of the prehistoric populace.

Part I

Part II

Oxford Very Short Introductions: Druids

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 16 Jun 2010 06:22:00 -0700

For the past decade, Oxford University Press has been printing volumes in the book series called "Very Short Introductions". Each of the 268 volumes are in 6x4 inch paperback format, about 40,000 words in length and priced at $11.95 each. And as the subtitle suggests, the books provide "stimulating ways into new subjects"; brief, intensive, well-presented short courses on particular subjects, written by experts in the various fields. Titles include philosophy, religion, politics and science, including a handful of archaeology and archaeology-related topics. I chose the Druids, because I know, or rather knew, nothing about them.

Druids: A Very Short Introduction was written by Barry Cunliffe, and was published this month by OUP. The book doesn't start off with a definition of Druids, which this total newbie to the subject found a bit difficult to process: I resolved that by peeking into the final chapter. There, I discovered Cunliffe's main point. You see, there have been at least four or five versions of the ideas of Druids, and the most popular one is the supposed builders of Stonehenge: that I knew was a fantasy. But, the reason Druids are still so prominently featured in the national character of Britain has to do with classical Greek and Roman fascination with them.

Essentially, for people as new to the subject as I was (think of this as a micro-introduction), the Druids visited by Greek and Roman travelers between about 325-50 BC were a caste of shamans, religious specialists serving the Iron Age Celtic peoples who tracked astronomical events, discussed philosophy and taught students. They were fascinating to the Iron Age Greeks, I would guess, because the Greeks thought they had cornered the market on philosophy and were startled to find such discussions among the "barbarians" of Atlantic Europe. Cunliffe argues that the caste probably long predated the Iron Age, basing his assumption on the presence of the knowledge base of the Druids--astronomy--in evidence within Atlantic Europe for at least a couple of thousand years prior to Greek visits in the fourth century BC.

Druids: A Very Short Introduction is directly comparable to a short course. The book crams a huge amount of information into a very brief package, and then sets you free for the rest of the summer. As a ridiculously uninformed person about ancient history, I was pleasantly surprised to find ample information about the various Greek and Roman writers and travelers to fill me in on that background. There is a substantial section on the archaeology of Britain, which Cunliffe argues is problematic, because you can't find clear one-to-one archaeological analogues to Druids. And there is also quite a bit on the vernacular Irish and Welsh tales that provide the meat of the current stories about Druids.

There is also a terrific picture of Winston Churchill that made me laugh out loud. But I digress.

Druids are odd, as shamans go, not for what they did--sacrifices, ceremonies, astronomical observations are pretty much part and parcel of most prehistoric shamans all over the world--but for the wealth of documentary and ethnographic evidence supporting their existence. That's pretty interesting, and should also be useful to people studying shamans wherever and whenever they are documented. And I have to thank Druids: A Very Short Introduction for igniting that interest in me.

Cunliffe, Barry. 2010. Druids: A Very Short Introduction. 136 pages, a brief bibliography and an index. ISBN 978-0-19-953940-6. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

History of the Acropolis

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 16 Jun 2010 04:48:00 -0700

Geography

The Acropolis rock is part of a Late Cretaceous limestone ridge (Higgins) that cuts through the Attica plateau in the northeast to the southwest axis and includes the Likavitos hill, the Philopappos (Museum) hill, the hill of the Nymphs, and the Pnyx.

The rock rises from the basin about 70 meters and levels to a flat top 300 meters long by 150 meters wide. Its flat top is due to the numerous landfills that have accommodated construction of fortifications and temples since the Mycenaean era. With its many shallow caves, the abundant percolating water springs and steep slopes, the Acropolis was a prime location for habitation and worship location for Neolithic man.

Prehistoric Era

While the area around Attica was inhabited during the Upper Paleolithic period (30000 – 10000 BCE), archaeological evidence suggests that the small caves around the Acropolis rock and the Klepsythra spring were in use during the Neolithic Period (3000-2800 BCE).

Mycenaean Period

The chronicle of the Acropolis of Athens is lost in prehistory, to a time even before the plane of Attica began to be cultivated. In Mycenaean times small towns developed around a fortified citadel where the king resided and controlled the surrounding area.

Acropolis in Greek literally means “the highest point of the town”. While virtually every city had an Acropolis, like Mycenae and Tyrins, the Athenian citadel became synonymous with the word in the minds of most people during the last two millennia. The Mycenaean civilization established many important centers, one of which was Athens. The first inhabitants we can trace to the Acropolis of Athens were Mycenaean Kings who fortified the rock with massive eight-meter tall walls, and built their palaces there in the 14th century BCE. Very little remains from these buildings today, but the most obvious evidence of this era is still visible at the southwest end of the Acropolis, right behind the later Temple of Athena Nike, next to the Propylaia, in the form of a cyclopean wall that was built as part of the fortifications. According to Dontas, Mycenaean kings built a palace at the north end of the rock “where the Archaic temple of Athena was later built, or a little further east on the summit of the hill” (The Acropolis and its Museum, 6). Besides a fort and a place of royal residence, the Acropolis functioned as a place of worship for the Goddess of fertility and nature, and for her companion male god Erechtheus.

Just like Mycenae and Tyrins, the Acropolis of Athens had its own underground water supply in the form of a deep well, dug at the north end of the rock, which could be used by the defenders during a siege.

The city of Athens

Athens was a thriving Mycenaean center that very early in its existence became the center of a “synoikismos”, an alliance and peaceful coexistence of all the adjacent towns. According to legend, king Theseus united the towns into one administrative entity, and this synoikismos appears to be instrumental in the city’s survival when all other Mycenaean centers were destroyed around 1200 BCE by invading hordes from mainland Greece, or due to a possible invasion of tribes from the North (what many refer to as the Doric invasion). While all other Mycenaean centers, including mighty Mycenae, were deserted during this period, Athens was the only town to remain inhabited and active. According to tradition, the city owes its survival to the heroic personal sacrifice of king Kordos.

In subsequent years Athens was ruled not by one king but by a group of men, the Aristocrats. Administrative functions moved away from the Acropolis towards other parts of the city where later the Agora developed. The Acropolis then became exclusively a place of worship and never hosted another ruler, partly because the new realities of city administration made it inconvenient, and partly because the Athenians wanted to eliminate all references to a monarchy.

Earliest known apiary

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 14 Jun 2010 03:33:00 -0700

Throughout the bible, Israel is described as “the land of milk and honey.” A few documents and paintings hint that beekeeping may have occurred during biblical times, there has been no physical evidence – until now.

Archaeologists discovered the remains of the oldest earliest known apiary during an excavation of Tel Rehov, an important city during the Israeli monarchy located in northern Israel. The ancient bee colony dates to around 3,000 years ago.

The structure consists of three rows of clay cylinders -- which researchers believe are man-made bee hives -- situated within a courtyard. Some thirty hives were unearthed, but researchers expect up to 100 hives once existed.

“The exceptional preservation of these remains provides unequivocal identification of the clay cylinders as the most ancient beehives yet found,” the scientists wrote in a study recently published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Each ceramic hive was fashioned with two holes. On one end was a small hole that acted as a door for the bees. On the opposite end was a clay lid beekeepers used to access the golden goods -- honey and wax.

Despite its antiquity, this was no small mom and pop operation. Researcher think the hives produced up to a half a ton of honey each year.

The architecture of the ancient hives is similar to bee farms found in modern-day Israel. But bee remains found at the site are from a variety of bee native to Turkey, not Israel.

Turns out the Syrian bees native to Israel are aggressive and hard to manage. Turkish bees, on the other hand, are calmer, making them more desirable for urban farms such as the one found in Tel Rehov.

Israelis most likely imported the bees from Turkey. According to the researchers, this indicates that, “beekeeping already was an elaborate agricultural process in Israel 3,000 years ago.”

Hallan çemi neolithic transition in southeastern Turkey

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 13 Jun 2010 04:07:00 -0700

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Hallan çemi neolithic transition in southeastern Turkey

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Upper paleolithic. ppt

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 13 Jun 2010 04:06:00 -0700

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Upper paleolithic. ppt

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ITALIAN UPPER PALEOLITHIC FIGURINES

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 13 Jun 2010 04:05:00 -0700

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ITALIAN UPPER PALEOLITHIC FIGURINES

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Stone Tool Assemblage Richness during the Middle and Early Upper Palaeolithic in France

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 11 Jun 2010 09:08:00 -0700

Regression-based analysis of 164 French Mousterian, Chatelperronian and Aurignacian stone tool assemblages reveals that most of the perceived difference in typological richness between the Mousterian and Aurignacian is associated with differences in assemblage size. Within the framework of the classification systems involved, this discovery diminishes the importance of stone tool kit richness as a character that distinguishes between the Mousterian and Aurignacian. It also heightens the importance of explaining why assemblage sizes differ between these two industries. Even given that distinct classification systems are used to analyse Chatelperronian and Mousterian lithic assemblages, the Chatelperronian shows distinct similarities in richness to the Mousterian of Acheulian Tradition, the Mousterian facies that has often been argued to be its most likely immediate ancestor.

Stone tool assemblage richness during the middle and early upper paleolithic in france

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Alpium Illyricarum studia Vo.l - English summary

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 11 Jun 2010 08:56:00 -0700

Alpium illyricarum studia vo.l i.pdf povijest u kršu

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Unexplored area of the Croatian karst, especially the mountainous massifs (Mala and Velika Kapela, Velebit, Dinara, mountain, etc.) as well as staples - not separators - the Adriatic coast and the interior and center of intense life from ancient times until today, deserve the attention of scientists of all disciplines especially historians and archaeologists. The first collection of papers in the series Alpium Illyricarum Studio, vol I. History of animal life. Proceedings of the project "Cities and communication in the context of the relationship of the Adriatic coast and the interior of the prehistoric and ancient times" is the result of long and laborious task of all who participated in its creation. All authors are active field researchers and can not be easily "pin" for the office desk and computer. However, despite the field, administrative and teaching duties, we were able to complete this volume. He is just a small part of all our activities under the aforementioned project. The rest is in the field notes, documents, scientific papers, books, a very large part of the city is still in the stage of processing and is awaiting publication of the continuation of a series of monographs Alpium Illyricarum Studio. Proceedings we wanted to analyze the problem of a multidisciplinary research area that connected the Mediterranean world of Adriatic coastline with its natural hinterland. Space in which people lived and died thousands of years, shaped it and changed it, 'but also themselves were shaped and altered, in an intense interactive interpenetration with the environment in which they lasted. Thus, various aspects of human life in space (and space itself) are first-rate historians.
The proceedings are sought to the problem of theoretical reflection and conceptualization of space, since the Croatian science hardly any discussion about the theoretical and terminological aspects of the research space in time. However, theoretical explore would not be complete without practical fieldwork. Therefore, most papers reported on the specific field research in the mentioned area and trying to draw attention to some unknown or so far neglected aspects of human life in the karst environment. I hope that this research by historians in the creation of different models of the reconstruction of historical reality in a particular area of the Croatian karst, in different time periods.
In the end, I was glad that I can say that the project activities, and finally in the work of staff involved in proceedings that bind ties of friendship, forged in the interplay of long-collegiate cooperation.
Proceedings would not be without the help and effort of those who use this opportunity to sincerely thank: Dr. reviewers. Effossiones-Makvić, red. prof. and PhD. Ivor Gioia, Assoc., FF leader-press dipl. archaeologist Boris Buijo, Marini Trpčić and Nevena Suica, on the development of fractures and technical documentation, Zeljko Miklošević the English translations of abstracts, prof. Tomislav Bosnjak Botica on editing and proofreading the text and the professor. Joseph Prgomet the treatment and classification of articles.

First Direct Evidence of Chalcolithic Footwear from the Near Eastern Highlands

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 10 Jun 2010 09:37:00 -0700

Reported today in the open access journal PLoS One is the news of a 5500-year-old shoe, discovered in the Chalcolithic age deposits at Areni-1, a dry cave in in Vayots Dzor province of Armenia. The dry conditions of the cave have led to fabulous preservation, and the cave includes well-preserved occupations between the Neolithic and late Middle Ages.

Journal.pone.0010984

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Palaeolithic cave art at creswell crags in european context

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 10 Jun 2010 08:34:00 -0700

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Cave art is a subject of perennial interest among archaeologists. Until recently it was assumed that it was largely restricted to southern France and northern Iberia, although in recent years new discoveries have demonstrated that it originally had a much wider distribution. The discovery in 2003 of the UK's first examples of cave art, in two caves at Creswell Crags on the Derbyshire/Nottinghamshire border, was the most surprising illustration of this. The discoverers (the editors of the book) brought together in 2004 a number of Palaeolithic archaeologists and rock art specialists from across the world to study the Creswell art and debate its significance, and its similarities and contrasts with contemporary Late Pleistocene ('Ice Age') art on the Continent. This comprehensively illustrated book presents the Creswell art itself, the archaeology of the caves and the region, and the wider context of the Upper Palaeolithic era in Britain, as well as a number of up-to-date studies of Palaeolithic cave art in Spain, Portugal, France, and Italy which serve to contextualize the British examples.

Palaeolithic cave art at creswell crags in european context

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“Mind the Gap” Caves, Radiocarbon Sequences, and the Mesolithic Neolithic Transition in Europe

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 10 Jun 2010 00:34:00 -0700

“Mind the Gap” Caves, Radiocarbon Sequences, and the Mesolithic Neolithic Transition in Europe

Radiocarbon sequences from some northern Mediterranean cave sites show a temporal gap between Mesolithic and Neolithic occupations. Some authors regard this as a regional phenomenon and have sought to explain it in terms of a general population decline in the late Mesolithic, which facilitated the replacement of indigenous foragers by immigrant farmers. New evidence from the rockshelter site of Mala Triglavca, in Slovenia, leads us to question this view. We describe the deposits in the rockshelter and discuss the results of AMS radiocarbon dating of bone samples recovered in excavations in the 1980s. New archaeological investigations and associated soil/sediment analyses show that in the central part of the rockshelter a well-defined stratigraphic sequence can be established, despite post-depositional modification by soil forming processes. There is also evidence of substantial post-depositional disturbance of the cave sediments by human agency and geomorphological processes, which have created “temporal gaps” and “inversions” in the radiocarbon sequence. The relatively large series of radiocarbon dates obtained enables some of the post-depositional processes to be identified.

Makers of the Early Aurignacian of Europe Steven E. Churchill i Fred H. Smith

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Wed, 9 Jun 2010 10:01:00 -0700

Makers of the Early Aurignacian of Europe Steven E. Churchill i Fred H. Smith

Despite intensive study and a number of remarkable discoveries in the last two decades of the 20th century, our understanding of the cultural and biological processes that resulted in the emergence of the Upper Paleolithic and the establishment of modern humans in Interpleniglacial Europe remains far from complete. There is active debate concerning the timing and location of the origins of the Aurignacian, the nature of the origins of Initial Upper Paleolithic industries (whether by autochthonous development or through acculturation by Aurignacian peoples), the timing of the appearance of early modern humans and the disappearance of the Neandertals, and the relationship of archeologically defined cultures to these different types of hominids. Frustrating our attempts to address these latter two questions is a general paucity of taxonomically diagnostic human fossil material from early Upper Paleolithic contexts. We undertake here a review of the human fossil record of Interpleniglacial Europe, and its archeological and chronological context, to clarify to the extent possible the nature of the relationship between hominid groups and the earliest Upper Paleolithic artifact industries, particularly the early Aurignacian. Although substantial difficulties involved in interpreting the fossil, archeological, and geochronological records of this time period prohibit making any definitive statements, a number of observations are suggested by the current data: 1) the Middle Paleolithic of Europe appears to have been made exclusively by Neandertals; 2) Initial Upper Paleolithic industries (with the exception of the Bachokirian) appear to have their roots in the late Middle Paleolithic industries of their respective regions; 3) all of the human fossils yet recovered from Initial Upper Paleolithic (except the Bachokirian) contexts for which any diagnostic morphology is present have their greatest morphological affinities with Neandertals and not early modern humans; 4) modern humans were almost certainly established in Europe by ca. 32 ky BP, with a strong possibility that they were there by ca. 36 ky BP. Claims for an appearance before 36 ky BP cannot be substantiated with currently available evidence; 5) the hypothesis that modern humans are uniquely associated with the Aurignacian cannot yet be refuted. Aurignacian-associated human fossils (including those from the Bachokirian) for which any diagnostic morphology is present have their greatest affinities with early modern Europeans and not Neandertals; and 6) Neandertals and modern humans coexisted in Europe for at least 2,000-4,000 years, and perhaps for 8,000-10,000 years or longer. The overall picture is one of an extended period of cultural contact, involving some degree of genetic exchange, between Neandertals and early modern Europeans.

Scars from lion bite suggest headless Romans found in York were gladiators

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 8 Jun 2010 08:23:00 -0700

Evidence from tests on 80 skeletons of young men found in Yorkshire gardens points to world's best-preserved gladiator graveyard, archaeologists say.

The haunting mystery of Britain's headless Romans may have been solved at last, thanks to scars from a lion's bite and hammer marks on decapitated skulls.

The results of forensic work, announced today, on more than 80 skeletons of well-built young men, gradually exhumed from the gardens of a York terrace over a decade, suggests that the world's best-preserved gladiator graveyard has been found.

Many of the 1,800-year-old remains indicate much stronger muscles in the right arm, a condition noted by Roman writers in slaves trained from their teens to fight in the arena. Advanced mineral testing of tooth enamel also links the men to a wide variety of Roman provinces, including North Africa, which was another a feature of gladiator recruitment.

The conclusions are consistent with York's importance in the Roman world as a provincial capital and major military base for years of campaigning north of Hadrian's Wall. Many senior generals and politicians held posts in the city and Constantine appointed himself emperor there in 306AD. Such distinguished residents would have required a high standard of social life, according to the York Archaeological Trust, which has supervised the excavations in Driffield Terrace.

Field officer Kurt Hunter-Mann said the accumulation of evidence now pointed to a gladiator graveyard rather than to a military suppression of aristocratic rebels by Caracalla, another emperor who visited York, as suggested by earlier theories.

Signs of respect accorded to the remains, including piles of grave goods for use in the afterlife, had appeared to support the earlier notion. The initial finds of some 60 skeletons also turned up evidence suggesting lavish funeral feasts, with beef, pork and horsemeat on the menu.

But accounts of gladiator burials make it clear that similar pomp accompanied the rites for many long-serving gladiators, who were comparable to modern football stars apart from their often bloody end. Decapitation was a regular conclusion to bouts and the coup-de-grace often came with a hammer blow to the head.

Other theories about the grave have included a pagan rite involving decapitation, or a pogrom against a minority group such as Christians, but evidence for either is lacking. Gladiators were brought into the debate in earnest three years ago, when the discovery of burials of arena combatants at Ephesus in Turkey revealed a similar combination of hammer blows to the skull and decapitation as at York.

The animal bite has also tilted the balance of the evidence, after a further 23 skeletons were found during excavation for a resident's patio. Hunter-Mann said: "It is one of the most significant items of the evidence accumulated. A large carnivore bite – probably a lion's but possibly from a tiger or bear – must have been sustained in an arena. The great majority of the skeletons are also male, very robust and mostly average height, which is telling along with the arm muscle asymmetry."

York appears to have held major arena events until as late as the fourth century AD, avoiding the decline into the spectacle known as Venatio, or the hunt, which saw cash-starved provincial governors provide deer and even rabbits in place of the exotic beasts associated with gladiator spectaculars.

Dr Michael Wysocki, senior lecturer in forensic anthropology andarchaeology at the University of Central Lancashire, who has carried out recent tests, said: "We don't have any other potential gladiator cemeteries with this level of preservation anywhere else in the world. It is a unique Roman burial assemblage. Anthropologically speaking, the material is particularly significant because it includes such a broad spectrum of healed and unhealed injuries associated with violence.

"Nothing like the bite marks has ever been identified before on a Roman skeleton. It would seem highly unlikely that this individual was attacked by a lion or tiger as he was walking home from the pub in York 2,000 years ago."

Work is continuing on the remains and at the dig, which will be featured in a Channel 4 documentary, Gladiators: Back From The Dead next Monday (14 June). The discoveries add to the formidable Roman reputation of York, which has the remains of walls, tombs and a large civil settlement, plus a ghostly cohort of soldiers whose tramp through the cellars of the Treasurer's House by York Minster is the subject of centuries of claimed sightings.

Free BAR 2037 !!! Notice

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 8 Jun 2010 00:17:00 -0700

For those whose were not able to download the book.

I put file (BAR 2037) in a private folder, and you were not able to download it.

I am very sorry, it will not happen again.

Now it works just fine.

If you find any error, of any kind - contact me, so I can react.

Free BAR 2037 !!!

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 7 Jun 2010 15:39:00 -0700

I am very happy that I can share this title with you.

You will not find this title anywhere on the web for download, and it brings some very good articles - after all it's BAR :)

Abstract:

Researchers have long realized that the Adriatic Sea was a medium of communication rather than a barrier in prehistory. Hemmed in between the Balkans and peninsular Italy, with its head in the Alpine foothills and its foot pointing towards the Aegean, the Adriatic touches different worlds.

Archaeological records frequently show that the coastal zones on both sides of the Adriatic had more in common with each other than with their hinterlands. Whilst the Adriatic is a relatively small and enclosed sea, travelling across its waters still presented serious hazards and took skill and knowledge. This has been addressed by recent work, both above and below the waterline, challenging our timehonoured notions of when, how and why the people living on the Adriatic shores, took to the sea.

This session aims to cover the period from the earliest evidence for navigation to the end of prehistory as signalled by Greek colonization. During this period, the region witnessed several episodes of radical transformation, including a switch from foraging to farming and the emergence of social elites. This session aims to question the role that maritime communication played in these momentous events.

Other themes that we would like to broach in this session include:

· How geography, weather patterns and climatic change influenced the early Adriatic navigators.

· How prehistoric maritime travellers may have viewed the comparative roles of the mainland and the islands.

· What the social, economic and technological underpinnings of maritime travel were, and the knowledge which was involved.· Who was travelling across the Adriatic and why they initially decided to travel across water.

· How distributions of raw materials and pottery styles may inform us about maritime travel and how this changed over time resulting in the cultural diversity and coherence that characterized this region throughout most of prehistory.

· Finally, how the situation in the prehistoric Adriatic compares to other parts of the Mediterranean, and to other inner seas elsewhere.

Participants will offer new insights relevant to some of these questions, augmented by the

results of recent fieldwork and current theoretical developments.

I will not keep you any more, download the:

A CONNECTING SEA: MARITIME INTERACTION IN ADRIATIC PREHISTORY

Edited by: Stašo Forenbaher

BAR International Series 2037

2009

I hope you'll find it usefull !

Free (paleolithic) Book & ppt.

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 6 Jun 2010 10:55:00 -0700

I have uploaded for you

Early Modern Humans at the Moravian Gate: The Mladec Caves and Their Remains

by M. Nicola-teschler

The Upper Paleolithic fossils of the Mladec caves, South Moravia, excavated at the end of the 19th century, hold a key position inthe current discussion on modern human emergence within Europe and the fate of the Neanderthals. Although undoubtedly early modern humans - recently radio carbon dated to 31.000 years BP - their morphological variability and the presence of archaic features are indicative to some degree of regional Neanderthal ancestry. The beautifully illustrated monograph addresses - for thefirst time - the complete assemblage of the finds, including the human cranial, post cranial, teeth and jaw fragments of several individuals (most of them stored at the Natural History Museum Vienna) as well as the faunal remains and the archaeological objects. Leading scientists present their results, obtained with innovative techniques such as DNA analysis, 3D-morphometry and isotope analysis, which are of great importance for further discussions on both human evolution and archaeological issues.

Second upload is ppt.

Language and art: From paleolithic art to writing
Four lectures 12th Early Fall School of Semiotics “Semiotics of Genre”

September 10-20, 2006

Sozopol (Bulgaria)

lThere is a line which leads continuously from artifact-industries already presupposing the semantics and pragmatics of a natural language to art, writing and mathematics.

lThe basic principles which organize these levels of semiotic evolution should be formulated in a common language.

lSuch a scientific language must have geometrical and combinatorial powers.

Hope you'll enjoy and find it usefull

Female Figurines of the Upper Paleolithic

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Sun, 6 Jun 2010 02:52:00 -0700

Those depictions of the human female figure found in association with Upper

Paleolithic cultures commonly called “Venus figurines” are an extremely varied class of

artifacts. Hundreds of these figurines have been found across the Eurasian continent from

France to Siberia and have been dated to around 25,000 B.C.E. Generally the Venus

figurines are thought to be small, stone sculptures of nude women with pronounced sexual

characteristics who are either voluptuous or pregnant with no face, arms, or legs. Although

some of the figurines can be stereotyped this way, there are numerous overlooked examples

with drastically different features. The overwhelming variety and diversity among the

figurines themselves is reflected in the theories that have developed about them. Since the

late nineteenth century, the meaning and purpose of these Venus figurines have been

interpreted over and over again. Some of the theories directly reflect the biased thoughts of

their time, some are religious and symbolic, and still others have a narrowed scientific focus

and rely upon detailed technological analysis. The variety of both the figurines themselves

and their interpretations has been overlooked as an important part of understanding these

very old and widespread carvings of women.

Across the Eurasian landmass, hundreds of depictions of the human figure crafted

by the artisans of various Upper Paleolithic cultures -- especially the Gravettian -- have been

unearthed at sites spanning from the French Pyrenees to Lake Baikal in Siberia. This

extremely heterogeneous body of artifacts has remained a controversial subject in

anthropology since the discovery of the first few in the late nineteenth century. In addition

to the shear range of locales at which they have been found, the individual artifacts vary

widely in height, from three to forty centimeters or more. An assortment of raw materials

have been employed to create both portable and fixed images portraying not only the female

form, but also the male body, anthropomorphic characters, and androgynous people. Of the

figurines that render the female form, subject matter extends the full scope of womanhood,

with representations ranging from pre-pubescent girls to matronly women in various stages

of pregnancy to much older, post-menopausal women.

These images are often only briefly mentioned in texts, among an array of Upper

Paleolithic art images, and the a small selection of pieces that have come to be more or less

popularized limits the accurate study of their true origin and meaning. Commonly, although

inaccurately, known as “Venus figurines.” the female images comprise only a small portion

of early human art that developed during the period of the last Ice Age. With their initial

discovery, many by amateur archaeologists, these feminine representations sparked heated

debate that has yet to wane over their origin, use, and meaning. Much of the essential

information about many of the images will never be definite because so many of them were

uncovered by people before the development of methods for standardizing the

documentation of stratigraphic and spatial provenance. In recent years, though, there has

been a drive to focus more closely on these figurines with the aid of newly developed

analytical and dating techniques. Archaeologists are now looking at the original discovery of

individual figurines and studying the relationships between geographic location, raw material,

fabrication technique, morphological appearance, and style. New interpretations are being

developed for these figurines as a result of their treatment as separate entities rather than

simply a part of a single, homogeneous phenomenon.

The terms used in this paper refer to the earth’s last glacial period, the Pleistocene,

which extends from about 1.8 million years ago to about 10 thousand years ago. Known

also as the Stone Age and the Paleolithic, this period has been divided into Lower, Middle,

and Upper, the Lower and Middle Paleolithic being associated with Acheulean and

Mousterian tool industries, respectively. The figurines under scrutiny here date back to the

Upper Paleolithic, which spanned from about 30,000 to 10,000 years ago. This period can

generally be broken down further into five periods of overlapping industries: the

Chatelperronian, Aurignacian, Gravettian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian. Each

industry is defined by a specific tool-type; however, for the purposes of this paper, these will

not be outlined here. Although most of the carved representations on record are credited

to the Gravettian industry, a comparatively small number have been associated with the

other industries.

In any given collection of artifacts from the Upper Paleolithic, the majority is made

up tools and items related to subsistence. What the figurines represent most significantly is

the initial cognitive movement toward what we now call art. Ice Age art ranges in type and

style from cave paintings and rock-carvings to portable sculptures and figurines to decorate

tools and clothing items. Artifacts that fall into our modern category of Art are

commonplace in the excavations of Gravettian and Magdalenian industry sites all across

Europe and Asia. Most of the earliest art consists of the instantly recognizable portrayal of

animals, but some images are human representations and of these, most are wome

. Because the precise gender – or creature – depicted in many of the artifacts

remains unclear, I will be restricting this discussion, and my use of the general phrase

“Venus figurines,” to those which scholars are relatively certain – or generally concede – to

be female. Although the hundreds of female figurines that have been found since the 1890s

are by no means the identical – a point to be emphasized – important stylistic similarities

unite them as a group and provide points of comparison and contrast for discussion. For

the purposes of this paper, I will be excluding abstract images attributed to the Aurignacian

– those “so-called ‘vulvae’ and forms resembling an elongated ‘S’ or upside-down ‘P’”

– and those hundreds of fragments that are rough and undefined or too small

for one to ascertain what they originally represented. What I will refer to as “Venus

figurines” are those specimens classified with the most certainty as portrayals of the female

form, itself a controversial task.

According to Marcia-Anne Dobres, “most explanatory theories treat the Venus

figurines as a homogeneous class of data and collapse together more than 20,000 years of

varied productions” (. The question of their racial origin dominated

intellectual discourse about them from the time of their initial discovery in the 1890s, but by

the mid-twentieth century, questions of womanhood, fertility, and religion replaced the

earliest racial fixation. Interpretations of these Paleolithic images of women continue to

develop, with more recent emphasis shifting toward the study of individual figurines

separately, as opposed to as a group. With new tools and methods, researchers are trying to

combat the earliest generalizing stereotypes by investigating the relationship between an

individual figure and the location in which it was found (including its context within the site)

as well as the diverse raw materials, creation techniques, and styles implemented in its

manufacture .

Illyria in ancient times (Greeks & Romans)

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 5 Jun 2010 15:21:00 -0700

The name Illyrians includes many tribes that inhabited the east coast of the Adriatic Sea and its hinterland. Illyrians, and they knew their territory, but also Greeks, whose traders established settlements on the islands and the coast, but with Rome comes to military operations aimed at territorial expansion, and the first intervention in this area it 229 BC. which begins the first Illyrian war. Until the final submission ardijejske kingdom, there was the defeat of King Gencija third Illyrian War 168 BC

Ten years ago, 177 BC. ., The fall was subdued Nezakcija Histria, an important border provinces, and another part of the Adriatic won the 129 BC submission Liburnia .

The "hardest" Illyrians, Delmats, Rome is trying to defeat all of the 156 BC. But finally winning Delmati territory comes only with Octavian 27 BC. A series of uprisings Delmati are still trying to regain independence, but the victory of Rome 9th BC. marked the final defeat of the Illyrians and the beginning of the third phase of the residence of the Roman army in the region, ending the departure of the legions from Dalmatia 86 BC, In which these regions were subjected to the process of Romanization.

Establishment of the colony Korkyra in today's island of Corfu in the eighth century BC.Kr. , Inhabitants of the Greek polis of Corinth opened the way to the northern Adriatic Sea. EstablishmentEpidamna - Dira later in the 7th century BC.Kr. and Apollonia in the 6th st continues the expansion to the north.Expansion of trade in Greek colonists coming in contact with the Illyrian tribes, and transmit the first information about the Illyrians, which mark the entry of these people in history. Travelogues preserved in the so-called. Pseudo Skilakovom periplu from the 4th century . talk about the Illyrians, who lived between the waterfalls (Katarbates) to a height of Corfu in the south, and north of River Falls in the coastal belt of live standing Liburni. In periplu alleged Greek colonies on the eastern Adriatic coast. According to these data, they were the islands Pharos (dan.Hvar) and Issa (Vis) with cities, Proteras (Tragyras?) Krateiai (Brac), Olynta (Solta), Melita (Mljet),Korkyra Melaina (Black Corcyra - Korcula), a peninsula (probably Peljesac), River Narona ( Neretva), Arion (HEPP near Dubrovnik?) Rizunt (Bay of Kotor) and Bouthae (Budva).

Diodorus Sikulski (Diod.XV, 13, 14) in 1 ct.Kr. states that the settlement was established in today's Hvar 385th / 4 BC.Kr. (Dated by the Athenian archon, Roman consul and the Olympics) and that the colony founded by the Syracusans Issa and those on island Kniđani.Strabo (Strab.VII, 315) states that the Isejci founded Tragurion (Trogir), and by Polibiju(Polyb.XXXII, 18) and Epetion(Stobreč).Greek inscription from the island of Korcula Lumbarde about tamošnjoj Greek settlement. While the Greek merchants sailed the Adriatic, founding colonies, formed the Apennine peninsula, forming the future mighty Roman Empire.

Etruscan conquest Veja early 4BCRoman expansion begins on the Apennine peninsula. In search of fertile land, the Romans attacked Kampani and start a war with Samnićanima. The first Samnite war, within a victory of Rome 341BC. and winning most of the fertile Campania. Victory in the so-called. Latin War 340 – 338BC brings power of Latium, a victory in the second Samnite War 304th BC. confirmed the dominance of Rome over its neighboring nations, as well as those of the Etruscans, and some of the Italic tribes, ending the third war samnitskog 298 to 290 BC

The expansion takes place towards the north - 283 BC Rome wins and some areas of Gallic tribes, pushing the boundaries to the River Rubicon, soon overwhelmed the area of Apulia and Lucania in the south. Career cities are organized as municipia or as a colony.

The war against Tarentum, Greek colonies in southern Italy, who calls for help, and the king of Epirus Pira, within a victory of Rome 272 BC By the 270 BC Rome won the entire Apennine peninsula south, thus becoming the master category of Arno and Rubicon in the north to the far south of the peninsula. At the beginning of the first Punic War 264 BC This area of the Roman republic, but with the end of the war 241 BC State outside the boundaries beyond the peninsula.This is the first Roman provinces - the islands of Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. Carthage, the main enemy of Rome, becoming once again the goal of Roman military operations, but Mr 218 BC. But in the meantime, more powerful and more states made the first steps on the eastern coast of the Adriatic.

2.ILLYRIAN WARS

For the whole of the eastern Adriatic coast and the hinterland lived Illyrian tribe. Speaking about the so-called. Illyrian wars, it is important to emphasize that the peoples of the settled area of southern Illyria.

Southernmost, Atintani were neighbors of Epirus, a settled area of the right bank Aoja, on the southeastern path to earth Haonaca, and thus towards Thessaly.

The following Partini, valley Škumbi (Genuz), on the road from Lake Ohrid to Epidamna and Apollonia. Among these people live Dasareti, between the river and the Eight Demell to Lake Ohrid. Potential residents and DasaretidePirusti and Enheleji , and Titus Livy (Titus Livius XLII, 18-20) north of Dasareta locates Peneste. Northward to the area is Škumbi Taulanata, which extends to the valley of the River Mati to Sjeverum in the hinterland of the Greek Epidamna.Labeati, headquartered in Skodri, inhabited the area between Lisa (Lissos the day.Corpse) in the south to Meteona (dan. Medun near Podgorica) in the north.

On the right bank of the Neretva River, according to Strabo (Strabo VII, 5, 7) north of the Gulf Rizonskog, live Ardiaei. It was ardijejski dynastic those who come into conflict with Rome.

In the fall of 231 BC. ardijejski King Agron dies, and the throne as regent on behalf of his minor son Pines enters his wife, Teuta. For its rule Illyrian piracy is becoming more common sailors along the coast and the islands of the eastern Adriatic coast guessing even Elis and Messenia, and the city haonijski Fenike (Phoinike). Tired of the constant attacks, the inhabitants of Isse seeking help from Rome. The Senate is trying to seek diplomatic means to stop piracy and Teutina Palace 230 BC sends two deputies, Gaius and Lucius Korunkanija, accompanied isejskog Kleemporosa Greeks. Deputies, and encourage the incident near the town Fenike, where they captured the real italic, seek suspension of pirate attacks on the Italian and Greek ships, however, Teuta responded that it was only a matter of individual, independent, sovereign, and therefore rejects the demands. Failed to return deputies attacked from ambush, whereby they killed the Roman and Grecian ambassador. Teuta refuses to deliver a killer, a Rome announces rat Illyrian kingdom, engaging in the first intervention in the eastern Adriatic coast - the first Illyrian war.

In the spring of 229 BC Teutina fleet attack Corcyra, and won the battle off the island of Corfu near Paks, and the inhabitants of Corcyra as a commander imposes Demetrius Farskog, Greeks from Pharos in the service of the Illyrians. The Roman army left Brundizij (Brundisium the day.Brindisi) and a fleet of 200 ships under the command Gneja Fulvija Centumala and 20 000 soldiers and 2000 cavalry under the command of Lucius Postumija Albina over the Adriatic. Arriving in front of Corcyra, a fleet Gneja Fulvija awaiting delivery Demetrius Farskog, soon followed by the conquest of Apollonia and Epidamna, major ports, a wartime alliance of Rome seek and mission Partina and Atintana. Teuta retreats in the spring of 228 BC conclude a peace treaty with Rome. By contract, the kingdom is divided into three parts: the coastal territory under FARA and Ise Faroe Demetrius, the Roman protectorate - Luke Corcyra, Apollonia, Epidamno island and Issa tribe Partina and Atintana and inland to Dasaretide, Dardanians and Macedonian territory around Lake Ohrid Pines left, in whose favor Teuta had to abdicate. Illyrians were also forced to pay tribute, and more than two Illyrian ships not to sail south of Lisa. Rome has so successfully started the conquest of the Illyrian territories occupied strategically important port, but the land route to Epirus and Thessaly river valleys.

After the war, Demetrius Faroe expanding its influence, marriage to Pinesovu Triteutu mother, manages to unite the two parts of the former ardijejskog kingdom, and Appian (Illyrian wars 8) reported that Atintane was persuaded to abandon the alliance with Rome. Rome j e busy Gala intrusions and the fear of Carthage, against which will soon go to war (Second Punic War, two hundred and eighteenth to two hundred and first BC.). Demetrius therefore decides to leave Rome as soon as Teuta, and joined the Hellenic Association of the Macedonian king Dosona Antigone, thus violating the league with Rome.

In the summer of 220 BC. Demetrius takes 50 Lemba (Illyrian ships), together with 40 under the command Skerdilaida Lemba, a member of the royal family of the Illyrian, south of Lisa, and engages in piracy in the Cyclades, while Skerdilaid covenant first with Etolcima, then with the Macedonians. Obviously, a breach of the provisions of the peace from 228BC. elicits Rome, who decides to deal with the situation in the east before the card becomes a threat to the war.

Roman army led by the consuls Lucius Aemilius Paulus and Mark Livy Salinatorom 219 BC come before the fortification of smoke, which, after only seven days of siege fall. Demetrius fled to Faros, but this was soon defeated and fled with the Macedonian king Philip V, heir Antigone Dosona. Settlement of the 219 BC confirmed the terms of peace from the 228 BC. Or confirmed areas of the protectorate, and former estates abandoned Demetrius Pines. Pines dies 217 BC Skerdilaid and assumes the throne, a Roman ally, which is the unfulfilled promise of Philip V broke the alliance with the Macedonians and then returned to Illyria.

215 BC Macedonia has concluded an alliance with warring Carthage, which became a pretext for the so-called. First Macedonian War. In the summer of 214 Mr. Roman army under the command of Marcus Valerius Levin takes Orik, which is Philip V. to win at first, and break the siege of Apollonia and Philip V. returned to Macedonia.However, next year Macedonians managed to conquer some parts of the Roman protectorate, except Orika, Apollonia and Dira. On the conquest of Rome by forming the corresponding anti coalition, which became part of the Skerdilaid, once an ally of Macedonia and his son Pleurat, and they just won Lissos 209 BC.

206 BC Roman army was composed of 35 warships, 10,000 infantry and a thousand horsemen, led by proconsul Publius Sempronius unloaded in Dirah, and Philip V after the siege of smoke and try to win Apollonius signs 205 BC. Peace Fenike. Rome remains a protectorate of the important ports, and the Illyrian throne sits a Roman ally Pleurat.

About the 181 BC Pleuratov son inherits the throne Gencije, whose kingdom extends from Delmata territory in the north to the Roman protectorate in the south-west and Macedonia in the east, 179th that of g. Government Perseus.Gencije trying to restore the lost independence and conclude an alliance with Persia ejem 172 BC Including the way in third Macedonian war begins 171 BC Initial successes break Perseus Roman victory that the lipid in the Gulf of Salonika in June 168th g. pr.Kr. achieved by the consul Lucius Aemilius Paulo. Struggle in Illyria takes praetor Lucius Anicije Galo where the capital of the Illyrian state 168 BC Gencije surrender. [40]

Lucy Anicije announces withdrawal of the Roman army and the provisions of the agreement, by which the citizens of Ise, Taulant, Pirusti, Daorsi and residents Rizona and Ulcinija free and exempt from taxes (Liber et immunes) as they move to the side of Rome, while residents Skodra, Dasarenzi, Selepitani other the Illyrians Rome must pay taxes amounting to half of that under Gencijem. The Illyrian kingdom is divided into three d ijela, Illyria and the area comes under the authority of the Roman people - sub dicione populi Romani (Liv., XLIV, 23; Polyb., XXX, 2).[ Lucy Anicije celebrated the triumph with a booty of 27 libri gold, 19 silver, Libri, 13 000 120 000 pence and the Illyrian silver (Titus Livy XLV, 43) and Gencije was captured.Thus, within its own Illyrian kingdom, no other Illyrian tribes continue to struggle with Rome.

3.FIGHTING Histrians

Although the southern Apennine peninsula long ago conquered, Rome is still struggling with the northern borders. Raids Celtic tribes and anti-Cenomanian, Insubra, Veneta, and others, exhausted the Roman forces in the battles around the strategically important and fertile valleys Padske. In order to consolidate the border to the east at least, the Senate decided to establish a colony in a well-protected lagoon, and j e 181 BC. founded Aquileia (Aquileia).Important for control of border areas, Aquileia causes resistance to the neighbors and the same year, riots broke out Histri, who inhabited the area from the Rasa River in the east, to the rivers to the north and northwest Veneta in. The rebellion was crushed, and Aquileia soon serve as a starting point for action against Histrians by 178 BC. Water Consul Aulo Manlije Vulson led two legions with which Timavskog encamped near the lake. The protection of the western Adriatic coast north of Ancona p reuzimaduumvir Navalis Furies, who doplovivši the port at Štinjan brings reinforcement forces Manlija Vulsona located in the hinterland, near the village Gorjanskog (now in Slovenia) and auxiliary forces, which include 3000 Gals, located near the village Mokorini.The first attack on Histrians insufficiently prepared the camp was very successful, as Roman armies flee in panic towards the sea, with the exception of the tribunes of the Third legion of Marcus Licinius Strabo Histri which sees in the camp with a small part of the Roman forces. But while Histri left to drink and celebrate success, to transmit Titus Livy (Liv., XLI, 3), Roman army assembles and moves to conquer the camp and what succeeds, killing around 8000 Histrians.

Rome will soon respond to the battle is not very successful and as a reinforcement Manliju Vulsonu sent consul Marcus Junius Brutus, with a warrant to collect the unit Gala and Roman and Latin veterans Padske Valley. Upon arrival in Aquileia, Junius Brutus dismisses Gallic units and goes in the direction Histria headed veteran. On this news is breaking ranks Histrian and consuls are drawn in Aquileia.

Failures Manlija Vulsona encourage the Senate to replace, so Histrians assigned to the consul Gaius Claudius Pulheru end 178. BC Pulher comes into office at the March Ide 177. BC as head of two legions at 5200 infantry, 22,400 infantry and 1200 cavalry of the Allied forces and ten ships (Liv., XLI, 1 -3).

Pulherova Before taking office, consuls, and Marcus Junius Aulo Manlije taking campaign in Histrians, and after the devastation of the country elicits Histrians. The battle, it is assumed held around Tergestike (dan. Trieste), inflicted heavy losses in Histrian ranks, which should agree to sign peace and give hostages, admitting virtually Histria Roman conquest. Resistance, however, still retains the Nesactium, where he retired Histrian Epulon king with the army. Then the proconsul, Aulo Manlije and Marcus Junius used the situation - namely Pulher must be received by the Consuls of honor in Rome - and goes to conquer the fortress, but Pulher catches up and forces them to return to Aquileia. I Pulher engages in a siege, during which even turns flow stream that flows along the walls to prevent the town's water supply (Čiv., XLI, 11, 3). Histri giving up the fight, but before handing themselves kills women and children, not wanting to fall into the hands of the Romans, and King Epulon kills the sword. Fall Nezakcija remain unbowed two works, and Mutilate Faveria, but not for long.

Abundant prey - about 5600 slaves, recognition of Roman rule by subjugated tribes Histria and killed the leader of the same Senate were sufficient reason to grant Claudius Pulheru triumph over standing Liguria.

Histria conquest and the fall of the Illyrian state 168 BC within the first phase of Roman expansion on the coast and the hinterland of the eastern Adriatic and remained under Roman rule as an important agricultural area, and a holiday destination, which is subject to the rule of Octavian, all the stronger the process of Romanization, since 16. BC separately from the formation of strong Aquileia X. Italic region.

4CONQUERING LIBURNIJA

Histria winning and before that country Gencijeve Rome came into possession of important parts of the eastern Adriatic coast, but has not won on the field Libur Delmata.Liburnija extended from the Rasa River in the north - the border with Histrians - to River Falls in the south, and included the islands.

The first Roman invasion to the country Liburna (Pliny, Hist. Nat., III, 19, 129) was one of the 129 BC When the consul Gaius Sempronius Tuditan led campaign against Japodes while subdued Taurisci, Karni Liburnians came to River Falls.

Liburni not offered fierce resistance to Roman expansion as their Illyrian neighbors Delmati even Caesar sought help when their 51 BC. Delmati seized Promonu (dan.Tepljuh) and war are part of the Roman units against Delmata.[

Attempt at secession from the Roman government records Dion Cassius (Cass.Dio., XLIX,34, 2), but Liburni fleet in the Kvarner Bay (Sinus Flanaticus) defeated Marko Vipsanius Agrippa - seized boats are a part of the Roman fleet, Liburnija becomes part of the province of Dalmatia, and Liburnska freedom forever disappear.

5.Wars against Delmats

Southern boundary conquered Liburnia was with Delmatae, Illyrian tribes that are no longer resisted Roman expansion. Country Delmata spread between rivers and waterfalls and Titius Hippus- Cetina, with fortifications Delminium(dan.Age) as the main gr Adom, and the works were important and Burnum - later the seat XI. Legion, and Tilurium - seat VII. Legion.

Pirate ventures Delmata caused the complaint and Isejaca Daors, who recognized the authority of Rome and the Senate must respond to demand and does so by sending a delegation headed by the grove Fanijem 158 BC Arriving at Delminium, the mission welcomed the rejection, and attacked and were killed and Issian daorski escorts .The attack is understood as a provocation and Rome soon to match the war.

156 BC Consul Gaius Marcius Figulus trying to conquer Delmata with Narona as a starting point (dan. Vid of Metkovic), but was soon defeated. In early winter Figulus again and trying to siege fortified Delminio, but the winning city finished 155 BC Consul Publius Cornelius Scipio Nazika and celebrated the triumph of "de Dalmateis. He finished that first war against Delmata, but Rome for a long time is not quite subdued this nation.

129 BC consuls Lucius Caecilius Metellus and Lucius Cornelius Kota move in a campaign against Japodes, they manage to win Segestica and divide it, while Kota goes to Italy, and Metel in the salon. The Salons are friendly received and until the 117 BC still leaves the prey of which builds Kastorov temple of the same year it celebrates the triumph and gets the adjective Delmaticus.

Delmati still not giving up the Salone and won the 78 BC. But after two years it takes proconsul Gaius Koskonije. After the conquest of the city, starting Italic stronger inflow of immigrantswho reside in Narona since the expedition of the 155 BC.

Liburnska Promona was the next target Delmata, who won in alliance with other Illyrian tribes 51 BC The former proconsul of Illyricum, Julius Caesar, the Gauls occupied and Hispania, and first sent troops in an unsuccessful campaign, then the task štitenja Ilirika 49 BC entrusts legate Gaius Antonio , but soon became a priority conflict between Pompey and Caesar.Rebel Illyrian regions Caesar tries 48 BC calm down by posting with the title of Cornelius Kornificijaquaestor propraetore this same year, manages to take Promonu.

In winter, 48 / 47 BC. Kr. help Kornificiju with 3000 cavalry and 15 infantry cohorts by land along the coast are struggling Aulo Gabinije. Delmati intercepted him and inflicted a heavy blow at Sinodija (according to legend, of unknown origin on a knoll near the Church of St..George, where there are brick Illyrian), in a battle in 2000 which killed the Roman soldiers, 38 and 4 tribune centurion, and seized both signals. The rest of the defeated army withdrew at the Salon.

Mark Octavia, former Pompey legacy, trying to use Delmata in his attempt to conquer Illyrian regions, but from the Salone him push Publius Vatinius who arrived to help Kornificiju led the fleet which went from Brundizija (dan. Brindisi).Final defeat octave Vatinius sets in the ISI, where Octavia surrender after defeat in battle near the island of Tauris(dan.Šćedro).Issa loses its status and becomes an ally of the Roman municipality.

Publius Vatinius comes 46 BC. in Illyria, at the head of three legions and with horsemen, and is placed in Narona expecting Caesar to accept the conditions by Delmata - to pay tribute and the surrender of the hostages in exchange for amnesty attempts independence. Delmati not accept these terms by the 45 Vatinius engages in war, which manages to win six forts before retiring due to winter conditions, and 42 BC celebrates the triumph of "de IlluRico.

After Caesar's death, Delmati manage to suppress the Vatinius Dira and winning Salon and Adriatic coast. The division of the country, between Octavian and Mark Antony, Octavian, Illyria was annexed, who just left to Asa king POLION. 39 BC Azinije POLION moving from Aquileia to earth Delmata. Wins Salon and obeys Partine, and collected from the spoil of Rome built the first public library. Son in honor and victory given the nickname Saloninus.

Soon, 36 BC, and I Octavian takes legions of new anti nepokorenih Illyrians. Appian(App., Ill.. 16) the names of subjugated tribes, and these are along the coast Oxyaei, Parthenati, Bathiati, Cambaei, Kinambri, Meromeni, Pyrisei in the hinterland Docleati, Carni, Interfrurini, Naresii, Glinditiones. It also prevents piracy inhabitants of Melita and the Black Corcyra and Liburnii confiscated boats. 35t BC moving against Japodes, whose capital Metulum(dan.Čakovac)won even though while wounded, and retired to Rome, leaving in Siscia Fufija Gemina from 25 cohorts to quell the rebellion.

The next year Octavian returned to this area and over Japodije and Liburnija Delmats come up and joined the army, which commands the Vipsanius Agrippa. Verzi Delmati leader is defined as Promoni, but using a different commander, Testinusa not come because it prevents the Roman army, and must submit Verzi. Army leadership takes Statilije Tauro, haunting Sets. In the city there is famine, which forced Delmata to surrender and accept the terms of Octavian - paying tribute, surrender signalsseized Aulu Gabinete 700, and giving young man in a hostage.

Octavian during the war, which ends the second phase of Roman expansion Roman settlers formed associations (conventus), of which the most important one in Narona and Salons, and it's also Caesar tried to strengthen the position of the Italic population so it gives the status of colony cities Salons, Iadera Narona and Pula, and his prokonzulata formed and conventus in Salona.

Octavian was given the country the Senate on 27 BC. And the Illyrian areas become susceptible to all the stronger romanization. So they seized the land subject to measurement and became ager publicus.I Illyria gets the status of the imperial province, run by Legatus Augusti December praetore Dalmatiae , a subdued Delmati left traces in the name of the province -Delmatia, as it is officially called (Dio.Cass. LIII, 12, 8).

A few small uprisings, such as one which is 11 and 10 BC. Tiberius suppressed, did not bring change, and ultimately brings obedience to crush known as Batonianum bellum, which lasted from 6 to 9 AD With this win is lost and the last track Delmati but Illyrian independence, and the Illyrian regions under jected to the process of Romanization, in which the key role the Roman army.Military activity is evident especially in the construction of road networks, where they had a key role legions stationed in Burnum Tilurium and, at key positions associated with the interior centers on the coast of essential military supplies. The main road from Salona, the capital of the province, began in August, but this and four other road was built during the reign of Emperor Tiberius governor Publius Cornelius Dollabela, with the help of soldiers VII. and IX. Legion. Dollabela also made a cadastral map, so called. Dollabeliana form, which is kept in the Salons, the governor's headquarters, and which contained the exact boundaries between the tribes and communities peregrina, free men without the Roman civil law. Roman soldiers were built and water supplies, bridges, towers and walls of the Salone, Iadera and other cities, and organized the production of bricks, tiles, dishes, and participated in municipal councils and kolonijskim. Legion and auxiliary cohorts leave the province of Dalmatia during the first century, a departure IV. Flavia felix from Burnum 86 BC.Dalmatia becameprovincia inermis, but the influence of the Roman army, which carried the process of Romanization, marking this area forever.

Society of the Upper Palaeolithic Europe-Gravettian

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 5 Jun 2010 03:58:00 -0700

I want to present you complexity of communities that lived in the Gravettian period (Europe).

Introduction

The theme of this paper are upper Palaeolithic societies with the special emphasis on the Gravettian period, primarily because in the Garavettian period on the "entire" Europen area appear (come) communities that are characterized by the formalized (ritual) burials, settlements that were occupied almost the entire year and in which we see a clear division of space and use as well as the beginnings of the mass production of ceramics in order to produce "ritual" ceramic figurines.
I decided for the next division.
The base of this paper will be Gravettian burials from Moravia (E. Trinkaus and J. Jelinek, 1997) and Italy (Mussi 2001), as well as some "special" burials, such as the triple burial of Dolní Věstonice (Gamble, 1999) or burial in Sungiru (AP and F. Vincenzo Buzhilova, 2004).

Chronological / geographical background

In the following pages I'll talk about Moravian sites, so I bring here the chronology of that area. (Fig. 2).

Figure 1: Chronology of Pavlovian / Gravettian

Before that, I'll just briefly explain the "importance" of Central Europe during the Upper Paleolithic.
Upper Paleolithic Period was the period when the strategy and the importance of central Europe changed since the previous period. The reason, probably is that it says Svoboda in the cultural geography of Europe that is changing, as a counterweight of the traditional franko cantabrian centers of Western Europe appear new and important cultural areas formed in the plains of eastern Europe (KOSTENski, Sungir), creating a "continental balance" between East and West(Svoboda, 1997).This process culminated during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic Gravettian.Along the narrow corridors of Austria-Moravia, which was geographically predestined as a communications base, which unites the Danube valley from the plains of northern and eastern Europe, with whose streams hunter-gatherer communities built large settlements. Strategic role in this corridor are surely (had) passes ("gate") or the nearest river valley becomes narrow and steep coasts. A typical example of such Wachau door (pass) on the Danube with one of the most famous sites of this period is Willendorf.Narrow valleys also appear in Moravian area along the river, and certainly the most important example is Moravian gate that is the only natural passage between the Sudetenland and the Carpathian Basin, and thus important to control the annual migration of animals (primarily mammoths), which can be seen in the case of accommodation sites Předmostíand Petrkovice (Fig.2.

Figure 2: Sites of the Pavloviian period

As an important component of early gravettian in the Danube is Pavlovian (30 000-25 000 BP), which extends over the area of (corridor) Lower Austria, Moravia and southern Polish.Investigations so far show a discontinuity compared with the previous upper paleolithic strategies, or, more specifically in the case of settlements and their accommodation we can see that in this period settlements are located in the lowlands along the rivers.This strategy of building settlements is in complete contradiction with the previous period of the Aurignaciana where was preferred accommodation "settlements" (camps) at higher altitudes and was less dependent on Moravian rivers (Svoboda 2007).So as you can see from this we have the emergence of large settlements in the open positioned along river routes.It is important to emphasize that in the period of Pavlovian we can see an explosion of various ancillary activities not directly related to the different survival strategies (as n pr. Choice of location of settlements).T if for example we have the appearance of the burial ritual aspects of selected individuals.The variety of lithic materials is accompanied by a variety of industries such as bone include knowledge and use of needles for sewing. Art production at this stage of gravettian, their complexity is perhaps best demonstrates the production of human and animal figurines of pottery, which is a typical phenomenon associated with Pavlovian (Svoboda 2007).
The next phase in dividing Gravettiana in middle flow of the Danube is the Willendorfo - Kostenki phase that lasts 24000-20000 BP. This paper deals with the period middle Danube area becomes covered with a mesh upper Gravettianskih sites. Compared with Pavlovian consider the large and small proper distance between the sites with more emphasis on passings ("gate"), egWAchau doors, gates, Moravia, and expansion into new areas - especially the Carpathian Basin (Svoboda 2007).Art items are less complex compared with first period and for a diverse ensemble of Pavlovian art, mostly women have displays as well as figures from the Willendorf II, hematit Petrkovice figurines and ivory figure Moravany, and therefore sometimes refer to "isolated horizon of the Venuses." There can be only one burial in this period, which is the Brno 2 which differs from the wealth of accompanying burial objects from the previous period, this category-male figure of ivory (marionette), maristone disk and a whole host of smaller items.The next period will not be included within the scope of this paper is Epigravettian or Kasovian which runs from 20,000 to 15,000 BP (Gamble, 1999).

Villages

As I previously mentioned here I will present the settlements and their structure in the space of the middle Danube, and precise locations of Czech Pavlov and Dolní Věstonice primarily because of the good research that gives us a strong and good insight into the structure of the settlement (it's division, function, etc.) and therefore this gives us additional insight into the structure of the Gravettian society. The formation of large hunting locations is characterized by the appearance of the Pavlovian. The first characteristic of these large settlements in the open is just their size, which is not below 100 meters in diameter (Svoboda, 2007).ADDITIONAL feature is the large number of artifacts (ceramics) and cultural layers thick charred layers, which together indicate the complexity of the activities that took place here including different rituals and rich spiritual life which was certainly entangled (inseparable) to the real world that they were surrounded.We have two models that are each highly extreme and trying to explain the formation and duration of occupation of the site. P RVI includes the (proposed) a relatively large sedentary (permanently inhabited), "camps", while another model suggests that the accumulation phase stays were relatively short.In other words, two factors are included in the formation of localities: an intensive occupation on the one hand, and its duration on the other side (Svoboda, 2003).Large and complex sites with prolonged and intensive occupation and complexity of art and other symbolic productions are Dolní Vestonice I, Pavlov I and Predmostí I. In the context of life (use) the settlement are important to us and we have significant results from Predmostia, where preliminary results of the time occupation of sites on the basis of animal dental microstructures showed that large settlements were inhabited throughout the year while a smaller area to work in seasonal (spring-autumn) (Nývlt Fisakova, 2007).It is important to emphasize that the facilities (huts) that were built in the Pavlov had mamutovih structure of bone and wood, and that they therefore were aimed to last longer than just one season, that could handle (take) a whole lifetime of an individual (Gamble 1999, 401).Even if the settlement was relatively permanent and associated with limited hunting territory, the spring migration along the Moravian river flows are anticipated, which would be confirmed in a large number of lithic Materials, which has been imported from the north and east and accurately located radiolarite originating from Slovakia and Austria (Svoboda, 2007). The advantage of Pavlov site is that it was investigated by one person - Bohuslav Klima in a large extent, and by using one research strategy (Klima, 2005). Czech archaeologist Klima is based on the stratigraphic unit, found depressions that occur identified 13 "cottages" (Klima, 2005). Klima is a combined view of different character and values: the hearth, pits, large bone at the edges of objects and the concentration of artifacts.One of the results of the analysis indicate differences in the central and peripheral part of the settlement from the standpoint microstratigraphy, spacial characteristics and distribution of artifacts.For Verpoort, the central part of the site is only a record of the various phases of occupation.Bartosíková has located on the outskirts of "industrial (manufacturing) area" and so called. "Working Places" which are used for finished products; any case what is certain is that both forms (peripheral and central) spatial overlap (ie operate at the same time) (Svoboda, 2007).Musil has defined several areas of activity that took place within the settlement with regard to the faunal remains, along with their relation to individual residences and a higher level with the area within the settlement (Musil, 2005). How all this comes from the apparent complexity of the pattern of these settlements, it is certainly an article S. Mason (Mason, 1994) pointed out the interesting new elements that is consumption of plant foods that was found in II. Discovery of a large number of the grindstone at the site of Pavlov I (Svoboda, 2005) certainly re-opened the question of the use of heated vegetable food.This issue was originally spurred by the discovery of Dolní Vestonice II - what some interpreted as "baby food" for infants, because the plants were ground spice to porridge, if you would really serve to open it again the question of age groups that were present at the site.As further evidence of children presence is analysis (revealed) of children's fingerprints in someceramic objects from m Pavlov. What we found out Pavlov's analysis of the grindstone and that in most cases used to obtain (crumbling) pimenata paint. In a story about society and it's complexity this is certainly a significant fact because it shows a significant production of pigments for coloring, which are again related to the complexity and symbolic expression of these communities.It is important to point out that at the very heartland of cases, sites that are from the Middle Paleolithic, such as site Mauran which dates back to about 33,000 before present even the most ordinary homes are missing.

The most typical phenomenon associated with a period Pavloviana found in neighborhoods where it is produced is "serial" production of ceramic products for human and animal figures (Fig.3.

Figure 3: anthropomorphic ceramic figurines - Pavlovian period

Paleolithic "ceramics" is known from nine localities in central Europe (Fig. 4). Most of the localities with pottery finds is located in southern Moravia, and most of the localities, Dolní Věstonice I, Pavlov I (Soffer, 1957).It is important to emphasize that the pottery klin at Dolní Vestonice and found 70 meters from the main concentration of artifacts, while in Pavlov's it was located in the middle of the site.Around some homes in Pavlov are recorded findings of the broken figurines, which can be defined as a ritual activity (Soffer, 1993).

Figure 4: Distribution of Pavlovian ceramics

Human burials (which I will talk about in the next chapter) and ceramic production suggest that these sites were centers of activities related to ritual, information storage and transmission of the symbols, decorate their bodies and ritually bury in the grave.Traces of symbolism concentrated particularly around Dolní Vestonice Pavlov and place them on top hierarchy of the site not only quantitative basis-as a result of the size and scope of excavated materials, but also qualitatively as a place of special activities (Svoboda, 2007).

Graves (burials)

Given the abundance, state of preservation, richness and diversity of the grave goods, burials from the Upper Paleolithic period (28000-10000) are an important source of information for the ideological aspect that has "produced" the burial rituals of these communities.
While the variety of grave goods, and general use of red ocher, and most obvious emphasized composing the archaeological evidence, the analysis of human remains themselves can add important evidence (some puzzles) social organization and concepts of life and death of these populations.
Unlike a chapter on settlements in which I perceived complexity of the Upper Paleolithic communities middle of the Danube, this chapter will be included in the central area of the Danube and the north of Italy and Sungir. I'll indicate the common features of these burials is and what we as age structure of the buried individuals about the society that they were buried.

Another aspect of this unuutar are certainly multiple burials, which on the one hand, they must be the result paralenog event (time-separated subsequent burial), but due to schedule bones and grave goods probably were not separated in time (for example, the maximum time when the tissue is still held bone, which may "subsequent" burial could not interfere).
What we are here primarily interested in the Gravettienski multiple burials that show certain common features that include several deformed (pathological) individuals. These cases found in children from multiple burial Sungira, triple burial from Dolni Vestonica but the burial into a dwarf from Romita cave that dates back to a much later period (11 000 pr.Kr.) Alii it in the context of this valuable and interesting to mention.
When looked at in general, usual reason for a multiple burial could be some form of accident or an epidemic, but take into account their number-the number of young people and different genders in the same grave somehow naturally raises the question whether this is a some form of (practice) sacrifice.All of this raises new questions about the ideas that shaped burial rituals of the Upper Paleolithic societies, which are automatically reflected on the social organization and concept of life and death, and perceptions of diversity and links with magical religious beliefs (Formicola, 2007).N {unfortunately behaviour does not fosilize-
If we mention Binford's position that burial is the practice that emphasizes the sex or age, and status was obtained on the basis of personal qualities and achievements, and sometimes the circumstances of death is typical of the egalitarian hunter-gatherer groups.Rich burial is thus for him an expression of high status obtained due to the ability of individuals to perform activities that are important to the survival of the group (eg, hunting) then it is hard to imagine this kind of motivation during the burial of children in Sungiru where they spent thousands of hours to create decorations ( grave goods).Given the amount of invested work imposes us to question the degree of social complexity that you have reached this gravettianske population, which is again seen (confirmed) and Dolni Vestonice. It is interesting that the only example of the latter (proof) of multiple burials in which there is abnormal individuals occurs in the late Neolithic Italy's top burn (Epigravettian).It is a dwarf from Ramito cave in Calabria, which is dated 11 500 BP let alibrirano.Romito cave was probably used in ritual purposes, and the skeleton of an adolescent (a dwarf), about 17 years of age lay the skeleton of a female who is not sure whether you are in any robinskoj relationship, Among others were covered with stone slabs engraved with a beautiful bull.What is with this burial definitely sure about is that individuals arose could not be "normal" work in any conditions imposed by hunting gatherers' way of life (problems / impossible to walk the long run) and one must certainly take care of him and was buried in cave reveals centennial use in ritual purposes (Mussi 2001).What we do not know if he had a special burial despite the dwarf or precisely because the dwarf (fear. ..). All three of these examples are further common features and that is to include a pathological individual, all multiple and all probably have represented both sexes (the problem of secondary sex individuals from Dolni Vestonica.
It is important to emphasize that the anomaly (except for a dwarf who is later) were much more visible while the individuals were living, but the skeletal remains because they are associated with anomalies of soft tissues (Formicola 2007).

Burials of children
Within gravettian burials fetuses and infants are represented as a percentage of only 9% of all burials, which was significantly less than 26% as represented in the Middle Paleolithic period.What's more is that the amount of 9% applies to only 6 individuals and Cro-Magnon 5, 36 and Dolni Vestonice Predmosti 6, 11, 12 and 13It is questionable whether "there" with the 1st AND 2ND Sites actually belong to burials. Cro-Magnon 5 could easily be later in possible association with his mother - Cro-Magnon 2 and was buried with her, as opposed to any individual burials of fetuses have documented in the Middle Paleolithic sites with teak La Ferrassie 5thNewborns from the site of Dolni Vestonice 36 is not a skeleton but a teeth that have been identified among the faunal remains. Regarding burial sites Predmosti as "intention" is questionable since it is found in "mass grave" with 18 individuals - that are linked to simultaneous death that was probably caused by a tragedy which requires their burial in the extreme (unusual) situation ( Zilhão, 2003).All this would therefore suggest that infants were not at all buried in the Gravettian period.
Further implications of this would lead to the conclusion that the gravettian populations didn't bury fetuses and infants, perhaps because they felt that an individual (individuals) as an independent ("recognized"-ie "worth" of burial) only after it became independent, in terms of sustainability , from his mother (Zilhão 2003).This is well reflected in the case of multiple burials, adults with adult-Cussac, Dolni Vestonice, Venus Parabitta, adults with adolescent-Barma Grande, Fanciulli or adolescent with a child-Sungir, but never a child is not pokaopano in combination with adult individuals.
Further implications of all this would be that after the cessation of breast-feeding and early food consumption that is not breast milk become "persons" but still not in the true sense with all the rights and obligations that will receive only lasko puberty (adolescents).This again izčitavamo again from the grave because there is no segregation of adolescent and adult individual (for example, we can see from the above examples of double burial).Such a practice can not be seen again in the Middle Paleolithic (La feras-infant children and adults) that there is no evidence that would indicate this kind of segregation, which would indicate that such a practice (usage) occurs only after 35 000 BP, although we must leave open mogućnohst that such divisions existed before gravetijena but does not see the remains preserved as a manifestation of culture matrijalne (Zilhão 2003).A good example is Nazlet Khater 1a, 1b and 2, 1a, which dates back to about 37,500 (probably the use of fire during the burial), 1b are probably the bones of newborn fetuses that are also found in a burial pit next to pelvic adults, probably the mother.V jerojatno they both died during childbirth / as a result of perinatal complications.Nazlet Khater 2 is a robust adult inidvidua which was found next to those in the second burial pit with an ax by his head which was found that the mining tool as is found in a nearby mine in the Upper Paleolithic Nazlet Khater 4 (Vermeersch 2002).

Burials zi Krems-Wachtberg we show that the newborn child was considered full members of the hunting community before 27 000 years.These findings not only to encourage a new discussion gravettienskom ritual behavior but also increase the small sample of the upper Paleolithic finds skeleton in Austria and we add new data to our understanding of the processes involved in the development of individual early modern humans (Bacvarov, 2008).Burial 1je found 2005th and is known as the burial of twins while the burial number 2 with jedom individuals found near the first burial 2006th What is important to emphasize that despite the discovery of burials of children from Krems (about 27,000) it is still not in association with adult idividuom, although they apparently dug in a formalized ritual, had grave goods were covered mamutovom spatula and a number of burial adult individuals with Moravske sites and were painted with red ocher.On top of all that is essential činjenoca to have been buried in the layer formation of settlements, which further complicates understanding of images Gravettianskog society.

"Other" burials
For now, he found 16 gravettian burials in Italy with 20 adult / adolescent individuals and one fetus (newborn) (Figure 5).

Picture No. 5: burials in the area of Italy in the Gravettian period

Several of these have radiocarbon dating of burials and the others were dated using the corresponding lithic Materials 25-22 (20) kya before the present.
Lack of infants and predominance of men can be explained by the social (social) selection.The discovery of a newborn from S. Maria di Agnano with an adult woman, dated around 24 500, suggesting that poor preservation takih (small children) costs is a key factor for the lack of such graves.In this context it is also interesting to note the suggestion Margherita Mussi is the extreme height of some individuals from the Grimaldi caves also can not be accidental, or the height of men in the range of 180-190 cm in height, while women are lower.It seems therefore that the very viskoki men were elected to ceromonijalne burials in caves in contrast to the rest of the population (Mussi 2001).
Most of the burials from the Italian gravettian have the same characteristics in Apulia and Liguria.Most are single burials, the only exceptions are burying a mother with a child from Maria di Argan, where they both died shortly before or after birth, we also have two double and one triple burial.The range of years (except infants) can range from 12-14 years to no date certain age, while most male burials. Not found individuals who would be younger than 12 years, even when taking into account the finding is isolated bones were probably from disturbed burial (Mussi 2001).
We have a minimum of 10 adult men, according to new results of the number of women increased from one to three. Number of adolescents, six of which were three males and three females (Mussi 1989).Content of their grave is the same as in the graves of adults, and individuals were also buried in the same position. The only exception is the burial of an adolescent from Baousso to Torre, who was found in the unusual position of facing the country without the accompanying annexes.
Contributions containing burials are ornaments of a personal nature, such as necklaces, bracelets or hats, which are made of pierced marine shells and cervid canines, sometimes with the addition of perforated (perforated) fish vertebrae, and bone or ivory objects.We also tend to be accompanied by a bone or stone tools, unusual size or typology, and ocher is also almost always present.Burial pits were identified in 6 / 7 cases, and the wall of the cave. Were buried in a stretched position, and the only exception is Double burials from the Grotte dei Fanciulli who was the youngest of interest herein.Stones are found in association with 8 of the skeleton. It seems that this was intended to protect the head and legs, that it reserves part of the body or that it only covers (Musssi, 2001).
In the next few sentences will be given the reason for the selection of a small segment of the prehistoric populations of the complex and formalized in the burial caves. Age and gender were certainly important, given that the selected adolescents and adults, and men were preferred.

Within populations of hunter-gatherers adolescents and men are assumed active hunters. The importance of the status of having a hunter is so pronounced / emphasized in the burials.It is important to emphasize that be excluded that the women were involved in similar activities (hunting), at least during part of their lives - especially after a few adolescent girls get the same treatment (burial prominence) as well as men.In this context it is important to emphasize observations Constandse-Westermann (1984), which says that prehistoric women did not bore children before his approximately 19 years of life, while Churchill (2000) highlights the asymmetry of the upper limbs of female gravettianskih within a population that is far above the (higher) than those of modern populations.This would suggest that women are regularly involved in the same activities as men, including activities such as throwing spears, etc.

The social importance of hunting may be best reflected in the burial of Gr.Delle Arene Candide known as the "Prince" because of the rich grave goods.He missed part of the mandible that was "mended" yellowocher, which was in direct contact with broken bones, as if zalječi smtosnosnu injury is certainly a cause of death in young and robust individuals (Caridni 1942).It was determined that fractures heal actually began before the death (Mussi 1989). Obviously it was an injury during the hunt.

The physical characteristics of individuals are certainly played an important role: as already mentioned high, men and adolescents were eligible for burial.In this context it is important to mention evil of unknown origin that led to the imminent death of three individuals buried in the Barma Grande in the burial pit and two robust men say so promising (adolescents) that girls had to have a traumatic effect on a small group of people.

According to Binford (1971) burial practice that emphasizes sex and age and status was obtained on the basis of personal qualities and podostignuća, and sometimes the circumstances of death is typical of the egalitarian hunter-gatherer groups.Rich burial is thus for him an expression of high status obtained due to their ability to perform activities that are important to the survival of the group (eg, hunting).
On the other hand, the earliest burials, such as double from Gr. Dei Fanciulli iii Paglicci layer 21d are limited grave goods.The youngsters such as "The Prince" and is closely associated burial of Barma Grandes richly endowed with unusual tools and elaborate Ornaments - which leads to the increase in grave goods and their quality according to the younger period.

It is also noted for bint very similar features found in Liguria and Apulia - which are located within 700 km air line and further considering that they shared a high mountain range - which would indicate that the communication must have existed over long distances.

Burials "shaman"

Here I emphasize teću type of burial or burials of individuals who are accompanied by bogaitm and interesting burial inventory.The so-called burial Brno 2 is tomb of a man found 189.1 odrlaslog cover with Lesi and what stands out significantly from any known locality, which is quite surprising given the well researched this area and that all "special" graves, such asDolni Vestonice, Sungir within the village.The skeleton was covered with red ocher and was covered mamutovom spatula, had a mammoth tusks (1.5-2m)and also to the grave from nalizimo Sungira.He had the whole ansambal animal findings and thus found: rebra of rhinoceroses and mammoths, rhinoceroses, and the skull of a young ocher voidable horse teeth and more than (Dentalium badense) 600 shells, which were interpreted as an ornament for the head and the nearest coast was then only about 100 km.He also had two perforated slate disc and 14 smaller than hematite. But most was the discovery of the so-called "puppets" - the only figure that was found in Gravettianskim burials. It is also possible in connection with the "performance / play" is a polished Jelenov deadline - stick drums. Several things can suugerirati that this is a special burial / shaman. Topographic located far from the village, which is unusual in the context of Moravia. It is also important / interesting to have been chronically ill that he may have given to be socially recognized as a shaman (Vancata, 1963).
Comparing the Paviland burial caves in Wales (Aldhouse-Green, 2000), which is also self-burial of a man, but in the cave, we come up with some similarities. In addition dug grave was found the skull of a young mammoth while in the grave Brno two skulls found in a young rhinoceros. Both have a large amount of perforated shell, although in either case, the seaside is not closer than 100 km.
From all this we can see that there are some common characteristics of "special" burial period gravettiana although significant geographical distance.

Reference List

· Bohuslav Klima, excavation at Pavlov I, 1954 and 1956thIn: Pavlov I - Southeast.Awindow Into the Gravettian Lifestyles. Dol. Vest. Stud. 14, Brno, pp. 17-24., 2005

· Clive Gamble, The Paleolithic Societies of Europe, Cambridge, 1999

· Erik Trinkaus and Jan Jelinek, Human Remains from the Moravian Gravettian: the Dolní Vestonice 3 postcrania, Journal of Human Evolution from 33.33 to 82.1997

· Formicola, Vincenzo, and Alexandra P.Buzhilova.2004.Double child burial from Sunghir (Russia): Pathology and inferences for Upper Paleolithic funerary practices.American Journal of Physical Anthropology 124:189-98.

· Francis B. Harrold, World Archaeology, Vol 12, No.2, Early Man: Some Precise Moments in the Remote Past (Oct., 1980), pp.195-211, Taylor & Francis

· Jirí Svoboda A., The Gravettian on the Middle Danube, 2007

· Jirí Svoboda A., - Pavlov I - Southeast.A Window Into the Gravettian Lifestyles. Dol.Vest. Stud. 14, Brno, Institute of Archaeology, 2005

· Jirí Svoboda A. - Paul I - Northwest.The Upper Paleolithic Burial and Its Settlement Context.Dolní Vìstonice Studies 4, Brno, 1997

· Jirí Svoboda A. - The Gravettian of Moravia: Landscape, settlement, and dwellings.In: SA Vasil'ev, O. Soffer, J. Kozlowski, eds, Perceived Landscapes and Built Environments, British Archaeological Reports International Series 1122, Oxford, p.121-129., 2003

· Joao Zilhão, Burial evidence for social differentiation of age classes in the Early UpperPaleolithic, 2003

· Krum Bacvarov, Babies Reborn: infant / child burials in pre-and protohistory, British Archaeological Reports Vol 24, 2008 Bohuslav Klima

· MASON S., HATHER J., Hillman G. - Preliminary investigation of the plant macro-remains from Dolní Vestonice II and its implications for the role of plant foods in Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Europe.Antiquity 68, pp.48-57., 1994

· Margherita Mussi, Earliest Italy: An Overview Of The Italian And Paleolithic Mesolithic,Springer, 2001

· Marta Doekalova and Vaclav Vancata , Gravettian human remains Brno II: Postcranial skeleton, Praha, 1963

· Musil R. 2005 - Animal prey from the research areas in 1954 and 1956thIn: Pavlov I - Southeast.A Window Into the Gravettian Lifestyles. Dol. Vest. Stud. 14, Brno, pp. 190-228.

· Nývlt FISÁKOVÁ M. 2007 - Seasonality of gravettian sites based on studies of Mammal's dental cement microstructures.Prehleld Vyzkumu 48, 13:23.

· Soffer O., P. Vandiver, B. Klima, J. Svoboda - The pyrotechnology of performance art: Moravian venuses and Wolverines.In: H. Knecht, Before Lascaux. Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp. 259-275., 1993

· Stephen Aldhouse-Green, Paviland Cave and the 'Red Lady', Bristol, 2000

· Tamara Lynn Truppe, Looking for the Individual: An Examination of Personal Adornment in the European Upper Palaeolithic, University of Manitoba, 2003

· Vermeersch PM, Two Upper Paleolithic burials at Nazlet Khater, 2002

· Vincenzo Formicola, Sunghir Children From the Gypsies to the Dwarf, Current Anthropology Volume 48, Number3, June 2007

Early modern humans - Ocher use

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 4 Jun 2010 05:08:00 -0700

We know very little, and don't understand the complexity of time and events tha have past, specially when we talk about prehistory. By prehistory I mean dates that are out of C14 range (50+ kya).

The use of ocher is one of those thing that emphasizes complexity of time and events that have past and on whose legacy we base our cultural belives, folklore, and all range of "special features" (social networks, hunting strategies, use of simbols, complex leangue), that brought use (based on what we know today) on the top of the animal world as the last survived Hominid specie.

Here I bring you good intro for the theme why is ocher so "important" worldwide based on burial interpretations.

Ocher, a red pigment made from hematite, seems to have captivated the imagination of numerous prehistoric groups throughout the world. Its prevalence across millennia of the archaeological record indicates its significance in early cultures, especially in the context of prehistoric mortuary customs.

Derived from iron oxide ore, ocher has been found in association with prehistoric peoples on every continent except Antarctica. In Europe, ocher appears in burials as early as the Middle Paleolithic period. These early evidences were found on Neanderthal skeletons at Le Moustier and La Chapelle-aux-Saints, though its ritual use by this group remains a disputed hypothesis. With the appearance of Homo sapiens sapiens in Europe, the practice of using ocher in burials significantly expanded, both in the number of burials incorporating ocher and the areas in which these burials were found. Dozens of Upper Paleolithic burials with ocher have been excavated in Western, Central, and Eastern Europe and even more sites have been found containing caches of ochre as well as the tools necessary for ocher preparation. Ocher usage in mortuary contexts continued into the Mesolithic, expanding into the region of what is now Denmark and Sweden.

Though the archaeological record of prehistoric man in Asia is still rather sketchy, recent excavations have revealed that ocher use was extensive in Asia as well. Ocher was recently found in burial mounds in Kazakhstan and the Ural Mountains, indicating that it was used in mortuary rituals there at least 2600 years ago. In Thailand, burials sprinkled with red ocher were dated about 4000 B. P. In Siberia, China, and Russia, there are records of ochre-covered skeletons that date back to the Upper Paleolithic.

Australian aborigines may have been using ocher in mortuary practices as early as 30,000 B.P. In New South Wales, a male skeleton, dubbed Mungo III, was found in a shallow grave and stained red with ocher. Numerous burials in northern Victoria, dated between 15,000 and 9000 years ago, have been discovered which contain ocher as well as other grave goods.

In South America, the use of ocher in mortuary contexts has been found in association with some Mayan burials in Guatemala and Belize and ocher is thought to have been used as a pigment for ritual purposes throughout Mesoamerica. An excavation on the Brazilian coast near Rio de Janeiro uncovered nearly fifty burials believed to be more than 6000 years old which were covered with a thin layer of ocher.

The practice of using ocher in burials in North America seems to have arrived along with the first inhabitants of the continent and quickly became a common feature of burials, especially in the northern part of the continent. Burials containing ocher have been found in nearly every U.S. state, in most of Canada, and in northern Mexico. These sites reach back from the earliest indications of human occupation in the New World and continue all the way into historic times. For at least one prehistoric tribe, the abundance of ocher associated with burials among this group earned it the name, the Red-Paint People.

Ocher’s Symbolism

It seems apparent that the use of ocher in burials had symbolic significance to prehistoric peoples. Research on symbolism and color has determined that humans have a cultural preference for red that goes beyond individual preference. This cultural inclination may explain the global popularity of ocher usage. The color’s association with blood may also be a factor in its popularity among aboriginals. It is likely that ocher became symbolic of blood for some groups. This link between ocher and blood is further supported by the fact that hematite gets its name from the Greek word for blood, haema. In addition, ocher may also have been attributed with supernatural abilities. Ocher’s red coloring intensifies under high temperatures, a transformation which may have seemed magical to prehistoric groups.

To understand all of this in a more wider context I recomend

THIS ARTICLE .

When you have all this in mind, you are even more fascinated when you reed news like this:

A 58,000-year-old ochre powder production site has been discovered at Sibudu, South Africa.

To understand how this is important in the context of early modern human-south Africa-out of Africa theory you must know few base things. On of the key sites is Blombos cave in South Africa.

Blombos Cave is a site at the very tip of South Africa where great strides in understanding the development of modern human beings are being taken these days. While much of the recent press attention has been on the scholarly debate on whether humans evolved once in Africa (the Out of Africatheory), or several times all over the world (the multiregional hypothesis), a quiet revolution has occurred centered on what it means to be human.

For several decades--probably since the discovery of theLascaux Caves in France--archaeologists believed that while anatomically modern Homo sapiensevolved somewhere between 100,000-150,000 years ago, humans didn't actually develop modern behaviors and thought processes until around 50,000-40,000 years ago. This event, known in some scientific circles as the "creative explosion," was announced by what researchers saw as a sudden blossoming of symbolic thought.

What researchers mean by symbolic thought is the ability to identify--and create--representations of things. Thus, the theory went, a species really not much smarter than other hominids of the time suddenly began painting

bison and mammoth on cave walls in France. Evidence of the flowering of modern human behavior is held to including fishing, the manufacture of bone tools, the use of decoration, and the production of art.

Modern Behaviors in Africa

Part of the trouble was, none of the major scientists was really doing much research in Africa—there was a lot to be investigated in France, after all; but in retrospect the neglect of Africa is a little weird, since we've known for a very long time that that's where the earliest humans evolved. Then, evidence of an earlier flourishing of the creative mind began to appear, in southern Africa south of the Zambezi River, dated to the Middle Stone Age, 70,000 years ago and more. Similar artifact collection types—known as assemblages in archaeological parlance—alled Howiesons Poort and Stillbay have been found at sites such as the Klasies River Caves, Boomplaas, and Die Kelders Cave I in South Africa.

These sites included sophisticated bone tools, backed blades, a careful selection of raw material for stone tools and the use of a punch technique; but most of these were controversial in one respect or another. That was until Blombos Cave.

Modern Behaviors at Blombos Cave

Since 1991, South African researchers led by Christopher Henshilwood have been working at the Blombos Cave site. Artifacts found there include sophisticated bone and stone tools, fish bones, and an abundance of used ochre. Ochre has no known economic function; it is almost universally accepted as a source of color for ceremonial, decorative purposes. The Blombos Cave layers containing used ochre are dated 70,000 to 80,000 years before the present. Most recently (April of 2004), a cluster of deliberately perforated and red-stained shell beads dating to the Middle Stone Age has been found, and is being interpreted as personal ornaments or jewelry for the occupants of Blombos.

The best and most likely interpretation of these finds, and numerous others throughout Africa, is that the growth of the human symbolic thought was a slow process that continued throughout the Middle Stone Age in Africa. How that flourishing of creative thought left Africa is still under discussion, but one way may have been through the Southern Dispersal Route.

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 29 Aug 2008 02:46:00 -0700

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I am student of archaeology in Zagreb and I just came back from it without work done because they dont have books that I need and I have exam in 6 day - only thing that you can do in that situation is call your friend for help......
but wouldn't it be great to have all book digitaly scaned on one place like http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/ - YES IT WOULD
Same thing I try to do with videos and photos so please send your history videos and photos on my e-mail: celeres@live.com so we can make it easier for all who like history and their friends are not in the town.

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 29 Aug 2008 01:56:00 -0700

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I'm sure you'll find video you like, and that you will send me Historical highlights (photos and videos) that you have on my e-mail : celeres@live.com

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Please send me Historical highlights (photos and videos) that you have on my e-mail : celeres@live.com so every one can see it.

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