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Hydro invests in electricity and gas trading system

2009-11-17T05:26:00.001-08:00

Hydro is investing NOK 17 million in Navita Systems AS, which develops complete trading systems for gas and electricity.

We consider Navita the most exciting systems development company in the Nordic region, positioned to take market shares in a growing international market for energy trading. In addition to developing a complete trading system for gas and electricity, Navita has proven itself by delivering on time and on budget for demanding customers,” says Richard Erskine, leader of Technology Ventures in Hydro.

Navita is a Norwegian company with more than 15 years experience within activities connected to energy trading and related risk management. In 2004, Navita purchased a trading system from Hydro, which became part of Navita’s additional product portfolio and has made them capable of delivering a complete trading system for both electricity and gas.

”By establishing itself in the Nordic market, where liberalization of electricity trade has advanced further than anywhere else in Europe, Navita has the right background for succeeding in markets where liberalization is taking place,” says Erskine.

In addition to Norway, Navita has offices in Canada, the USA and Sweden.

Navita offers systems to electricity and gas trading companies that need solutions to accommodate all aspects of transactions. In light of the growing international consolidation of electricity and gas companies, Hydro believes Navita has the right product strategy to fulfil the needs of large European and North American energy companies.

Hydro’s venture vehicle for the oil and energy industry, Norsk Hydro Technology Ventures, was established in March 2001 with an initial funding of NOK 350 million. The fund invests in companies that develop technology tied to Hydro’s activities within oil and energy. The investment in Navita is made together with Viking Ventures, a leading Norwegian venture fund with NOK 600 million under management and which focuses on early investments within IKT, energy and medical technology.

The Reign Of Error

2009-11-17T05:22:00.000-08:00

The fur is flying on the climate front. The proposed carbon Cap & Trade legislation sponsored by Henry Waxman and Ed Markey can’t seem to make it out of the Energy and Commerce Committee. If you read my last column, you know why I think it highly unlikely that something like this bill will become The Law in the United States this year or ever. The bogus debate about Cap & Trade and the realities of the existing carbon trading system teach us valuable lessons about contentious but ineffective schemes to combat global warming. National Public Radio’s Living On Earth describes the current Cap & Trade carbon credits trading system.

The carbon credit system was created by the Kyoto Protocol. It’s called the CDM, or Clean Development Mechanism. Here’s how it works: an industrialized country or company producing greenhouse gases can offset its pollution and get credit by bankrolling clean carbon projects in developing nations.

Today I talk about the confused (and confusing) Cap & Trade debate and future CO₂ levels in the Earth’s atmosphere. I believe we live in a Reign of Error. It’s not quite as bad as “we must smother the internal and external enemies of the Republic or perish with it” as Maximilien Robespierre said during his Reign of Terror when lethal idealism resulted in the death of many innocent people. In 2009 we face another kind of dangerous idealism in the climate debate. I will attempt to clear up what I regard as misconceptions about policies to mitigate global warming, fossil fuels resources, how people actually behave, and what we can expect in the future.

Please do not contact me if you think anthropogenic climate change is not happening. Which word do you not understand? Greenhouse? Or Gas?

Cap & Trade = Smoke & Mirrors

Two debates are taking place as the House of Representatives thinks really hard about carbon Cap & Trade. The first pits the environmentalists against political “conservatives” and those in fossil fuels business. Chevron’s Oreilly Says Carbon Targets Unrealistic typifies this debate (Bloomberg, May 7, 2009).

“Seeking those reductions without any realistic plan to replace that energy is a straight path back to a pre-industrial economy and a standard of living to match it,” O’Reilly said today in a speech in Boston.

Without referring to specific bills or members of Congress, O’Reilly said that talk of cutting emissions 20 percent by 2020 or 80 percent by 2050 “sounds good” but is unrealistic. For example, the 62-year-old Dublin native said, replacing all of the global transportation system with zero-carbon alternatives would cut greenhouse-gas emissions by only 15 percent.

[My note: I don't know where O'Reilly got that 15 percent. I suspect he pulled that number out of his ... posterior.]

“Trading in false hopes and inflated numbers will get us nowhere,” O’Reilly said. “We need to set goals that are both high and realistic.”

[My note: O'Reilly's "high and realistic" is an oxymoron.]

I have little doubt that an 80% emissions reduction would throw us back (in some respects) to an economy resembling that of the 18th century, but our hardscrabble existence in 2050 is neither here nor there for legislators in 2009. The second more entertaining debate is the internecine squabble among environmentalists (Huffington Post, May 8, 2009). Grist’s Dave Roberts has been there, done that—

I find it really hard to believe, but the perennial “carbon tax vs. cap-and-trade” debate is still going on. It goes on and on and on and it never changes. It’s like everyone’s following a script now. I’ve been over this territory so many times that I hardly know what to say any more. So here’s what some other people are saying:

Joe Romm started this off by asking James Hansen to drop his quixotic and politically toxic campaign against the Waxman-Markey climate/energy bill. Kevin Drum chimed in, supporting Romm.

Michael O’Hare responded with a heated defense of carbon taxes (or as he calls them, carbon charges), premised mainly on a basic misunderstanding of Romm’s post…

Ryan Avent says taxes and caps are not that different in effect and only one has a chance of passing, so carbon taxers should STFU. Andrew Sullivan responds that he thinks the tax will work better, and so no, he won’t STFU. Kevin and Ryan both respond to Sullivan, pointing out that he seems to be suffering from some serious misunderstandings about cap-and-trade systems. (In this he has, to put it mildly, plenty of company).

[My note: "Serious misunderstandings" are perfectly understandable. STFU is an acronym used as a verb that means exactly what you think it means.]

Meanwhile, Yale 360 has rounded up a group of “experts” to weigh in on the issue, though several of the purported experts seem to understand very little about the policies and/or the politics at hand. The submissions from Jeffrey Sachs and Roger Pielke Jr., in particular, are so poorly argued as to defy explanation…

I would be crazy to get involved in this dispute, so I won’t, and besides 1) I’m not up on these issues; and 2) I don’t think Cap & Trade as opposed to a Carbon Tax matters one bit, which is why I’m not up on these issues. However, the Romm versus Hansen dispute does deserve comment because it directly addresses the question of how much CO₂ in the atmosphere constitutes dangerous human interference with the Earth’s benign Holocene climate. But first I need to explain why Cap & Trade doesn’t matter.

My eyes glazed over as I read the complicated arguments about Cap & Trade permits—will they be auctioned off? or given away?—and potential revenues from a 648 page proposal that likely won’t ever come to a vote in the House. But what about the $20 billion carbon market (from the Kyoto Protocol CDM) that exists now? Is it working? Are Europe’s greenhouse gas emissions going down? I would think this question would be of interest to American policymakers who are—as they always do—arguing about money instead.

In the misleadingly titled EU Carbon Trading System Shows Signs of Working, the New York Times tells us what we need to know (April 1, 2009—April Fools Day!). Also look at Figure 1.

Europe’s controversial trading system to cut carbon emissions is showing faint signs of working, according to analysis of preliminary figures released Wednesday by the European Commission.

Emissions among industries covered by the E.U. system fell between 4 percent and 6 percent during 2008 [from 2.24 billion tons in 2007 to 2.11 billion in 2008] compared with increases of roughly 1 percent in the two previous years, according to analysts who reviewed the figures.

Most of the decline was from falling industrial and electricity production linked to the economic slump. Even so, the size of the decline compared with the increases in previous years showed that some businesses were becoming marginally cleaner as a result of the system, these analysts said.

Figure 1 — EU-27 emissions up to 2006. The black line shows the total emissions. The Times quotes officials as saying that emissions rose 1% in 2006 and 2007 but then dropped dramatically in 2008 due to the economic downturn. Transportation emissions have been rising steadily over the entire period, which completely offsets reductions in other areas. The graph is from the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Energy and Transport. Their data does not show a 1% increase in 2006 as the Times reported.

It makes sense that the world’s economic near-death experience is cutting into European greenhouse gas emissions. Figure 1 shows at least that emissions have not grown since the year 2000, so this data might be construed as one of those famous green shoots supporting Cap & Trade like the ones said to be sprouting in our economic Gardener’s Paradise. Does this interpretation of the data hold up?

The answer is No because a lot of Europe’s carbon offsets are phony.

My first inkling that something was amiss came from the Green, Inc. blog at the New York Times. This is from Do Carbon Offsets Cause Emissions to Rise?

Michael Wara, a law professor and energy expert at Stanford’s Program on Energy and Sustainable Development, has cast new doubts on the efficacy of the European Union’s Emissions Trading System, which is the model for a carbon-capping system foreseen in the United States.

Mr. Wara wrote in an e-mail message to Green Inc. that European-based polluters were likely to have bought so many permits from carbon-reduction projects based outside the trade bloc that industries emitted roughly 1 percent more in 2008 than they did in 1990…

Offsets allow companies and governments in the wealthy world to pay developing nations to make their carbon reductions for them.

Living On Earth’s Bruce Gellerman interviewed Mr. Wara, who patiently explained how the scam works. The live radio argument is disjointed, so I have recreated the dialogue for clarity in the quote below. You can always listen to the original interview if you like.

GELLERMAN: Let’s say I have a small electricity power plant in China. I’m using coal, and we’re producing a lot of greenhouse emissions. Someone from Germany has a factory and wants to pay us money to convert to a wind farm. They get the credits, and we stop polluting. Win-win.

WARA: Win-win, in theory. Now, here’s the question, though. What other incentives did you, the power plant owner, have to switch to wind? Very often, it turns out, there are multiple incentives to make that switch. China is becoming one of the largest producers of wind energy in the world. Part of the reason for that … is the subsidy provided by the CDM. But we think a much bigger part of the reason is the incentives and subsidies provided by the Chinese. So without the credits I would have made the switch anyhow.

Someone has to say, this wouldn’t have happened without the credits, or, it would have. And that’s important for a key reason: these credits go to Europe or other countries that have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol, and they’re used in lieu of emission reductions within those countries. So the reduction happens in China, but it doesn’t happen in Germany. If the reduction in China would have happened anyway, then you’re not entitled to the reduction in Germany.

GELLERMAN: Who makes the decision to grant offset credits?

WARA: Most of the actual evaluation of projects happens – is done by - private third parties that act sort of like a credit-rating agency.The companies being certified as emission credit-worthy, like the one in China converting from coal to wind, pay these third parties. So there’s a

Wara looked at about 3000 green projects and found that in half of them, it was dubious or ambiguous whether greenhouse gas offsets should have been granted. All this is detailed in his Stanford Working Paper.

Have European emissions gone down since 1990? Wara says No. Do you say corporations would find a way (through strategically placed loopholes) to game the system if a Cap & Trade program were implemented in the United States? No way! Surely you jest! I’ll move on to more serious matters now.

350 Or Bust?

Prominent climate scientist James Hansen recently compared the Cap & Trade proposal to the made famous by Steven Spielberg’s . His open letter spells out why he feels this way—

My frustration arises from the huge gap between words of governments, worldwide, and their actions or planned actions. It is easy to speak of a planet in peril. It is quite another to level with the public about what is needed, even if the actions are in everybody’s long-term interest.

Instead governments are retreating to feckless “cap-and-trade”, a minor tweak to business-as-usual…

Cap-and-trade is the temple of doom. It would lock in disasters for our children and grandchildren. Why do people continue to worship a disastrous approach? Its fecklessness was proven by the Kyoto Protocol. It took a decade to implement the treaty, as countries extracted concessions that weakened even mild goals. Most countries that claim to have met their obligations actually increased their emissions. Others found that even modest reductions of emissions were inconvenient, and thus they simply ignored their goals.

There is little doubt that a Cap & Trade program would be feckless, as Michael Wara has demonstrated. The whole point of Cap & Trade is to create the appearance of acting responsibly while actually doing next to nothing. In this sense, and only in this sense, Hansen, who supports a stringent carbon tax, has no illusions about what is going on. Hansen’s objection, however, is based on his view that avoiding dangerous interference with the climate requires a target CO₂ level in the atmosphere of 350 ppm (parts-per-million). Unfortunately, that level is now 386 ppm and

Hansen’s reading of the paleoclimate record in indicates to him and his colleagues that 350 ppm, not the consensus target of 450 ppm, is required to avoid losing the big ice sheets.

Humanity today, collectively, must face the uncomfortable fact that industrial civilization itself has become the principal driver of global climate. If we stay our present course, using fossil fuels to feed a growing appetite for energy-intensive life styles, we will soon leave the climate of the Holocene, the world of prior human history. The eventual response to doubling pre-industrial atmospheric CO2 likely would be a nearly ice-free planet.

[My note: For anatomically modern humans, history began about during the Pleistocene, not in the last 10,000 years during the Holocene. Behaviorally modern humans show up about 50,000 years ago in Africa.]

Paleoclimate evidence and ongoing global changes imply that today’s CO2, about 385 ppm, is already too high to maintain the climate to which humanity, wildlife, and the rest of the biosphere are adapted. Realization that we must reduce the current CO2 amount has a bright side: effects that had begun to seem inevitable, including impacts of ocean acidification, loss of fresh water supplies, and shifting of climatic zones, may be averted by the necessity of finding an energy course beyond fossil fuels sooner than would otherwise have occurred.

We suggest an initial objective of reducing atmospheric CO2 to 350 ppm, with the target to be adjusted as scientific understanding and empirical evidence of climate effects accumulate. Limited opportunities for reduction of non-CO2 human-caused forcings are important to pursue but do not alter the initial 350 ppm CO2 target. This target must be pursued on a timescale of decades, as paleoclimate and ongoing changes, and the ocean response time, suggest that it would be foolhardy to allow CO2 to stay in the dangerous zone for centuries.

The Where Should Humanity Aim result is not universally accepted among working climate scientists—this is putting it mildly. Nevertheless, climate “progressives” like (350.org) have unquestioningly accepted it. Does the activist rule of thumb say the more doom the better?

Hansen’s argument concerns the very-long-term sensitivity of the Earth’s climate to a doubling of pre-industrial CO₂ levels (= ~550 ppm). The normal “Charney” sensitivity derived from climate models is around 3ºC. Hansen’s “Earth” sensitivity over centuries or millennia is 6ºC. The greater sensitivity implies a lower CO₂ target if we hope to preserve a glaciated Greenland and Antarctica (among other calamities). Gavin Schmidt of NASA GISS at Real Climate. I can not possibly review the main points in a short essay, so I recommend you read that discussion if you are conversant with the climate science or you’re willing to learn. Look particularly at posting #38 from Andy Revkin of the New York Times and the responses of the climate scientists—this goes to the heart of the matter.

I have the greatest respect for Hansen the scientist, but perhaps he has not thought through the full implications of what he is advocating.

Achieving the 350 ppm target in the 22nd century through very aggressive actions we will pursue on “a timescale of decades” lies entirely outside the realm of what is politically (i.e. humanly) possible as . Hansen speaks of the “bright side” of a very aggressive approach to replacing fossil fuels, but his “uncomfortable” observation that “industrial civilization itself has become the principal driver of global climate” is the main driver of his policy views. He seems to believe that very-long-term global climate stability (on human time-scales) supersedes all other considerations, including the manner in which all the people alive now will live out their remaining time on Earth.

Thus Hansen appears to be saying that we must voluntarily dismantle our Industrial Civilization in order to save it. I can assure you that humankind will not willingly go down that road. He recently to phase out coal, plant more trees, and burn wood instead. amounted to 121 quadrillion (1.21 x 10¹⁷) British Thermal Units (BTU) in 2005. Measured in , that’s.

It is telling that Joe Romm, unknowingly calls into question whether the standard technological or policy solutions to achieving the consensus 450 ppm target will ever actually work. He is hoisted by his own petard! These solutions are called “wedges” and I’ve included a few of the ones Romm lists.

Wedges are strategies that reduce emissions steadily until they achieve a 1 GtC/year saving — in 50 years in but for those in a hurry like all of us now are, it must be less.

The bad news about 350 ppm is that you need some 18 standard (50-year) wedges from 2010 to 2060, if I’m reading your paper right — plus a whole lot more after that — just to be on a path to get back to 350 ppm in 2150. The really bad news is that, to achieve your front-loaded reductions from shutting down all traditional coal plants in the next two decades, you need eight of those wedges by 2030.

1.5 wedges of concentrated solar thermal — ~2500 gigawatts (GW) peak. (1 wedge = 1667 GW.)
1 wedge of vehicle efficiency — all cars 60 mpg, with no increase in miles traveled per vehicle.
1 of forestry — End all tropical deforestation.

Here are the impediments Romm lists for achieving eight wedges by 2030.

An individual wedge is a staggering amount of carbon-free energy
There isn’t political support to do even a single 20-year wedge today.
Doing eight such accelerated wedges simultaneously is far beyond the capability of the market on its own no matter how high a carbon tax you impose.

Apparently it has not occurred to Dr. Romm that these steep obstacles to climate progress will exist in 2030 just as they do now in 2009. Are we supposed to believe that what is politically impossible or technologically iffy now will become achievable as time goes on? Why is a 50-year window for ending tropical deforestation more realistic than a 20-year window? If we acknowledge that 20 years is not nearly enough time to get the required concentrated solar thermal, how can we be sure that we will achieve 1667 gigawatts in 50 years, the equivalent of 1667 1 GW coal-fired power plants? We would need to build a 1 GW solar thermal plant each week for the next 32 years.

Romm’s view requires a big leap of faith. Read the Kenneth Boulding quote in my essay. Here is part of it, and remember that Boulding said this in 1982.

There is an underlying assumption throughout … that we will solve the problem of the development of large quantities of usable energy from constantly renewable sources, say, by 2010. Suppose, however, that in the next 50, 100, or 200 years we do not solve this problem; what then? It can hardly be doubted that there will be a deeply traumatic experience for the human race, which could well result in a catastrophe for which there is no historical parallel.

If you substitute 2060 or some other far-flung date for Boulding’s 2010, you get Romm’s working assumption. It is now 2009 and we’ve made very little progress in getting those large quantities of renewable energy Boulding spoke of nearly 3 decades ago. What renewable energy we have gotten pales in comparison with the increase in fossil fuels we have burnt since 1982 and continue to burn everyday.

Politics always preserves the status quo as we see with Cap & Trade. We also consistently overrate our technological prowess. We’ve made excellent progress in nifty cell phones, but in energy we’re banging up against the laws of physics and biology, natural resource and mathematical chaos (clouds & wind). Those are the scientific and political realities, and such realities do not change over time. I believe we will continue do what works until we can’t do it anymore.

The Fossil Fuels Depletion View

Some of us think humankind will be running low on exploitable fossil fuels in the first half of the 21st century. Resource depletion can change climate change scenarios significantly. I’ll briefly present my version of that story here, my confidence buoyed by the knowledge that such a narrative can not possibly be less reasonable than positions staked out in the global warming debate. Figure 2 and Figure 3 hint at what I’m talking about.

Figure 2 — Taken from by David Archer and Victor Brovkin. Response of the CLIMBER-2 model to Moderate (1,000 Gton C) and Large (5,000 Gton C) fossil fuel inputs (called slugs). The equilibrium climate sensitivity of the model is 2.6°C. Panel a is Emissions scenarios and reference IPCC SRES scenarios (B1 and A2). Panel b is simulated atmospheric CO₂ (ppmv). Panel c is simulated changes in global annual mean air surface temperature (°C).

Figure 3 — Oil production in the B1 Image and A2 ASF. The black/gray line is a plausible oil production scenario for the period 2009-2050. If you don’t believe that oil production might follow this path, read my for an explanation of why non-OPEC oil has almost certainly peaked. Also bear in mind that OPEC (Persian Gulf) oil reserves never go down, i.e. produced oil and reserves growth magically coincide every year. Of course the accounting is rigged.

Taking the two graphs together, notice that 1) our excursion above 425 ppm is relatively short-lived in the B1 scenario as shown in Figure 2, panel b; and 2) the B1 Image scenario probably overestimates (by a wide margin) how much oil the world will produce between now and 2050. I’m not claiming this is the whole story, but if the Figure 3 scenario (gray line) is in the ballpark, some B1 pathway (as opposed to A2) looks plausible even if there is more recoverable natural gas & coal than a few pessimists believe. Coal energy peaks in 2040 in the B1 Image scenario, and energy from natural gas peaks in 2050.

Let’s look at a bigger picture. Here are the reasons why I think 450 ppm is a plausible upper bound on how much CO₂ will end up in the atmosphere.

A slowdown in the global economy will reduce emissions in the medium term (2008-2013)
The world’s oil supply will be flat or declining by 2013-2015, which will further impede economic growth thereafter—this is the “peak oil” constraint. (Figure 3 includes tar sands and extra-heavy Orinoco oil.)
Fuel switching (e.g. from coal to natural gas or renewables) will be ongoing but will not follow an exponential growth curve as it has done in its very early stages (e.g. for wind).
If Cal Tech professo, recoverable coal reserves are far lower than the optimistic B1 Image scenario suggests. Rutledge’s analysis is bolstered by 2 data points: 1) coal production on a country-by-country basis (e.g. the UK) has followed a Gaussian distribution; and 2) world coal reserves are actually falling in recent evaluations. Also, the Chinese coal reserves accounting follows OPEC practices for oil (see the note in Figure 3).
Various constraints (environmental, fresh water access, net energy returns/costs, etc.) prohibit the development of most unconventional hydrocarbons (e.g. most shale gas, oil shales, methane hydrates)

Is this story complete? Certainly not, no story could be. As Yogi Berra said, it is hard to make predictions, especially about the future. But some version of this story could come true.

The Reign of Error

The problem for the depletion story is not that it’s crazy. The real problem is that taking resource limits seriously necessarily lies outside the consensus view. The depletion story is politically incorrect. It is easy to see why. Joe Romm’s consensus view promises a transition without significant disruptions. James Hansen wants us to voluntarily disrupt our lives to cut emissions. The depletion story says an involuntary disruption is coming and there’s not much we can do about it outside of adjusting to a lower-energy lifestyle. Taking depletion seriously will never be a popular stance regardless of its validity.

It is fair to say that the usual climate narrative which now holds sway with policymakers does not ever consider limits on producing hydrocarbons. This is a grievous error. The consensus never questions the views of the “authorities” on resources (the WEC, the EIA, the USGS, OPEC). Ironically, but in typical human fashion, these authorities never tire of quoting each other, so we are left with a perpetual, self-reinforcing set of erroneous assumptions that are never challenged in the climate debate. Robespierre aside, this is the real Reign of Error.

The depletion story does not make impossible demands on Human Nature—no 1677 gigawatts of concentrated solar thermal, no burning of billions of trees required. The depletion story takes a realistic view of technology—no dependence on non-existent but essential breakthroughs. The depletion story takes exponential curves seriously—no unlimited growth on a finite planet. So you’ve got to wonder sometimes: who is delusional and who is not?

I do not pretend that the consensus view will change any time soon. I expect the bizarre climate debate to continue in its present form for some time to come. When Cap & Trade is not enacted, we will hear a lot of moaning and groaning. Then it will be back to business as usual in the climate world, which like the funeral business with Baby Boomers retiring, promises to be a growth industry.

Mardi Gras Oil and Gas Transportation System, Gulf of Mexico, USA

2009-11-17T05:19:00.001-08:00

The Mardi Gras system lies in the Mississippi Canyon and Green Canyon areas of the Gulf of Mexico. In the southern Green Canyon area, pipelines are planned to transport gas and oil from the Mad Dog, Holstein and Atlantis fields while in the Mississippi Canyon area pipelines are scheduled to transport gas and oil from the Thunder Horse field.

The BP-operated Mardi Gras is planned to cover 725km (450 miles) from its total of five individual pipelines. On completion, it will be the largest capacity deepwater pipeline system ever built, with the capability of transporting over 1 million b/d and 1.5bcf/d (billion cubic feet of gas per day) from identified and future discoveries. The lines will be laid in water depths of 4,300ft to 7,200ft (1,200m to 1,950m).

LARGE SUBSEA PIPELINES

Large pipeline diameters are required to achieve the production throughput volumes. The scope of trunklines and laterals to develop these fields is complex, with pipeline diameters including 16in, 20in, 24in and 28in. However, the pipelines are designed with constant outside diameters - except for the jumpers and wye-sleds - in order to reduce the cost of pipe manufacture, for ease of installation and to standardise subsea repair equipment.

For the large subsea pipelines, some 120,000t of steel are planned for the southern Green Canyon Area while another 70,000t of steel are planned for the Mississippi Canyon Area.

The pipeline systems consist of:

CAESAR OIL PIPELINE SYSTEM

The Caesar Oil Pipeline System in the southern Green Canyon Area includes a trunkline from the Holstein spar to a shallow-water platform at Ship Shoal Block 332 in 430ft of water. A lateral pipeline from the Mad Dog spar ties into the Caesar pipeline and another lateral pipeline from the Atlantis semi-submersible facility ties into the Mad Dog lateral.

CLEOPATRA GAS GATHERING SYSTEM

The Cleopatra Gas Gathering System, also in the southern Green Canyon Area, is similar in configuration to the Caesar Oil line, consisting of a trunkline from the Holstein spar to the Ship Shoal facility, with laterals from Mad Dog and Atlantis tying in.

PROTEUS OIL PIPELINE SYSTEM

In the Mississippi Canyon Area, the Proteus Oil Pipeline System begins with a catenary riser at Thunder Horse and transitions to a larger diameter trunkline to a new-build shallow-water platform at South Pass Block 89E in 400ft of water.

OKEANOS GAS GATHERING SYSTEM

Also in Mississippi Canyon, the Okeanos Gas Gathering System consists of a lateral from Thunder Horse plus the main trunkline, which starts at NaKika and terminates at the Destin shallow-water platform on Main Pass Block 260.

PIPELINE ENGINEERING AND INSTALLATION

BP awarded a contract to Intec Engineering to perform the preliminary engineering services and detailed design. The scope of work included the design of the associated subsea equipment deepwater pipelines and steel catenary risers (SCRs) - two for each of the four deepwater floating host platforms for a total of eight gas and oil units.

Risers measuring 16in to 24in in diameter will be suspended from the platforms using flex joints. Strakes, spiralling down each riser, are then planned to substantially reduce the SCR vibration to manage fatigue.

Bredero in Alabama was responsible for fusion-bonded epoxy (FBE) coating the line pipe for corrosion prevention.

Heerema will use the Balder for installing the pipe using standard 40ft joints that are welded into hex-joints for J-lay. In 2004, Heerema will begin installation of the SCRs, following installation of the first hulls.

Allseas' pipelay vessel Solitaire began pipelay in intermediate water depths in November 2002 using the S-lay method. This work terminates at each of the shallow-water fixed platforms.

The sleds and pipeline end terminals (PLETs) were carried out by Omega in Louisiana. Equipment on the sleds, including line pipe, valves, collet connectors and piggable wyes, were delivered in 2002 and early 2003. Twenty sleds, some weighing as much as 110t and measuring approximately 60ft by 20ft, are planned, with asymmetrical vertical wyes selected for the subsea tie-ins to allow bi-directional pigging of the main pipeline during commissioning. Multi-diameter wyes planned for the tie-ins also will accommodate the varying sizes of the pipelines.

TRADINGS COMPANIES IN USA

2009-11-17T05:16:00.000-08:00

	PRODUCT DESCRIPTION	MANUFACTURING COMPANY
	ACTUATORS & PARTS	ETTIS CORPORATION - USA
	ACTUATORS & PARTS	AUMA -USA
	AIR COMPRESSORS	ABAC - ITALY
	AMPLIFIER	ELECTRONIC CORPORATION - USA
	AMPLIFIER-TRIP	DIGITABLE - GERMANY
	ANALOG CARD-PARTS FOR ANTI SURGE CONTROLLER	PETROTECH - USA
	AUTOMATION SYSTEMS	INVENSYS FOXBORO - USA
	BATTERY	YUASA - JAPAN & USA
	BATTERY-CONCORDE PVX-12255	CONCORDE - USA
	BEARINGS-NDE BEARING	LAURENCE,SCOTT & ELECTROMOTORS - UK
	BELTS-TRANSMISSION	OPTIBELT - USA
	BURNERS & FLARES	JOHN ZINC - HOLLAND
	CABLE GLANDS	FEAM - USA
	CABLES	LANCEIR CABLES - GERMANY
	CABLES	NEXANS - FRANCE & TURKEY
	CALIBRATORS-DRY BLOCK	ISOTECH - ENGLAND
	CARPENTRY EQUIPMENT & TOOLS-BANDSAWS	AGAZZANI - ITALY
	CARPENTRY EQUIPMENT & TOOLS-BENCH SAWS	AGAZZANI - ITALY
	CARPENTRY EQUIPMENT & TOOLS-MACHINES	MINIMAX - USA
	CIRCUIT BREAKERS	ALSTOM - USA
	COMMS CO-PROCESSORS	SIEMENS EQUIPMENT - GERMANY
	COMPRESSORS-INSTRUMENT AIR COMPRESSOR	DAVID BROWN UNION PUMP CO - USA
	GENERAL FITTINGS	SWAGELOK - USA
	COMPRESSORS-HIGH PRESSURE	INGERSOLL RAND AIR SOLUTIONS-USA
	COMPRESSORS-OIL LESS	INGERSOLL RAND AIR SOLUTIONS-USA
	COMPRESSORS-ROTARY SCREW	INGERSOLL RAND AIR SOLUTIONS-USA
	COMPRESSORS-SEALS	JOHN CRANE - USA
	COMPRESSORS-VACCUM	INGERSOLL RAND AIR SOLUTIONS-USA
	CONTACTORS	AEG - GERMANY
	CONTACTORS-AUXILLIARY	AEG - GERMANY
	CRIMPING TOOL-HYDRAULIC WITH FOOT PUMP	HI FORCE HYDRAULIC LTD - UK
	CYLINDERS-METHANE	GASTECH - USA
	CYLINDERS-CO2	KIDDIE FIRE PRODUCT LTD - UK
	CYLINDERS-HYDRAULIC	ENERPAC - USA
	CYLINDERS-PILOT GAS FOR FIRES	WALTER KIDDE PREUSSAG LTD - UK
	DEFLECTORS	FLENDER GRAFFENSTRADEN - GERMANY
	ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS	CROMPTON INTRUMENTS - USA
	EXPANSION JOINTS	US BELLOWS - USA
	EXPANSION JOINTS - THERMAL & FABRIC	SEIRIS SA - FRANCE
	FIELDBUS MDL-PARTS FOR DCS SYSTEM	FOXBORO - USA
	FILTERATION & SEPARATORS-GAS & LIQUID	CLARK RELIANCE - USA
	FILTERS	ULTRA FILTERS - GMBH - GERMANY
	FILTERS-INDUSTRIAL	INDUFIL - THE NETHERLANDS
	FIRE DETECTORS	DRAEGER - GERMANY
	FLAME DETECTORS	DRAEGER - GERMANY
	FLAME SCANNER	FIREYE INC - USA
	FLARES & IGNITORS	ZEECO - USA
	FLAT BED RECORDERS	KIPP & ZONEN BV - THE NETHERLANDS
	FLOW METERS & SPARES	INVENSYS FOXBORO - USA
	FLOW METERS & SPARES	POWER PLUS -USA
	FLOW METERS & SPARES	MAGNETROL - USA
	FREQUENCY CONVERTER	ASEA LIMITED - SWITZERLAND
	FREQUENCY CONVERTER	MEASUREMENT & TECHNOLOGY LTD - UK
	GAS DETECTORS	DRAEGER - GERMANY
	GAS DETECTORS-H2S	ZELLWEGER ANALYTICS LIMITED - UK
	GASKETS	GRAHAM HART PROCESS TECH - UK
	GAUGES-DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE	MIDWEST INSTRUMENTS -USA
	GAUGES-DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE	OBSERVATOR - THE NETHERLANDS
	GAUGES-PRESSURE	MCDANIEL CONTROLS - USA
	GAUGES-PRESSURE	NOUVA FIMA-ITALY
	GAUGES-PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE	ASHCROFT INC - USA
	HEAT DETECTORS	FENWAL INC - USA
	HEAT DETECTORS	VIKING CORPORATION - USA
	HEAT EXCHANGER SPARE PARTS	ALFA LAVAL - SWEDEN
	HEAT EXCHANGERS	ALFA LAVAL - SWEDEN
	HEATERS FOR BOWSER UNITS	A.K WAUGH LTD - UK
	HOSE BELT & RUBBER PRODUCTS	GOODALL RUBBER CO - USA
	INDUSTRIAL LIGHTING PRODUCTS	HUBBEL LIGHTING INC - USA
	INSTRUMENT CONTROL COMPONENTS	ERICHSEN/GH-BETTIS CO - CANADA
	INSTRUMENTATION PRODUCTS	THERMO ELECTRIC BV - THE NETHERLANDS
	INSTRUMENT INSTALLATION MATERIALS	KENMAC CONTROLS LTD - UK
	LEVEL GAUGES	JERGUSON - USA
	LEVEL INDICATORS -TOP MOUNTED	NOVA SEIDEN - JAPAN
	LEVEL TRANSMITTERS	JERGUSON - USA
	LIQUID LEVEL GAUGES	SIMCO ENGINEERS LIMITED - UK
	LUBRICATION EQUIPMENT	FAICOM - ITALY
	LUBRICATION EQUIPMENT-GREASE GUNS & PARTS	UMETA OF AMERICA INC - USA
	MODULE-POWER-PARTS FOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM	TRICONEX - USA
	MONITORS-PARTS FOR GAS TURBINE	RUSTRONICS - USA
	MOTORS-ELECTRICAL	HELMKE - FRANCE
	MOTORS-ELECTRICAL	BROOK CROMPTON - USA
	MOTORS-ELECTRICAL	SIEMENS - GERMANY
	MOTORS-ELECTRICAL	ENERGY MOTORS - USA
	MOTORS-ELECTRICAL	ERCOLE MARELLI - ITALY
	MOTORS-ELECTRICAL & SPARES	INGERSOLL RAND - USA
	MOTORS-MULTI VANE & SPARES	INGERSOLL RAND - USA
	NDT INSTUMENTS	GE PAMAMETRICS - USA
	NEOGEL LUBRICANT	NYE LUBRICANTS - USA
	OIL & GAS EQUIPMENTS & PRODUCTS	KITZ - JAPAN
	OIL FILTERS & SPARE PARTS	VOKES LTD - UK
	OIL METERS	BADGER METER INC - USA
	OIL PURIFICATION SYSTEMS	ENERVAC - USA
	OIL WELL EQUIPMENTS	J.P.RATIGAN - USA
	OPTICAL SMOKE DETECTORS	APOLLO MANUFACTURING CO - UK
	ORIFICE PLATES	DEN HOLDER - NORWAY
	PACKING-MECHNICAL	JOHN CRANE - USA
	PIPE FITTINGS	MULLER FLOW CONTROL - USA
	PIPES & FITTINGS-GRE & GRP	CONLEY KINECO PIPE SYSTEMS - INDIA & USA
	PLUNGER-HIGH PRESSURE	CAT PUMPS - USA
	PLUNGER-RECIPROCATING	CAT PUMPS - USA
	PLUNGER-TRIPLEX	CAT PUMPS - USA
	PNEUMATIC POWER TOOLS	RODCRAFT PNEUMATICS TOOLS - GERMANY
	POSITIONER-PMV	BATLEY VALVE CO LTD - USA
	PROCESSOR CARD FOR ELECTRICAL ACTUATOR	BIFFI ITALIA SRL - ITALY
	PULLEY-GROOVE SHEAVE	MARYLAND METRICS- USA
	PUMPS	LAWRENCE PUMPS INC- USA
	PUMPS & SPARES	GRUNDFOS - DENMARK
	PUMPS-CENTRIFUGAL PUMP & SPARE PARTS	KSB - PUMPS - GERMANY
	PUMPS-CHEMICAL INJECTION PUMPS	BRAN & LUEBBE - USA
	PUMPS-SEALANT INJECTION	SEALWELD -PUMPS - USA
	PUMPS-TRANSFER & SPARES	LINCOLIN MC NAIL CORPORATION - USA
	PUMPS-VACCUM	FINDER POMPE - FRANCE
	PUNK STICS	HAKUTO INTERNATIONAL - UK
	RELAY CARDS-AUXILLIARY PARTS	TAMCO - MALAYSIA
	RELAY TESTING KIT	OMICRON - AUSTRIA
	RELAYS	SELECTRON INC - USA
	RELAYS-IONIZATION	JOHN ZINC - HOLLAND
	RELAYS-MULTIFUNCTION	SIEMENS - GERMANY
	RELAYS-THERMAL	ASEA BROWN BOVERI LTD - SWITZERLAND
	REPAIR KITS-PISTON OPERATED VALVES	BURKERT - THE NETHERLANDS
	REPAIR KITS-SOLENOID VALVES	BURKERT - THE NETHERLANDS
	REPAIR KITS-VALVE	WORCHESTER CONTROLS -UK
	RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS-RTDS	ABB AUTOMATION - GERMANY
	SAFETY FOOTWEAR	SAUDI SHOE CO LTD - SAUDI ARABIA
	SERVICE KITS	GE OSMONICS INC - USA
	SIGNAL CONVERTOR	MOORE INDUSTRES - USA
	SIGNAL ISOLATOR	MOORE INDUSTRES- USA
	SPARE PARTS-BEAM PUMP CONTROL PANEL	VONK BV COEVORDEN- HOLLAND
	SPARE PARTS-BRAN & LUEBBE PUMPS	BRAN & LUEBBE - USA
	SPARE PARTS-CASE PUMP	ROLLS ROYCE POWER ENGINEERING - UK
	SPARE PARTS FOR COMPRESSORS	DAVID BROWN UNION PUMP CO. - USA
	SPARE PARTS-CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS	INGERSOLL RAND - GERMANY
	SPARE PARTS-CONTROL VALVES.	NELES- JAMESBURY - USA
	SPARE PARTS-DISTRIBUTOR CONTROL SYSTEM	TRICONEX - USA
	SPARE PARTS-FILTER REGULATORS/LUBRICATORS	SCHRADER BELLOWS LTD - UK
	SPARE PARTS-FIRE & GAS DETECTION	SALEN DITECH LTD - UK
	SPARE PARTS-GAS COMPRESSORS	YORK PROCESS SYSTEMS - USA
	SPARE PARTS-GAS TURBINES	BELL & HOWELL EQUIPMENT - USA
	SPARE PARTS-GEAR BOXES	MAAG GEAR WHEEL CO SWITZERLAND
	SPARE PARTS-HYDRAULIC SAFEGAURDING SYSTEMS	VERSA PRODUCTS CO - USA
	SPARE PARTS-INSTRUMENT AIR COMPRESSORS	DAVID BROWN UNION PUMP CO - USA
	SPARE PARTS-ISOLATING VENT MANIFOLDS	KENMAC CONTROLS LTD - UK
	SPARE PARTS-LOGIC PANEL	PEPPERL & FUCHS - USA
	SPARE PARTS-LUBE OIL COOLER	BRONSWERK HEAT TRANSFER - UK
	SPARE PARTS-LUBE OIL SYSTEM	IKL ANLGENTECHNIK - GERMANY
	SPARE PARTS-PILOT IGNITORS	AIR OIL FLARE GAS LTD - INDIA
	SPARE PARTS-REDUCTION GEAR BOXES	G. ELI REDUTOR - ITALY
	SPARE PARTS-ROBOTARM ACTUATORS	BETTIS CORPORATION - USA
	SPARE PARTS-ROBOTARM ACTUATORS	BETTIS CORPORATION - USA
	SPARE PARTS-SAFEGUARDING SYSTEMS	HONEYWELL - USA
	SPARE PARTS-SEAL OIL RECLAMATION UNIT	BOWSER FILTERATION LTD - UK
	SPARE PARTS-SEPERATORS & SCRUBBERS	G D ENGINEERING CO LTD - UK
	SPARE PARTS-SWITCHGEAR	L ELETRICITE IND BELGE - SOUTH AFRICA
	SWITCHES & MECHANISMS	MAGNETROL - USA
	SWITCHES-FLOW	MALEMA ENGINERING CORP - UK
	SWITCHES-MICRO / LEVEL	MAGNETROL - USA
	SWITCHES-VIBRATION	ROBERTSHAW CONTROLS CO - USA
	SWITCHGEARS	SWITCHGEARS & INSTRUMENTATION LTD - UK
	SWITCHGEARS	ALSTOM - USA
	SWITCHGEARS	SCHNEIDER ELECTRICS - GERMANY
	THERMOCOUPLES	MINCO CORPORATION - USA
	THERMOMETERS-REMOTE MOUNTED	ASHCROFT INC - USA
	THREADLOCK COMPOUND	BAKER - USA
	THYRISTOR & SPARE PARTS	ASEA LIMITED - SWITZERLAND
	TOOLS	SNAP ON - USA
	TOOLS	STANLEY WORKS INC - USA
	TOOLS	STANLEY PROTO INDUSTRIAL TOOLS - USA
	TOOLS-CARBIDES TOOLS & INSERTS	SANDVIK - SWEDEN
	TOOLS-ELECTRICAL POWER TOOLS	ATLAS COPCO - GERMANY
	TRANDUCER-SPEED	ZEPPELIN - METALLWERKE - GERMANY
	TRANSFORMER-AUTO	HONEYWELL - USA
	TRANSFORMERS	ALSTOM - USA
	TRANSMITTERS-GAUGE PRESSURE	DELTA CONTROLS - UK
	TRANSMITTERS-LEVEL DENSITY DISPLACER	ENRAF - USA
	TUBES - SEAMLESS	TPS TECHNITUBE - GERMANY
	TURBO EXPANDERS	GE ROTOFLOW - USA
	TURBO EXPANDERS	GE ROTOFLOW - USA
	ULTRASONIC INSTRUMENTS	VEGA CONTROLS - UK
	URETHANE CUPS & ACCESSORIES	TD WILLIAMSON (UK) LTD - USA
	VACCUM CLEANERS	JALAHEMA - EGYPT
	VALVES-AND SPARES	OIL STATE INDUSTRIES - USA
	VALVES-BLOCK	ANDERSON GREENWOOD - USA
	VALVES-BLOCK & BLEED	ALCO VALVES LIMITED - UK
	VALVES-CHECK	ALCO VALVES LIMITED - UK
	VALVES-CONTROL AND SPARES	GROTH - USA
	VALVES-CONTROL AND SPARES	ROBERTSHAW INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS - USA
	VALVES-FITTINGS AND CONTROL SYSTEM	FUJIKIN - USA
	VALVES-FLOW CONTROL	DETROL INC - USA
	VALVES-GATE-GLOBE- CHECK-BALL	VALTEK FLOWSERVE - USA
	VALVES-GATE-GLOBE- CHECK-BALL	KUNKLE VALVES INC - USA
	VALVES-GATE-GLOBE- CHECK-BALL	BATLEY VALVE CO LTD -UK
	VALVES-GATE-GLOBE- CHECK-BALL	REYCO SAFETY INC - USA
	VALVES-GATE-GLOBE- CHECK-BALL	VELAN VALVE CORPORATION - USA
	VALVES-GATE-GLOBE- CHECK-BALL	XOMOX - CORPORATION - USA
	VALVES-GATE-GLOBE- CHECK-BALL	ZYTECH GLOBAL INDUSTRIES INC - USA
	VALVES-GATE-GLOBE- CHECK-BALL	TRANSMARK HEATON VALVES LTD - UK
	VALVES-GATE-GLOBE- CHECK-BALL	PRO- TECH VALVES - CANADA
	VALVES-GATE-GLOBE- CHECK-BALL	BONNEY FORGE - USA
	VALVES-GATE-GLOBE- CHECK-BALL	WALWORTH VALVES - USA
	VALVES-GATE-GLOBE- CHECK-BALL	POWELL VALVES - USA
	VALVES-GATE-GLOBE- CHECK-BALL	COOPER TEXTEAM INC - USA
	VALVES-GATE-GLOBE- CHECK-BALL	FLOWSEAL VALVES - USA
	VALVES-GATE-GLOBE- CHECK-BALL	TBV VALVES - USA
	VALVES-GATE-GLOBE- CHECK-BALL	KF VALVES - USA
	VALVES-INDUSTRIAL	INDUFIL - THE NETHERLANDS
	VALVES-INTERFACE	BIFOLD FLUID POWER LIMITED - UK
	VALVES-KIT OF SPARES	ASCO VALVES - USA
	VALVES-NEEDLE	PARKER HANNIFIN - UK
	VALVES-QUICK EXHAUST	DETROL - USA
	VALVES-RELIEF	HAMLET - USA
	VALVES-REPAIR KITS FOR VALVES	SCHRADER BELLOWS LTD - UK
	VALVES-SERVO	MOOG INTERNATIONAL - USA
	VALVES-SOLENOID	AVCON CONTROLS - INDIA
	VALVES-SOLENOID	ASCO VALVES - USA
	VALVES-SOLENOID	OTIS ENGINEERING - THE NETHERLANDS
	VALVES-SOLENOID	MAXSEAL LTD - UK
	VALVES-SOLENOID	BIFOLD FLUID POWER LIMITED - UK
	VALVES-SOLENOID SPARES PARTS	MAXSEAL LTD - UK
	VALVES-SOLENOID & SPARES	ASCO VALVES - USA
	WATER MONITORING SYSTEMS	HACH WATER MONITORING SYSTEMS - USA
	WELL HEAD-CONTROL PANEL PARTS	OTIS ENGINEERING B.V - THE NETHERLANDS
	WELL HEAD-SPARE FOR WILLMAX HYDRAULIC PANEL	HAMLET - USA
	WIPER SHROUD	OIL STATE INDUSTRIES - USA
	WORKSHOP EQUIPMENT & TOOLS-BENCH GRINDERS	NEBES - ITALY
	WORKSHOP EQUIPMENT & TOOLS-CUT OFF MACHINES	REXON - TAIWAN
	WORKSHOP EQUIPMENT & TOOLS-DRILL MACHINES	HELLA - ITALY
	WORKSHOP EQUIPMENT & TOOLS-PLASMA CUTTING M/C	HELVI - ITALY
	WORKSHOP EQUIPMENT & TOOLS-TOOL BOXES	WESMA - HOLLAND
	WORKSHOP EQUIPMENT & TOOLS-WELDING MACHINES	HELVI - ITALY
	WORKSHOP MACHINERY-DESCALING MACHINES

USA: Corporate Giants Begin Greenhouse Gas Trading Program

2009-11-17T05:15:00.001-08:00

WASHINGTON -- Seven corporations, including several of the world's largest multinational companies, have joined with an environmental group in seeking ways to trade emission permits to reduce their production of heat-trapping greenhouse gas emissions. But critics say the partnership is just more of the same hot air from the world's fossil fuel industry.

Corporate giants including British Petroleum (BP)-Amoco, Shell International, and the chemical company DuPont, say they have teamed with Washington-based Environmental Defense in setting firm targets for reducing their own emissions, blamed for global warming.

Some of the companies involved, including DuPont and BP have already pledged in years past to reduce their emissions by a certain amount. At a press conference here in Washington on Tuesday the companies reiterated their targets and said their combined commitments will result in an annual reduction of at l east 80 million metric tons of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, by the year 2010.

''The goal is to share learning and highlight the value of solid, market-oriented rules, which will encourage even more companies to step forward and reduce pollution,'' said Fred Krupp, executive director of Environmental Defense, one of the nation's largest environmental organisations.

Each company agreed that it will measure and publicly report its emissions. The other corporations involved are Suncor Energy Inc., and Ontario Power Generation and also includes the Alcan of Canada and France's Pechiney, the world's second and third largest aluminum companies.

Together, the annual 1990 emissions of the partnership members are 360 million metric tons, placing them among the top 15 industrialised countries in terms of emissions.

Most scientists believe that these gases -- caused by the burning of fossil fuels, like oil, gas and coal -- will bring about global warming.

Already these gases have been blamed for heating the deep oceans, fracturing Antarctic ice shelves and fuelling more intense El Ninos. To deal wit h these threats industrialised nations hammered out an international agreement, known as the Kyoto Protocol, in which they pledged to reduce their emissions by five to seven percent below 1990 levels by 2008 - 2012.

Part of the Protocol, named after the Japanese city where it was drawn up in 1997, includes the concept of international emissions trading.

Supporters of these so-called market mechanisms - including the US government, industry and even some environmental groups, like Environmental Defense - argue that similar trading plans have worked well in the United States to reduce pollution at the lowest cost.

But the detailed rules of how an international trading scheme would work have yet to be decided. Next month more than 100 nations are heading to The Hague for an international conference hoping to hammer out some of these details.

In the meantime, companies including Shell and BP -- with the help of Environmental Defense in this new partnership -- have already started their own internal trading programmes to meet their own targets.

In order to meet its target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 10 percent from 1990 levels by 2010, BP launched a global emissions trading system in January. The system involves trading carbon dioxide and methane emiss ions in the form of permits across the company's entire operations.

According to Jeff Morgheim, climate change director at BP, more than 150 business units of the company in 100 countries participate.

''To date, more than 1 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent permits have been traded in 350 trades,'' he said.

Shell International said it set up an emissions trading system in January covering more than 30 percent of the company's total emissions. Its target is to reduce emissions from its operations by 10 percent from 1990 levels by 2002.

''Market-based solutions are the most effective way of addressing environmental challenges, including bringing down the cost of reducing greenhouse gas emissions,'' said Aidan Murphy, vice-president of Shell International's climate change programme.

While the companies involved in the partnership with Environmental Defense have not devised a formal set of rules for trading between companies, they said they are sharing information on what they have learned so far. Such a set of rules could develop in the future, said Krupp with Environmental Defense.

The companies said that when, and if, rules for a global emissions trading scheme are worked out by the world's governments, their trading programmes would simply merge with the new system.

Most environmental groups have been highly critical of only using emission trading to reduce global warming. Such an international trading regime would be impossible to monitor and enforce, they argue.

Further complicating the matter is that if permits were given using a 1990 baseline, Russia and Eastern Europe would have permits to trade based on reductions that were made since then, not in an effort to curb global warming, but because of economic collapse.

Therefore, international environmental groups like Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth, argue, the trading would not amount to real reductions.

Groups opposed to trading are calling on countries to instead reduce government subsidies to oil, gas and coal companies.

Joshua Karliner, executive director of the Transnational Resource and Action Center, a San-Francisco-based corporate watchdog, said Tuesday's announcement amounted to little more than a public relations exercise in terms of real reductions of greenhouse gases.

Even if BP and Shell reduce the emissions caused by their own operations, he said these companies are still producing the fuel that causes the bulk of greenhouse gas emissions.

''These companies come off as good corporate 'citizens', when they are really at the core of the problem because they produce the fuel that is burned worldwide and ends up heating the climate,'' he said.

According to Karliner, it is going to take intervention on behalf of the United Nations, governments and communities to move the world away from oil and gas and toward non-polluting forms of energy, like solar and wind power.

''Market based solutions will not cause a fundamental shift away from fossil fuels and toward renewable energy,'' he said.

All About Auto Forex System Trading by Alan Lim

2009-11-17T05:03:00.000-08:00

If you wish to make most of the forex trading opportunities, then auto forex system trading is something which could really assist you in this concern. Just select the best trading system and earn lots of money.
When it comes to earn lots of money with forex trading in an easiest manner, it is highly recommended to go for auto forex system trading. Now, you must be wondering why it is so. Well, before taking into the account of these systems, it is essential for you to consider their worth first. Basically, forex trade market works for twenty four hours a day. It means that opportunities of earning money can come at anytime. But, is it possible for you to monitor all these trade activities for the whole day? Well, the answer will definitely be no! Now, here comes the requirement of these auto forex system trading.
Such systems can assist you as a professional broker and that too without charging any monthly wages. Now, let us consider the functioning of these trading systems. Basically, these systems work upon the specific software which acts according to the growth or fall of the currency. It means that the decisions taken by auto trading system are the assurance of earning a lot of money.
In addition, these systems do not require you to sit in front of them to monitor their activities. They work for you throughout the whole day and as soon as any earning opportunity arrives, you are sure to grab that instantly. Although these systems are quite trendiest these days, but it doesn't mean that you should trust them blindly. As forex trading is a risky game and even a single mistake of yours could put you into halt. That's why it would be a prudent decision to go for a demo session of these systems.
In addition, make sure the system that you are going to deal with is tested under the practical conditions of forex market. You can also search over the Internet to find out the most appropriate auto forex system trading software for you. It doesn't matter which software you are using in the forex trading, the only thing which matters is your strategy to make the most out of it. Therefore, select the software that works according to your strategies.

Forex Strategy Outlook: US Dollar Range Likely to Hold on Low Volatility

2009-11-02T04:32:00.002-08:00

Forex market volatility expectations remain nearly unchanged on the week, leaving little scope for sustained volatility out of the US Dollar and key counterparts. In past weeks we’ve argued that limited forex option market implied volatility levels suggested that the US Dollar would in fact hold its lows. Despite sharp intraday moves, the Greenback has in fact held its 2009 troughs against the Euro and other key counterparts. Given relatively muted short-term vols, we suspect that the USD will continue to hold major support. Of course, that does not preclude any short-term declines.

The US Dollar is trading considerably lower to start the week's trade, but this has tellingly failed to boost short-term volatility expectations. Given that the Greenback now trades near the bottom of its recent trading range against key counterparts, subdued implied volatility suggests that further breakdowns are somewhat unlikely. With this in mind we've shifted our main bias towards Range-based systems, but our Breakout strategies' recent resilience suggests it may survive despite small price moves.

Forex Trading Automated Systems Outlook

Our trading strategies had a fairly mixed week of performance, with fast-shifting market trends and conditions creating difficult conditions for any one strategy to excel. If anything, the Range2 system should have done the best through choppy price action; yet extreme SSI ratios prevented the system from entering into many trading opportunities. Given low volatility expectations, it stands to reason that Range2 should be a preferred strategy on limited scope for price breakouts. Yet the strategy has traded very little as of late, and we hope that it will become more active in the week ahead.

Benefits of an Automated Forex Trading System

2009-11-02T04:32:00.001-08:00

To understand what an automated Forex trading system is, you need to understand a little bit about Forex itself.

Forex is short for Foreign Exchange Market, which is the market where one currency is converted into another currency. If you need to change American dollars into Euros for a vacation or business trip, then you're actually trading on Forex in order to do that. Many people trade for the sole reason of trying to make a profit. And many of those people do so using an automated Forex trading system.

Forex is the largest market in the world, and probably the one with the least information to help traders make good decisions. Because the value of various currencies depend on so many different factors that can't be easily predicted, if at all, inside information is almost impossible to come by in this market. That means that the Forex can't be manipulated in ways that stock trading can be manipulated.

One benefit to Forex is how easy it is to trade. You don't need much money and you don't need brokers and portfolios and information about corporations so you know which to invest in. You also don't have to have money that you can invest for a long-term strategy, while waiting on a company to progress. Forex is liquid, with money going in and out as fast as trades are made.

Another benefit Forex offers beginning traders is its lack of predictability. When trying to make predictions to know which trades to make for profit, instinct and hunches won't necessarily get a trader far. This is a drawback for people who have a certain "touch" with the stock market because they can look at trends and make fairly accurate predictions.

But for a beginning trader, it means that no one with more experience necessarily has a huge advantage. And it's great for beginners because there are no buyers, so money can be pulled out immediately rather than have to wait for a buyer. An automated Forex trading system is a system that uses mathematical calculations to make trades easily, based on facts and calculations. This ups the odds of good profitable trades. There are no emotions or hunches to factor in, just statistics and numbers.

An automated Forex system makes it easy to start trading. You don't have to be an expert of have a lot of knowledge about the foreign currency exchange market. A system will let you get started right away, which means that if you make good trades you can make a profit right away. And the chances of making good trades is so much higher, because the system trades for you based on numbers and calculations--facts and logic--instead of feelings or faulty predictions.

A prime feature of almost every automated Forex trading system is its ability to stop losses. Even if you're not profiting, the system will step in and pull out your investment to minimize losses when applicable. This makes Forex trading less risky, and good for beginners.

Amazing Forex System

2009-11-02T04:30:00.000-08:00

I will offer you on this page an amazing Forex system that hasn’t his equivalent on the net. The picture on the left isn’t only there to illustrate my words, she could be your reality very soon if you are ready to take a little risk, investing your money in this profitable Forex trading system.

~~Wondering certainly why I sell this amazing Forex system?~~Of course I could hold this excellent Forex trading system secret or I could trade this one thru a managed Forex account asking you a fortune in fees like the others do, but I decided to stand out from others.

Will you find such an offer on the net? I guess no. This is unique and could change your live for ever if you trust a little in me.

I know why you should have confidence in a guy where you don’t know anything?

Profitable trading systems are legions on the net sold by anyone that promise you mountains and marvels. Will you have the occasion to see their systems profitability in real time?

Will they given you the possibility to see in their books before you buy them their so called excellent Forex trading system or before you give them your money for be traded in a managed Forex account ? I guess you know the answer. Confidence must be build day after day

I decided to take a challenge. I will turn $500.00 bucks into $1,000,000.00 trading just before your eyes. I will show you daily account updates so that you can follow its progress until the goal ($1,000,000.00) is reached.

~~So if you decide to buy my profitable Forex system,~~ you will do it with an ‘informed consent’ because you've been able to follow daily accounts developments. How long wills it last until the $1,000,000.00 goal will be reached? According my calculation I will need circa 9 years.

In 2017 we could sand champagne !!!!!

Will you join me in my challenge? Yes you can. As I told it you before I will stand out from others therefore I decided to hand you this excellent Forex trading system for only 10% of the total of my accounts balances.

Accounts balances? Intrigued?

I will explain you a little about the strategy below. ~~Of course more you wait for buy it, more you will have to pay for get this profitable Forex system.~~

Update (31 October 2009)

Supra Forex

2009-11-02T04:17:00.000-08:00

Supra Forex is online forex trading software, which makes it very different from other forex trading systems because they are downloaded to your computer. The benefit of this, being an online software, is that you do not need to be dependent on your OWN computer to do your trading, you can trade on any computer with an internet connect. If your computer breaks, you can just use another one that has internet and still trade. The great thing about this software is that it will tell you of your entry and also exit points through signals, while also revealing where you should put your break even and stop loss points.

What is Supra Forex exactly?

· Supra Forex is an easy to use online software;
· Supra Forex isn’t a Metatrader EA;
· You only need to use Supra Forex software once per week and no more than 30 minutes;
· Supra Forex tells you exactly when you should enter and when you should exit a trade;
· It tells you where you should place your stop loss as well as when you should move it to the breakeven point;
· Get reliable and consistent Forex signals;
· It doesn’t use any complicated indicators;
· It’s suitable for beginners, intermediate and advanced traders;
· Supra Forex can be used for any currency pair;
· It can be used anywhere in the world. You just need internet connection;
· You can test Supra Forex software without risking any money;
· You don’t need any special platform to use Supra Forex. The software works with any charting package of your choice;
· Supra Forex works with any broker of your choice;
· New!!! Supra Forex now includes Spot Gold;
· It includes free upgrades for life.
So, should you buy Supra Forex?

Super Forexis a forex signal generating software that has is going to take forex trading by storm. Everyone seems to be getting thrilled about automated forex trading and are forgetting that systems like this one can be extremely profitable for you and provide much less risk.

The signals are very consistent and use a small stop loss so losses are minimal while gains can be very profitable. It also works on several different currency pairs and is ideal for the trader who doesn’t have a lot of spare time on their hands.

This forex software is HIGHLY recommended because it does NOT do trades automatically. Many think that automatic trading is much easier and yes it is but is extremely dangerous. Supra Forex allows us to watch our trading, so there is a much lower risk of losing money.

Spread Betting Examples

2009-11-02T04:14:00.000-08:00

1. Forex Trading Example
Trading Forex with spread betting is very simple and easy to understand and is also very similar to traditional forex trading. Quite simply all you do is "bet" or trade an amount per pip in one or other direction from the immediate spread. For example, the EURUSD Is currently quoted at 14789-91 (the spread is virtually the same as with a traditional forex broker). You decide to SELL at $5 per point @ 14789. After 2 hours the price has fallen to 14767-69 and you decide to close out the position. To close out your position you need to BUY $5 @ 14769.
Price to Open Trade 14789
Price to Close Trade 14769
Gain +20
The difference is +20 points so your profit is +20 x $5 = $100 profit.

NB one of the benefits of spread betting is that it would not make any difference if you traded in €, $ or £ the profit would be 20 points x your chosen currency. So if you undertook this trade using your Euro-based trading account, your profit would be 20 points x €5 = €100. Likewise if you traded with a Sterling-based trading account, your profit would be 20 points x £5 - £100. There are no exchange differences unlike with traditional forex trading.

In the above example if the price moved against you to, say 14797-99 and you decided to close out the trade, your loss would be $5 x (14799-14789) = $5 x 10 points loss = $50.

2. Oil Trading Example
Similar to Forex, spread betting commodities like oil and gold is also simple and easy to understand. For example, Brent Crude Oil is currently quoted at 7131-39 (again the spread is virtually the same as with a traditional broker). You decide to BUY at €10 per point. An hour later the quoted spread is 7166-74, so you decide to close out your position for a profit. You SELL €10 at 7166.
Price to Open Trade 7139
Price to Close Trade 7166
Gain 27
Since you were trading at €10 per point your profit is = €10 x 27 = €270.

3. Equity/Stock Trading
Again, equities or stocks are traded in the same way as the other two examples above and profits (or losses) are simply the amount you are betting, or trading multiplied by the movement in the underlying security. Example: say the Microsoft spread is quoted at 2541-2551 and you decide to SELL at £20 per point (assuming your base trading account is in pounds sterling). 4 hours later the price has moved against you and the price spread is now quoted at 2566-75, so you decide to close your position at a loss to prevent further losses. You therefore BUY @ 2575. Your loss can be computed as:
Price to Open Trade 2541
Price to Close Trade 2575
Loss -34
Since you were trading at £20 per point your loss = £20 x 34 = £680.

Main Features of Spread Betting

2009-11-02T04:05:00.000-08:00

Why is spread betting different from other "normal" forms of trading? After all isn't that what any trade or investment decision is - speculating on the future price of a financial instrument? Well spread betting has a number of both common characteristics and distinct features to the usual forms of trading. The key characteristics of spread betting are as follows.

Spread betting is tax free
In the UK, where spread betting is predominantly based, all profits generated through spread bet trading are tax free for UK residents. At the time of writing it is also the case with some other countries like Sweden. This means there are no capital or income taxes payable. This can be a double-edged sword as any realised trading losses are not tax deductible. The tax position of trading gains made via spread betting for traders who are not UK residents is likely to be different, so non-UK spread betting traders should contact the tax authorities in their own respective country to clarify how spread betting gains are dealt with for tax purposes.

Spread betting is a margined product
Spread betting is a margined product meaning that a position can be taken with only a fraction of its full value required as the initial deposit. The result of which is that very large profits can be made from a relatively small initial stake. In order to place a trade, an initial deposit called "initial margin requirement" (IMR) needs to be paid. This margin payment is can be as small as 1/10th or even 1/100th of the full value of what is being purchased. Margin trading therefore allows a trader to take a much larger position than would otherwise be taken with the amount of the initial stake, which can result in much greater profits than would otherwise be achievable. Conversely, it could also mean much greater losses than would otherwise be incurred.

Spread betting is (almost) fee free
With spread betting there are no broker commissions or stamp duty (UK) to pay. Although there are no direct fees payable, spread betting companies, or firms, make their profits from the spread offered, which in most cases nowadays is similar to the spread size on the underlying financial product being traded. However, it is worth pointing out that if a spread bet trade is held overnight there is usually a small overnight financing charge payable.

Spread betting is possible on a vast range of financial products
The majority of spread bet trades are taken on equities (stocks), but because the range of financial products that can be traded via spread trading has greatly increased in the last few years the percentage of equity (or stock) spread bets have decreased relative to other spread trades placed. Other popular spread bet trading products now include Forex (both Spot Forex and Forex Futures); global stock indices, eg, DAX 30 index, FTSE100 index, NASDAQ index, the Dow Jones; individual financial stock sectors, eg, Banks, Telecoms, Pharmaceuticals; individual global stocks, eg, individual companies on the S&P500 or FTSE 250; futures and options; commodities and even interest rate futures. It is also possible to spread bet on the value of house prices!

Spread betting with familiar order types
For most investors the types of spread bet orders will be very familiar. Apart from the usual instant execution order, where the trade is executed immediately, other types of orders include OCO (One Cancels the Other) orders, Stop orders (guaranteed and not-guaranteed, and Limit orders.

Spread betting long and short
With spread bet trading it is possible to go "short", or sell an underlying financial instrument as it is to go "long" or buy an underlying instrument (assuming that a regulator does not prevent short trading as actually happened during the recent financial crisis).

Trade on International Financial Markets with No Currency Exchange Risk
When you place a spread bet trade on a financial instrument for example on stock listed on a foreign stock exchange, you will place a bet, or trade, using the base currency of your chosen trading account (£, $, or €) held with your spread betting company. The whole of the trade will be handled or processed in your chosen currency thereby removing any potential currency risk.

Best Forex Trading Awards

2009-10-21T09:02:00.000-07:00

Widely recognised as a leader in online trading, ACM has on many occasions been awarded for the excellence of its products and services.

Listed below are some of the recognitions granted.

ACM Awarded Best Online Currency Trading Services 2009

In April 2009, ACM was awarded Best Online Currency Trading Services by World Finance at the London Stock Exchange

Based on criteria such as innovation, quality of products, market development and excellence in client representation established by the World Finance panel of independent awards adjudicators, 40'000 industry decision-makers designated ACM as the 2009 winner.

The World Finance Awards were created in 2007 to identify industry leaders that represent the benchmark of achievement and best practices in the Financial & Business World.

Considering the recent turmoil across the world-wide banking system, many analysts have started to look for alternative options where attaining liquidity is not so difficult and where the future of wealth is guaranteed. The magazine's team of researchers therefore found appropriate to expand this year’s awards in order to transpire the promise found in these new banking systems.

ACM considers this prestigious award as an incentive to continue exceeding its clients' expectations.

ACM awarded Best Forex Broker and Best Forex Trading Platform 2009

ACM consolidates its status as the leading online foreign currency trading firm, and was awarded Best Forex Broker and Best Forex Trading Platform for the second year running at the Banker Middle East awards held at the Emirates Towers in Dubai in February 2009.

This award confirms what has built ACM’s sterling reputation; Service and Technology.
Our business philosophy combined with the easiest and most user-friendly platform now sets the benchmark in the industry.

The judging panel also esteemed ACM’s leadership role in promoting responsible foreign currency trading, and raising awareness about currency exchange as an alternative investment option, given the crisis situation the World is experiencing this year.

Banker Middle East Product Awards is one the most highly sought awards in the banking and finance industries, and was established to encourage excellence and innovation among product and service providers.

ACM Banker Middle East 2008 Award

ACM Advanced Currency Markets was awarded the Banker Middle East prize for the best Forex Trading Platform.

The ACM online trading platform was recognized as the easiest to use platform for processing transactions, next to the ability to answer heavy data and information traffic, which is reflective of the Forex industry, known for its ability to adapt to the strong demand of real-time information as markets move instantaneously.

ACM's online trading platform was recognized by Banker Middle East as the best and most efficient and user-friendly trading platform in the region.

The Banker Middle East Product Awards 2008 will provide the benchmark on which banks measure their level of success. The Awards have been designed to be completely transparent and allow the industry to judge itself and celebrate the huge growth it has witnessed over the past year. Acknowledgement of product success is critical in ensuring the industry continues to be innovative and thrive.

The 2007 Forex winner is investing in many other developments and investments as ACM has expanded beyond Europe with an operating office in Dubai servicing the Middle East and Asia markets.

This of course is not the only award category that ACM Middle East & Asia has won during the course of the past year. A few months earlier, the head of the ACM Dubai Office Saber Daboussi was awarded the CEO of the Year Award for the Financial Sector, him being responsible for the remarkable growth the ACM has achieved throughout the Middle East and Asia markets.

ACM Best Forex Trading Platform 2007 Award

For the first edition of the "Best Forex Trading Platform" award, the judging panel of Market500 defined key parameters to determine the winner. Forex is known for its ability to adapt to the strong demand of real-time information as markets move instantaneously. The robustness of its platform is also key to its ability to answer heavy data and information traffic. Based on a select group of shortlisted companies, the panel of experts has chosen ACM Advanced Currency Markets, Switzerland, as the winner.

ACM Advanced Currency Markets is recognized as the easiest to use platform for processing transactions.

"We are not surprised that ease of use has been one of our main strengths as we do have a dedicated team working constantly at improving our user experience," explains ACM's CEO, Mr. Lloyd la Marca.

From a business development point of view, ACM's Managing Director, Nicholas Bang, sees a clear path for the business going forward: "Our platform is clearly efficient and we believe that the Forex market has clearly taken on a solid role in the online world. We have strong growth objectives for our company and the sector as a whole is booming."

Currently investing in many developments, the 2007 Forex Platform winner is starting to expand outside of Europe, with an operating office in Dubai. More foreign offices are to come. "Our platform has been really efficient at providing white labels to key financial institutions around the world and we are looking forward to having other partners around the globe," says Alexandre Axarlis, Director at ACM.

WAY OF THE TURTLE: THE SECRET METHODS THAT TURNED ORDINARY PEOPLE INTO LEGENDARY TRADERS

2009-10-21T09:00:00.000-07:00

Product Description

“We’re starting to lift traders usually similar to they lift turtles in Singapore.”

So trade guru Richard Dennis reportedly pronounced to his long-time crony William Eckhardt scarcely twenty-five years ago. What proposed as a gamble about either good traders were innate or done became a mythological trade examination that, until now, has never been told in a entirety.

Way of a Turtle reveals, for a initial time, a reasons for a success of a sly trade complement used by a organisation well known as a “Turtles.” Top-earning Turtle Curtis Faith lays unclothed a complete experiment, explaining how it was probable for Dennis as well as Eckhardt to partisan twenty-three typical people from all walks of hold up as well as sight them to be unusual traders in usually dual weeks.

Only nineteen years aged during a time-the youngest Turtle by far-Faith traded a largest account, creation some-more than $30 million in usually over 4 years. He takes we during a back of a scenes of a Turtle preference routine as well as during a back of sealed doors where a Turtles schooled a remunerative trade strategies which enabled them to consequence an normal lapse of over 80 percent per year as well as increase of some-more than $100 million. You’ll discover

How a Turtles done money-the beliefs which guided their trade as well as a step-by-step methods they followed
Why, even yet they used a same approach, a little Turtles were some-more successful than others
How to demeanour over a manners as a Turtles implemented them to find core strategies which work for any tradable marketplace
How to request a Turtle Way to your own trades-and in your own hold up
Ways to variegate your trade as well as extent your bearing to risk

Offering his singular viewpoint upon a experience, Faith explains because a Turtle Way functions in complicated markets, as well as shares hard-earned knowledge upon receiving risks, selecting your own path, as well as guidance from your mistakes.

From a Back Cover

After scarcely twenty-five years, a turtles come out of their shells.

Way of a Turtle takes a never-before-seen demeanour during a mythological Turtle Traders as well as a important examination which done them millions. Curtis Faith, a many successful part of of this chosen group, breaks a overpower to exhibit a rules, timing, risks, rewards, as well as secrets to his greatest trades as well as 100 percent annual returns. Sharing behind-the-scenes insights as well as step-by-step techniques, Faith shows how we can make use of a Turtle Way to grasp huge profits-whatever your ability level.

“The many successful turtle was assumingly Curtis Faith. Trading annals uncover which Mr. Faith, who was usually nineteen when he proposed a program, done about $31.5 million in increase for Mr. Dennis.”-Stanley W. Angrist, The Wall Street Journal

TRADING IN THE ZONE: MASTER THE MARKET WITH CONFIDENCE, DISCIPLINE AND A WINNING ATTITUDE

2009-10-21T08:59:00.001-07:00

From Publishers Weekly
Douglas, boss of the convention organisation Trading Behavior Dynamics, focuses upon the psychology of successful traders. Instead of charity specific strategies, he advises readers, “The initial step upon the road…is to assimilate as good as utterly accept the mental realities of trading.” It might be as good epitome for some, though given trading’s risks, this book could support gifted investors peaceful to rivet in self-reflection. (Jan.)
Copyright 2000 Reed Business Information, Inc.

Product Description
Maximizing the trader?s state of thoughts is the pass to successful results. Conflicts, contradictions as good as paradoxes in meditative can spell mess for even the rarely motivated, shrewd as good as good grounded trader. Mark Douglas, the trader, personal trade coach, as good as attention expert given 1982, sends the summary which “thinking strategy” will profoundly change the trader?s success rate. Douglas addresses 5 really specific issues to give traders the discernment as good as bargain about themselves which will have them unchanging winners in the market.

Trading In The Zone offers specific solutions to the ?people factor? of commodity cost movement. It uncovers the loyal law-breaker for miss of coherence when it comes to batch picking: miss of concentration as good as self-confidence. Through elementary exercises, traders will sense how to consider in conditions of probabilities, as good as adopt the specific ideology required to building the winner?s mindset. Along the way, they?ll benefit profitable insights in to their own confirmed myths about the market.

Backed by constrained examples, Trading In The Zone adds the brand new dimension to removing an corner upon the market. Through the improved bargain of themselves, as good as of Wall Street?s realities, traders will come to precedence the energy of their essence for rare profitability.

THE SECRETS OF ECONOMIC INDICATORS: HIDDEN CLUES TO FUTURE ECONOMIC TRENDS AND INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES, 2ND EDITION

2009-10-21T08:57:00.001-07:00

Review

From The Wall Street Journal, Nov 22, 2005:

“Whether you’re tracking cocktail culture, tall conform or illness care, all things have been connected, as good as economics is a tie which binds them all. For those who need to know some-more about mercantile trends as good as for those who haven’t a skills or credentials in a field, Mr. Baumohl’s book is a genuine deal. He miraculously breathes hold up in to mercantile indicators as good as statistics.”

From Library Journal:

“Baumohl, a former economics contributor for Time magazine, has created a tremendously utilitarian source upon mercantile indicators. Baumohl considers a accumulation of factors when describing any indicator, such as what usually it measures, how it is computed, where to find a applicable inform upon a web, a day as good as time this inform is released, a source of a information, as good as how mostly a report is revised. He additionally discusses a marketplace stroke of these indicators upon bonds, stocks, as good as currency. Bottom Line: Although this book is marketed as a apparatus for investors as good as is not orderly similar to a standard anxiety book, it belongs in a anxiety pick up since it explains so obviously what a assorted mercantile indicators have been as good as how to fix up interpretation about them. Recommended for all libraries. ” —Stacey Marien, American Univ. Lib., Washington, DC

–This content refers to a

Hardcover
edition.

Product Description
“This is a genuine deal. Baumohl miraculously breathes hold up in to mercantile indicators as good as statistics.” –The Wall Street Journal “This is a many present beam to mercantile indicators as good as their significance to monetary markets in print. The coverage of less-reported indicators, generally those from nongovernment sources, is tough to find elsewhere. The inclusion of a tangible published tables helps a newer tyro of a markets find a interpretation in a open release. For any one confusing to follow a mercantile data, this should be subsequent to your mechanism so which we can assimilate as good as find a interpretation upon a Internet.” –David Wyss, Chief Economist, Standard as good as Poor’s “I find Baumohl’s essay fascinating. In further to a critical indicators, he includes many which we hadn’t listened of. we unequivocally conclude which he tells we usually where to find any indicator upon a Web. Just about any one who’s critical about bargain which approach a manage to buy is headed will wish to review this book. It could be a classic.” –Harry Domash, Columnist for MSN Money as good as Publisher, Winning Investing Newsletter “Bernie Baumohl has achieved something of genuine worth in The Secrets of Economic Indicators. He has successfully demystified a universe of monetary as good as mercantile headlines which bombards us in a each day lives. Both veteran investors as good as infrequent observers of a universe of monetary as good as economics will be beholden for what he has done. The consistent tide of once bewildering headlines from a universe of commercial operation as good as monetary can right away be simply understood. Every commercial operation man or financier should keep a duplicate of Baumohl’s book tighten during palm as he or she catches up upon a business, batch market, as good as mercantile events of a day. It is great, during prolonged last, to have someone who has separated what might have been so confusing to so many as good as to have finished so with such conspicuous clarity.” –Hugh Johnson, Chairman as good as Chief Investment Officer of Johnson Illington Advisors “Bernie Baumohl has created a must-read tutorial as good as anxiety book which each particular financier will find necessary for watching, monitoring, as good as interpreting a markets. The each day upsurge of tall magnitude mercantile indicators is a things which creates monetary markets pierce as good as which can vigilance a large trends which have or mangle financier portfolios. Most important, Bernie’s prolonged knowledge in stating economics for Time Magazine helps have a ‘dismal science’ sharp-witted as good as interesting.” –Allen Sinai, President as good as Chief Global Economist, Decision Economics, Inc. “Baumohl has a present for receiving a difficult theme as good as permitting it to review similar to a fast-moving novel. My certainty in celebration of a mass as good as bargain mercantile indicators as portrayed in this book done me comprehend a possibilities this report binds for mending my personal net worth as good as navigating my commercial operation toward aloft profits. we suggest this book if we caring about your destiny finances.” –Morris E. Lasky, CEO, Lodging Unlimited, Inc.; Manager as good as expert for $6 billion in road house assets; Chairman, Lodging Conference; Chairman, International Hotel Conference “I consider this is an glorious book. It’s good written, permitted to a accumulation of readers, deals with an engaging as good as critical subject, as good as covers a subject well. It deserves to get a lot of notice as good as use.” –D. Quinn Mills, Alfred J. Weatherhead, Jr., Professor of Business Administration, Harvard Business School “Economic statistics, practice data, Federal Reserve surveys. Think they have been boring? Think again! They can expostulate markets in to a frenzy, causing billions of dollars to be done or mislaid in an instant. Bernie Baumohl brilliantly, clearly, and, yes, entertainingly describes what each financier as good as commercial operation physical education instructor should know about mercantile indicators: which ones pierce markets, how to appreciate them, as good as how to have have have have have use of of of of of them to mark as good as gain upon destiny mercantile trends. The Secrets of Economic Indicators is an unusual as good as judicious work–an enormously critical grant to a physique of monetary literature. Read it as good as afterwards keep it upon your desk. Consult it a subsequent time we have been deluged with a flurry of mercantile statistics. Your bargain positively will be enhanced, as good as your portfolio will expected be as well.” –Robert Hormats, Vice Chairman, Goldman Sachs (International) “If we wish to have income investing, this is an necessary trend-tracking apparatus which will assistance get we to a bank. This book is a genuine deal. Bernard Baumohl miraculously breathes hold up in to lethal mercantile indicators as good as tedious census interpretation …he knows what he’s articulate about, as good as his imagination proves it.” –Gerald Celente, Director, The Trends Research Institute COMPLETELY UPDATED! THE PLAIN-ENGLISH, UP-TO-THE-MINUTE GUIDE TO ECONOMIC INDICATORS: WHAT THEY MEAN, AND HOW TO USE THEM! Every day, investments rebound extravagantly in reply to brand brand brand brand brand brand brand brand new mercantile indicators: census interpretation which produce consequential clues about a destiny of a manage to buy as good as a markets. Now, we can have have have have have use of of of of of these indicators to have smarter investment decisions, usually similar to a professionals. You do not need an economics degree, or a CPA–just The Secrets of Economic Indicators, Second Edition! Using up-to-the-minute examples as good as real-world stories, former TIME Magazine comparison economics contributor Bernard Baumohl illuminates each U.S. as good as unfamiliar indicator which counts right now. You’ll clarity where to find them, what their lane annals are, how to appreciate them, as good as how to have have have have have use of of of of of which report to have improved decisions. Baumohl has entirely updated this best-seller with brand brand brand brand brand brand brand brand new data, brand brand brand brand brand brand brand brand new examples, brand brand brand brand brand brand brand brand new indicators, as good as revised analyses–including a brand brand brand brand brand brand brand brand new comment of a worth of produce curves in presaging commercial operation cycles. Thousands of investors as good as commercial operation planners swore by a First Edition: these updates have it even some-more valuable. / New! Today’s 10 many consequential heading indicators Better ways to envision mercantile branch points in time to distinction / Get forward of a bend with a ultimate U.S. indicators New insights in to U.S. employment, monetary policy, inflation, collateral flows, as good as some-more / Emerging unfamiliar indicators we need to lane From China to India, Europe to Brazil…and over / Making clarity of indicators in dispute What to do when a numbers remonstrate / Finding a interpretation Free Web resources for a ultimate mercantile interpretation / Which mercantile indicators unequivocally have a difference right now? / What do they meant for stocks, bonds, seductiveness rates, currencies…your portfolio? / How can we have have have have have use of of of of of them to have faster, smarter investment decisions? / Simple, clear, non-technical, friendly, usable…the usually book of a kind! / By Bernard Baumohl, eminent mercantile researcher as good as former award-winning TIME Magazine monetary publisher New edition, with endless brand brand brand brand brand brand brand brand new coverage: / Many brand brand brand brand brand brand brand brand new U.S. as good as tellurian indicators, from brand brand brand brand brand brand brand brand new practice reports to box bureau profits / New examples as good as up-to-the-minute interpretation / Updated analyses of produce curves as good as alternative pass metrics / More general coverage / New rankings of heading mercantile indicators, as good as most some-more About a Author xiii What’s New in a Second Edition? xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxiii Chapter 1 The Lock-Up 1 Chapter 2 A Beginner’s Guide: Understanding a Lingo seventeen Chapter 3 The Most Influential U.S. Economic Indicators twenty-five Chapter 4 International Economic Indicators: Why Are They So Important? 325 Chapter 5 Best Web Sites for U.S. Economic Indicators 373 Chapter 6 Best Web Sites for International Economic Indicators 381 Index 387

THE COMPLETE IDIOT’S GUIDE TO FOREIGN CURRENCY TRADING

2009-10-21T08:52:00.000-07:00

Product Description
The usually how-to beam to today?s many lucrative, fast-moving investment opportunity. Interactive CD included!

Once deliberate a many epitome of all kinds of investing, unfamiliar banking trade has exploded in to a mainstream. In this concise, easy-to-follow guide, unfamiliar sell consultant Gary Tilkin as well as monetary publisher Lita Epstein strew light upon a finish process, upon condition that tips upon successful trade strategies, explaining a pitfalls, display how to equivocate on-line fraud, as well as most more.

–Interactive enlightening CD facilities Global Foreign Trading?s exclusive program DEALBOOK, that allows readers to record upon to a site as well as sense a routine of banking trading, finish with practical dollars with that to make use of their brand new trade skills
–Also includes live links to up-to-the-minute report upon each unfamiliar banking as well as stream resources veteran traders make use of to get discernment in to this fast-paced market

About a Author
Gary Tilkin is a owner as well as CEO of Global Forex Trading, an on-line trade association unfamiliar exchange, as well as a nationally eminent consultant in banking trade as well as destiny markets with over thirty years of experience.

Lita Epstein is a monetary bard who additionally develops online courses upon investing for early retirement as well as financial as well as investing for women. She is a writer of The Complete Idiots Guide to Social Security as well as Medicare.

FOREX TRADING USING FIBONACCI AND ELLIOTT WAVE

2009-10-21T08:51:00.001-07:00

About a Actor

Todd Gordon is a Senior Technical Strategist for FOREX.com, writer of a during large review Strategy of a Day investigate report, as good as Trader for GAIN Capital Asset Management. He is a visit writer to monetary headlines channels such as Bloomberg, BNN, as good as CNBC, as good as has since seminars in regions around a universe together with a Far East, a Middle East, Eastern Europe, as good as a US. He is additionally a visit writer to publications such as Technical Analysis of Stocks as good as Commodities as good as Futures. Todd s recognition stems not usually from his discernment as a trader, though additionally from his straightforward, rarely transparent, as good as vehement proceed to his every day investigate report. In his report, The Strategy of Day, Todd shares with clients of FOREX.com his technical, fundamental, as good as inter-market analysis, as good his full traffic devise together with entry, exit, as good as stop detriment parameters good prior to he initiates a traffic in G.C.A.M’s managed accounts.

Prior to fasten GAIN in 2004, Mr. Gordon was a executive with Connors Capital, LLC, a sidestep account in Los Angeles. He began his veteran career traffic equities with Aspen Trading.

Product Description

Let acclaimed forex merchant Todd Gordon give we his FEWL complement in this brand new course, as good as we will be positioned to brand a strong, trending relations in between currencies to regularly squeeze enlarge traffic after trade.

In a single of a many ominous as good as interesting courses since by any trader, we will gain:

-Simple, ready to have have make use of of of explanations of Fibonacci as good as Elliott Wave speculation as good as application,
-Powerful FOREX traffic psychology strategy which capacitate we to exploit fright as good as greed,
-The 6 questions which can exponentially increase your gains,
-Specific patterns as good as strategies which have proven in effect during profiting from FOREX.

On their own, these proven techniques have been powerful. But, a multiple of these in Todd s singular regulation will spin your portfolio in to a appurtenance a single which will spin out winning trades in even a toughest markets.

Fibonacci as good as Elliott Wave have been used by traders for years as good as can right away assistance we enlarge your wins as good as secure your profits. As a writer of a widely-read Strategy of a Day investigate report, Todd is well known for his successful picks of tops as good as bottoms. In this DVD, he goes serve than he ever has prior to to put which sort of energy in to your hands. As a successful Gain Capital Group merchant as good as renouned orator for FOREX.com, many people have already detected because his process is so arguable as good as profitable. Don t skip out! Watch currently to clarity because this complement is so successful!

Looking for a approach to have clarity of your a one elite banking pair?

In this 90-minute seminar, FOREX.com s Todd Gordon will uncover we how to successfully have have make use of of of his a one elite collection to knock out a forex markets. His complement F.E.W.L. stands for Fibonacci Elliott Wave Levels Todd s elite process for receiving distinction from a markets, even during a many flighty of times.

In his entertaining, give as good as take style, Todd will excavate in to a underlying beliefs of his elite traffic methodology. He will cover simple marketplace psychology prior to jumping in to how to have have make use of of of Fibonacci projections as good as extensions, how to have clarity of Elliott Wave counts, as good as how to mix both for a sure-fire corner in a forex markets.

Win at Forex Trading - Can You Be a Winner? Answer the Questions Enclosed and Find Out!

2009-10-21T08:50:00.000-07:00

95% of all Forex traders lose and if they asked themselves the questions enclosed, they would be able to see if they can win at Forex trading in advance. So do you have what it takes to be a winner? Find out now, by answering the questions enclosed and find out.

Lets start with an question which most novice traders fail to answer correctly and it's this...

Do You think You can win by Following a Forex Robot and making no effort?

If you answered yes to the above, you are a hundred percent guaranteed to lose. Anyone who thinks they can make an income for life by following a cheap Forex robot and making no effort, is either very naive or a fool.

If Forex trading was as easy as the Forex robot vendors make out 95% of traders wouldn't lose money, these robots are so cheap because they don't work and its the vendor, who makes the regular income from sales, while the person who trades them losses.

Do you think because your clever or you work hard your chances of success are increased?

If you answered yes to this question - you are wrong. Hard work doesn't guarantee success, only being right with your trading signal does, also complex systems tend to lose, because they have to many elements to break whereas, a simple system is more robust. Forex trading success requires you work smart and have a simple system and that should only take a few weeks to learn, don't work harder than you need to!

Do you think you can predict Forex prices in advance?

This is one of the biggest myths of Forex trading - you can't, because humans make prices and their creatures of emotion not of logic. If you try and predict prices in advance, you are going to lose.

The only way to win is to trade the reality of price change as it occurs and wait for confirmation of a low or high being made. Sure you miss the first part of the move but by doing this you have the odds on your side and can make a lot of money. Forex trading is not about buying exact lows, its about making money and if you got just 50% of very major trend you would be very rich.

Do You think you can make a regular monthly income at Forex trading?

If you do your wrong , because even the best traders will lose for long periods at some point and you will to, you need to judge your performance over a year and not over single months. Sure you can make a lot of money long term but you need to ride out periods of losses to enjoy long term Forex trading success.

Can you accept total responsibility for your actions?

If you can't don't trade Forex! The successful trader doesn't listen to anyone else, he knows only he can give himself success and is prepared to take total responsibility for his destiny and you must to, if you want to win at Forex trading

You can Win Here's Why...

You can win because as you have seen you only need a simple system to win and you don't even need to work hard to achieve success. All you need to do is combine a simple system, with the discipline to follow it to success and accept responsibility for your actions and success can be yours. So learn Forex trading the right way and for your effort, you could change your financial future forever.

2009-10-21T08:46:00.005-07:00

Forex Market is any place where currencies of different countries are bought or sold. The complete term is Foreign Exchange Trading and the term forex is only an abbreviation of the complete term. Unlike the NYSE or any other stock exchange there in not a single centrally cleared marketplace where this exchange is conducted but a set of interconnected market places. The main trading centers for these are located in London, Singapore, New York and Tokyo. In the world of global business many transactions are conducted. To complete these transactions payments need to be made in a certain currency.
This creates demand for a certain currency (using which the said payment has to be made) and this currency has to be purchased, or exchanged, using another currency. This demand and supply equation causes the exchange rate fluctuations. The reasons for change are discussed later in detail. Around ten years ago only large banks and institutions participated in forex trading. This was because only these could muster the requisite tools and systems needed to participate in this complex trading. But this scenario was soon changed by advent of certain technologies which have enabled even retail investors to participate in these markets.

Other details

The forex market is the largest and the least regulated market in the world. It also has the distinction of being open for all times of the day and night, except weekends. This is because when the Asian segment closes, the European segment opens and when the European one closes the American segment opens. The cycle is completed when on the closure of the American segment the Asian one opens. The volume of trade and the liquidity in the market is unparalleled and so is the geographical dispersion of the market.

The FAP Turbo Question - Is the FAP Turbo As Good As the Other Forex Robots?

2009-10-21T08:46:00.003-07:00

The fact that no other foreign exchange robot in the market today can yield more profit for its traders other than the FAP Turbo, is really quite undisputable. Every month, there is an automated software being introduced and at this point, you might be wondering if your purchase of this software is still a good decision that you have made. Some questions would be lurking in your mind like, is that new software better? Or is it more profitable? How would it differ with the one I currently have?

Considering the prices of these automated trading systems, they do not match with the FAP turbo in terms of the profit that it is able to deliver with your every trade. Its positive trading results do not match any of its competitors in the market today. This exceptional software continues to bring you higher profits everyday. Investment amounts do vary, so profits are dependent on the amount that others put in. But most of the time, this software doubles your money in just a few days of trading. The website clearly shows the actual trading results in real time. There is a table that shows genuinely high profits in every few minutes or so during an actual live trade.

The FAP Turbo is capable of making money, allowing small but highly successful trades, which gives an average trader a reliable sum of profit over time. Depending on your investment, it can triple the amount you put into it. This Forex robot is very simple to use and is a very wise investment. Upon purchase of this system, you can sign up and register for a free VIP access to their website that contains all the guides and updates of this incredible Forex tool. It is easily downloadable and installs in just a few minutes. Very user-friendly and you are immediately given a license code for the FAP Turbo to give you a full access to this Forex robot which will easily help your investment to grow substantially.

To date, the FAP Turbo is still considered to be a very productive financial tool to a lot of traders whether new or old in the business of foreign exchange. It is a very intelligent program that you can rely on to do Forex trades for you without really having to sit and wait and watch out for the foreign exchange market results round the clock.

Automated Forex Software - Why All the Cheap Forex Robots Destroy Equity Quickly!

2009-10-21T08:37:00.000-07:00

You will see numerous automated Forex software packages sold for a couple of hundred bucks and they all claim, they can give you a lifelong income for this small fee - it looks to good to be true and of course it is, as users soon see their accounts turned to dust - lets look at why they lose.

Let's look at a simple statistic - 95% of currency traders lose money and that's a big percentage! If it were as easy to make money as plugging in a cheap piece of software, a lot more traders would win and they don't furthermore, why would anyone bother to work? They could simply get a lifelong income for a couple of hundred of dollars or even less!

So why do ALL these cheap automated Forex trading systems lose money?

Check the track records and you will see claims of huge gains but not ONE of these systems, can produce an audited track record of real money gains! So how do they manage to show such huge gains? Simple they make them up:

The track records are just based on simulations going backwards, knowing all the closing prices; well how easy is that? So easy, my 12 year old niece could do it but I wouldn't trust her to trade my money!

You do get some vendors who put up on their sites account statements and say there true but you have to take their word for it and personally, I don't want to take the word of the person selling the system.

If you are serious about learning to trade forget software packages, with claims of huge profits with no drawdown, its fantasy not reality and if you want to win, get yourself a good Forex education. While you have to put in some effort no other venture will reward you so well for the effort you make.

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Fatal Airline Events Associated with New York City

2009-10-20T22:28:00.000-07:00

The fatal airliner events occurring in New York City in the latter part of 2001 have caused many to question whether New York City and its airports have had a disproportionate share of fatal events. Below is a list of fatal events involving airliners in New York City or airliners that were either inbound or outbound to one of the three New York City area major airports. The list includes scheduled and non-scheduled jet airline flights that occurred since 1970 and may include passenger fatalities due to hijackings, sabotage, or military action.

2 May 1970; ALM DC9-33CF; near St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands: The aircraft had departed JFK airport in New York for St. Maarten in the Netherlands Antilles. After three missed approaches, the crew diverted to St. Croix. While en route, the aircraft ran out of fuel and the crew ditched the aircraft. While the flight crew made specific preparations for ditching, the imminent ditching was not communicated to the cabin crew. As a result, several occupants were not belted in at the time of the ditching. The aircraft remained afloat for five to six minutes before sinking in waters about one mile (1600 meters) deep. One of the six crew members and 22 of the 57 passengers were killed. The accident was investigated by the NTSB and the details are available in NTSB report NTSB-AAR-71-8 dated 31 March 1971.
24 June 1975; Eastern Airlines 727-200; New York, NY: The aircraft was a scheduled flight from New Orleans to JFK Airport in New York that crashed on approach after encountering wind shear associated with a very strong thunderstorm. Six of the eight crew members and 107 of the 116 passengers were killed.

27 April 1976; American Airlines 727; St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands: The aircraft was on a scheduled flight from JFK airport in New York to St. Thomas. The aircraft overran the runway after an unsuccessful attempt at aborting the landing. Two of the seven crew members and 35 of the 81 passengers were killed.
27 March 1977;Pan Am 747-100; Tenerife, Canary Islands: The aircraft had been scheduled to arrive at the Las Palmas airport after a non-scheduled flight from New York's JFK airport, but was diverted to Tenerife after a bomb explosion at the Las Palmas airport. Because of limited visibility and communications difficulties between air traffic control and a KLM 747 aircraft, the KLM 747 started its takeoff and collided with the Pan Am 747 that was taxiing on the same runway. Nine of the 16 crew and 321 of the 380 passengers on the Pan Am flight were killed. All 234 passengers and 14 crew on the KLM 747 were killed.
21 December 1988; Pan Am 747-100; near Lockerbie, Scotland: The aircraft was about a half hour into a scheduled flight from London's Heathrow airport to JFK airport in New York when a bomb detonated in the forward cargo compartment. The explosion led to an in flight breakup of the aircraft. All 16 crew and 243 passengers perished. Eleven people on the ground were also killed.
20 September 1989; USAir 737-400; La Guardia Airport, New York: The crew incorrectly trimmed the rudder for takeoff and were forced to abort the takeoff. The aircraft overran the runway and was partially submerged in water. Two of the 55 passengers were killed.
25 January 1990; Avianca 707-300; Cove Neck, NY: The aircraft crashed about 20 miles (32 km) from the airport due to fuel exhaustion during its second approach to JFK airport after a scheduled flight from Medellin, Colombia. The NTSB determined that the accident happened in part due to the crew's inadequate fuel management and their failure to communicate their fuel status to ATC. Eight of the nine crew members and 65 of the 149 passengers were killed. There were 11 infants among the passengers, and one of the infants was killed.
22 March 1992; USAir F28-4000; New York, NY: The aircraft crashed just after takeoff due to icing on the aircraft's wings. The aircraft was departing from La Guardia airport under in snowy conditions. Three of the four crew members and 24 of the 47 passengers were killed.
17 July 1996; TWA 747-100; Atlantic Ocean near Long Island, NY: The aircraft was on a flight from JFK airport in New York to Paris and had a catastrophic in flight breakup shortly after departure. All 18 crew and 212 passengers perished.
2 September 1998; Swissair MD11; near Halifax, Canada: The aircraft was on a nonstop flight from New York's JFK airport to Geneva, Switzerland. The aircraft crashed at night in the Atlantic Ocean close to shore about 50 miles (80 km) southwest of Halifax, Nova Scotia. All 15 crew members and 214 passengers were killed.
31 October 1999; EgyptAir 767-300ER; Atlantic Ocean near Nantucket Is., MA: Radar and radio contact with the aircraft was lost shortly after the aircraft departed JFK Airport in New York on a flight to Cairo. The aircraft was last sighted about 60 miles (96 km) SSE of Nantucket Is. The flight was carrying 15 crew members and 202 passengers.
25 July 2000; Air France Concorde near Paris, France: The aircraft was on a charter flight from Charles de Gaulle airport near Paris to JFK airport in New York. Shortly before rotation, the front right tire of the left landing gear ran over a strip of metal which had fallen off of another aircraft. Pieces of the damaged tire were thrown against the aircraft structure. There was a subsequent fuel leak and major fire under the left wing. Power was lost on engine number two and for a brief period on engine number one. Shortly after engine number one lost power for the second time, the crew lost control of the aircraft and crashed into a hotel in the town of Gonesse. All 100 passengers and nine crew members were killed. Four people on the ground were also killed.
11 September 2001; American Airlines 767 (Flight 11); World Trade Center, New York: The aircraft was on a flight from Boston to Los Angeles when it was hijacked and flown into one of the World Trade Center Towers. Another jet, a United Airlines 767, was hijacked and crashed into the other tower. Both towers later collapsed. All 11 crew members, 76 passengers, and five hijackers were killed, as were untold numbers of people on the ground.
11 September 2001; United Airlines 767 (Flight 175); World Trade Center, New York: The aircraft was on a flight from Boston to Los Angeles when it was hijacked and flown into one of the World Trade Center Towers. Another jet, an American Airlines 767, was hijacked and crashed into the other tower. Both towers later collapsed. All nine crew members, 51 passengers, and five hijackers were killed, as were untold numbers of people on the ground.
11 September 2001; United Airlines 757 (Flight 93); near Pittsburgh, PA: The aircraft was on a flight from Newark to San Francisco when it was hijacked. However, the aircraft crashed outside Pittsburgh. All seven crewmembers, 34 passengers, and four hijackers were killed.
12 November 2001; American Airlines A300; Queens, New York: The aircraft was on a flight from New York to Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic when it crashed into a residential neighborhood just outside JFK airport. The aircraft experienced an in-flight breakup, with the vertical fin and one engine landing away from the main impact site. There were a number of homes damaged or destroyed by the crash, and five people on the ground were killed. All nine crew members and 251 passengers on the aircraft were killed, including five infants.

Judge challenges Silverstein's $2.8B WTC airlines suit

2009-10-20T22:26:00.001-07:00

Developer Larry Silverstein may not be able to collect $2.8 billion in damages he was seeking from airlines and security companies he claims are partially responsible for the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist destruction of the World Trade Center, according to the most recent ruling in the eight-year saga.

A judge for the U.S. Southern District ruled last week that $4.1 billion in insurance claims Mr. Silverstein's firm, World Trade Center Properties, has collected from various insurers may offset any damages he was seeking from the airlines.

The court earlier this year limited Mr. Silverstein's claim against the airlines and security companies to a maximum of $2.8 billion—a much smaller amount than the $12.8 billion he sought in the original suit, filed in 2004.

Mr. Silverstein sued the airlines and security companies for failing to prevent the attacks and was seeking damages for his losses after the Twin Towers fell.

The aviation defendants argued that the insurance recovery World Trade Center Properties had already received—the $4.1 billion—should be used to offset Mr. Silverstein’s claims against the airlines and security firms.

Mr. Silverstein argued that the two claims are not related and should go to a jury trial. A WTCP spokesman noted this week that the firm is still allowed to sue for further “consequential” damages.

Each side declared victory in the latest ruling.

WTCP can pursue its quest for damages. Indeed, a representative for Mr. Silverstein said this week WTPC plans to continue with the lawsuit.

As for the airlines, the judge noted in his ruling that he considered the $4.1 billion that WTCP collected covered both the costs of replacing the buildings and the business lost in the interim, “unless WTCP pleads and proves specific facts” that the money applied to other things. The court also ruled that Mr. Silverstein was not entitled to recover the costs of replacing tenants, nor could he recover lawyers' fees from the airlines.

The airlines have spent years fighting to lower the potential monetary damages from Mr. Silverstein’s suit. Last year, their legal team even suggested the suit was seeking more money than the total amount of insurance the airlines and security firms had available.

Correction: Larry Silverstein’s World Trade Center Properties may still proceed with its lawsuit seeking $2.8 billion in damages against the airlines and security firms involved in 9/11 attacks. That fact was misstated in an earlier version of this article published Oct. 7, 2009.