Active Alert

Bert Belcher at Woodlawn Cemetery

2023-07-18T20:50:00.002-06:00

During my visit to Woodlawn Cemetery in also visited the grave of Bert Belcher.
I also visited him back and took photos in 2008.

Bertrum Melvin Theodore Belcher was born August 13, 1897 in the town of Park River, North Dakota. He was the son of Daniel Belcher and Elizabeth Jane 'Lizzie' McCoy. I am not sure what they were doing in Park River. But it was a railway junction a hundred miles south of Manitou, Manitoba where his mother's family lived. So it is easy to imagine his mason/contractor American father travelling there for work.
After Daniel died in 1901, Elizabeth and her children moved to Perdue, Saskatchewan and she married Wesley Kee.

The first photo shows Bert and his older brother Fred about 1913.
The second shows the young widow Elizabeth Belcher and her children Fred, Bert and Margaret. (Margaret was my grandmother. Bert would have been my great-uncle).

Bert was a farm boy who joined the army in 1916 presumably to defeat the Germans, see the world and attain glory in battle. He didn't get far. in fact he didn't even make it out of basic training or out of Saskatchewan.
Stationed at Camp Dundurn outside of Saskatoon he soon got an infection on the mastoid process behind his ear. Even back in 1916 that should have been easy to cure but he died on April 14, 1916. He was still age 18 and had been in the army less than six months.
Even though he did in Saskatchewan, he was still considered a casualty of the Great War. He is recorded in military records and got a proper military grave marker.

Plot 40-L021-C1/3 in Woodlawn Cemetery

Jean Margaret Gibson Grave in Woodlawn Cemetery

2023-07-18T18:35:00.000-06:00

On the first day of summer in June 2023 I made a short visit to the city of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. While I now live just three hours away, it has been more than a dozen years since my last visit. Among other things I wanted to visit Woodlawn Cemetery. It is a well maintained park-like setting with many mature trees and lovely walkways.

I have a strange relationship with cemeteries and graveyards. When I myself am gone my only memorial will be some random electronic musings and photos saved on archived websites. I want nothing more. I have visited too many neglected prairie cemeteries. Without care and attention even 50-year old graves are dug up by prairie gophers and badgers. Softer granite and marble soon becomes unreadable. Metal markers seem to do even worse.

In my family this seems to be the prevailing sentiment. There is no marker for my mother nor father. Any grave markers for my family on the west coast are well hidden or distant.

If people are reluctant to visit me when I am alive then I could hardly expect them to gather around my memorial when I am dead.
But when people have gone to the effort of getting a memorial then I think that I — along with other family members — should make an occasional visit. I enjoy visiting lonely cemeteries and taking photos. It is comforting to think that one or two people might think of me in the decades after I am gone.

This was not my first visit to Woodlawn but it was my first visit to the grave of my late mother's sister Jean Margaret Gibson. Jeannie died quite young. She was born July 21, 1926 in South Carolina. That was my mother Ruth's third birthday. The whole Gibson family spent several years living the good life in North and South Carolina before returning to Saskatchewan and Manitoba in 1929.
Apparently she had been a sickly child. Jeannie died November 29, 1936 in Saskatoon. It was only recently that I realized her family had provided a fine grave marker. She is buried not among family but among other people who happened to die in the same year.

In 1941 my grandfather gathered up his family and moved to Langley, British Columbia. As far as I know none of them ever returned to Saskatchewan even for a visit. Other than casual passers-by and maintenance people, I was probably the visitor to this grave in eighty years.

Plot 79-L083-S1/2 Woodlawn Cemetery, Saskatoon

Dr Max Ephraim Melle: Trials and Tribulations

2021-04-18T14:49:00.014-06:00

Dr M.E. Melle: Trials and Tribulations

My grandfather Max Louis Ephraim was born 1870 in Hamburg, Germany.

He made his living as a merchant travelling as far as South America. In 1906 he arrived in New York City as a 'engineer' in transit to Winnipeg. Apparently detecting that there wasn't much need for either merchants nor engineers he switched to something more fashionable. By the end of 1907 he was working as Dr. Max Ephraim Melle in Montreal.

Business was good and by 1923 he was a naturalized Canadian citizen and he even sponsored a local beauty contest contestant.

In November 1923 he advertised in the Ottawa Citizen newspaper.
He always appreciated big first class hotels.

But then things started to get awkward…
From the Montreal Gazette on December 23, 1923:

CORN TREATMENT HAS COURT ECHO

Woman Sufferer Charges Independent Chiropodist With False Pretenses
“ROOTS” WERE EXHIBITED
Expert Witness Claims Exhibits Never Came From Corns—Partner of Accused Explained Method

Whether or not corns have roots or have only a hard and irritating surface caused by tight footwear is a question which Judge Monet has to make more thorough inquiries into, following a case heard before the Enquete Court yesterday afternoon. Max Ephraim Melle, an independent chiropodist, accused of false pretences. by failing to rid Mrs. Henriette Roy of six corns, after she had paid $12 for the treatment. and had, she swore, been assured that “the roots were out.” and that she was cured.

Mrs. Roy testified that she saw a the accused on December 11 and that an operation was performed. Two thin and sharp objects, somewhat similar to small vermicelli before this is boiled, were exhibited, and were, according to what Mrs. Roy had been told, roots of two of the larger and more painful of her corns.

“My corns hurt just so much now,” said the complainant, with an apologetic laugh. “Dr. Melle told me that I would never suffer again from corns. He gave me two of the roots which he extracted; here they are.”

The thorn-like objects were examined by the court and the lawyers, and Adolph Gardner, counsel for the defence, cross-examined. “You did not expect.” he asked, “that you would be rid of your corns in one treatment?”

“He told me that I would not suffer any more.” replied Mrs. Roy. “Dr. Melle said that I could come back; but he never offered to treat me free of charge.”

NO ROOTS IN CORN.
Arthur D. Bergeron, surgeon chiropodist and secretary of the Association of Chiropodists, 530 St. Catherine Street West, was questioned by Leopold Houle, for the prosecution. He stated that he has practised for six or seven years, and thought that he was competent in his branch of learning.

“There are no roots in corns,” he declared emphatically: “I am positive of that. Theses two exhibits,” he added, pointing to the objects claimed to have tortured the toes of Mrs. Roy, “could never have come from corns.”
Cross-examined by Mr. Gardner, Dr. Bergeron said that he received his diploma as a chiropodist at Chicago in 1917.
'What causes the formation of a corn?” asked the lawyer.
“Then a person walking about barefooted would never have corns?”
“Oh, yes, you can have corns on your hands,” replied the witness.
“Did you know that a newly-born child may have corns?”
“That is possible.” admitted the chiropodist.
“I suppose that would be a case of heredity Judge Monet, amid laughter.

“What is this? asked Mr. Gardner, holding up more of the alleged roots.

“It looks like a fishbone to me,” replied the witness.

“Did you ever see corns on the feet of people who never wear boots or shoes?” asked the lawyer. “I never had occasion to,” was the reply.

Bergeron went: on to say that the Association of Chiropodists does not recognize Dr. Melle “I don't believe he is a doctor,” he declared.

KEPT PATIENT AMUSED.
Joseph A. Goulet, who stated that he been in partnership with the accused for about a year, declared that Dr. Melle was no more a chiropodist than he was himself. He gave a demonstration of how patients are treated by the accused, keeping court and spectators in constant hilarity by the most unusual antics. The accused, he declared, never allowed the patients to watch the operations closely, and kept up a steady stream of talk “to keep the patient amused.” The operation, he declared, consists in having a “root” concealed in the hand while a layer of adhesive ointment is rubbed on the corn. After some rubbing and squeezing, slight incision would be made and̶— here the witness illustrated—the “root” would be pulled out with a pair of tweezers and dangled in front of the client’s eyes.
Dr. Melle,” said the witness, with evident signs of irony. “is the only one in the world who works this way.
“Does the client feel the operation?"
“Oh, yes. He has to make them hurt a bit, you know.”
For such operations, the accused charged $3 per corn, said the witness, and his income was from $1,500 to $3,000 per month.
“He puts on this brown ointment,” explained Goulet. “He makes that himself: but in case the patient should become inquisitive he always has boxes containing real ointment on the table.”

Cross-examined, the witness said that he first met the accused in 1921, when he went to have his corns removed. The operation apparently did not meet with permanent success; but nevertheless he thought that the method was excellent and that the work was “pretty easy.” They agreed to go Into partnership, Goulet investing $2,000 in the venture. The main thing, he said, was to watch the patient and keep up the conversation. “I also treated the clients.” said the witness.
“You knew that the operations were not honest; still you were willing to-do this?" asked Mr. Gardner. The witness admitted this; but he had not been sure when he invested his money. He worked in order to have his investments returned. His weekly salary was $100.
“Dr. Melle told me that we could easily make from $50,000 to $100,000 a year,” said the ‘witness. Later he had opened up an office for himself in Toronto, but under the name “Dr. Melle,” because, he said, “everybody knows Dr. Melle.”
“I never took out any roots in Toronto,” said Goulet. “I worked like a real chiropodist there. I can’t remember anybody ever being cured.”

Mr. Leopold Houle insisted upon producing a sheet of paper, which he declared, showed conclusively that Dr. Melle had especial aptitude for judicious publicity, advertising himself discreetly in connection with a beauty contest.

Judgment was reserved until December 27.

There were a few delays. One was until January 4, 1924 when he was “committed for trial” which was then put over until the month of May.

In July 1924 he appeared before Chief Judge Decarie “charged with fraudulently obtaining food, lodging and other accommodation at the Windsor Hotel in the amount of $1,289.85. The case was remanded until July 16 for preliminary trial, bail being fixed at $500. A true bill was found against Dr. Melle at the beginning of the last term of the Court of King’s Bench for false pretenses. He is before the higher criminal courts for having failed to cure a particularly obnoxious corn from the little toe of a woman, after guaranteeing, it is claimed, to make it vanish forever”.

(I couldn’t discover the resolution of this particular suit so I guess that my grandfather settled his outstanding bill).

Finally on August 30, 2024 great news! Dr. M.E. Melle was acquitted!

The charges were discharged, the Crown declaring that there was no proof to offer. Max Bernfeld appeared for the defense.”

Back in Business (What could go possible go wrong?)
The first of these adverts was April 1925 in Winnipeg.

The next one was May 1925 in the Vancouver Sun.

The next year Dr. Melle travelled all the way to Victoria BC to remove a few corns. That did not go so well! These next two are both from the Vancouver Sun in 1926.

Newspaper reports from April 9, 1926.

This seems like a repeat of the Montreal charges except this time the corns had cores instead of roots. A pathologist testified concerning the corn cores that “To the best of my knowledge it is not human substance". It was neither crystalline nor amorphous, he added, going into technicalities. Uric acid was always in either of these forms. Its structure proved it was not made up of uric acid.

Mr Harrison was the prosecutor and Frank Higgins K.C. appeared for Dr. E.M. Melle.
“Mr Harrison interposed at this juncture and stated that the case had simply become one which would either prove that Dr. Melle was a colossal fraud or else that he had struck upon an amazing cure for corns. It was the task of the prosecution to prove the truth of the first suggestion, he said.

Mr Higgins went on to invite all doctors of Victoria to a attend a demonstration, at which Dr. Melle would show how he extracted the ‘cores’ from the corns. Mr Harrison said he would be agreeable to such a proposal if he were allowed to be present. Mr. Higgins said he did not wish his client to be treated as a criminal, and that he would not consent to Mr. Harrison and the police officers being present at the demonstrations.

Dr Moore, said that if he believed a man to be a qualified medical practitioner he would certainly agree to watch him perform an operation of the sort Dr. Melle suggested. Under the circumstances, however, he did not wish to watch any such proceedings, he asserted.

Thus the medical establishment closed ranks. Once they had pre-judged a man as a fraud, quack and crook then they won't even allow him the courtesy of demonstrating a medical procedure that defied medical science!

By 20^th of that same month of 1926, the Victoria police had issued a warrant for the arrest of “Dr. E. M. Melle”. My grandfather -- not being a crook -- returned for trial (and a chance to “permanently” remove a few a more corns).

In reports of a remand at the end of the April, it was written that “Dr. Melle, according to the police, is continuing his business as a corn expert here. His treatment of corns has gained for him a considerable reputation. Police believe that there are a great number of persons who will vouch for the ability of Dr. Melle. He has given many relief it is claimed”.

Final Vindication!
Finally the court system in British Columbia realized there was insufficient evidence and withdrew all charges.
From the Vancouver Sun on May 20, 1926:

Victoria Corn Doctor Will Not Be Tried
Victoria, May 20.—Dr. Melle, who was charged in the city Police Court recently for quackery in connection with his corn cure processes and committed for trial, will not be tried, it was announced at the attorney-general’s department. After examining the evidence the attorney general has decided that it is insufficient to justify him continuing the prosecution, it was said. Accordingly, no indictment was presented against the corn doctor, when the spring assizes got under way here.

At that point my grandfather celebrated with a bit of sojourning. This report was in the Vancouver Sun on October 9, 1926.

By March 13, 1930 Dr Max Melle was spending most of his time direct marketing medical ointments -- and air fresheners -- that he manufactured in his Vancouver back yard.

I never met my grandfather and had been given to believe that he was some kind of quack or fraud. But as I found in this past week's research, while he was prosecuted twice, the evidence was so weak that the charges were dropped both times.

I still wonder why such interesting stories were kept hidden as family secrets from his children and grandchildren.

Written by Gregory Melle in April 2021.

Sometimes you can go back: Sawan Bali

2021-03-17T22:03:00.004-06:00

“We can never go back again, that much is certain. The past is still close to us. The things we have tried to forget and put behind us would stir again...” Daphne Du Maurier writing in 'Rebecca'

But occasionally at least, you can go back. As you poke into strange corners you might discover yourself standing in the exact same spot that you visited years before. Of course things won't be exactly the same but old memories -- especially those evoked from old photos -- will spring anew from hidden memory corners.

While I have travelled much and still enjoy new discoveries, I also enjoy revisiting places first seen years before. In March 1975 I was in the middle of a Round-the-World trip. When I left Canada I had no intention of visiting the island of Bali in Indonesia but Australians that I met insisted that it was a 'must see'. I stopped off for a few days that became a few more and eventually turned into a two month sailing adventure.

In mid-April I rented a scooter and then -- perhaps on the 18th -- I headed off to see the North Coast of Bali.

Winding Roads and Rice Terraces

North Bali Water Buffalo

Greetings by Roadside Boys

Prompted by a line in some guide book I headed up a mountain road searching for the distinctive temples of Sawan village. As I came into town I stopped at the grand entrance to the local Hindu temple. It was covered with wild gargoyles, spirits and demons. As I brought out my camera I was surrounded by a crowd of children from the nearby school. Everyone shouted "hello mister", and everyone -- including one dog and a few dudes trying to look casual -- wanted in on the picture-taking.

Dalem Temple, Sawan District, April 1975

Dalem Temple Crowd, April 1975

These remained two of my favourite travel photos. Over the years, I would look in guide books but never found more than a brief mention of Sawan and its temples.
Eventually, 44 years later on almost the same date in 2019, I found myself on a rented scooter searching for memories of those same temples. I found out that Sawan was a fair sized 'district' of Buleleng Regency with several villages and a number of temples, markets and schools.

Scooters at Village Market 2019

With the aid of Google maps and some intuition I came upon the village of Pakraman Bebetin. I asked at the market and somebody pointed me to the local 'town temple'.

Dalem Temple, Sawan District, April 2019

While the colouring was different and the buildings behind the entrance had all been 'improved' over the years, if I squinted I could see that I was indeed standing in the exact same spot. There were no children that day in 2019 but I noticed that the village school was directly across the street.

Without my photos I would never have remembered that village and temple. Without my photos I would never have found them again. But perhaps without my photos other interesting memories would have been wedged in the far corners of mind.

It was a fun day though I got quite burnt driving slow on mountain roads.
I took this photo of my arm back at the hotel later that day.

Sunburn 2019

So you can go back again though it will never be exactly the same. You might have to squint to see the scene that you saw before.

Here is the location on Google Maps.

Here is a Flickr album of my Bali pictures.

Room Gem Hotel Motel Management Notes

2021-02-18T10:03:00.002-06:00

In the 1970s I really wanted to work in Hotel Management. I fell into some short-term and part-time jobs that included working on the front desk of the biggest hotel in Montreal. I later learned bartending and worked as banquet waiter.

in 1979 I completed the first year of Hospitality Management at BCIT in Burnaby, British Columbia; but fate intervened that summer and I never started the second year.

Eventually I completed a Software Programmer diploma and did a lot of database and software development work. I long searched for employment that combined all my interests but that was not to be. When I did get software work it was usually for something like an insurance company or a car assembly plant.

About 1992 — during a period of severe under-employment — I decided that there might be a market for flexible management software aimed at the small to medium priced hotel or motel. At that pre-Internet point in time there were many options available for big hotel chains but not much for the smaller business.

I wrote a set of Notes setting out all the things that could be in in the software. While they do use the term 'Requirements' this is more a list of possibilities. At that time I was using Blue Gem as my business name and proposed Room Gem as the package name. I set out to find investors and discovered — not for the first time — that I was a lousy salesman with few financial resources. The actual software was never written.

Moving forward almost thirty years and I found myself describing my efforts online. I dug up my old backups and decided to put my old notes into a blog. I have only made a few formatting changes. You will see many questions were left for further investigation.

(The reformatting lost the footnotes which gave credit to The Hubbart Formula for Evaluating Rate Structures of Hotel Rooms, 1952. 'Available from the American Hotel & Motel Association')

Enjoy.

Room Gem Notes

COMPUTERIZED
HOTEL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

I. ROOM GEM SYSTEM PROGRAMMING GOALS

A. QUICK AND EFFICIENT.

a. Vitally important to eliminate front desk bottlenecks.

b. Information must be instantly available on-line.

c. Copies of vital files should be downloaded to local computers.

1. In case of network problem information is still available.

d. No interference during shift changes.

e. Front desk entry screen should have a split screen mode.

1. would allow two clerks to efficiently use the same terminal.

2. this is quite important at smaller facilities.

B. FLEXIBLE AND EASY TO USE.

a. Regular maintenance to be done by front desk or accounting staff.

b. Multiple language displays are useful in some departments.

c. Full provision

1. for multiple currencies.

2. for multiple locations and companies.

3. and multiple tax rates.

C. ACCURATE DATA.

a. Essential to check for duplications and errors.

1. All data must be compared and corrected at time of entry.

2. Data corrections required once only.

D. EFFICIENT SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING.

a. Will allow easy software customization and maintenance.

b. Object oriented structured programming is required.

c. Use report writing and screen painter wherever possible.

d. Multi-user programming is done from the start.

1. System wide record locking.

2. Log off terminals after period of non-use.

E. END USER HELP.

a. Context sensitive on-line help must be available in all areas.

b. Software service required 24 hours a day.

1. Dial-in software control required.

2. Pagers & cellular phones allow full time programmer access.

F. DATA INTEGRATION & REDUNDANCY.

a. Data must be freely shared throughout the system.

1. Staff scheduling fully integrated with reservation information.

2. Management should find it easy to compare data from all departments.

b. Data elements should be stored in one location only (except for backups).

1. Data changes in one area will affect reporting in other areas.

II.

A. BACKUP COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS.

a. We need a manual backup system available 24 hours per day.

b. Audit files keep track of all transactions.

c. Transaction commitment and roll back

1. interrupted transactions to be cancelled or completed.

¨ no partially completed transactions in system.

¨ accurate indexes.

1. backup system to allow transaction roll back to any point in time.

A. EFFECTIVE SECURITY.

a. Encrypted password protection required.

1. with several levels of security.

b. Program files are compiled to prevent program tampering.

c. System level protection required on phone-in data lines.

B. NIGHT AUDITOR POSITION ELIMINATION.

a. Possible and desirable at most locations.

b. Reasons.

1. High responsibility position done under poor working conditions.

¨ low worker morale.

¨ high staff turnover.

¨ work done at night is more difficult, mistakes are common.

1. Audit is done under difficult front office conditions.

¨ accounting more efficient when done in accounting office.

1. Audit sometimes uncompleted before early morning checkouts.

¨ this means auditor is using front office during busy checkout time.

1. Higher use of credit cards.

¨ means fewer facility charges to guest folio accounts.

¨ means it is easier to correct billing mistakes after checkout.

1. Night staff better utilized handling serious late night problems.

a. Methods.

1. Most guest charges should be entered by facility staff.

¨ staff entering data require personal data entry accuracy.

¨ each cashier responsible for balancing at end of shift.

1. Credit card charges and cash count corrections done in daytime.

¨ can easily be done by early morning accounting staff.

1. Computer system will automatically do scheduled new day turnover.

¨ tape backups started by afternoon accounting staff.

¨ rooms are posted automatically to new day's room charges file.

¨ no interference between day turnover and front desk work.

¨ vouchers and cash paid-outs can be balanced several times a day.

¨ night staff only responsible for late night charges.

¨ all reports can be run for any period in time.

¨ means that backup copies are not needed.

¨ only summary reports are printed. Done during the day shift.

¨ other reporting is done better on display screen.

1. Day end turnover can be at any set time.

¨ does not have to be the same time as room posting time.

¨ perhaps at noon instead of middle of the night.

a. Remaining Night Audit Duties.

1. A few night auditing duties will still have to be done at night.

¨ confirming cash register readings.

¨ preparation of folios for express check-out.

¨ night manager duties.

1. These can all be done by the remaining front office & security staff.

COMPUTER SYSTEM FEATURES

I. DEPARTMENTS

A. Integrated information in all departments:

a. Front Office.

b. Reservations.

c. Food, Beverage & Catering.

d. Mail / Fax / Phones.

e. Housekeeping & Repairs.

f. Laundry / Valet.

g. Security.

h. Accounting, Personnel & Payroll.

i. Management & Planning.

j. Sales, Publicity & Public Relations.

II. RESERVATIONS

A. RESERVATION REQUEST.

a. MULTIPLE SOURCES.

1. Letter.

2. Telex, telegram or fax.

3. Phone.

4. Walk-in.

5. Travel agent, airline or housing bureau.

6. Convention or group.

7. Central reservation office or chain office.

b. PREFERENCES.

1. Floor - higher or lower.

2. Location - front / back / view.

3. Adjoining or connecting rooms / same floor.

4. Smoking or non-smoking.

c. MEAL PLANS.

1. American Plan (AP & MAP).

2. European Plan (EP).

3. Convention & Group Meals.

d. LENGTH OF STAY, ARRIVAL & DEPARTURE DATES.

1. Redundancy for confirmation.

e. TIME OF ARRIVAL.

1. Guaranteed or confirmed.

f. NUMBER OF PEOPLE.

1. Cots, twin, double, double double, etc.

g. IDENTIFICATION.

1. Name, address & company affiliation.

h. CONFIRMATION.

1. Is mailed with all data displayed.

¨ including check-in and check-out time information.

1. Only a range of room rates is confirmed for hotel reservations.

¨ other types of reservations require a set rate.

a. PERMANENT RESERVATIONS.

1. Permanent live-in hotel guest.

2. Business traveller on a regular schedule.

b. RIDING RESERVATIONS.

1. Uncertain date of arrival.

c. SPECIAL FACILITIES & REQUESTS.

1. Convention or Group Delegate.

2. TA (Travel Agent).

3. VIP. also called SPATT (Special Attention) or DG (Distinguished Guest).

A. FILE STRUCTURE.

a. Reservations must be allowed any time in the future.

1. Future reservations will be confirmed only as to type and class.

¨ they will be compared to RZFUTURE file with one record for each date.

¨ this file will also have future pricing information.

1. Files will be opened for room assignment several weeks in advance.

¨ the file names for these files will indicate date.

¨ room assignments will be made for all reservations open for date.

¨ date record for previous day will be deleted.

1. File records for days completed will be moved to audit files.

II. FRONT OFFICE COMPUTERIZATION.

A. FRONT DESK REGISTRATION.

a. QUESTIONS ASKED GUEST.

1. Name.

2. Address.

3. Company.

4. Method of payment.

5. Room preference.

¨ room type.

¨ room number.

¨ smoking or non-smoking, etc.

1. Number of guests.

2. Group name & id number.

3. Departure date.

4. Automobile id.

¨ for parking and motel identification.

a. INFORMATION PROVIDED GUEST.

1. Liability disclaimer.

2. Hotel facility specials.

3. Perhaps multi-language.

b. RESERVATION CARD.

1. Presented for signature and confirmation.

c. PAYMENT METHOD.

1. Displayed in order of facility preference.

2. Computerized confirmation after credit card presentation

¨ approval number saved with request information.

1. Take account of both hotel and individual floor limits.

a. MEAL PLANS REQUESTS.

1. American Plan (AP) and Modified American Plan (MAP) facilities.

¨ use a default BLD code that can be modified by the clerk.

a. IDENTIFICATION CARDS.

1. Some properties provide ID cards to validate guest at hotel facilities
or when signing charges.

b. KEYS.

1. Often computerized with electronic door locks.

c. BELL SERVICE / DOORMEN / CONCIERGE.

1. Must be informed of the guest names and room numbers.

2. Commonly done with a copy of registration slip.

¨ could also be done with a bell captain desk terminal.

1. Computer should keep track of front rotation.

2. Concierge could use terminal for ticket sales and reservations.

a. GROUP CHECK-IN.

1. Room Gem should print

¨ key envelopes coded by groups.

¨ in house ID cards.

¨ group baggage tags.

¨ and rooming lists.

a. PAYMENT IN ADVANCE.

1. Guest is flagged to prevent charges made in other departments.

A. ROOM ASSIGNMENTS (done by the Room Clerk using Room Rack display).

a. REGISTERED, NOT ASSIGNED (RNA).

1. RNA means the guest arrived early and no room is available.

2. While they are waiting the hotel may allow folio charges.

b. BLOCKING & ASSIGNING ROOMS.

1. Room clerk selects from a list of appropriate available rooms.

2. Room Gem should assist management goals such as:

¨ rotating room usage equally.

¨ increasing occupancy in higher rate rooms.

¨ restricting wings or floors to save energy.

1. It has been difficult to manipulate rooms with a computer system

room rack "solitaire" is used to manipulate groups and vacancies into blocks.

¨ this should be easy to do with a mouse and a graphic display.

1. Display should use the same order as the actual physical order.

2. Reserved rooms are blocked before guest arrival

¨ this must be flexible enough for last minute changes.

¨ display must make obvious which rooms are blocked or occupied.

a. SELL-UP.

1. Room Gem should assist sell-up to higher priced rooms.

b. SHOWING ROOMS.

1. It is the best way to sell a room. It can be done

¨ with a screen monitor at the desk.

¨ or with computer printed charts.

a. ROOM RACK SYMBOLS & COLOURS.

1. Modifiable by management according to individual needs.

2. Colours should flag special types of rooms such as

¨ special views.

¨ corner rooms.

¨ and adjoining rooms.

1. Standard Symbols.

¨ S=Single

¨ D=Double

¨ K=King

¨ Q=Queen

¨ St=Studio

¨ H=Sofa(Hide-a-bed)

¨ DD=Twin-Double or Double-Double.

¨ Perhaps we should use such graphic symbols such as ³, º, K, Q, », ±, _.

1. Other symbols might be needed for Tub and/or shower etc.

2. "M/M & FAM" = Mr. Ms. & family.

3. there could be a gradual size or colour progression in the room status symbols.

a. ROOM CHANGES.

1. Ideally room changes should be a mouse drag & drop operation.

2. Sometime the change is to the lobby until the new room is ready.

b. ON-CHANGE & OUT-OF-ORDER.

1. On-Change (OO) is short term (housekeeping).

2. Out-of-Order (OOO) is longer term (repairs & painting).

A. HOUSEKEEPING DEPARTMENT.

a. ROOM STATUS.

1. Must be transmitted between the front office and housekeeping.

2. Sometimes the arriving guest is given a temporary room

which can be changed to a permanent room later.

b. DISTANCE FROM FRONT OFFICE.

1. Might be far enough to require non-network communications.

c. PERSONAL INFORMATION.

1. Housekeeping normally not informed of personal guest information.

B. INFORMATION RACK DISPLAYS.

a. Arranged alphabetically for fast lookup.

b. Are required for use by phone operators etc.

c. Should include

1. people expected to arrive soon.

2. and those who have recently departed.

C. MAIL / MESSAGES / FAX / E-MAIL / TELEPHONE.

a. MAIL RACKS.

1. Used less and less in the 90's.

2. But a system to handle the guest's Fax messages is now required.

b. PHONE BILLING.

1. Smart switches allow for a direct interface with computer billing.

2. Otherwise nightly posting of phone charges is required.

A. GROUPS & CONVENTIONS.

a. GROUP ID.

1. Each group needs its own unique group ID.

b. ATTENDANCE COUNT.

1. Expected number in group

¨ plus or minus actual sales difference

¨ less casualty factor (cancellations & no-shows)

¨ equals number of people actually attending.

a. RATE QUOTATIONS.

1. With flat rate all guests pay the same rate

1. With a spread all rates

¨ are reduced a certain number of dollars.

¨ or are reduced a certain percentage.

A. ROOM AVAILABILITY CALCULATIONS. (percentages used are management options)

a. ESTIMATED ADJUSTED STAYOVERS equals

¨ Rooms Occupied Last Night

¨ plus Complimentary Rooms (if not listed as being occupied)

¨ equals Actual Rooms Occupied Last Night

¨ less Adjusted Departures:

¨ [Announced Departures

¨ plus Estimated Understays (@6.0%)

¨ less Estimated Overstays (@2.0%)].

a. ESTIMATED ADJUSTED RESERVATIONS equals

¨ Announced Reservations

¨ plus Early Arrivals (@0.5%)

¨ less Cancellations (@2.0%)

¨ less No-Shows (@5.0%).

a. TOTAL ROOMS COMMITTED equals

¨ (Stayovers) plus b. (Reservations).

a. SPACE AVAILABLE FOR SALE equals

¨ Total Rooms in facility

¨ less Rooms Out-of-Order

¨ less c. (Total Rooms Committed).

a. ROOMS OCCUPIED TONIGHT equals

¨ c. (Total Rooms Committed) plus Estimated Walk-Ins.

A. RATE CALCULATIONS.

a. SPLIT RATES.

1. Indicates rate split between two or more guests in the same room.

2. Recorded as fraction of the full rate on each card

¨ or the full rate on one card.

¨ and a “shares with” indication on another card.

1. The system must account for late check-ins

¨ or early check-outs by one of the people sharing the room.

a. CHANGEOVER HOUR.

1. Shows when the break comes between charging for the previous night or the new day.

1. It is a management setup option and usually between 5 and 7 am.

a. HOURLY RATES.

1. Some hotels are experimenting with flexible rates

¨ an adjustment is made according to whether a person checks out

well before or well after the normal check-out time.

1. The hour could be the future basic unit of rate measurement.

a. WEEKLY & MONTHLY RATES.

1. Usually payment is prepaid.

2. Normal daily rate is posted

¨ until the deposit is almost exhausted.

¨ Then there is a reduced daily rate or free days until prepaid period ends.

1. This keeps accounting simple if the guest checks-out early.

a. DOUBLE OR TRIPLE OCCUPANCY.

1. Often charged at single rate or just slightly more.

2. The third person is often charged a flat extra charge.

3. Extra charges are also charged for cots brought into room.

b. PARLOUR ACCOMMODATION.

1. If one person occupies two connecting rooms.

¨ Do we register them once only in only one room?

¨ Perhaps this requires a master folio?

a. RATES FOR SPECIAL PEOPLE.

1. Special rate percentage reductions are offered.

2. For TA's (travel agents) this is commonly 50% off.

b. COMP & REDUCED RATES.

1. Should be recorded at the full rack rate

¨ with an accounting amount posted to a comp allowances account.

¨ to record the full cost of reduced or free accommodation.

a. DAY RATES.

1. Are commonly for 6 hours at 1/2 the full rate.

2. These options must be set up by management.

II. ACCOUNTING & PAYROLL PRINCIPLES

A. ACCOUNT CODES.

a. Accounts should be accessible by a mnemonic account code.

b. There should also be a code to access external accounting systems.

B. Debit and Credit required for each transaction.

III. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE.

A. LEDGERS.

a. Each transaction creates a debit and a credit

1. posting to folio requires a contrary posting to either the guest or city ledger.

2. Guest ledger charges are later posted to city ledger accounts.

b. Comp Room Transactions.

1. Often there are two accounts

¨ a master A account for complimentary (or prepaid) charges.

¨ and another B account for individual charges.

a. GUEST LEDGER.

1. Transient Guests are those currently registered in the hotel.

¨ Their transactions are recorded in the Guest Ledger and posted as soon as possible.

1. Room charges are posted each night.

a. CITY LEDGER.

1. This Ledger includes

¨ accounts for customers who do not occupy sleeping rooms.

¨ usually local companies.

¨ Consolidation accounts for Guest Ledger transactions.

¨ posted at regular intervals (monthly?).

¨ Master accounts folios.

1. Master Account transactions.

¨ for tour companies.

¨ banquets and other catered events.

¨ for convention groups, etc.

¨ Options should allow posting of personal and group transactions.

1. Hotel Executive Accounts.

¨ monthly billing or payroll deduction.

1. Delinquent Accounts and Returned Cheques.

¨ reported and attempted collection.

¨ if over petty delinquent account collection limit.

¨ if uncollected then transfer to Unrecoverable Receivables.

1. Credit Card accounts.

¨ one for each type of card.

a. DUE BILLS.

1. Used to handle non-billed rooms given hotels, advertisers etc.

2. Usually accepted at highest available room rate to use up quickly.

3. Should be recorded as advertising expense liability

¨ which is reduced when due bill is presented to pay room charges.

a. TRAVEL AGENCY ACCOUNTING.

1. Travel agencies must receive prompt reporting on all referred guests.

2. When agency collects room charge it must be collected from them.

3. Agency commissions must be remitted regularly.

4. Agency must get prompt notification of DNA’s (Did Not Arrive).

b. ADVANCE DEPOSITS.

1. Advance deposits should be recorded as liability until checkout.

I. CASHIER BALANCING & CONTROLS.

A. CASH REPORT ENTRY SCREEN.

a. Required to balance at beginning and end of work shift.

1. Cash on Hand.

2. Cheques, Vouchers, etc.

b. Bank is cash float for making change and cashing cheques etc.

c. Net Receipts equals Total Receipts less Total Paid-Outs.

a. Overage and Shortage
¨ is difference between Amount Actually On-Hand
¨ and Amount Should Be On-Hand.

a. Turn-In.
¨  equals Checks, Vouchers
¨     and other Non-Negotiable Items
¨     and All Cash Except the New Bank.

a. Due Back. (also known as Difference Returnable, Due Bank, Exchange or Difference Returnable).

1. is amount needed to reconstitute the Bank.

2. total of cheques, Paid-Out Vouchers and excess Cash.

b. Verification.

1. is difference between the Turn-In and the Amount Due.

A. CASHIER'S REPORT.

a. Cheque List.

1. If bank information is entered at time of presentation then a detailed list of cheques can be printed without later input.

1. List should include travellers cheques and types of payment.

a. Voucher List.

1. This would keep track of all Vouchers & Paid-Outs.

2. As in cheque list information is entered at time of posting.

II. STATISTICS

A. ROOM OCCUPANCY STATISTICS.

a. HUBBART ROOM RATE FORMULA:

Operating Expenses

plus Taxes, Insurance, etc.

A. plus Depreciation (at Standard Rates on Present Fair Value eg. 15% p.a.)

plus Reasonable Return on Present Fair Value of Property (eg. 10% p.a.)

less Credits from Sources Other Than Rooms such as Income from Store Rentals, Income from Food & Beverage, Net Income from Other Operated Departments, and Miscellaneous Income

equals Amount to be Realized from Guest Room Sales to Cover Costs
and a Reasonable Return on the Present Fair Value of the Property (1).

Number of Guest Rooms Available for Rental times 365.25

times Average Occupancy Rate eg. 75%

equals Number of Rooms to be Occupied at Estimated Average Occupancy (2).

Reasonable Return (1) divided by Number of Rooms Occupied (2)

equals the Average Daily Rate per Occupied Room Required to Cover Costs

and a Reasonable Return on Present Fair Market Value (3).

As an alternative the Reasonable Return (1) could be divided by

(the total square footage available for rent multiplied by the average annual occupancy rate) to get the average rate per square foot.

This rate would then be multiplied by the square footage of each type of room.

a. IDEAL ROOM RATE:

According to this approach the hotel should sell an equal percentage of rooms in each rate class instead of filling from the bottom up. This spread produces an average rate equal to the average rate earned when the hotel is completely full. Differences between the ideal average rate and actual rates for each rate group could mean poor salesmanship, housekeeping or a problem with the rate structures.

A sample calculation:

200 rooms @ $50 single and $65 double.

300 rooms @ $65 single and $84 double.

100 rooms @ $70 single and $92 double. Total of 600 rooms.

At 70% occupancy and 10% double occupancy the ideal rate is computed:

From the bottom up:

200 rooms @ $50 + 20 rooms @ $15 (double = $10,300

220 rooms @ $65 + 22 rooms @ $19 supplement) = 14,718

420 (70% occupancy) 42 (10% double occupancy) $25,018

From the top down:

100 rooms @ $70 + 10 rooms @ $22 = $ 7,220

300 rooms @ $65 + 30 rooms @ $19 = 20,070

20 rooms @ $50 + 2 rooms @ $15 = 1,030

420 (70% occupancy) 42 (10% double occupancy) $28,320

Average total revenue: $26,669

Average Total Revenue divided by Occupied Rooms (420)

equals the Ideal Average Room Rate ($63.50).

A.OCCUPANCY STATISTICS.

a. OCCUPANCY PERCENTAGE.

1. The Common Occupancy Percentage

¨ equals Number of Rooms Sold
¨ divided by Number of Rooms Available for Sale.

1. Out-of-Order Rooms - if taken from Rooms Available
¨ the percentage indicates sales clerk salesmanship.

1. Rooms Sold Count.

¨ This can be affected by which rooms are included.

¨ The counting scheme selected less important than consistency.

¨ Day Occupancy is generally omitted.

¨ Why not express them as a percentage?

¨ Should emergency sleeping accommodation be included?

¨ Should parlours be included?

¨ Dormitory style... count the number of beds sold?

¨ Permanent or Guaranteed reservations without occupancy.

¨ Do we count these people in the house count?

¨ Comp rooms, are these to be counted?

¨ This is especially in a Casino (many Comp rooms).

a. DOUBLE OCCUPANCY PERCENTAGE.

1. Actually a measure of multiple occupancy.

2. It is a percentage

¨ calculated as (Number of Guests less Number of Rooms Sold)

¨ all divided by the Number of Rooms Sold.

1. Sometimes it is a Guests Per Room ratio:

¨ calculated as Number of Guests

¨ divided by Number of Rooms Sold.

a. BED OCCUPANCY PERCENTAGE.

1. Common used in most of the world, very rarely found in United States.

2. Also known as Guest Occupancy or Sleeper Occupancy.

3. It is a percentage

¨ calculated as Number of Beds Sold

¨ including cots and hide-a-beds,

¨ Doubles, Queens & Kings are counted as 2 people

¨ unless sold as single when no other singles available,

¨ divided by Number of Beds Available for Sale.

1. 70 percent room occupancy usually means about 50 percent bed occupancy.

C. SALES RATIOS.

a. SALES PER OCCUPIED ROOM.

1. Also known as Average Room Rate or Average Daily Rate (ADR).

2. It is the rate earned per day per occupied room

¨ calculated as Room Income divided by Number of Rooms Sold.

a. SALES PER AVAILABLE ROOM.

1. Sales (Revenue) per Available Room.

¨ previously known as Average Rate per Available Room.

¨ calculated as Room Income

¨ divided by Number of Rooms Available for Sale.

1. Sales (Revenue) per Guest.

¨ previously known as Average Rate per Guest.

¨ calculated as Room Income

¨ divided by Number of Guests.

¨ this ratio is particularly important in American Plan hotels.

1. Total Sales (Revenue) per Available Room.

¨ calculated as Total Operating Income

¨ divided by Number of Rooms Available for Sale.

a. NUMBER OF TIMES THE AVERAGE RATE WAS EARNED.

¨ Total Income Before Fixed Charges

¨ also known as House Profit.

¨ Net Profit from all Operating Departments.

¨ divided by Number of Available Rooms,

¨ divided by Sales per Occupied Room.

a. POTENTIAL OPTIMUM REVENUE RATIO (POR).

1. Commonly used by financial institutions & appraisers.

2. Also known as the Rate Achievement Percentage.

¨ calculated as Room Income

¨ divided by Potential Optimum Income

¨ which is income from all rooms sold at full rate.

1. Average Optimum Daily Room Rate is

¨ calculated as Potential Optimum Income

¨ divided by Number of Rooms Available for Sale.

1. Ratio of Actual to Optimum Room Rates is

¨ calculated as Average Actual Daily Room Rate

¨ divided by Average Optimum Daily Room Rate.

a. AVERAGE LENGTH OF GUEST STAY.

¨ calculated as Number of Guests Nights

¨ divided as Number of Guest Arrivals.

Table of Contents for Upper Fraser River / CNR stops in British Columbia (BC) Blogs

2020-12-26T21:52:00.002-06:00

This is an index to reproductions of several web pages that I found at Wikipedia.org in December, 2020.

Highway 16 East of Prince George

Like all articles at Wikipedia they were listed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licensing. The original articles were flagged as containing "an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience". That is certainly true, but I found them to be quite fascinating. In an effort to preserve the research and stories I created several blob posts.

This post will be the index. All these 'towns' are really very small villages or railway stops on the North Line of the CNR between Prince George and McBride.

Aleza Lake, British Columbia (BC) as recorded in Wikipedia

Bend, British Columbia (BC) as recorded in Wikipedia

Dome Creek, British Columbia (BC) as recorded in Wikipedia

Foreman, British Columbia (BC) as recorded in Wikipedia

Guilford, British Columbia (BC) as recorded in Wikipedia

Kidd, British Columbia (BC) as recorded in Wikipedia

Longworth, British Columbia (BC) as recorded in Wikipedia

McGregor, British Columbia (BC) as recorded in Wikipedia

Penny, British Columbia (BC) as recorded in Wikipedia

Shelley, British Columbia (BC) as recorded in Wikipedia

Sinclair Mills, British Columbia (BC) as recorded in Wikipedia

Willow River, British Columbia (BC) as recorded in Wikipedia

Because of the Creative Commons licensing, I retain no copyright or publication rights to this particular blog or the blogs linked from it.

Aleza Lake, British Columbia (BC) as recorded in Wikipedia

2020-12-26T21:43:00.000-06:00

This is a lightly revised version of the information that was found in an Aleza Lake web page at Wikipedia.org on December 26, 2020. Like all articles at Wikipedia, it was listed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licensing.

The original article was flagged as containing "an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience". That is certainly true yet I found the excessive detail to be quite fascinating. While the original article should be drastically edited, I am reproducing a snapshot of the original in blog form to preserve the research and stories for future members of that "particular audience".

[Click here for an index of my other Upper Fraser blogs].

Because of the Creative Commons licensing, I retain no copyright or publication rights to this particular blog.

Aleza Lake, British Columbia

Aleza Lake is immediately south of the eastern end of its namesake lake, and west of Upper Fraser, in central British Columbia. The community, which clusters the railway line and highway, comprises 15–20^[1]^[2] full-time residents.

Transportation

A trackside signpost marks the flag stop for Via Rail's Jasper – Prince Rupert train.^[3] The immediate Via Rail stops are Willow River to the west and Upper Fraser to the east.

History

Lakes

A prior channel of the Fraser River carved out the oxbow lakes, which comprise Little Lake (west), Aleza Lake (centre) and Hansard Lake (east). Little Lake was also called Hotchkiss Lake, after Thomas & Louise L. Hotchkiss,^[4] the first homesteaders^[5] on its shores. Long after the family departed, their abandoned log cabin remained standing at the western end of the lake. Memorable features of the medium-sized Aleza Lake were the white water lilies on the south shore and cranberry bogs on the north side.^[6]^[7] In July 1913, G.U. Ryley, the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTP) Land Commissioner, named the lake after a First Nations woman who lived in the area. She was either elderly,^[8]^[9] or the daughter of a chief,^[10] or a Carrier maiden,^[11] or some combination of these attributes. A fast-flowing creek connected to the larger Hansard Lake, which in turn flowed into the Fraser.^[12] Like the former train station to the southeast, it was named after Hugh H. Hansard. During the late spring flooding of 1938,^[13] the river flowed up the creek system temporarily creating a streak of brown sediment across the surface of Aleza Lake.^[14]

Railway

Aleza Lake, like Newlands to its west and Hansard to its east, was an original train station (1914) on the GTP^[15]^[16] (the Canadian National Railway after nationalization). It had no station agent.^[5] Aleza Lake lies at Mile 108.8, Fraser Subdivision^[17]^[18] (about Mile 198 during the line's construction). The railhead reached Mile 197 in December 1913.^[19] During the following years, some speculated the Edmonton, Dunvegan and British Columbia Railway would continue southwest through the Wapiti Pass, until joining the GTP near Aleza Lake, with the goal of securing running rights westward over that line.^[20]

Herman G. Griese (1892–1940) of Shelley^[21] (misreported as Edward), section hand (track maintenance), died from a heart attack in the section-house while preparing to go to work.^[22]

After passing trains had destroyed 100 head of cattle on the Willow River-Aleza Lake stretch during 1958–63, the CNR erected protective fencing.^[23]

A 160-foot washout 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of Aleza Lake terminated a westbound passenger train at Upper Fraser in spring 1966. Towed through heavy mud and deep holes by bulldozers near Giscome, three buses brought eastbound passengers from Prince George, and returned with the westbound ones. To provisionally bridge the track bed, which had subsided 10 feet, CN crews worked around the clock for four days before reopening the line.^[24] Restoration work occurred in 1980, 1984 and 1990.^[25]

Built in 1914, the standard-design Plan 100‐152 (Bohi's Type E)^[26]^[27] station building was sold in 1968. An unspecified freight and passenger shelter remained into the 2000s.^[28]^[29]

The remaining passenger shelter went in 1996.^[30]

Trick Lumber/United Forest Prodt. stop (Mile 107.3)
Service	c.1963–1964	1964–1968	1968–1971
	^[31]	^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]	^[36]^[37]
Passenger		Flag stop
Way freight	Flag stop	Flag stop	Flag stop

Aleza Lake stop (Mile 108.8)
Service	1914–c.1921	c.1921–1931	1932–1942	1943–c.1958	c.1959–1965	1965–1966	1966–1977	1977–present
	^[15]^[5]^[38]	^[39]^[40]^[41]	^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46]	^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50] ^[51]^[52]^[53]	^[54]^[55]^[56]^[31]^[32]	^[33]	^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37]^[57]^[58]	^[17]^[59]^[60]^[61] ^[62]^[63]^[64]^[65]
Passenger	Regular stop	Regular stop		Regular stop	Flag stop	Regular stop	Flag stop	Flag stop
Way freight	Flag stop probably	Regular stop	Regular stop	Regular stop	Regular stop	Regular stop	Regular stop

Siding	Mile No.	1922	1933	1943	1960	1965	1968–72	1977	1990–92
(Capacity Length)		Cars ^[39]	Cars ^[44]	Cars ^[47]	Cars ^[54]	Cars ^[33]	Cars ^[36]^[57]	Feet ^[17]	Feet ^[61]^[62]
Aleza Lake	108.8	67	65	57	52	125	112	5,110	6,080

Other Tracks	Mile No.	1920–22	1933	1943	1960	1965–68
(Capacity Length)		Cars ^[38]^[39]	Cars ^[44]	Cars ^[47]	Cars ^[54]	Cars ^[33]^[36]
Anthony Lumber (logging)	106.2	Unknown
Gale & Trick	107.3		11
S.B. Trick Lumber	107.3			14	11
United Forest Products	107.3					11

Pioneers

From 1912 until his death, Jabez W. Smith (c.1863–1941) farmed on the northwestern shore of the lake.^[66]^[67] His son and daughter-in-law, Sidney (Sid) J. (1886–1975)^[68] & Mary (1888–1979)^[69] Smith, joined him in 1924.^[70] Their strawberry crop was famous. Their homesteads were a two-mile (3.2 km) walk around the east end of the lake from the village, but a shorter distance by boat in summer or across the ice in winter. Sid was primarily a trapper, and in 1932, they moved into the town site. Relocating to Vancouver in 1942, they returned in the late 1940s. Sid was a long time employee at S.B. Trick Lumber.^[71]^[72] Daughter Grace E. married Tom Dilworth in 1935.^[73] (see #TDilworth) Son Wilfrid married Alice McNeill,^[74] and they initially stayed.^[75] Daughter Margaret R. joined the RCAF,^[76] and married Frederick William Blake of Florida.^[77] Son L. Archie married Kathleen (Kathy) M. Neil (1930–2014) of Giscome in 1950, where the couple settled.^[78]

Alexander (Alex) (1880–1965)^[79]^[80] & Sarah (1890–1974)^[81]^[82] McDowell,^[83] who arrived in 1914, raised their 15 children in the homestead southwest of the west switch (Mile 108.9). The couple retired to Prince George in 1957.^[66]^[84] Daughter Violet married^[85] Arnold John Brandner (1908–68)^[86] (Melvin's brother) (see #GardinerFam), but the couple remained only a few years at Aleza Lake.^[87] Son Ernest (Ernie) A. (1929–2017)^[88]^[89] married Coreen Gervais.^[90] (see #GervaisFam) The couple stayed at least until the end of the 1990s,^[91] and likely beyond.^[92] Daughter Ida May married Haydn Wilson and the couple resided in Prince George.^[93]

J.A. Davidson^[94] was the inaugural postmaster 1915–20.^[95] His small store, located adjacent to the west switch, closed when the family left the area.^[96] When Rev. W.J. Patton visited in the summer of 1918, he calculated the population as 50.^[97] Around 1917, Andrew (Andy) (c.1884–1943)^[98]^[99] & Mary (c.1884–1942)^[100]^[99] Young,^[101] Roy Billings,^[94] and Mac McGibbons, settled on plots 2.5 miles (4.0 km) south in the hills, but they abandoned these holdings by 1920. Only the Youngs (see #YoungFamᵇ) resettled in the village, living south of the tracks at Mile 108.6. A section hand for the railway,^[102] Andy maintained a small farm,^[103] and was the school janitor. On one occasion, a train collided with their handcar putting Andy in a coma for weeks and in hospital for months. He served as the local commissioner under the Provincial Elections Act.^[104] Mary was the Sunday school teacher, the unofficial nurse,^[105] and boarded teachers. When the railway transferred Andy to Fraser Lake, the family relocated.^[106]

In foreground railway, in background main street, Aleza Lake, c.1925.

Lorne A.S. (1884–1955)^[107] & Nita M. (1896–1947)^[108] Lyle^[102] arrived in 1917. Their four daughters raised there were Ethelwynne, Lorita, Nelda and Lois.^[109] Buying a central lot south of the tracks at Mile 108.7, Lorne erected a two-storey store,^[94]^[110] which he ran (1918–21; 1923–50), and became postmaster (1920–21; 1923–50).^[95] Commonly, the postmaster in such towns was also a storeowner. Selling the store to Joseph Thomas Norquay (1874–1962),^[111]^[112] postmaster 1922–23,^[95] the Lyles travelled.^[113] Following customer dissatisfaction and unpaid purchase instalments, Lyle repossessed the business in 1923.^[114]^[115] The living quarters occupied the upper level and the rear of the lower level.^[116] He constructed a wooden sidewalk out to the tracks. The later enlargement of the store complex included additional buildings for a butchery, flour and feed storage, a warehouse, woodshed, and workshop.^[117] The record selection for the store's gramophone entertained customers throughout the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s.^[118] Lyle acted as the unofficial mayor.^[119]

Ethelwynne (Ethel) (1917–2011)^[120] married Neil M. MacArthur (1913–2011),^[121]^[122] a logging truck driver^[123] for S.B. Trick Lumber. After relocating to Prince George in 1949, they owned and operated several successful construction companies, and Ethel later wrote a slender volume outlining a history of Aleza Lake.^[124] Lorita married Gordon Earl Larson,^[125] but they left in the early 1950s.^[126] After Nelda M. married William (Bill) Earl Hein, they settled in Prince George,^[127] as did Lois L. on marrying William Charles Thompson.^[128]

The 1920 population estimate was 150.^[101] South of the west switch, the former small cemetery occupies the hillside. Lorne Lyle provided this land in 1919, when the influenza epidemic took several residents' lives. Over the years, carpenters used the store workshop to manufacture coffins.^[129] The only identifiable grave is for Winnifred Byrne, who died in childbirth, the date unknown.^[130] Frederick "Eugene" Schmolke (c.1896–1935)^[131] was a drowning victim.^[132] Containing about 20 graves, records no longer exist for the other burials. Some restoration work took place at the site in the late 1980s.^[133]

A number of homesteaders came after World War I. Arthur (Art) G. (1887–1953)^[134] & Glory A. Williams (see #WilliamsFamᵇ) operated a small dairy farm on the north shore of the lake, which supplied the community until they left in the late 1930s. Art was the section foreman for the railway.^[102]^[135]^[136]^[137] Their children were Betty (1920–89),^[138] Dorothy, and A. Bentley (1924–87).^[139] Betty would later recount their frugal childhoods.^[140] Harry Jackson, who farmed on the south shore,^[71]^[102]^[141]^[142] was known for his oat crop and nine-foot high timothy-grass with 10-inch heads.^[143] In 1930, he drowned near the Monkman Pass.^[144]

Erected on the hillside south of the east switch (Mile 108.3), the school opened before the final term of 1921. With an enrolment of 10 students, Miss Annie Johnson, the first teacher,^[145] left at the end of that term.^[146] The one-room building, at the east end of the boardwalk through the town, was also the venue for Christmas concerts, card evenings, bridal showers, and occasional Saturday night dances during the early years. A gramophone provided music for the dances and student Phys Ed.^[147]^[148] Residents were always welcome at the dances held in neighbouring communities.^[149]^[150]^[151]

Fred M. & Agnes M. (c.1879–1941)^[152] Phillips, who arrived in 1920, homesteaded on the north shore of Little Lake. Fred was a section hand for the railway,^[102] and stayed until the mid-1940s.^[153] Their twin daughters, Maude and Mabel (1915–42),^[154] commenced school at age five in order to boost the enrolment number to the required minimum of 10 for government funding.^[155]^[156] Mabel married^[157] Ego Bjorklund (1901–83). (see #BjorklundFam) Maude married^[158] Otto E. Leboe (1908–78),^[159] but a few years later, in 1942, they relocated to Prince George.^[151]^[160]

The fertile land favoured ranching in the area,^[143] but one settler left farming for mining, when his chickens unearthed a gold nugget.^[161] Trapper Matt Hilton (c.1876–1921),^[162] who had a cabin about four miles (6.4 km) to the south, succumbed to his poor health and perished outdoors in the extreme winter cold.^[163]^[164] Resident trapper F. Martin (Deafy) Dayton (1886–1940), formerly at Kidd,^[165] promoted his big game hunting guide,^[166] before returning to Kidd. Prior to Ole Hansen's (1892–1974) move to Hansard, he spent the 1920s at Aleza Lake.^[167]^[168] Local trapper William Youst (1898–1951)^[169]^[170] lived alone in north-central BC from the early 1920s.^[171] The area was known for its moonshiners,^[119]^[172] but during the 1930s, Youst's illegal still netted him a $100 fine or three months in jail.^[173] Another permanent resident was farmer^[174] and trapper John Miller, who operated a laundry during the early 1920s.^[175]^[176] Trapper Johan (John) (Old Caribou) Bergstrom (1890–1969)^[177]^[83] lived alone in a shack just west of the store, which children would frequent after school. At their urging, he would take them swimming or fishing. Parents were appreciative that he not only kept the youngsters safe, but also taught them to swim. When he returned from a winter of trapping, the children would rush to greet him.^[178]^[179]

In 1921, Louis Braaten (1896–1983),^[180] a farmer/trapper,^[102] opened a poolroom,^[141] immediately southwest of the store,^[114] which he sold to Charles (Charlie) O. Robson (1899–1967), who left a few years later.^[168]^[181] Living north of the tracks at Mile 108.6,^[66] William E. (Bill) (1884–1955)^[83]^[182] & Eva Mary (1884–1956)^[183] Range, and their six children, were residents 1923–40. Bill spent 16 years employed at Lyle's store.^[184] He opened the premises at 8:00 a.m. and closed at 8:00 p.m.^[185] Their tiny premature baby girl survived with home care alone.^[186] Son Kenneth (1916–88)^[187]^[188] married^[189] Sandra Viola Thorne (1920–91),^[190]^[191] and they remained until about 1947.^[192]^[193]

Herbert (1873–1945)^[194] & Laura (?–1935) Boomhower^[83] and their younger children arrived in 1924.^[195] Their log cabin, one of the earliest buildings in the village itself, was on the hill south of the tracks at Mile 108.5.^[66] During the later 1930s, son Arnold I. and daughter Hazel provided music for the community dances.^[14] Son Carl E. (1896–1970)^[196] was a carpenter,^[197] and his wife Nellie (1896–1977)^[198] boarded the teachers after the Youngs left.^[132] (see #YoungFamᵃ) Daughter Eva May (1893–1960),^[199] who married Edward (Ed) D. Bolen (1878–1962)^[200] in 1911, followed her parents to the village.^[83] After the latter's daughter Violet (1920–71)^[201] married^[202] Eric (Erik alternate spelling) Hedman (1898–1950),^[203] the couple remained.^[151] Their son Edward John (1937–40) drowned in a telephone posthole at almost three-years-old.^[204] After Eric died, Violet married Raymond Blangy (1926–83) from Kidd^[205] the following month.^[206] Six months later, the couple and their three children briefly moved to Summit Lake, before settling in Prince George.^[207]

Ed Boomhower's horse team and wagon provided transportation services. They relocated to Prince George in 1959.^[208]^[209] Arnold (1913–79)^[210] married^[211] Genevieve Churchman (1916–98), the schoolteacher, and they settled in Prince George.^[212]^[213] After marriage, two of Herbert's other daughters initially stayed in Aleza Lake.^[151] Letia I. (1908–98) married^[214] T. Howard Blackburn (1903–92)^[215] (son of Hugh & Jane Ann) (see #HBlackburn), but they moved to Prince George in the early 1940s.^[216] Hazel (1915–76)^[217] married^[218] James (Jim) D. Smith (1908–80)^[219] and they appear to have left in the early 1950s.^[220]^[221] Son Ray (?–1945)^[222] lived near Hansard during World War II.^[223] Herbert moved to that locality around this time,^[224] though he spent a period with daughter Eva.^[225]

Ernest Lloyd (1873–1949)^[226] & Esther (1883–1956)^[227] Gardiner^[168] lived east of the school.^[66] In 1925, the couple lost an infant child.^[228] When daughter Barbara Esther (c.1919–?) married William (Bill) E. (c.1902–?) Smith,^[229] the couple initially remained,^[151]^[230] as did daughter H. Joyce (c.1923–?) on marrying^[231] Melvin B. Brandner (1912–83)^[232]^[233] (Arnold's brother). (see #McDowellFam)

Charles Stewart (1853–1932)^[234] was a pioneer farmer^[101] in the locality.^[235] A resident 1925–50, John Zufelt (1878–1950)^[236] was a labourer^[170] and millworker.^[186]^[237]^[238]

New sports facilities included a baseball diamond and grandstand north of the railway tracks at Mile 108.7, and a covered hockey/skating rink, south of the tracks at Mile 108.4.^[239] In 1925, a passenger car attached to local freight train brought visitors from Prince George, and intermediate points, to the Aleza Lake Ice Carnival & Dance.^[240] Owing to warmer weather the following year, a masquerade ball replaced the carnival.^[241] The hockey team, drawn from several speedy players along the line, proved a real match for the formidable Prince George side.^[242] Equally, the local baseball team ranked respectably in the league.^[243] When strong winds destroyed the covered rink,^[1] the lumber was recycled.^[244] Apparently rebuilt, the weight of snow collapsed the roof during the Great Depression.^[245]

J. King Gordon, missionary in charge of Giscome United Church,^[246] travelled by train to hold monthly church services during 1926.^[247] Possibly, these are one in the same as those reported as Lutheran.^[248] During the 1920s, Anglican and Pentecostal ministers also held services, with the Anglican ones continuing throughout the 1930s and 1940s.^[249]^[250] The community supported both an athletic association^[251] and dramatic society.^[252] The population, which included logging camps, then numbered between 200^[245] and 275.^[170]

Lyle built the small Aleza Lake Hotel,^[253] which opened just east of the store in 1926. Part of the upper floor was a dance hall.^[254] Charles (Charlie) O. Robson, the initial manager,^[255] applied for the liquor licence.^[256] Joe Nosick (Nosik alternate spelling), a trapper based in the settlement,^[168]^[257] was among a series of managers^[258] of the establishment that burned to the ground in 1929. Nita Lyle and other temperance women delayed the rebuilding project for two years.^[259]^[260]

Later Community

Siblings Felix (1896–1968),^[261]^[262] Ego (1901–83),^[263]^[264] and A. Edwin (1910–77)^[265]^[266] Bjorklund arrived in the early 1930s.^[267] Felix had married Josephine Maria Norbia (1887–1967).^[268] Although soon separated^[269] and divorced,^[270] they remained residents until death. Josephine operated a small restaurant during the 1930s.^[208] Ego married^[157] Mabel Phillips (1915–42), (see #PhillipsFam) but they had relocated to two miles (3.2 km) southeast of Newlands by the time of her death.^[151]^[271]^[272] Their children were C. Albin (1934–91),^[273]^[274] Egan (c.1935–c.2005),^[275] Hilda, Everett (c.1938–?),^[275] and Harold (c.1940–1943).^[276] Ego married Irma Olsen (1900–69)^[277] his housekeeper. The family returned to Aleza Lake,^[278] where Ego and Ray Olsen were in the lumber business and ran a small mill.^[279] Irma remained a resident until death. A. Edwin married local^[280] Ester Maria Norrbin (1911–2000).^[281]^[282] Edwin was a resident until death. Like his father, only child Leonard E. (1932–72) died of a heart attack.^[283]^[284]

A dance hall, constructed immediately southwest of the store, hosted shows and community events. On the same site, Joe Nosick operated a store/poolroom/bar during the mid-1930s.^[237]^[285] At various times, all these buildings burned to the ground.^[286]^[287] A Chinese laundry existed in the late 1930s.^[208]

Thomas (Tom) H. Dilworth (1909–93)^[288] worked 1933–50 at S.B. Trick Lumber.^[237] His later career included being general superintendent at Prince George Planing Mills, president of the Northern Interior Lumbermen's Association (1956–57), and general manager for Lakeland Mills.^[289] In 1935, Tom married^[290] Grace E. Smith (1917–2014).^[291]^[292] (see #SmithFam) That year, M. Herbert (1907–63)^[293] & Leona E. (1908–87)^[294] Cook settled in the area.^[285]^[295] Trapper Herbert, Leona, and son Ben, spent the early 1940s in Hansard and then Shelley.^[296] Herbert, who was an Aleza Lake patrol officer with the forest service in 1948, became a licensed hunting guide.^[297] Ben later moved to Prince George and was also a guide.^[298]

By the mid-to-late-1930s, a Girl Guide company,^[299] with brownies, existed.^[300] Lorne Lyle cleared the underbrush beside the lake, west of the village to create a park. He built a community hall, a wharf, changing rooms, diving tower and children's pool. Offering bathing facilities, cabins and a dance hall, the popular resort attracted outside visitors. The Saturday night dances were the highlight of the week.^[14]^[301] By the 1970s, merely overgrown vegetation covered the same area.^[302] Lyle was also a strong advocate for the Monkman Pass Highway Association, and organized a fundraising dance in the hall.^[303]

Taking over as section foreman in the late 1930s, Nicholas (Nick) (1888–1969)^[304] & Olena (Helen or Elaine) (1901–86)^[305] Wozney and children stayed until 1953. They also operated the small dairy farm, which supplied milk and cheese to the community after the Williams left.^[306]^[307] (see #WilliamsFamᵃ) Daughter Elsie married Arthur (Art) C. Purdue. (see #PurdueFam) Son Walter, born and brought up at Aleza Lake, who left for further education and work, later emigrated to New Zealand.^[308]

Peter (Pete) Podrapovich (1900–89),^[309] who worked 1937–65 at S.B. Trick Lumber, was a 52-year resident on his death.^[310]

Around 1940, E. Harold (Harry) (1892–1984)^[311] & Leona May Jane (c.1905–92) Purdue arrived. Harry worked at S.B. Trick Lumber until they left in 1952.^[312] On marriage,^[313] son Allan H. (1923–2004)^[314] and Dorothy D. Gervais (1933–92)^[315]^[316] (see #GervaisFam) remained residents.^[317] Son Arthur (Art) C. (1928–90)^[318] married Elsie Wozney (1933–2002).^[319] (see #WozneyFam) ^[320]

Rose (né Domonkos [1921–2017], formerly at Shelley),^[321] & Andrew (Andy) (1906–91)^[322]^[323] Gaal (brother to Steve Gaal of Willow River) resided 1940–59.^[324] When Andy skidded on ice and collided with another vehicle in a 1942 auto accident, Rose suffered bruises and shock, and Nellie Boomhower (see #BoomhowerFam) broke her collarbone.^[325] During World War II, the community hall hosted Red Cross benefit dances.^[151] Including temporary workers, the population was almost 200 in the mid-1940s.^[326] About this time, Lyle opened a Home Oil two-pump gas station to the east side of the store.^[327]

Prior to John (Jack) E. (1899–1980)^[328] & Sarah (1900–86)^[329] Ovington relocating to Prince George,^[330] then Penticton, three of their children enlisted.^[331] J. Kenneth, the eldest son, married in England.^[332] Roy E. (1925–44)^[333] was killed on active service In France.^[334] Sarah Bernice served in the RCAF.^[335] In 1946, she married a civil servant posted to Trinidad. Returning to Aleza Lake, her father and cousin, Thomas Thompson, started a small sawmill.^[336] This venture appears short-lived, because Ovington relocated to Prince George in late 1947.^[337] That year, the athletic club built an ice rink and planned a hockey team.^[220] R. Eley (1912–88)^[338] & Pearl V. (1906–98)^[339] Gervais remained residents from that time until their deaths.^[340] Daughter Coreen married Ernie A. McDowell. (see #McDowellFam) Daughter Dorothy D. married Allan H. Purdue.^[313] (see #PurdueFam) Son, Ronald Martin (1944–56)^[341] died in a bicycle accident.^[342] Son, Robert C. married Shirley Darlene Brantnall of Newlands and remained long-term at Aleza Lake.^[343]

A small Catholic Church,^[344] built east of the Gardiner house on the hillside outside of the village,^[345] was active from 1949^[346] to 1999. In 2004, the current owners partially dismantled, moved, and reconstructed, the dilapidated building on their Hutton property.

General store, Aleza Lake, 1950.

In late 1949, Oscar (1889–1950)^[347] & Siri (1893–1978)^[348] Benson from Bend, and their son Carl A. Benson in Penny, bought the store, and Lorne Lyle built a new house for his retirement.^[208]^[349] Carl was postmaster 1950–52.^[95] In poor health, Oscar died within the year and Siri retired to Prince George.^[350] The next year, Carl fractured his ribs when he collided with an Imperial Oil truck on the Giscome-Newlands road. His two passengers escaped serious injury.^[351] That spring, Carl (1928–2015) married Lorri Tanis (Lida) Deszcz (1931–2012)^[352] of Penny, and they left 8 months later for Prince George.^[353]

The school installed a new coal heater in 1950,^[354] following a winter when the teacher, M. Dupris, had closed the school for several days while he stayed in Prince George to escape the extreme cold.^[355] Dupris left for Tabor Creek School during summer recess.^[356] In 1954, the rural construction program added a further classroom.^[357]

Around 1950, John (1912–87)^[358] & Lillian I. (1918–94)^[359] Dyck arrived, where they remained until death. Their four daughters and two sons were born during the 1940s and 1950s.^[360] In 1962, daughter Leona Pearl married Joffre (Jeff) B. Poulin, an employee at S.B. Trick Lumber.^[361]

During 1952, Clifford (Cliff) W. Tuckey (1900–82)^[362] bought the store and was postmaster 1952–56.^[95] Rolf A. (1907–92)^[363] & Kathleen (Kit) L.E. (1916–2014) Hellenius arrived with their four boys about this time. Son Peter^[364] and daughter Annemarie^[365] were born during the following years. Rolf worked at the Experiment Station,^[366] and Kit taught at the school for a time.^[212]^[367] Rolf began a Scout troop in 1956. As well as scouts and cubs,^[368] guide and brownie groups existed for the girls.^[369] Rolf continued as scoutmaster into the 1960s,^[370] and was also a volunteer weather observer.^[371] The family left in the late 1960s when Rolf became superintendent at the Red Rock nursery.^[372]

Samuel J. Boyd (possibly 1908–78)^[373] was storeowner and postmaster 1957–61.^[95] Patrick M. Scully (alternate spellings Skully or Skulley) owned the store until its closure and demolition in the mid-1970s,^[208]^[374] and was the final postmaster 1961–70.^[9]^[95] In 1968, he was fined for not keeping adequate Unemployment Insurance Commission records.^[375] He remains a resident.^[376]

Student enrolments ranged 24–36 in the late 1940s, 28–43 in the 1950s, and 29–40 in the early 1960s.^[377] The school closed in 1964, with students bussed to Upper Fraser.^[378] The school board adhered strictly to its policy of not extending a bus run for less than 10 children.^[379] School District 57 disposed of the surplus school site in 1985.^[380] During the 1985/86 year, 28 students bussed from Aleza Lake and Sinclair Mills to Upper Fraser, but the service ceased the next year owing to insufficient numbers.^[381] During the 1989/90 winter, the school bus service was reinstated temporarily.^[382] The closure of the Upper Fraser school meant bussing to Giscome Elementary from the 1998/99 year.^[383]

Crime, Calamity & Safety Measures

In 1918, an accidental rifle discharge killed the 13-year-old son of pre-emptors Mr. and Mrs. Hunt.^[384]

In 1926, sisters Berri Roberta (c.1921–26) and Vida June (c.1924–26) Mohr died suddenly, but Freda recovered. Autopsies were unable to determine the cause of the likely poisoning.^[385]

When a train was not expected imminently,^[185] the Forestry Service speeder, housed in front of the ranger station, transported patients with urgent medical needs to facilities offering the requisite level of treatment.^[259]

Arthur Bunyan (c.1913–35)^[386] drowned at nearby Loop Lake, while with two companions from the research station. The leaking boat, carrying two of them, inexplicably sank.^[387]

Cherie Sally Martinson (c.1939–43), daughter of Mikel & Grace Martinson, died from unspecified causes.^[388] Two years later, Grace was found negligent when her unattended children, Elsie Laura (1937–45)^[389] and Charles Ernest (c.1941–45), burned to death in their locked house.^[390] Committed for trial on a charge of manslaughter, Grace was acquitted.^[391]

The Red Cross, the Salvation Army, and the district at large, helped victims of house fires by providing clothes and household goods.^[392] In 1952, when six residents developed polio and one died, the school closed for two weeks.^[393]

A 1959 break-in at the general store netted thieves $2,798. At trial, David Johnson received an eight-month sentence, and Donald A. Kenneally a 10-month one, an interlude in a lifetime of crime.^[394]

During the 1960s, Brian Hern (1951–60), formerly at Upper Fraser,^[395] received a fatal head injury, when his toboggan collided with a passing car.^[396] An iced-up windshield on a single engine Stinson Voyager prompted an emergency landing shortly after takeoff from the lake. Crashing nearby, the pilot suffered facial lacerations and a sprained ankle.^[397] Chrysanthe Joseph Barsalou (1929–97)^[398] received a $250 fine and three-month licence suspension for a hit and run at Aleza Lake.^[399]

John Paul Schweizer (1968–70), an 18 month old, burned to death, and three of his four siblings suffered frostbite after rushing from their burning house and standing in −10 °F (−23 °C) temperatures. The family were swamped with offers of help to replace lost possessions and provide accommodation.^[400]

House fires occurred in following decades.^[401] In 2015, a dog died when Elva Noakes' trailer and its addition burned to the ground. Her community library, located in a small cabin on the property, was unaffected.^[402]

Forestry Companies

The narrow strip of accessible spruce forest bordering the railway that stretched some 100 miles (160 km) east of Prince George was known as the East Line.^[403] J. Ruttan (probably c.1863–1935),^[404] who moved his small mill from Vanderhoof to the western end of Hansard Lake, operated 1917–c.1919, before relocating.^[5]^[405]^[406]^[407]

Tree falling crew, Aleza Lake, 1917.

In the fall of 1917, Arnold K. Shives (1883–1962)^[408] opened the 30,000-foot shift capacity Aleza Lake Sawmills,^[409] on the lake, northwest of the west switch.^[129] Although company president,^[410] he and wife Claire (1889–1957)^[411]^[412]^[413] remained Prince George residents until the mid-1920s,^[414] where he was a violinist with the orchestra,^[415] and vice-president of the Upper Fraser Spruce Manufacturers Association.^[416] He also pursued lumber interests in Shelley.

In 1919, the liquidator of the Hansard Lake Lumber Co., 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of the community, sought to sell or lease the mill.^[417] Before the corrugated iron exterior and interior of the company buildings at Willow River could be sold, thieves stole the sheets.^[418] Sawmill machinery and equipment remained in storage in Prince George as late as 1921.^[419] By then, the Anthony Lumber Co. had acquired the Hansard Lake facilities.^[420] Its capacity of 15,000–20,000 feet, compared to the Aleza Lake mill's 35,000–40,000 feet.^[421] With a mill crew of 25, the latter joined Giscome and Hutton as the dominant mills on the East Line.^[422]

In the 1920s, with logging limited to the winter and fall seasons to facilitate the hauling of logs over snow and ice, loggers were transient. However, year-round work existed in sawmill towns such as Giscome, Aleza Lake, Hutton, Penny and Longworth.^[423] Injuries and death were common in sawmills and logging camps. In 1922 at the Anthony mill, a piece of wood ejected by the edger, which embedded in the muscles of a worker's thigh, required surgical removal.^[424] A 1922 fire totally destroyed the Aleza Lake mill, but the lumber in the yards was saved.^[425]^[426] The following year, Mr. Klingaman from Edmonton acquired the Anthony mill,^[410] and settled property tax arrears after the government seized company assets.^[427] Hugh Blackburn and Percy Hasselfield, of Bannock, Saskatchewan, purchased the Aleza Lake mill site and timber.^[428] Their private residences were south of the track near Miles 108.4 and 108.5 respectively.^[66] Operating as the Northland Spruce Lumber Co., the company logged in the vicinity that winter and relocated their 40,000-foot capacity Bannock mill to the site in spring 1924.^[429] The upgraded 50,000-foot capacity mill commenced cutting that summer.^[430] A 1926 fire on the mill property destroyed the blacksmith shop.^[431] Months later, Harvey Small Jr. slipped and drowned while manoeuvering logs on the lake.^[245]^[432] Three years later, his parents faced further tragedy when their married daughter died from an illness.^[433] Eight horse teams hauled logs along pole roads to the mill.^[434]

In late 1927, the insolvent company ceased operating,^[435] and the sheriff seized its assets and those of its logging contractor, Liersch Logging Co., because of outstanding wages, creditors' accounts, stumpages and royalties. Unsecured creditors expected to receive little to nothing.^[436] The advertised assets^[437] attracted some sales,^[438] Northland Spruce declared bankruptcy,^[439] and Liersch Logging faced further seizures.^[440] The Lyle Lumber Co. constructed and began operating a 25,000-foot capacity mill.^[441]^[442]^[443] The millpond was an intact dam that Northland Spruce had installed previously on the creek. Clydesdale horses hauled the logs across the frozen lake from a logging point to the west.^[444]

In 1929, Gale & Trick opened a 60,000-foot capacity sawmill at the former Anthony site on Hansard Lake. Built with new machinery, the output helped satisfy the Oshawa company's exclusive contract to supply General Motors Canada with wooden packing crates for shipping vehicles. The facility included a cookhouse, two bunkhouses, a warehouse and office building. Initially logging at the east end of Hansard Lake, the company employed a mill crew of 60–80 and about 100 loggers. The enterprise joined Giscome and Sinclair Mills as the dominant mills on the East Line.^[445] With lumber demand declining prior to the Great Depression, Lyle closed his mill,^[14] and put up for sale the machinery.^[446] That November, falling tree limbs fatally fractured the skull of John Swanson, a Gale & Trick logger.^[447]

Reduced demand in the auto industry dramatically shortened the 1930 sawmill season.^[448] The next year, fire totally destroyed the mill. The Forestry Service's firefighting equipment could only save the dressing plant.^[449] After a period of uncertainty, and a dissolution of the partnership, Samuel Bailey Trick (c.1871–1941) announced plans to rebuild.^[450] In the mid-1930s, the four major sawmills were Giscome Mills, Sinclair Mills, Thrasher Lumber at Snowshoe, and S.B. Trick Lumber of Aleza Lake.^[451] When owner, S.B. Trick, died of pneumonia, his son, Ambrose J.E. Trick (1905–92),^[452] and son-in-law, Harry Morison (1902–59),^[453]^[454] president and secretary respectively, became partners in the venture.^[119]^[455] Their families joined them for the summer months.^[456]^[457]

Unsold Northland Spruce machinery at Aleza Lake attracted thieves in 1934 and 1937.^[458] In 1936, Lyle re-established his sawmilling enterprise as the L. Lyle Lumber Co.^[459] He welcomed and entertained the Prince George Board of Trade delegation on their 1937 tour, and conducted a tour of his 30,000-foot capacity mill. The group also visited the 45,000-foot capacity S.B. Trick mill.^[460] In 1941, when Lyle sold his mill to A. A. Monroe for dismantling and shipment to five miles (8 km) west of McBride, the freight car transporting the machinery derailed.^[461] Aleza Lake Mills was incorporated in 1944.^[462] Similar to Willow River, Hutton, and other mills, S.B. Trick Lumber worked year round to meet the World War II demands.^[132] In 1946, a logger suffered four fractured ribs when struck by a falling tree.^[463] The next year, when Adolf Bruestle (previously of Upper Fraser) mangled his hand at Aleza Lake Mills, resultant surgery amputated the thumb and forefinger.^[464] Assumedly, this is the same Adolphe Bruestle (1906–80),^[465] who received a two-year suspended sentence in 1966 for an indecent assault.^[466]

In 1958, United Forest Products purchased the 75,000-foot capacity S.B. Trick Lumber Co. mill.^[467] The following year, Harry Morison, former secretary, died of a heart attack.^[468] Ambrose Trick spent his remaining years involved in community activities in Prince George.^[469] Son John (1929–2016)^[470] & Bernice Trick followed in 1962.^[471]

In 1962, a logger suffered a crushed chest.^[472] During 1963, United Forest Products received a $100 fine for contravening the Hours of Work Act,^[473] a sawdust pile at an abandoned mill caught fire,^[474] and the carrier of a log conveyor at the S.B. Trick mill fatally crushed sawyer Thomas Thompson (1912–63).^[475]^[476] Two significant mill fires occurred during the following months.^[477] National Forest Products, then Northwood acquired the bankrupt mill, but instead of the announced doubling of production, the mill closed in 1965.^[478] The new owners removed all but one camp house.^[479] In 1966, Richard and Black advertised for sale their small sawmill.^[480] The IWA laid charges against United Forest Products for failing to cover employee medical coverage obligations.^[481] Joseph Korodi, 60, an officer of that company, received a two-year suspended sentence for filing false insurance claims with respect to the 1963 fire.^[482]

Forestry Service & Aleza Lake Experiment Station

Both south of the tracks, the forest ranger base was at Mile 108.6,^[483] and the Experiment Station was 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of the village.^[484] The station initially comprised 6,100 acres of mature forest and 200 acres of cutover land.^[366] In 1923, Bob St. Clair, Assistant Chief Forester for the BC Forest Service, proposed the establishment of two research stations, one to be located on the southern coast, and the other in the northern interior along the GTP route.^[485] The latter opening in 1924, Percy M. Barr planned and supervised the fieldwork in establishing sample plots for a demonstration forest, familiarizing himself with all nearby sawmills, and in jointly setting the boundaries for the station.^[486] The 1925 construction program comprised a road, several miles of fire protection trails, and a cabin for field crews.^[366] By the fall, tent facilities could accommodate and feed over 40 people.^[487] Progress during 1926 included an improved road, further trails, and a second building to house field staff. Logging commenced in the 1926/27 winter, followed by the erection of a fire lookout tower in the summer. The ground prepared that summer, the first sowings in the small nursery took place in 1928. In the fall, the site hosted a workshop for forestry rangers from the Northern Interior. The 1929 additions comprised the foreman's house, a cookhouse, and a barn.^[366]

Although Roy Sansom, the station foreman, resided year-round, the 15–20 other staff left before winter.^[488] Roy was also the resident forest ranger.^[489] C.D. Orchard, who became Chief Forester in the 1940s, held this position earlier in the 1920s.^[490] During the 1930s and 1940s, the ranger was based at Aleza Lake and the assistant in Giscome or vice versa,^[491] before gravitating permanently to Aleza Lake.^[492]

The complete collapse of the local forest industry during the Great Depression, which had diminished the 1929/30 winter logging cut, precipitated cancellation thereafter, but research plots continued to be established and regularly remeasured.^[493] Barr, the driving force behind the station, left in 1932 to teach at Berkeley. In 1934, the building windows were boarded and the station closed. Roy Sansom became the ranger at McBride. By the summer of 1936, there were only two people in the head office Research Division, which ceased as a separate entity in 1939.^[494]

In 1935, the province initiated the Young Men's Forestry Training Program (YMFTP), a relief program through which the BC Forest Service received $90,000. After gearing up in 1935, the Aleza Lake Experiment Station was allotted $11,000 in 1936, when about 50 men aged 18–25 arrived. The work crews strung a telephone line and built a dam to provide a reliable water supply. They installed a power plant and electrical wiring to service all the camp buildings. New buildings were constructed and older ones repaired or upgraded. The team improved the main road, installed cribbing and culverts, and developed a network of forest trails. However, the research activities were not reactivated and the research residence remained shuttered.^[495]^[496] The onset of World War II ended relief programs and the forestry buildings were again boarded up. Beyond some plot measurements in 1943, little happened at the station during the War.

Reactivated for year round research purposes,^[497] a residence, office and stores building, and four-car garage were constructed at Aleza Lake in 1949.^[498] Determining sustainable yield logging was the goal. During the summer months, Lawrence (Larry) A. deGrace (1914–72)^[499]^[500] managed a 25-person crew, plus about a dozen local high school boys.^[501] While on their forest training course, a group of these boys was instrumental in rescuing a forestry engineer, who gashed his leg with an axe.^[502] In 1952, deGrace left government for the private sector.^[503] Industrial Forestry Service Ltd., the consultancy he established, grew to be one of the largest in North America.^[504]

Closed in 1963, the buildings that could not be relocated were burned to the ground.^[366]^[505] After development began on the Red Rock nursery in 1966, the small Aleza Lake nursery gradually phased out.^[506] The ranger station closed permanently in 1980,^[507] and the four-car garage, fuel shed, old powerhouse and two trailers porches, sold.^[508] The two-storey house was removed in 1990.^[509]

Aleza Lake Research Forest

Officially reopened in 1992, plot remeasurements began the previous year with the expectation graduate students would do masters and doctoral theses on the research conducted. The development of better road access, more trails, and trail signs, equally benefitted hikers and various educational programs. Experiments identified optimum species mix, planting techniques, fertilizer use, and protection from disease, insects and animals. It is the longest-studied forest in the north and includes a 300-hectare ecological reserve that preserves a cross section of old-growth forest.^[510]

A ten-year detailed strategic planning framework was produced.^[511] In 1999, UNBC and UBC assumed control of the research forest,^[512] which became the Aleza Lake Research Forest Society.^[513]

Opened in 2016, the Aleza Field Education Centre is a 1,200 square-foot interpretive centre of log and timber construction, which offers some overnight accommodation facilities. Designed to host field courses, meetings, retreats, training, and community events, the building is available for educational and training events held by elementary and high school classes, community groups, the forest sector and local industry.^[514]

The Aleza Lake Research Forest is a 9,000-hectare outdoor facility, which provides field research opportunities in ecosystem and resource management studies. The research and education programs emphasize harvest systems, biological diversity, climate change, and environmental monitoring.^[515]

Road Transport

A wagon road west to Newlands emerged by the early 1920s.^[516] In 1928, the opening of the highway between Giscome and Newlands, along the northern shore of Eaglet lake, connected Aleza Lake with Prince George,^[517] with completion the following year when two miles (3.2 km) of new work bypassed the railway tote road.^[518] Regarding the highway east of the village, the respective Hansard section covers the subsequent roadbuilding.

Depression-era relief projects included two highway construction camps, which operated during 1931 near Aleza Lake, with two additional ones planned.^[519] When the big camp at Penny split into three, some of the men came to Mile 111. When worker discontent escalated, the men at the Hansard and Mile 111 camps refused to work. These camps closed, but the Hudson Bay Spur (Upper Fraser) one appears to have remained open.^[520] The Prince George-Hansard weekend bus service, whose intermediate stops included Aleza Lake and the S.B. Trick mill, appears short lived.^[521]

In 1947, the road west to Giscome was impassable even in summer.^[522] Two years later, reconstruction through muskeg in the vicinity, and a shortage of gravel, created road conditions that bogged down even Caterpillar tractors and required the winching of trucks.^[523] One summer weekend in 1950, having previously endured near impassable muddy conditions, volunteers from the district used public works equipment to rehabilitate the road significantly.^[524] Gravelling on the Newlands-Aleza Lake section occurred in the fall,^[525] and progress continued as far east as the S. B. Trick mill.^[526] However, in springtime, the road remained a challenge for even four-wheel-drive vehicles,^[527] because the swampy, low-lying area became thick with mud when temperatures rose above freezing.^[528] Even in summer, the frequent potholes east of the Newlands slowed car speeds to 5 mph (8 km/h).^[529] Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Prince George Transit ran special buses three times a week between Prince George and McGregor,^[530] which assumedly also stopped at Aleza Lake.

Paving promised for 1979^[531] was delayed until 1980 and limited to a 10-kilometre (6.2 mi) section east from Giscome.^[532] In 1980, tight curves were eliminated and sharp shale gravel added around Newlands. During 1981, rebuilding and gravelling reached Upper Fraser, with paving promised the next year.^[533] In 1983 came fulfillment with the hardtop extended 24 kilometres (15 mi) east through Aleza Lake to Upper Fraser, providing a paved surface from Prince George.^[534] The Prince George-Upper Fraser Northwood bus served employees and possibly others. With the privatization of highway maintenance in 1988, Yellowhead Road and Bridge took over the Highways depot (Mile 109.1).^[535] In 1991, asphalt grinding, removing, recycling, and top lift paving, occurred on significant stretches of deteriorated paving.^[536] A decade later, the paving westward was again crumbling.^[537]

Electricity, Broadcast Transmissions & Communications Devices

The early telegraph office likely relied upon automatic printing apparatus, because there was no dispatcher at this station.^[38] By 1921, the railway was stringing telephone wires east of Prince George as far as Hutton, connecting mills and farms along the route with the outside world.^[538] Initially, only the railway station and store had telephones.^[539] A gap in the line east of Aleza Lake, which remained into the following years,^[540] prompted demands for lines separate from the railway's ones.^[541] In 1924, Lorne Lyle entertained the whole settlement when he introduced the first radio,^[542] which was a crystal set audible with earphones. Within years, most everyone had high antennas and battery-operated radios.^[185]

The respective Upper Fraser section outlines the 1974 installation of an automatic telephone exchange, and the 1964 project that provided electricity to the village from the transmission line to Newlands. Engaged at the right-of-way for the high voltage extension, a helicopter brought an injured BC Hydro surveyor to hospital in Prince George.^[543]

Footnotes

^ Jump up to:^a ^b Olson, Raymond (2014). Ghost Towns on the East Line. Self-published. p. 53. ISBN 9780986924316.
^ Prince George Citizen, 9 Oct 2015
^ "Aleza Lake flag stop". www.viarail.ca.
^ "1921 Census". www.bac-lac.gc.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d "1918 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ MacArthur 1983, pp. 1 & 9.
^ Prince George Citizen, 17 Jun 1926
^ Bowman, Phylis (1980). Whistling Through The West. Self-published. p. 39. ISBN 0969090129.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b "BC Geographical Names, Aleza Lake". www.gov.bc.ca.
^ MacArthur 1983, p. 1.
^ Prince George Citizen, 29 Sep 1983
^ MacArthur 1983, p. 2.
^ Prince George Citizen, 30 Jun 1938
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d MacArthur 1983, p. 22.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b 1914 Timetable. p. 4.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c "1977 Timetable" (PDF). www.cwrailway.ca. p. 79.
^ "Route guide" (PDF). www.viarail.ca.
^ Fort George Herald, 10 Dec 1913
^ Prince George Star, 20 Oct 1916
^ "Cemetery Project (Herman Gustav GRIESE)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 16 & 23 May 1940
^ Prince George Citizen: 1 Mar 1963 & 9 Oct 1963
^ Prince George Citizen: 29 & 30 Mar 1966
^ Prince George Citizen: 3 Jul 1980, 24 May 1984 & 12 Jul 1990
^ "Type "E" Mythology". www.oil-electric.com.
^ "Vanishing BC GTP Railway stations". www.michaelkluckner.com.
^ Bohi, Charles W.; Kozma, Leslie S. (2002). Canadian National's Western Stations. Fitzhenry & Whiteside. pp. 121, 136 & 144. ISBN 1550416324.
^ Image: Prince George Citizen, 30 Aug 1974
^ Prince George Free Press, 21 Jan 1996
^ Jump up to:^a ^b "1963 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 42.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b 1964 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. p. 44
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d 1965 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 25–26
^ Jump up to:^a ^b "1966 Timetable". www.traingeek.ca. p. 38.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b 1967 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. p. 38
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d 1968 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 25–26
^ Jump up to:^a ^b "1971 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 19.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c 1920 Timetable. Bulkley Valley Museum. p. 8.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c 1922 Timetable: Northern BC Archives. p. 8
^ 1923 Timetable. p. 70.
^ 1925 Timetable. p. 105.
^ Prince George Citizen: 12 & 19 Nov 1931
^ 1932 Timetable. p. 58.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c 1933 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. p. 8.
^ 1935 Timetable. p. 60.
^ 1942 Timetable. p. 58.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c 1943 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. p. 9.
^ 1945 Timetable. p. 61.
^ "1946 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 59.
^ 1949 Timetable. p. 59.
^ "1950 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 59.
^ "1956 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 53.
^ "1957 Timetable". www.traingeek.ca. p. 53.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c 1960 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 21–22
^ "1961 Timetable (main)" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 39.
^ "1961 Timetable (way freight)" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 48.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b 1972 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 25–26
^ 1973 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. p. 18
^ "1986 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 50, but scan p. 52.
^ "1988 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 55, but scan p. 52.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b 1990 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 95–97
^ Jump up to:^a ^b 1992 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 103–105
^ "1996 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 40.
^ "2011 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 44, but scan p. 24.
^ Recent timetables
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f MacArthur 1983, p. foreword.
^ Prince George Citizen, 20 Mar 1941
^ "Death Certificate (Sidney Jabez SMITH)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Mary SMITH)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "1924 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b MacArthur 1983, pp. foreword & 9.
^ Prince George Citizen: 9 Feb 1950, 18 Mar 1975, 21 Nov 1979 & 2 Apr 2013
^ Prince George Citizen, 6 Feb 1986
^ Prince George Citizen: 28 Apr 1949, 12 May 1949 & 18 Mar 1975
^ Prince George Citizen, 6 Oct 1979
^ Prince George Citizen, 30 Jun 1952
^ Prince George Citizen, 28 Nov 1955
^ Prince George Citizen: 16 & 23 Feb 1950; & 25 Nov 2014
^ "Death Certificate (Alexander McDOWELL)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 3 Aug 1966
^ "Death Certificate (Sarah McDOWELL)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 16 Apr 1974
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "1926 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 11 Sep 1961
^ "Marriage Certificate (BRANDNER/McDOWELL)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Arnold John BRANDNER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 15 Dec 1938, 15 Jan 1942 & 28 Oct 1943
^ "Obituary (Ernest Alexander McDOWELL)". www.legacy.com.
^ Prince George Citizen, 26 Sep 2017
^ Prince George Citizen, 11 Oct 1955
^ Prince George Citizen: 24 Dec 1957, 26 Jan 1981 & 17 Jun 1998
^ Prince George Citizen, 31 Jul 2014
^ Prince George Citizen, 12 Dec 1955
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c "1919 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Postmasters". www.bac-lac.gc.ca.
^ MacArthur 1983, pp. 5 & 26.
^ Prince George Citizen, 26 Aug 1958 (14)
^ "Death Certificate (Andrew YOUNG)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Prince George Citizen, 2 Jul 1942
^ "Death Certificate (Mary YOUNG)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c "1920 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "1921 Census". www.bac-lac.gc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 30 Oct 1924
^ Prince George Citizen, 10 Apr 1928
^ Prince George Citizen, 25 Mar 1926
^ MacArthur 1983, pp. foreword & 3–4.
^ "Death Certificate (Lorne A. Sherman LYLE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Nita Margaret LYLE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 30 Jan 1947 & 8 Sep 1955
^ MacArthur 1983, pp. foreword & 4.
^ "Death Certificate (Joseph Thomas NORQUAY)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "1922 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 30 Jun 1922
^ Jump up to:^a ^b MacArthur 1983, p. 11.
^ Prince George Leader, 22 Feb 1923
^ MacArthur 1983, pp. 4 & 28.
^ MacArthur 1983, p. 5.
^ MacArthur 1983, pp. 7–8.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Bernsohn 1981, p. 124.
^ "Cemetery Project (Ethelwynne MacARTHUR)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ "Cemetery Project (Neil M. MacARTHUR)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 28 Aug 1941
^ MacArthur 2000, p. 7.
^ Prince George Citizen: 29 Sep 1983, 13 Oct 2011 & 22 Nov 2011
^ Prince George Citizen, 29 Nov 1945
^ Prince George Citizen: 13 Mar 1947, 26 Jun 1947, 2 Oct 1947, 27 Jul 1950 & 26 Apr 1978
^ Prince George Citizen: 13 Mar 1947 & 1 Dec 1949
^ Prince George Citizen, 17 Dec 1953
^ Jump up to:^a ^b MacArthur 1983, pp. foreword & 6.
^ "Aleza Lake Cemetery)". www.tripod.com.
^ "Death Certificate (Eugene SCHMOLKE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c MacArthur 1983, p. 23.
^ Prince George Citizen, 6 Jul 1988
^ "Death Certificate (Arthur WILLIAMS)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ MacArthur 1983, pp. foreword, 9 & 23.
^ Prince George Citizen: 14 Sep 1933 & 23 Apr 1936
^ "1937 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Geraldine Glory Elizabeth DAVIDSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Arthur Bentley WILLIAMS)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "The Daily Colonist, 14 Oct 1973". www.archive.org.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b "1921 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 26 Mar 1919
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Prince George Citizen, 10 Dec 1920
^ Prince George Citizen, 11 Sep 1930
^ Prince George Citizen, 8 Mar 1921
^ Prince George Citizen, 28 Jun 1921
^ MacArthur 1983, pp. foreword, 5 & 10.
^ Prince George Citizen, 26 Jun 1947
^ Prince George Leader: 23 Dec 1921 & 11 Aug 1922
^ Prince George Citizen, 18 Aug 1949
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g MacArthur 1983, p. 25.
^ "Death Certificate (Agnes May PHILLIPS)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "1945 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ "Cemetery Project (Mabel Teresa BJORKLUND)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ MacArthur 1983, pp. foreword & 10.
^ Prince George Citizen: 21 & 28 Aug 1941; & 31 Aug 1944
^ Jump up to:^a ^b "Marriage Certificate (BJORKLUND/PHILLIPS)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Marriage Certificate (LEBOE/PHILLIPS)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Otto Eugene LEBOE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 27 Nov 1952
^ Prince George Citizen, 26 Aug 1921
^ "Death Certificate (Mat HILTON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Leader: 16 Dec 1921 & 17 Mar 1922
^ Prince George Citizen, 17 Mar 1922
^ "Cemetery Project (Martin DAYTON)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Leader: 11 Aug 1922 to 11 Jan 1923
^ MacArthur 1983, p. 8.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d "1925 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (William YOUST)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c "1927 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 21 Dec 1939 & 12 Apr 1951
^ MacArthur 1983, p. 18.
^ Prince George Citizen, 9 Sep 1937
^ Prince George Citizen, 2 Jun 1927
^ MacArthur 1983, pp. 16 & 26.
^ Prince George Citizen, 15 Jul 1926
^ "Death Certificate (Johan Margnus BERGSTROM)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ MacArthur 1983, p. 7.
^ Prince George Citizen: 23 Jun 1938 & 20 Jan 1969
^ "Death Certificate (Louis John BRAATEN)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Charles Osawald ROBSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (William Edward RANGE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Eva Mary RANGE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 29 Nov 1954, 6 Sep 1955 & 21 Jun 1956
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c MacArthur 1983, p. 15.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b MacArthur 1983, p. 16.
^ "Death Certificate (Kenneth George RANGE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 17 Aug 1988
^ "Marriage Certificate (RANGE/THORNE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Sandra Viola RANGE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 31 Jan 1991
^ Prince George Citizen: 25 Apr 1940, 18 Sep 1941, 16 Apr 1942 & 6 Sep 1945
^ "1947 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ "Cemetery Project (Herbert BOOMHOWER)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 21 Jun 1945
^ "Death Certificate (Carl Everton BOOMHOWER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 23 Apr 1936 & 17 Nov 1970
^ "Death Certificate (Nellie BOOMHOWER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Eva May BOLEN)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Edward BOLEN)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Violet BLANGY)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Marriage Certificate (HEDMAN/BOLEN)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Eric HEDMAN)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 19 Aug 1937 & 9 May 1940
^ "Death Certificate (Raymond BLANGY)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 22 Jun 1950
^ Prince George Citizen: 12 Oct 1950 & 6 Nov 1950
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e MacArthur 1983, p. 26.
^ Prince George Citizen: 13 to 27 Jul 1944; 4 Jan 1960 & 5 Sep 1962
^ "Death Certificate (Arnold Irving BOOMHOWER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Marriage Certificate (BOOMHOWER/CHURCHMAN)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b MacArthur 1983, p. 10.
^ Prince George Citizen: 11 Jun 1942, 5 Sep 1979 & 7 Mar 1998
^ "Marriage Certificate (BLACKBURN/BOOMHOWER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Thomas Howard BLACKBURN)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 14 Sep 1939, 2 Jul 1942, 1 May 1992 & 30 Jul 1998
^ "Death Certificate (Hazel Christine SMITH)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Marriage Certificate (SMITH/BOOMHOWER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (James David SMITH)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Prince George Citizen, 28 Aug 1947
^ "1951 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 1 & 15 Feb 1945
^ Prince George Citizen: 18 Jul 1940 & 17 Oct 1940
^ Prince George Citizen: 11 Jun 1942 & 15 Apr 1943
^ Prince George Citizen, 15 Jul 1943
^ "Death Certificate (Ernest Lloyd GARDINER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Esther GARDINER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 23 Apr 1925
^ "Marriage Certificate (SMITH/GARDINER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 15 Dec 1938 & 14 Sep 1944
^ "Marriage Certificate (BRANDNER/GARDINER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Melvin Boyd BRANDNER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 4 Sep 1941, 31 Dec 1942 & 20 May 1983
^ "Cemetery Project (Charles STEWART)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 1 Dec 1932
^ "Death Certificate (John ZUFELT)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c "1934 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 19 Oct 1950
^ MacArthur 1983, pp. foreword & 13.
^ Prince George Citizen: 12 & 25 Mar 1925
^ Prince George Citizen: 11 & 18 Feb 1926
^ Prince George Citizen: 22 Jan 1925; 14 Jan 1926; 4 & 11 Feb 1926; & 13 Jan 1927
^ Prince George Citizen: 17 Jun 1926; 2 & 16 Jun 1927; 7 Jul 1927 & 9 Aug 1928
^ Prince George Citizen: 12 to 26 Aug 1926
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c MacArthur 1983, p. 13.
^ Prince George Citizen, 20 Aug 1925
^ MacArthur 1983, p. 20.
^ Prince George Citizen: 15 Apr 1926, 13 May 1926 & 15 Jul 1926
^ MacArthur 1983, pp. 18–19.
^ Prince George Citizen: 16 Jun 1932, 3 Nov 1938 & 18 Jan 1940
^ Prince George Citizen: 12, 19 & 26 Aug 1926
^ Prince George Citizen, 19 May 1927
^ "Image: Downtown Aleza Lake". www.nbca.unbc.ca.
^ MacArthur 2000, p. 4.
^ "Marriage Certificate (ROBSON/DAVIDSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 16 Sep 1926 to 21 Oct 1926
^ Prince George Citizen, 27 Mar 1924
^ Prince George Citizen: 12 to 26 Jul 1928; & 19 Jul 1928 to 16 Aug 1928
^ Jump up to:^a ^b MacArthur 1983, p. 14.
^ Prince George Citizen: 10 Mar 1932 to 14 Apr 1932
^ "Cemetery Project (Felix F. BJORKLUND)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Felix Fabian BJORKLUND)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Ego Hugo BJORKLUND)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 23 Nov 1983
^ "Death Certificate (Axel Edwin BJORKLUND)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 2 Feb 1977
^ Prince George Citizen, 29 May 1993
^ "Death Certificate (Josephine Maria BJORKLUND)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 22 Nov 1934
^ "Marriage Certificate (BJORKLUND/NORBIA)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 31 Dec 1942
^ Chamberland, June A. (2006). From Broadaxe to Clay Chinking. CNC Press. p. 412. ISBN 0921087330.
^ "Death Certificate (Carl Albin BJORKLUND)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 7 Mar 1991
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Prince George Citizen, 4 Jun 2012
^ Prince George Citizen, 14 Oct 1943
^ "Death Certificate (Irma Irene BJORKLUND)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ image: https://cnc.bc.ca/services/library/cnc-press/chamberland/contents Chapter 23: Giscome to Hutton, 6th slide right of centre
^ Prince George Citizen: 26 Jul 1951 & 13 Sep 1954
^ "Marriage Certificate (BJORKLUND/NORRBIN)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Cemetery Project (Ester M. BJORKLUND)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 7 Apr 2000
^ "Death Certificate (Leonard Edwin BJORKLUND)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 6 Oct 1972
^ Jump up to:^a ^b "1936 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ MacArthur 1983, pp. 14 & 26.
^ Prince George Citizen: 8 Feb 1934 to 8 Mar 1934
^ "Death Certificate (Thomas Harold DILWORTH)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 22 May 1956; & 12 & 13 Oct 1993
^ "Marriage Certificate (DILWORTH/SMITH)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Cemetery Project (Grace Evelyn DILWORTH)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 18 Mar 1975, 6 Feb 1986 & 8 Nov 2014
^ "Death Certificate (Marion Herbert COOK)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Leona Elizabeth COOK)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 11 Sep 1963
^ Prince George Citizen: 4 Jun 1942, 20 Aug 1942, 25 Nov 1943, 31 May 1945, 19 Jul 1945 & 18 Oct 1945
^ Prince George Citizen: 17 Jun 1948, 6 Nov 1950 & 11 Sep 1963
^ Prince George Citizen: 23 May 1975 & 28 Sep 1976
^ Prince George Citizen, 10 Sep 1936
^ "The Daily Colonist, 12 Mar 1936". www.archive.org.
^ Prince George Citizen, 22 Jul 1937
^ MacArthur 1983, p. 29.
^ Prince George Citizen: 12 Aug 1937; 9 & 23 Jun 1938; 21 & 28 Jul 1938; 4, 18 & 25 Aug 1938; & 3 Nov 1938
^ "Death Certificate (Nicholas WOZNEY)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Elaine WOZNEY)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ MacArthur 1983, pp. 23 & 26.
^ Prince George Citizen: 29 Jul 1969 & 29 May 1986
^ Prince George Citizen, 27 Nov 1961
^ "Death Certificate (Peter PODRAPOVICH)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 20 Aug 1982; & 11 & 14 Nov 1989
^ "Cemetery Project (Edward Harold PURDUE)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 24 Oct 1984 & 13 Jun 1992
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Prince George Citizen, 4 May 1950
^ "Cemetery Project (Allan H. PURDUE)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ "Cemetery Project (Dorothy D. PURDUE)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 22 Dec 1992
^ Prince George Citizen: 23 Jul 1951 & 9 May 1955
^ "Death Certificate (Arthur PURDUE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Cemetery Project (Elsie PURDUE)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 21 Sep 1950, 21 Nov 1990 & 22 May 2002
^ "Obituary (Rose GAAL)". www.legacy.com.
^ "Death Certificate (Andrew GAAL)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 23 & 24 Sep 1991
^ Prince George Citizen, 11 Jul 1987
^ Prince George Citizen, 5 Feb 1942
^ Prince George Citizen, 17 Oct 1946
^ MacArthur 1983, pp. 5 & 34.
^ "Death Certificate (John Edward OVINGTON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Sarah OVINGTON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 7 Jun 1945
^ Prince George Citizen, 16 May 1946
^ Prince George Citizen, 27 Sep 1945
^ "Death Certificate (Roy Edward OVINGTON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 28 Sep 1944
^ Prince George Citizen, 6 May 1943
^ Prince George Citizen, 27 Jun 1946
^ Prince George Citizen: 24 Jul 1947, 1 Jan 1948 & 3 Dec 1953
^ "Death Certificate (Robert Eley GERVAIS)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Cemetery Project (Pearl GERVAIS)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 8 Nov 1982, 6 Jul 1988 & 17 Jun 1998
^ "Death Certificate (Ronald Martin GERVAIS)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 19 & 26 Nov 1956
^ Prince George Citizen: 19 Jul 1968 & 17 Jun 1998
^ image: https://cnc.bc.ca/services/library/cnc-press/chamberland/contents Chapter 23: Giscome to Hutton, 5th slide right of centre
^ MacArthur 1983, pp. foreword & 19.
^ Prince George Citizen, 13 Jul 1950
^ "Death Certificate (Oscar BENSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Siri Mathilda BENSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ PRC (1995). A Penny for Your Thoughts... The Penny Reunion Committee. p. 81.
^ Prince George Citizen: 21 Sep 1950, 5 Apr 1978 & 10 Feb 2015
^ Prince George Citizen, 22 Jan 1951
^ "Cemetery Project (Lorri Tanis BENSON)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 5 Apr 1951, 5 Jan 2012, 10 Feb 2015 & 4 Dec 2015
^ Prince George Citizen, 18 May 1950
^ Prince George Citizen, 19 Jan 1950
^ Prince George Citizen, 29 Jun 1950
^ Prince George Citizen, 30 Aug 1954
^ "Death Certificate (John DYCK)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Lillian Irene DYCK)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 14 May 1987 & 2 Feb 1994
^ Prince George Citizen, 6 Dec 1962
^ "Death Certificate (Clifford William TUCKEY)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Rolf August HELLENIUS)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 15 Mar 1953
^ Prince George Citizen, 5 Apr 1954
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Prince George Citizen, 7 May 1990
^ Prince George Citizen: 17 Mar 1992 & 11 Apr 2014
^ Prince George Citizen: 19 Nov 1956; 18 & 21 Feb 1957; 13 Jun 1957; 17 Jul 1958; & 13 Aug 1958
^ Prince George Citizen, 8 Dec1958
^ Prince George Citizen: 10 Jan 1961 & 28 Apr 1961
^ Prince George Citizen: 26 Feb 1962 & 6 Mar 1962
^ Prince George Citizen, 29 Apr 1968
^ "Death Certificate (Samuel James BOYD)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 13 & 26 Sep 1974
^ Prince George Citizen, 7 Nov 1968
^ Prince George Citizen, 31 Dec 2015
^ Hall, Barbara; & Pallo, Rose (2010). School District No. 57 (Prince George) historical memories. (Volume I): people, places, programs & services. Prince George Retired Teachers' Association, Education Heritage Committee
^ Prince George Citizen: 14 Jul 1964, 11 Aug 1964 & 4 Sep 1964
^ Prince George Citizen: 5 & 10 Sep 1975
^ Prince George Citizen: 29 Aug 1984; & 11 to 19 Jul 1985
^ Prince George Citizen, 18 Jun 1986
^ Prince George Citizen, 6 Dec 1989
^ Prince George Citizen, 25 Feb 1999
^ Prince George Citizen, 5 Nov 1918
^ Prince George Citizen: 25 Mar 1926, 8 Apr 1926, 6 May 1926 & 31 Mar 2018
^ "Death Certificate (Arthur Percy BUNYAN)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 22 Aug 1935
^ Prince George Citizen, 25 Mar 1943
^ "Cemetery Project (Elsie Laura MARTINSON)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 17 May 1945
^ Prince George Citizen: 31 May 1945 & 7 Jun 1945
^ Prince George Citizen: 23 Feb 1950 & 6 Mar 1963
^ Prince George Citizen: 25 Sep 1952; 23 & 27 Oct 1952; & 3 Nov 1952
^ Prince George Citizen: 3, 4, 7, 10 & 14 Aug 1959; 15 Jun 1960; & 28 Aug 1973
^ "Death Certificate (Brian Otis HERN)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 7, 8 & 18 Mar 1960
^ Prince George Citizen: 18 & 26 Jan 1965
^ "Death Certificate (Joseph Chrysanthe BARSALOU)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 18 Sep 1968
^ Prince George Citizen: 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19 & 20 Jan 1970
^ Prince George Citizen, 29 Aug 1988
^ Prince George Citizen: 9 Oct 2015 & 31 Dec 2015
^ Hak 1986, p. 14.
^ "Death Certificate (John Lawrence RUTTAN)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "The Daily Colonist, 5 Jan 1917". www.archive.org.
^ "Okanagan Commoner, 20 Mar 1919". www.open.library.ubc.ca.
^ MacArthur 1983, pp. 5–6.
^ "Death Certificate (Arnold Kilgour SHIVES)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Hak 1986, p. 82.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Prince George Citizen, 19 Apr 1923
^ "Death Certificate (Claire Belden SHIVES)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 25 Feb 1957
^ "Halifax W1241 at Leeming airfield". www.yorkshire-aircraft.co.uk.
^ Prince George Citizen: 30 Apr 1919, 17 Mar 1922 & 22 Jul 1926
^ Prince George Citizen, 18 Apr 1922
^ Prince George Citizen, 24 Mar 1922
^ Prince George Citizen: 12 & 19 Mar 1919; & 7 May 1919 to 6 Aug 1919
^ Prince George Citizen: 30 Apr 1920 & 4 Jun 1920
^ Prince George Citizen: 22 Mar 1921 & 8 Apr 1921
^ Prince George Citizen: 22 to 29 Oct 1920; & 1 Apr 1921 to 10 May 1921
^ Prince George Citizen: 13 Sep 1921 & 4 Apr 1922
^ Prince George Citizen, 26 May 1922
^ Hak 1986, p. 137.
^ Prince George Citizen, 18 Jul 1922
^ Prince George Leader, 9 Nov 1922
^ Prince George Citizen: 7 Nov 1922 & 5 Dec 1922
^ Prince George Citizen, 20 Dec 1923
^ Prince George Citizen: 27 Sep 1923 & 18 Oct 1923
^ Prince George Citizen: 15 Nov 1923 & 13 Dec 1923
^ Prince George Citizen, 7 Aug 1924
^ Prince George Citizen, 13 May 1926
^ Prince George Citizen, 29 Jul 1926
^ Prince George Citizen, 18 Jul 1929
^ "The Daily Colonist, 29 Jul 1979". www.archive.org.
^ Prince George Citizen, 2 May 1988 (55)
^ Prince George Citizen: 20 Oct 1927 & 1 Dec 1927
^ Prince George Citizen: 15 Dec 1927 to 5 Jan 1928
^ Prince George Citizen, 12 Jan 1928
^ Prince George Citizen, 26 Jan 1928
^ Prince George Citizen: 29 Mar 1928 to 12 Apr 1928
^ "1929 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ Bernsohn 1981, p. 33.
^ Prince George Citizen: 23 Aug 1928 & 2 May 1988 (56)
^ MacArthur 1983, p. 21.
^ Prince George Citizen: 28 Feb 1929; 21 Mar 1929; 11 & 18 Apr 1929; & 2 May 1988 (57)
^ Prince George Citizen: 11 Jul 1929; & 1, 8 & 15 Aug 1929
^ Prince George Citizen, 14 Nov 1929
^ Prince George Citizen, 31 Jul 1930
^ Prince George Citizen: 21 May 1931 & 2 May 1988 (60)
^ Prince George Citizen, 11 Aug 1932
^ Prince George Citizen, 17 Jan 1985
^ "Death Certificate (Ambrose Joseph Earl TRICK)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Harry Reginald MORISON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 16 Jan 1941, 27 Mar 1941 & 13 Aug 1959
^ Prince George Citizen, 7 Feb 1958
^ Prince George Citizen: 1 Jul 1937 & 13 Apr 1939
^ Trick 2000, p. 26.
^ Prince George Citizen: 29 Nov 1934 & 23 Dec 1937
^ Prince George Citizen, 5 Mar 1936
^ Prince George Citizen, 26 Aug 1937
^ Prince George Citizen: 3 & 10 Apr 1941
^ Prince George Citizen, 7 Dec 1944
^ Prince George Citizen, 3 Jan 1946
^ Prince George Citizen, 13 Feb 1947
^ "Death Certificate (Adolphe BRUESTLE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 11 & 18 Feb 1966; & 21 Jul 1967
^ Prince George Citizen: 7 Feb 1958 & 6 Mar 1985
^ Prince George Citizen, 13 Aug 1959
^ Prince George Citizen: 7 to 9 Dec 1992
^ Prince George Citizen, 24 Dec 2016
^ Trick 2000, p. 31.
^ Prince George Citizen, 19 Feb 1962
^ Prince George Citizen, 13 May 1963
^ Prince George Citizen, 28 Jun 1963
^ "Death Certificate (Thomas Law THOMPSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 19 & 23 Jul 1963
^ Prince George Citizen: 14 Sep 1964 & 17 Jan 1968
^ Prince George Citizen: 14 Jan 1965, 6 Mar 1985 & 3 May 1985
^ Prince George Citizen, 20 Aug 1982
^ Prince George Citizen: 17 & 18 Aug 1966
^ Prince George Citizen, 14 Feb 1967
^ Prince George Citizen: 17 & 23 Jan 1968
^ MacArthur 1983, pp. foreword & 14.
^ Prince George Citizen, 26 May 1927
^ Schmidt 1993, p. 1.
^ Schmidt 1993, p. 2.
^ Schmidt 1993, p. 3.
^ Schmidt 1993, pp. 6–7.
^ Prince George Citizen: 26 Apr 1928 & 5 Sep 1929
^ Bernsohn 1981, p. 39.
^ Prince George Citizen: 26 Aug 1937, 27 Apr 1944, 23 May 1946, 8 May 1947 & 17 Jun 1948
^ Prince George Citizen: 26 May 1949, 8 May 1947 & 17 Jun 1948
^ Prince George Citizen: 5 Sep 1929 & 7 May 1990
^ Schmidt 1993, pp. 8–9.
^ Prince George Citizen: 18 Jun 1936 & 7 May 1990
^ Schmidt 1993, p. 12.
^ Prince George Citizen, 20 May 1948
^ Prince George Citizen: 21 & 28 Jul 1949
^ "Cemetery Project (Lawrence A. deGrace)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 3 Aug 1972
^ Prince George Citizen, 1 Jun 1950
^ Prince George Citizen, 20 Jul 1950
^ Prince George Citizen, 31 Mar 1952
^ Prince George Citizen, 23 May 1986
^ Schmidt 1993, pp. 13–14.
^ Prince George Citizen, 14 Sep 1966
^ Prince George Citizen: 9 to 11 Jul 1980
^ Prince George Citizen, 26 Nov 1980
^ Prince George Citizen, 28 Aug 1990
^ Prince George Citizen: 11 Jan 1991; 25 May 1991; 6 May 1992; 7 & 10 Jul 1992; & 23 May 1998
^ Prince George Citizen, 8 Aug 1996
^ Prince George Citizen, 9 Mar 1999
^ Prince George Citizen, 16 Feb 2012
^ Prince George Citizen, 13 May 2016
^ "Aleza Lake Research Forest". www.unbc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 4 Oct 1921
^ Prince George Citizen: 4 Aug 1927, 19 Apr 1928 & 21 Jun 1928
^ Prince George Citizen, 9 May 1929
^ Prince George Citizen: 25 Jun 1931, 27 Aug 1931 & 10 Sep 1931
^ Prince George Citizen: 7 Jul 1932 & 11 Aug 1932
^ Prince George Citizen, 25 May 1939
^ Prince George Citizen, 5 Aug 1948
^ Prince George Citizen: 3 & 10 Nov 1949
^ Prince George Citizen: 24 & 31 Aug 1950
^ Prince George Citizen: 21 Sep 1950, 19 Oct 1950 & 13 Nov 1950
^ Prince George Citizen, 23 Nov 1950
^ Prince George Citizen, 25 May 1960
^ Prince George Citizen, 6 Apr 1981
^ Prince George Citizen, 27 Aug 1976
^ Prince George Citizen: 12 Nov 1971, 18 Feb 1977, 24 Sep 1979 & 29 Aug 1980
^ Prince George Citizen, 13 Oct 1978
^ Prince George Citizen, 1 Oct 1979
^ Prince George Citizen, 11 May 1981
^ Prince George Citizen: 1 Mar 1983 & 17 Oct 1983
^ Prince George Citizen, 29 Nov 1988
^ Prince George Citizen, 30 Jul 1991
^ Prince George Citizen, 2 Nov 2001
^ Prince George Citizen, 17 May 1921
^ MacArthur 1983, p. 28.
^ Prince George Leader: 7 Dec 1922, 8 Mar 1923 & 11 Apr 1929
^ Prince George Citizen, 18 Nov 1926
^ Prince George Citizen, 20 Mar 1924
^ Prince George Citizen, 14 May 1964

References

"Aleza Lake (community)". BC Geographical Names.
"Prince George archival newspapers". www.pgpl.ca.
MacArthur, Ethelwynn (1983). The Way It Was: A History of Aleza Lake. Fraser-Fort George Museum Society.
Bernsohn, Ken (1981). Cutting up the North: The History of the Forest Industry in the Northern Interior. Hancock House. ISBN 9780888391148.
Schmidt, Ralph (1993). "The Aleza Lake Experiment Station (1920s and 1930s)" (PDF). B.C. Ministry of Forests, Research Branch and the Forest History Association of British Columbia.
MacArthur, Ethelwynn (2000). "Upper Fraser Historical Geography Project Transcript" (PDF). www.nbca.unbc.ca.
Trick, John & Bernice (2000). "Upper Fraser Historical Geography Project Transcript" (PDF). www.nbca.unbc.ca.
Hak, Gordon Hugh (1986). "On the Fringes: Capital and Labour in the Forest Economies of the Port Alberni and Prince George Districts, BC, 1910–1939". www.summit.sfu.ca.

Dome Creek, British Columbia (BC) as recorded in Wikipedia

2020-12-26T21:36:00.003-06:00

This is a lightly revised version of the information that was found in a Dome Creek BC web page at Wikipedia.org on December 26, 2020. Like all articles at Wikipedia, it was listed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licensing.

[Click here for an index of my other Upper Fraser blogs].

Because of the Creative Commons licensing, I retain no copyright or publication rights to this particular blog.

I have had friends living here and have been visiting here since the seventies.

Dome Creek Station in the Seventies

Dome Creek, British Columbia

Dome Creek, between Penny and Crescent Spur on the southwest side of the Fraser River in central British Columbia, provides a year-round destination for hiking, hunting, snowshoeing and snowmobiling. The scattered community of about 40 permanent residents clusters the railway line and the actual creek (crossed by its own road and rail bridges). The creek and town are similarly named after Dome Mountain. The recreational facility, which occupies the former school building, houses the community hall, a public library and a museum, with a small rustic post office nearby. The visitor centre (former library) stands at the front of the lot occupied by the former community hall. (Content specific to Bend or Kidd is contained in those articles.)

Transportation

A trackside signpost marks the flag stop for Via Rail's Jasper – Prince Rupert train.^[1] The immediate Via Rail stops are Bend to the northwest and Loos to the southeast.

When Greyhound cancelled this route in 2018, this scheduled bus stop closed. BC Bus North, the replacement operator,^[2] runs non-stop between Prince George and McBride.^[3]

History[edit]

Railway[edit]

The creek mouth was 156 miles (251 km) from Fort George via the Fraser.^[4] Dome Creek has historically described both a specific place and the general area several miles on either side, such as Mile 141,^[5] or Mile 142.^[6]^[7] With river access to bring in labour and supplies, the vicinity may have comprised 2,000 workers^[8]^[9] housed in construction camps stretching from Mile 141 to 146.^[10] Foley, Welch and Stewart (FW&S) was the prime contractor for the Mountain Section. However, owing to unprecedented low water limiting navigation, FW&S's larger boats remained berthed from early winter, 1911, to spring, 1913.^[11] Cement supplies for the bridge were stranded at the Goat River Rapids, awaiting sleigh transportation once winter arrived.^[12] The concrete for the bridge's east abutment was poured before the end of 1912.^[13] During spring 1913, the west abutment was completed.^[14] When the river thawed, the FW&S boats were launched to bring supplies from the railhead base at Tête Jaune.^[15]

The low-level Dome Creek and Hansard railway bridges curtailed the previous steamboat navigation.^[16] The railway started construction, despite not having received approval from Ottawa's Board of Railway Commissioners with respect to their height clearances, which triggered a response by the Barnard steamboat organization. The Dome Creek bridge crosses the Fraser at Mile 56.7, Fraser Subdivision (formerly about Mile 146, though contemporary articles inadvertently quoted instead the camp locations at Mile 145,^[17] or Mile 142).^[6]^[18] A temporary wooden trestle carried the track until the steel bridge's completion.^[19]

The Bates & Rogers Construction Co. were the contractors for the bridge substructure (piers and abutments) and the Canadian Bridge Co. for the superstructure (steelwork).^[20] By August, the steel bridge girders were being installed, and the railway tracks had been laid from Mile 53 (Tête Jaune) to Mile 138,^[6] and then Mile 142.^[19] The Railway Commission having handed over control to the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTP) to operate this section, their first passenger arrived at Mile 141 that month.^[5] Their directive for a drawbridge^[19] reversed, the Railway Commission sanctioned the low-level bridge,^[21] which by October was nearing completion.^[22]

During construction, small seven-ton locomotives operated on the temporary narrow gauge (24-inch) track laid in advance of the permanent track. A surviving example exists in the Prince George Railway & Forestry Museum. When one such locomotive sank into the muskeg nearby, a second one also sank while trying to extract it. At least one of these is believed to be preserved in the bog.^[23] The location included a water tower and wye. An alighting passenger,^[24] and the laying of a 10-foot wide cinder sidewalk for passengers that winter,^[25] suggest a 1921 opening date for the station nestled between Bend to its northwest, and Kidd to its southeast.

Pumpman John (Jack) E. (1876–1941)^[26]^[27] & Lottie Brennan,^[28] who arrived in 1915, were part of the community's social circle.^[29]^[30] Retiring in 1940 after 25 years as pumpman, he died before receiving his first superannuation cheque.^[31] A guard, who was presumably armed, defended the crossing during World War II.^[32] Speeders^[33] or railway cars provided the only transport for medical emergencies, but often it came too late.^[34] Trains sometimes struck straying livestock.^[35]

When the Prince George-McBride way freights, coming from opposite directions, passed at Dome Creek during the 1950s, there was a sufficient break for passengers to change trains.^[36] In 1985, a derailment occurred at Mile 55.^[37] The station building,^[38] which was opened, closed and cleaned daily until the early 1990s,^[39] went in 1996.^[40] In 2000, the section crew relocated.^[41] The present flag stop location appears established.^[42]

Service	c.1921–1931	1932–c.1939	c.1940–c.1958	c.1959–1965	1965–1966	1966–1967	1967–1977	1977–present
	^[43]	^[44]^[45]	^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50]	^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54]^[55]	^[56]	^[57]	^[58]^[59]^[60]^[61]^[62]	^[63]^[64]^[65]^[66] ^[67]^[68]^[69]^[70]
Passenger	Flag stop		Regular stop	Flag stop	Regular stop	Flag stop	Regular stop	Flag stop
Way freight		Flag stop	Regular stop	Regular stop	Regular stop	Regular stop	Regular stop

Infrastructure	1920	1922	1933	1943*	1960–72	1977–92
	Mile No. ^[71]	Mile No. ^[43]	Mile No. ^[45]	Mile No. ^[46]	Mile No. ^[51]^[56]^[59]^[61]	Mile No. ^[63]^[66]^[67]
Wye	54.1	54.1	55.2	55.2	55.2	55.2
Water Tower	54.1	54.1	55.6	55.7
Station		54.1	55.6	55.7	55.6	55.9

Assumedly, a remeasurement confirmed the station was closer to Mile 55.6

Other Tracks	Mile No.	1920	1922	1933	1940	1960	1965	1968
(Capacity Length)		Cars ^[71]	Cars ^[43]	Cars ^[45]	Cars ^[72]	Cars ^[51]	Cars ^[56]	Cars ^[59]
? Partners	54				unknown
Upper Fraser Lumber	54.2		unknown
Dome Mountain Lumber	54.6	unknown	unknown
Wm Coop	55.2			28
Red Rock Lumber	55.6					10	21
Northwood Pulp	55.6							10
Pioneer Pole & Supply	55.9			8
Nance Lumber	56.0					10
Wm. T. Nance	56.0						9
Northwood Pulp	56.0							8

Pioneer Community

Dome Creek, an ideal location for timber, tourists and hunting, developed possibly as more than one settlement,^[73] that ultimately consolidated westward at its present location. Over time, both the industrial and railway infrastructure moved in that direction. James O. Kendall, manager of Upper Fraser Lumber Co.^[27] (see #UFLumber), was the inaugural postmaster 1916–19.^[74]

John (Jack) W. Carneski (1893–1975), who remained single,^[75] operated his mixed farm until death immediately east of Dome Creek on the north half of Lot 3275.^[76]^[77] Claiming a 1911 arrival,^[78] the first record of his presence was 1924.^[79]^[80] Among the few remaining pioneers in the vicinity,^[81] he outlived James B. Hooker (1884–1955) of Bend^[82] and Ernest H. Jensen (1890–1966) of Kidd.^[83]

By 1920, Mr. Bremner ran a store.^[84] Rancher James (Jimmy) Stewart (1883–1960)^[85]^[86] opened a billiard parlour, barber shop,^[87]^[88] restaurant, and later, a store.^[28]^[89]^[90]^[81] He was postmaster 1920–25,^[74] a role commonly performed by a storeowner in such towns. Andrew Stewart (1898–1941),^[28]^[91]^[92] his brother, who assisted in the store,^[93] was postmaster 1925–26.^[74] James moved and opened a store in Snowshoe.^[94] Farmer William Reade (probably c.1876–1944)^[28]^[95] ran a general store,^[96] and was postmaster 1927–31.^[74]

Arriving in 1917, T. Francis (Frank) (1881–1951)^[97] and Chris (1892–1979)^[98] Gleason were pioneers to the area, who had left America to escape the World War I draft.^[99] The brothers were prospectors, trappers,^[100]^[101] and supply agents for fox breeding.^[102] During the 1932/33 winter, Chris shot a big timber wolf prowling near the school, one of numerous sightings around the community.^[103] Purchased from Stewart in 1927,^[96]^[104] their general store existed longest.^[105] They were fined for exceeding the controlled prices during World War II.^[106] After Frank died, Chris operated the store until its sale in 1957.^[104]^[99] Frank was postmaster 1937–51.^[74]

Margaret (?–1953)^[107] & Henry (1884–1978)^[108] Miller, known for his teams of horses, settled in Dome Creek in the 1910s.^[109] In 1919, while Henry was picking blackberries, his uncle rescued him from a vicious bear mauling.^[87] A year later, at his trial for burning O.B.U. mail, he was acquitted.^[110] In 1922, the family relocated to west of McBride,^[111] where they ran a dairy farm.^[109]^[112] On selling this property to Nance Lumber^[109] (see #Nance), he returned to Dome Creek as a logging contractor.^[113] He remained a resident^[114] until death.^[109] Their son James (1914–75)^[115] was postmaster 1951–?.^[74]

The school opened in 1918, with Malcolm Humphrey Rae as the inaugural teacher. In the early years, some community dances (often farewell functions) were held in the schoolhouse.^[116]^[117] After the railway construction phase, the population dwindled to 150^[88] (which included 18 farmers) by 1921,^[8] and to 100 by 1927,^[96] revised to 125 by 1929.^[118]

Henry (usually stated as Harry) (1883–1973)^[119] & Martha Alice (1886–1965)^[120] Robinson homesteaded around 1920.^[121] Their children were Nora (c.1910–?), Sheila (c.1911–1995), Montgomery (Montie) (1912–90),^[122] Kathleen (1913–82),^[123] William (Bill) (1917–96),^[124] Myrtle (c.1919–2014),^[125] Eileen (1920–92),^[28]^[126] Patricia (Pat) Ann, Mary M., Lyona (1925–2012),^[127] and Iona (1925–82).^[128]

In 1931, Sheila married^[129] Darrow Casey (1908–84), and they settled in Trail, where Myrtle,^[130] Mary,^[131] Montie, and Pat^[132] would follow. While working in Vancouver, Kathleen met and married^[133] Reginald George Clements (1900–83).^[134]^[135] While based in Prince George, Nora married Fred H. Stephens.^[136] Eileen married^[137] Harry Willard Webb (1912–74).^[138] Initially they lived locally,^[139] left briefly,^[140] returned briefly,^[141] and left permanently.^[142] Bill enlisted in 1941, married Jean Margaret Marsden (1916–2015)^[143] in England, but the couple settled in Vancouver after his 1945 discharge.^[144] Iona enlisted in 1943.^[145] Lyona married^[146] Floyd Berndt (1922–85)^[147] of Giscome, where they lived.^[148] Mary, in Trail, married^[149] Jack Minton (1913–77).^[150] Iona was engaged^[151] to John H. Hooper (1919–93),^[152] returned to Vancouver for business college,^[153] but married Charles Robert Ashworth (1925–82)^[154] of Trail, where the couple resided.^[155] Pat attended UBC.^[156] The Robinson Srs. relocated possibly to Trail about this time.

A. Helmer Westerlund (1889–1979)^[157]^[158] arrived in 1917.^[89]^[159]^[160] Olga (1902–98)^[161] arrived in 1924 and they were married three years later.^[162] To complement their farming income, Helmer worked in pole camps, and successfully sued^[163] contractor Fred Stevens (1867–1956)^[164]^[165] for non-payment of wages. Visiting school officials, railway employees, and dignitaries boarded at their house. Daughter Ruth (c.1928–55) attended high school in Prince George,^[166] where Olga joined her for a period.^[167] Ruth moved away, married Donald Watson in 1952, but died of a blood disease.^[168] Sibling Ivan E. attended high school in Prince George,^[169] and married Beverley Beecroft in 1956.^[170] Acquiring a quarter section, and over time purchasing from his parents and others, their farm increased to six quarters.^[171]^[172] Relocating to Prince George in 1955, Helmer and Olga ran a boarding house until 1974.^[173] In 1979, Ivan's oldest son, Ivan Jr,^[174] attended the Jericho Hill School for the Deaf in Vancouver,^[175] an institution whose reputation has since been sullied by evidence of rampant sexual abuse.^[176] The couple raised four further children at Dome Creek.^[177] Three of the children received a quarter, which they farmed on visits from Prince George.^[171]

Later Community

The population of about 50^[178] hovered in the 80s during World War II.^[179] During the 1940s, residents often attended the Penny dances,^[180] By the 1950s, dances for the whole family occurred monthly in the community hall.^[181]

On the closure of the Bend school in 1946, those students transferred. The left-hand section of the present building dates from 1954, with the right-hand wing added two years later to accommodate over 40 pupils.^[182]^[183] A new three-roomed teacherage opened in 1955.^[184] From Grade 9, children either took correspondence courses or boarded at the McBride high school dormitory.^[185] Later, Dome Creek only went to Grade 7. Peaking at 38 students, numbers were mainly in the 15–18 range from the mid-1960s to 1980.^[182] The average enrolment during the 1980s was 14.^[186] By the mid-1980s, operating at 38 percent student capacity,^[187] and smaller class sizes, significantly increased costs per student. Unlike its counterparts slated for closure, the school was granted special status until 1991.^[188] At the request of the parents, the school added Grade 8 from the 1992/93 year.^[189] With only six students, the school closed in 2001.^[182]^[183] The school bus ride to McBride took 90 minutes each way.^[190] Assumedly, the additional passenger load temporarily extended the route closer to Dome Creek, rather than the previous terminus at Walker Creek FSR junction, 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) away.^[191]

John E. (1906–87)^[192] & Jean (1909–96)^[193]^[194] Humphreys arrived from Penny in 1957 (1947 a misprint).^[195]^[196] John, who ran the store^[197] 1957–63,^[198]^[199] owned one of most complete collections of Canadian coins in Northern BC.^[200] While Jean, a registered nurse, became the medical emergency volunteer,^[201] John introduced the weekly movie night in the community hall at this time,^[202] both services they had provided at Penny. Son James (Jim) R. (1940–2011) & Dianne Humphreys stayed 1969–83.^[203] Their children were Howard, Holly, Hunter, and Hilary.^[204]^[205] John unsuccessfully ran for RDFFG director for area H (Dome Creek-Dunster).^[206] They returned in 1993.^[207]

During the 1960s, Audrey & Russell (1920–91)^[208] Stannard managed a boarding house at Dome Creek.^[78]^[209] A Mennonite family owned the Creekside Store for a few years, before Jean & G. Alan Fuller Howe operated the store and post-office from 1967 until the store closure in the early 1970s.^[104]^[210]^[211]^[212] Son David & Wendy Howe subsequently managed the post office.^[204]

The population was 81 in the late 1980s.^[213] The Dome Diner operated a 24-hour restaurant during the early 1990s.^[214] Closed and boarded up, it stands on Highway 16 at the Dome Creek Road turnoff. Sue's Kitchen existed in the late 1990s,^[215] followed by Ma's and Pa's Kitchen.^[41]

The Catholic Church, that opened in 1960,^[216] but closed after a decade,^[217] is now a residential building.^[218] A reunion, celebrating the 75th anniversary of the former school, was held August 6–8, 1993.^[219]

Crime, Calamity & Safety Measures

A double drowning occurred near Mile 145 in 1915.^[220]

During the spring flood of 1936, when the Fraser reached the underside of the rail bridge, the CNR parked a trainload of rock cars on the bridge as a precaution.^[221]

Without a firefighting service, houses burned to the ground. Her husband Alvin (1892–1972)^[222] away, Ellen Margaret English (1906–97)^[223] was home with her children Douglas (c.1943– ), and Robert (1945– ), and stepchild John E. (Jack) (1932–51),^[224] son of former wife Mary Elvena English (1899–1979). The mother and children escaped the blaze unharmed. While logging five years later, a falling tree fatally fractured Jack's skull.^[225] His older sibling Clarence (1927–2001) and wife were residents at that time.^[226] The Loewen family had a similar winter escape from a house fire.^[227]

Locals, Frank Langevin and William Oliver, violently assaulted Stan Hale of Kidd in 1954.^[228] Frank’s son Russell (1944–48) died from malnutrition.^[229] Another son Patrick Michael (1949–58) died from pnuemonia.^[230]

In 1961, weather forced a small aircraft returning from a mercy flight to land at Dome Creek. On attempting a take-off, the plane flipped on a snow-filled ditch and sustained extensive damage.^[231]^[232]

Dana Duane Fowler (1959–67) drowned on a farm.^[233]

In the 1967/68 winter, an ice jam in the creek flooded out most of the 60 residents, with only the railway station, the boarding house and a few homes spared. The proprietor temporarily relocated the store to the two-roomed train station. The access road to Highway 16 was submerged. When the Highways Department dynamited the ice, fragments from the explosion crashed through the roof of John Humphrey's house, which was already under four feet of water. The conditions may have been worse than the 1936 spring flood.^[234]

In 1997, five people died in a car that lost control on ice and collided with a loaded westbound logging truck on the Highway 16 hill just west of the bridge across Dome Creek.^[235]^[236]

In 2012, Kohl Anthony Timms, 26, was sentenced to consecutive terms of 14 and 16 months for growing marijuana.^[237]

Forestry

The narrow strip of accessible spruce forest bordering the railway that stretched some 100 miles (160 km) east of Prince George was known as the East Line.^[238] The Dome Lumber Co., the first sawmill, dammed the creek and floated logs the 5 miles (8.0 km) down to their mill.^[209] In 1912, the Northern Lumber Co. completed building their sawmill, shingle mill and sash-door factory.^[239] By 1914, an even larger mill was built by the Upper Fraser Mills Co.,^[240] with new machinery received the following year.^[241]

By 1921, the significant operations were the 30,000-foot capacity Dome Lumber Co. and the 40,000-foot capacity Upper Fraser Lumber Co. (a.k.a. Fraser Timber Syndicate),^[242] but the former was subject to winding up orders.^[243]^[244] That year experienced hot dry weather, with mill workers from the Fraser Timber Syndicate fighting forest fires which threatened the mill.^[245] During 1922, neither of the remaining mills operated,^[246] possibly unable to secure timber supplies.^[247] Using a portable sawmill, James B. Hooker of Bend cut firewood, likely from devastated areas.^[90] At the liquidation sale of the Dome Lumber Co. in 1923, both creditors and the government incurred heavy losses, and Bashaw Lumber Co. purchased and moved the assets to east of Dewey (Sinclair Mills)^[248] to replace its own mill destroyed by fire the previous September.^[160]^[249] The Fraser Timber syndicate intended to start milling in spring and the Imperial Lumber Co. planned to build a new mill.^[250]

Assistant forest ranger was a seasonal position from spring to fall.^[251] By the late 1940s, Standard Forest Products had acquired sawmills at Tête Jaune, Eddy, Dome Creek and Penny.^[252] Throughout the 1950s, Lamming Bros. had logging and milling operations in the area.^[253]

In the late 1950s, a school bus ran from the Nance Lumber Co.'s new mill.^[254] Around 6 miles (9.7 km) to the west, the operation comprised bunkhouses and a cookhouse.^[255] The company had operated in McBride since the early 1950s.^[256] Based in Red Deer, Alberta, it possessed holdings in McBride and Dome Creek at the time owner William Theodore Nance (c.1908–65) died.^[257] Herbert Fichtner (1927–96)^[258] owned the small Red Rock Lumber,^[259] located within the settlement, during the 1950s–1960s. After purchasing the two mills in the mid-1960s, Northwood soon closed them.^[209]^[260]^[261]

Roads

A road likely linked the water tower and the community to its west. The government road that existed from the early 1920s^[77]^[90]^[262] did not connect with any roads beyond the Dome Creek area. Since the promised route southeast to McBride would long await a government survey, willing residents were unable to voluntarily construct such a link. The wheat and oat farmers would have benefited from a threshing machine, but it was too large to transport by rail.^[263] Within the 46 miles (74 km) gap stretching to 10 miles (16 km) northwest of McBride, 14 miles (23 km) of disconnected roads existed by the late 1930s.^[264] No progress occurred either during^[265] or immediately following World War II. A federal politician promised a highway by 1958 linking Prince George, McBride and the Alberta border, which like the CNR bridge would cross the Fraser in the vicinity.^[266] Maps dated 1931,^[262] 1949,^[267] and 1956,^[268] show a proposed route wholly east of the Fraser bypassing Dome Creek. Instead, the provincial government surveyed a route wholly west of the river for the Fraser-Fort George section of Highway 16,^[269] as shown in a 1958 road map,^[270] but had constructed only 12 miles (19 km) by 1959.^[271]

In 1960, when only 15 vehicles and 14 miles (23 km) of road (of varying quality) existed around Dome Creek, the requirement for vehicles to be licensed and insured was briefly enforced, then relaxed. Vehicles continued to use tax-free dyed fuel.^[272] By the 1962/63 winter, work on a highway southeast to McBride included a right-of-way cleared and grubbed to Twin Creek via Crescent Spur.^[273] The following November, the McBride and District Chamber of Commerce approached the Highways Department to reinstate the crossing at Mile 50 and put in a winter road to Dome Creek.^[274]

With further road-building equipment and supplies brought in by rail,^[275] Standard General Construction worked northwest from Dome Creek, and Ginter Construction southeast, in building Highway 16.^[276] The 1964 summer was so wet, Ginter was unable to make headway in grading and gravelling the 10-mile (16 km) stretch between Dome Creek and Crescent Spur.^[277] A 1967 fire at the Standard General construction camp caused $200,000 of damage.^[278] At the time, the community was only accessible by river or rail. By January 1968, the gravel road linking Prince George and McBride was drivable,^[279] except during the muddy spring breakup, when sections were impassable. Popular throughout that summer,^[280] it was not open to passenger bus operators because the three Bailey bridges were deemed subpar.^[281] Between the Willow River and Dome Creek, work was starting on the Willow and Bowron River bridges, and 50 miles (80 km) were paved and 7 miles (11 km) remained as gravel. To the southeast, the West Twin and McBride bridges were nearing completion.^[282] The 20.6-mile (33.2 km) Dome Creek-Crescent Spur section would be paved in 1969.^[283] Although the unfinished Prince George-McBride sections were expected to be paved that year,^[284] work was not completed on the final 50 miles (80 km)^[285] until the last of the new bridges opened in mid-1970.^[286]

In 1993, the Old Dome Creek access became Bristow Road, and Robertson Road became Robinson Road.^[287]

Electricity, Broadcast Transmissions & Communications Devices

In 1913, a telegraph operator was stationed at the water tower.^[81] The separate position appears from 1928,^[288] but it is unclear whether the early telegraph office, which preceded the station,^[71] possessed automatic printing apparatus, or the pumpman performed double duty.

By 1930, radio listeners enjoyed clear reception.^[289] For enthusiasts wishing to receive messages from ships at sea or isolated ports, Prof. W. Reade (likely #WReade) was offering courses in telegraphy.^[290]

From 1929, the CNR telephone lines opened for public usage, linking Dome Creek with Prince George,^[291] but were not connected with the outside telephone network until 1931.^[292] McBride had to wait until 1955, when North-West Telephone Company leased a special circuit from the CNR which connected with Dome Creek.^[293] By 1967, only one active telephone remained in Dome Creek, which was in the general store, after the Red Rock Lumber one was disconnected on closedown.^[78] Most locals had used the office phone at the mill for making calls.^[294] In 1992, the referendum for a telephone service, financed by an additional $175 in property tax each year, was approved.^[295] The following year, the RDFFG installed the system.^[296]

In 1984, the referendum for an electricity supply, at a cost of $214,100 for the community after government subsidies, amortized to property taxes over 20 years, was approved.^[297] The next year, BC Hydro constructed an electrical distribution line to the community.^[298] Since road frontage determined the individual property tax burden, the recovery methodology penalized non-subdividable farms, some of which with their own generators have not connected to the system.^[299] Equally, the up front $10,000 grant for each hookup encouraged unnecessary connections that customers had no intention of maintaining.^[300]

Completed in 2014, the Telus cell tower near Dome Creek also serves over 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) of Highway 16 between west of Penny and Dome Mountain.^[301]

Climate

showClimate data for Dome Creek

Footnotes

^ "Dome Creek flag stop". www.viarail.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 29 May 2018
^ "Bus schedule". www.bcbus.ca.
^ Fort George Herald: 21 Jan 1911; 15 Apr 1911; 20 May 1911; & 3 to 24 Jun 1913
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Fort George Herald, 30 Aug 1913
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Fort George Tribune: 2 & 9 Aug 1913
^ Fort George Herald: 17 & 31 May 1913
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Wheeler 1979, p. 43.
^ "BC Geographical Names, Dome Creek". www.gov.bc.ca.
^ Olson 2014, p. 106.
^ Fort George Herald, 21 Sep 1912
^ Fort George Herald, 28 Sep 1912
^ Fort George Herald, 30 Nov 1912
^ Fort George Herald, 3 May 1913
^ Fort George Herald, 10 May 1913
^ Fort George Herald, 28 Jun 1913
^ Fort George Herald: 4 Oct 1913 & 3 Dec 1913
^ Fort George Herald: 30 Nov 1912; & 3 & 17 May 1913
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Fort George Tribune, 9 Aug 1913
^ "Canadian Rail, May-June 2000" (PDF). www.exporail.org. p. 70.
^ "Image: Dome Creek bridge across the Fraser". www.flickr.com.
^ Fort George Herald, 4 Oct 1913
^ Prince George Citizen, 27 Jan 1984 (48)
^ Prince George Citizen, 18 Nov 1921
^ Prince George Leader, 13 Jan 1922
^ "Cemetery Project (John Edmund BRENNAN)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b "1918 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "1921 Census". www.bac-lac.gc.ca.
^ Prince George Leader: 15 Feb 1923 & 1 Mar 1923
^ Prince George Citizen, 2 Feb 1933
^ Prince George Citizen: 9 Jan 1941 & 6 Feb 1941
^ Prince George Citizen, 13 Aug 1942
^ Prince George Citizen, 29 Sep 1975
^ Prince George Citizen, 27 Jan 1984 (40)
^ Prince George Citizen, 28 Jan 1943
^ Boudreau, Clarence & Olga (2003). Into the Mists of Time. Self-published. p. 5. ISBN 0973076917.
^ Prince George Citizen: 27 Nov 1985 to 5 Dec 1985
^ "Image: Dome Creek station". www.flickr.com.
^ Prince George Citizen, 16 Oct 1992
^ Prince George Free Press, 21 Jan 1996
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Prince George Citizen, 5 May 2001
^ "Route guide" (PDF). www.viarail.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c 1922 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ Prince George Citizen: 12 & 19 Nov 1931
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c 1933 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ Jump up to:^a ^b 1943 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ "1946 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 59.
^ "1950 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 59.
^ "1956 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 53.
^ "1957 Timetable". www.traingeek.ca. p. 53.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c 1960 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ "1961 Timetable (main)" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 39.
^ "1961 Timetable (way freight)" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 48.
^ "1963 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 42.
^ 1964 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c 1965 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ "1966 Timetable". www.traingeek.ca. p. 38.
^ 1967 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c 1968 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ "1971 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 19.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b 1972 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ 1973 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ Jump up to:^a ^b "1977 Timetable" (PDF). www.cwrailway.ca.
^ "1986 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 50, but scan p. 52.
^ "1988 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 55, but scan p. 52.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b 1990 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ Jump up to:^a ^b 1992 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ "1996 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 40.
^ "2011 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 44, but scan p. 24.
^ Recent timetables
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c 1920 Timetable: Bulkley Valley Museum collection
^ Prince George Citizen, 1 Aug 1940
^ Fort George Herald: 18 Mar 1911, 22 Jul 1911, 5 Aug 1911 & 16 Dec 1911
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Postmasters". www.bac-lac.gc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (John William CARNESKI)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 29 Sep 1961
^ Jump up to:^a ^b "1923 DL Map". www.arcabc.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Prince George Citizen, 6 Feb 1968
^ Prince George Citizen, 9 Oct 1924
^ "1925 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Prince George Citizen, 26 Aug 1958
^ "Death Certificate (James Burton HOOKER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Cemetery Project (Ernest H. JENSEN)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 14 May 1920
^ "Death Certificate (James STEWART)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 21 Jul 1960
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Prince George Citizen, 4 Jun 1919
^ Jump up to:^a ^b "1920 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b "1922 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Prince George Leader, 23 Nov 1922
^ "Death Certificate (Andrew Aitchison STEWART)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 27 Nov 1941
^ "Marriage Certificate (STEWART/MALONEY)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Wheeler 1979, p. 42.
^ "Death Certificate (William READE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c "1927 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Francis Thomas GLEASON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Chris GLEASON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Prince George Citizen, 8 Feb 1993
^ Prince George Citizen, 15 Jul 1921
^ "1924 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 6 & 27 Aug 1925
^ Prince George Citizen, 16 Feb 1933
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Humphreys 2000, p. 7.
^ Prince George Citizen: 14 Sep 1933, 25 Apr 1940; 15 Oct 1942; 25 Nov 1943 to 16 Dec 1943; 16 Aug 1945; & 21 Dec 1950
^ Prince George Citizen, 25 Oct 1945
^ Prince George Citizen, 7 May 1953
^ "Death Certificate (Henry MILLER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d Wheeler 1979, p. 363.
^ Prince George Citizen, 26 Mar 1920
^ Prince George Leader, 31 Mar 1922
^ Prince George Citizen, 12 May 1938
^ Prince George Citizen, 29 Jan 1948
^ Prince George Citizen: 14 Sep 1950, 8 Mar 1951, 16 Apr 1953, 8 Apr 1965 & 3 Jun 1966
^ "Death Certificate (James William MILLER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 4 & 11 Jun 1919, 12 Jul 1923 & 15 Sep 1932
^ Prince George Leader: 21 Dec 1922 & 1 Mar 1923
^ "1929 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Henry ROBINSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Martha Alice ROBINSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "1921 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Montgomery Robert James ROBINSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Kathleen Natalie CLEMENTS)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (William ROBINSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Obituary (Myrtle Alice TRIOL)". www.thenelsondaily.com.
^ "Death Certificate (Eileen WEBB)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Obituary (Lyona BERNDT)". www.issuu.com.
^ "Death Certificate (Iona ASHWORTH)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Marriage Certificate (CASEY/ROBINSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 15 Jul 1943, 6 Sep 1945 & 30 Jun 1949
^ Prince George Citizen: 15 Jul 1943 & 26 Aug 1943
^ Prince George Citizen, 18 Jul 1946
^ "Marriage Certificate (CLEMENTS/ROBINSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Reginald George CLEMENTS)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 14 Sep 1944
^ Prince George Citizen, 15 Jun 1939
^ "Marriage Certificate (WEBB/ROBINSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Harry Willard WEBB)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 18 Sep 1941, 27 Nov 1941, 20 Aug 1942, 8 Oct 1942, 28 Jan 1943 & 10 Jun 1943
^ Prince George Citizen: 15 Jul 1943, 26 Aug 1943 & 7 Oct 1943
^ Prince George Citizen: 4 May 1944 & 12 Oct 1944
^ Prince George Citizen: 7 Dec 1944, 24 May 1945, 27 Sep 1945, 13 May 1948 & 20 Jul 1950
^ "Obituary (Jean Margaret ROBINSON)". www.legacy.com.
^ Prince George Citizen: 6 Sep 1945 & 8 Aug 1946
^ Prince George Citizen: 27 May 1943, 13 Jan 1944, 28 Dec 1944, 21 Jun 1945, 27 Sep 1945
^ Prince George Citizen, 21 Nov 1946
^ "Death Certificate (Floyd Max BERNDT)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 15 May 1947, 13 Jan 1949 & 31 Jan 1952
^ Prince George Citizen, 24 Jan 1946
^ "Death Certificate (Jack Victor MINTON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 28 Dec 1944
^ "Death Certificate (John Herbert HOOPER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 27 Sep 1947
^ "Death Certificate (Charles Robert ASHWORTH)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 5 Aug 1948 & 2 Aug 1951
^ Prince George Citizen: 1 Sep 1949 & 11 May 1950
^ "Death Certificate (August Helmer WESTERLUND)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 10 Apr 1979
^ Westerlund 2000, p. 2.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Prince George Leader, 15 Feb 1923
^ "Death Certificate (Olga Ingeborg WESTERLUND)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 30 Nov 1985, 5 Jun 1992 & 20 Feb 1998
^ Prince George Citizen: 2 Apr 1931 & 2 Jul 1936
^ "Death Certificate (Fred STEVENS)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 1 Mar 1956
^ Prince George Citizen: 3 Sep 1942 & 1 Jul 1943
^ Prince George Citizen: 18 Nov 1943; 4 & 11 May 1944; & 8 Mar 1945
^ Prince George Citizen, 28 Mar 1955
^ Prince George Citizen, 6 Jul 1944
^ Prince George Citizen, 26 Apr 1956
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Westerlund 2000, p. 14.
^ Prince George Citizen: 29 Sep 1975 & 9 Aug 1989
^ Prince George Citizen: 29 Sep 1975 & 5 Jun 1992
^ Prince George Citizen, 13 Nov 1956
^ Prince George Citizen: 20 Dec 1963 & 9 Sep 1965
^ Prince George Citizen, 18 Nov 1993
^ Prince George Citizen, 20 Feb 1998
^ "1939 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca. & "1940 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ "1941 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca. to "1947 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 18 Jul 1946, 1 May 1947, 15 Jan 1948, & 5 & 26 Aug 1948
^ Broderick 2000, p. 9.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Hall, Barbara; Pallo, Rose (2010). School District No. 57 (Prince George) historical memories. (Volume I): people, places, programs & services. Prince George Retired Teachers' Association, Education Heritage Committee.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Prince George Citizen, 10 Apr 2013
^ Prince George Citizen, 12 May 1955
^ Broderick 2000, p. 11.
^ Prince George Citizen: 21 Apr 1983 & 25 Oct 1984
^ Prince George Citizen, 25 Apr 1986
^ Prince George Citizen, 25 Mar 1987
^ Prince George Citizen, 17 Jun 1992
^ Prince George Citizen, 10 May 2002
^ Quinn 2000, p. 5.
^ "Death Certificate (John Edward HUMPHREYS)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Jean HUMPHREYS)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 2 Apr 1996
^ Prince George Citizen, 12 Feb 1987
^ Humphreys 2000, p. 3.
^ "Image: Dome Creek store". www.nbca.unbc.ca.
^ Humphreys 2000, pp. 6–7.
^ Prince George Citizen: 6 May 1960; 13 to 15 Sep 1965; 15 to 22 Oct 1965; & 12 Feb 1987
^ Prince George Citizen, 14 Aug 1961
^ Broderick 2000, p. 10.
^ Broderick 2000, pp. 9 & 22.
^ Humphreys 2000, pp. 5 & 6.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Broderick 2000, p. 23.
^ Prince George Citizen, 16 Mar 2011
^ Prince George Citizen: 10, 17 & 22 Nov 1976
^ Humphreys 2000, p. 6.
^ "Death Certificate (Russell James STANNARD)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Wheeler 1979, p. 44.
^ "Image: Dome Creek store". www.flickr.com.
^ Quinn 2000, p. 18.
^ Prince George Citizen: 8 Feb 1968 & 27 May 1994
^ Prince George Citizen, 26 Mar 1987
^ Prince George Citizen: 22 Apr 1991; 30 May 1992; 14 to 21 May1993; 22 to 26 Oct 1993; 18 to 29 Nov 1993; & 5 to 12 Feb 1994
^ Prince George Citizen, 10 Nov 1998
^ Prince George Citizen, 25 Jul 1960
^ Quinn 2000, p. 17.
^ Broderick 2000, p. 6.
^ Prince George Citizen: 5 & 10 Mar 1993; & 18 Aug 1993
^ Prince George Post, 10 Apr 1915
^ "Audio: Ken HOOKER". www.vimeo.com.
^ "Death Certificate (Alvin ENGLISH)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Ellen Margaret ENGLISH)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (John Ezekiel ENGLISH)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 7 Feb 1946 & 10 Jan 1952
^ Prince George Citizen: 12 Jul 1934 & 1 Mar 1951
^ Prince George Citizen, 17 Nov 1958
^ Prince George Citizen, 25 Nov 1954
^ "Death Certificate (Russell LANGEVIN)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Patrick Michael LANGEVIN)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 30 Nov 1961
^ Wheeler 1979, p. 348.
^ "Death Certificate (Dana Duane FOWLER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 6 & 8 Feb 1968
^ Prince George Citizen, 27 Feb 1997
^ "Death Certificate (med) (Corrilea Britt DAHL)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.;
"Death Certificate (Corrilea Britt DAHL)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.;
"Death Certificate (med) (Derrick Dias BARATA)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.;
"Death Certificate (Derrick Dias BARATA)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.;
"Death Certificate (med) (Shane Edward Kenneth MAZUR)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.;
"Death Certificate (Shane Edward Kenneth MAZUR)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.;
"Death Certificate (med) (Dennis Joseph GEIZER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.;
"Death Certificate (Dennis Joseph GEIZER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.;
"Death Certificate (med) (David Jason MARSHALL)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.;
"Death Certificate (David Jason MARSHALL)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 14 Nov 2012
^ Hak, Gordon Hugh (1986). "On the Fringes: Capital and Labour in the Forest Economies of the Port Alberni and Prince George Districts, BC, 1910–1939". www.summit.sfu.ca. p. 14.
^ Fort George Herald: 22 Jul 1911, 23 Mar 1912 & 4 May 1912
^ Fort George Herald, 11 Apr 1914
^ Prince George Herald, 4 Jun 1915
^ Prince George Citizen, 13 Sep 1921
^ Prince George Citizen: 21 Jan 1921 to 1 Feb 1921; & 1 Mar 1921
^ Prince George Leader, 9 to 23 Dec 1921
^ Prince George Citizen, 23 May 1921
^ Prince George Citizen, 4 Apr 1922
^ Olson 2014, p. 108.
^ Olson 2014, pp. 72–73.
^ Prince George Citizen: 5 & 12 Jan 1923
^ Prince George Citizen, 12 Apr 1923
^ Prince George Citizen: 27 Apr 1944, 14 Jun 1945, 23 May 1946, 8 May 1947, 17 Jun 1948 & 26 May 1949
^ Prince George Citizen, 6 Feb 1947
^ Prince George Citizen: 2 & 16 Nov 1950, 5 Apr 1951, 9 Feb 1953 & 10 Jan 1957
^ Prince George Citizen: 26 Aug 1958 & 23 Sep 1958
^ Broderick 2000, pp. 5 & 16.
^ Prince George Citizen: 14 Feb 1952; 29 Oct 1953 to 31 Dec 1953; & 21 to 30 May 1957
^ Prince George Citizen, 10 Aug 1965
^ Prince George Citizen, 10 Sep 1996
^ Broderick 2000, p. 3.
^ Broderick 2000, p. 13.
^ Prince George Citizen: 6 Feb 1968 & 3 May 1985
^ Jump up to:^a ^b "1931 DL Map". www.arcabc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 29 Sep 1938
^ Prince George Citizen, 27 Oct 1938
^ Prince George Citizen, 27 May 1943
^ Prince George Citizen, 4 Jan 1955
^ "1949 DL Map". www.arcabc.ca.
^ "1956 Shell Map". www.davidrumsey.com.
^ Prince George Citizen: 18 Feb 1958, 26 Aug 1958 & 16 Aug 1960
^ "1958 Gousha Road Map". www.cartweb.geography.ua.edu.
^ Prince George Citizen, 17 Apr 1959
^ Prince George Citizen, 6 May 1960
^ Prince George Citizen, 30 Jan1963
^ Prince George Citizen, 19 Nov 1963
^ Prince George Citizen, 4 Jan 1967
^ Prince George Citizen, 20 Jul 1967
^ Prince George Citizen, 30 Sep 1964
^ Prince George Citizen, 16 Feb 1967
^ Wheeler 1979, p. 353.
^ Wheeler 1979, p. 354.
^ Prince George Citizen, 5 Sep 1968
^ Prince George Citizen, 21 Oct 1968
^ Prince George Citizen, 31 Dec 1968
^ Prince George Citizen: 22 & 26 May 1969
^ Wheeler 1979, p. 356.
^ Prince George Citizen, 21 Nov 1969
^ Prince George Citizen, 9 Jul 1993
^ "1928 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca. to "1948 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca. & "1955 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 27 Nov 1930
^ Prince George Citizen: 22 Nov 1934; & 6 & 13 Dec 1934
^ Prince George Citizen, 20 Jun 1929
^ Prince George Citizen, 26 Feb 1931
^ Prince George Citizen, 4 Apr 1955
^ Broderick 2000, p. 8.
^ Prince George Citizen: 22 & 28 Feb 1992
^ Prince George Citizen: 19 Dec 1992 & 4 Jan 1994
^ Prince George Citizen: 25 Jun 1984; & 24 & 30 Jul 1984
^ Prince George Citizen: 29 May 1985 & 5 Nov 1985
^ Westerlund 2000, p. 24–26.
^ Westerlund 2000, p. 46.
^ "Rocky Mountain Goat, 6 Jan 2014". www.therockymountaingoat.com.
^ Environment Canada—1971–2000. www.weatheroffice.gc.ca. Retrieved 18 Oct 2012.

References

"Dome Creek (community)". BC Geographical Names.
"Prince George archival newspapers". www.pgpl.ca.
Broderick, John (2000). "Upper Fraser Historical Geography Project Transcript" (PDF). www.nbca.unbc.ca.
Humphreys, Jim & Dianne (2000). "Upper Fraser Historical Geography Project Transcript" (PDF). www.nbca.unbc.ca.
Quinn, Kendall & Donna (2000). "Upper Fraser Historical Geography Project Transcript" (PDF). www.nbca.unbc.ca.
Westerlund, Ivan & Beth (2000). "Upper Fraser Historical Geography Project Transcript" (PDF). www.nbca.unbc.ca.
Wheeler, Marilyn (1979). The Robson Valley Story. McBride Robson Valley Story Group. ISBN 0969020902.
Olson, Raymond (2014). Ghost Towns on the East Line. Self-published. ISBN 9780986924316.

Bend (Railway Stop) British Columbia (BC) as recorded in Wikipedia

2020-12-26T21:30:00.001-06:00

This is a lightly revised version of the information that was found in a Bend, BC web page at Wikipedia.org on December 26, 2020. Like all articles at Wikipedia, it was listed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licensing.

[Click here for an index of my other Upper Fraser blogs].

Because of the Creative Commons licensing, I retain no copyright or publication rights to this particular blog.

I was briefly a resident of Bend as recorded in the 1971 census. In 1972 I worked with Heller Hrechka who was locally famous for the bear attack mentioned below.

Tracks in Bend BC

Bend, British Columbia

Bend, the remnants of a community 2.1 miles (3.4 km) northwest of Dome Creek in central British Columbia, comprises several scattered rural properties stretching along the Fraser River on the northwest side of the railway bridge. The area was named after the 90-degree curve on the railway track, 1 mile (1.6 km) northwest of the railway bridge.^[1]

Transportation

A trackside signpost marks the flag stop for Via Rail's Jasper – Prince Rupert train.^[2] The immediate Via Rail stops are Penny to the northwest and Dome Creek to the southeast.

History

Railway

Bend, like Guilford to its northwest, and Kidd to its southeast, was an original train station (1914) on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway^[3]^[4] (the Canadian National Railway after nationalization). Bend lies at Mile 57.7, Fraser Subdivision^[5] (about Mile 147 during the line's construction).

Commencing the 1928 special Dominion Day train to Prince George from Bend suggests the community's significance at the time.^[6] At the rail bridge in 1931, a train struck and killed Elfrida Strand, who was searching for stray horses with her husband.^[7] In 1948, another rail accident occurred when two forestry speeders carrying 17 men to a forest fire at Loos collided near Bend, resulting in hospitalizations.^[8] In 1946, a spirited moose paced a westbound train. Tripping on the encrusted snow at Mile 58, it fell behind the tender, derailing four freight cars.^[9]

Built in 1914, the standard-design Plan 100‐152 (Bohi's Type E)^[10]^[11] station building could not have survived the 1942 fire, or been the structure dismantled in 1962. The fate of an unidentified freight and passenger shelter is unclear.^[12]

Service	1914–c.1915	c.1916–c.1921	c.1921–1931	1932–1942	1943–c.1948	c.1949–1968	1968–1977	1977–present
	^[3]	^[13]^[14]	^[15]^[16]^[17]	^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]	^[23]^[24]^[25]	^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31] ^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37]	^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41]	^[5]^[42]^[43]^[44] ^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48]
Passenger	Regular stop	Flag stop	Flag stop		Flag stop	Flag stop		Flag stop
Way freight	Flag stop probably	Flag stop probably	Regular stop	Regular stop	Regular stop	Flag stop	Flag stop

Siding	Mile No.	1922	1933	1943	1960	1965–72	1977	1990–92
(Capacity Length)		Cars ^[15]	Cars ^[20]	Cars ^[23]	Cars ^[30]	Cars ^[35]^[38]^[40]	Feet ^[5]	Feet ^[44]^[45]
Bend	57.7	67	65	57	52	128	5,830	6,090

Other Tracks	Mile No.	1933	1943	1960	1965–68
(Capacity Length)		Cars ^[20]	Cars ^[23]	Cars ^[30]	Cars ^[35]^[38]
Bend Lumber Co.	57.2	12	12
Bend	57.7			3	16
P.J. Strand	59.9	7

Forestry

The narrow strip of accessible spruce forest bordering the railway that stretched some 100 miles (160 km) east of Prince George was known as the East Line.^[49]

The York Lumber Co., Baldry Bros. proprietors,^[50] commenced operations in the 1923/24 winter.^[51] Wallace (Wally) N. Jaeck (1876–1954), formerly at Longworth,^[52] acquired the mill at a 1925 receivership auction.^[53] In partnership with son C. Earl (1904–52), later at Penny,^[54] he opened an enlarged mill in August 1928,^[55]^[56] which operated as the Bend Lumber Co.^[57] It is unclear whether P.J. Strand ran a small sawmill at Mile 59.9 or only logged in the vicinity.^[20]

In 1934, John F. McMillan purchased a controlling interest in Bend Lumber. At this time, Sinclair Spruce Mills were logging for the company.^[58] A Board of Trade delegation included this 45,000-foot-daily capacity mill on their 1937 tour.^[59] Rory (Roy) R.M. McGillivray (1903–94), later at Penny,^[60]^[61] and family arrived that year.^[62] C. Earl Jaeck, a cousin of Roy’s wife Elizabeth (1906–91),^[63]^[64] was the president of the mill and Roy became the manager.^[65]

Donald Jaeck (c.1926–1938), Earl's son, died of appendicitis.^[66] The following year, Leonard H. Jaeck (1880–1958), formerly at Longworth,^[67]^[68] and Earl's uncle,^[52] fractured his leg at work,^[69] and Patrick Murdock (1883–1939),^[70] the mill accountant, collapsed at his desk and died.^[71] Lillian (1903–69),^[72] Earl's wife, daughter of lumber pioneer Eugene Bashaw,^[73] headed the local Red Cross fundraising effort during World War II.^[74]

In 1942, when a 60 mph (97 km/h) wind swept through the area, toppled trees fell on telephone wires, cutting off communication with the outside. The gale dispersed embers from the mill burner into the mill building and across the settlement, razing the sawmill, finished lumber, the immediate village, and a number of railway freight cars on the siding. Only the cookhouse, a small dwelling and some shacks remained. It also created spot fires in Dome Creek across the Fraser. Most of the men were away fighting forest fires. Relief supplies for the 200 victims, who had lost everything, were dispatched from McBride,^[65] garnering praise for the Red Cross and Salvation Army.^[75] The CNR had immediately provided a special train to collect residents and their rescued possessions.^[76] Over the following years, salvageable material was reclaimed from the site.^[77] The mill not rebuilt, only the farming community and those employed in Dome Creek remained.

Hunting & farming

Trapper Martin (Deafy) Dayton (1886–1940)^[78] relocated from Kidd in the late 1930s.^[79]

Oscar Benson (1889–1950)^[80] travelled by scow^[81] from Tête Jaune to Fort George around 1913, and proceeded to take up a preemption at Bend, where he built a log cabin. Marrying Siri Magnuson (1893–1978)^[82] in 1919, they farmed^[83] their quarter section near the railway bridge.^[84] The 1936 flood filled their basement and submerged the low-lying parts of their farm bordering the river. Household water was collected by the bucket from the river.^[85] Their children raised in Bend were Carrie S. (1923–2012)^[86] and Carl A. (1928–2015).^[87] Carrie relocated to Penny,^[88]^[89] where in 1946 she married Arne Mellows of Penny.^[90] Breaking his leg in an industrial accident at the Dome Creek sawmill, Carl spent a year at St. Paul's Hospital (Vancouver),^[91] before returning.^[92] In 1948, he also moved to Penny and became co-owner of the store with his brother-in-law.^[93] Selling his interest, Carl and his parents acquired the Aleza Lake store in late 1949, and moved there in early 1950.^[94]

James B. (1884–1955)^[95] (grave marker shows 1883)^[96] & Adeline (1891–1979)^[97] Hooker arrived in 1913. He divided the first five years in working for the Great Northern Railway in Minot, North Dakota, and establishing the farm^[98] at Bend.^[99]

James became a well-known hunter, trapper and guide,^[100] catering to American parties.^[101] In 1940, he accompanied a constable in a futile search of 130 miles (210 km) of the Fraser River bars and banks for a missing logger, who was presumed drowned.^[102] When the Rotary barrel floated the 145 miles (233 km) from Dome Creek/Bend to Prince George in 1943, 1944 and 1945, James was the official monitor for the first half of the journey.^[103] On his death, Adeline remained^[104] until moving to Prince George.^[105]

Lawrence (Larry) J. married^[106] Thelma Dorene Hutchinson (c.1917–?) in 1934. They settled in Sinclair Mills, where he worked as a guide, trapper and mill employee. One child did not survive infancy. In 1942, the family relocated to Los Angeles.^[107] Ruth married^[108] Wentworth Stephen Ganton (1907–69)^[109] and moved extensively with their children. They divorced and she relocated to Los Angeles in 1955.^[110] Edward, who was the first baby born in the area,^[111] teamed up with his father as a guide and outfitter. While breaking up a logjam at Penny, the logger slipped and drowned. Only 21, his body was found over seven months later.^[112]

Glen at 12, misreported as Allen, saved a companion from drowning in the river.^[113] He enlisted 1945–46,^[114] was a principal of Hooker Bros Sawmill during the 1950s to early 1960s, and remained in the Dome Creek area.^[115] His marriage to Mary Myttennor produced two sons^[116] and a daughter, and the one to Myra VanDeReit likewise. Glen and Myra relocated to McBride in 2008. From around 1990, they divided their time with their Arizona property. Marion worked in Vancouver, returned and married Jim Chambers (1924–?) of Penny in 1946. They spent their young married life raising their children in the Dome Creek area, before relocating.^[117] Elizabeth (Bette) Rose, enlisting in the CWAC in 1942, relocated to the coast. Married to Lyell Alexander Winters, they raised a family. After his death in 1977, she remarried.^[118]

Kenneth enlisted 1944–46.^[119] After his first marriage failed,^[120] he married Doris Winona Reaugh (1923–93).^[121] Their son Kenneth (1959–93)^[122] died of pneumonia.^[123] Kenneth Sr. partnered in the Hooker Bros Sawmill in the 1950s to early 1960s, and remained in the Dome Creek area. A hunting guide, he built a lodge and was critical of clear-cuts. In the 1980s, he was fined for baiting bears and his guide licence was suspended for three years.^[124] Clifford relocated to Vancouver and died at 17 in an industrial accident.^[125] Clarence (Catsy) served in the Korean War, married Jean Louise Turner (1933–2001), and had a family. Settling in the Dome Creek area, he was a logging contractor. While Jean cooked at the Hooker Bros. camp, he hauled logs for Nance Lumber of Dome Creek. The family relocated to Prince George.^[126]

Community

Built near the train station, the school opened in 1925, with Miss Alfreda Larsen as the inaugural teacher. After the building burned down in the 1942 fire, class was held in an outlying house that had survived the blaze.^[127] Becoming part of the former McBride School District in 1945, it closed the following year, having 11 students in Grades 1–8. Thereafter, students attended the Dome Creek School. A scheduled reopening for 1948 did not transpire, because no suitable teacher was available,^[1]^[128] and plans commenced to make the consolidation of the schools permanent.^[129] School District 57 disposed of the surplus school site at Bend in 1985.^[130] Schoolchildren would cross the Fraser on the ice in winter and by boat in summer. During spring, the hazardous railway bridge provided the only crossing point.^[131]

Dorothy Sylvia Jaeck (1892–1946),^[132] wife of Leonard H. Jaeck^[133] (see #LHJaeck), opened a general store in 1927,^[134] which Fred Hanson (c.1888–1931)^[135] appears to have acquired the next year.^[136]

Otto Ellefson (possibly 1879–1957)^[137] opened a store in 1929,^[138] and also operated a boarding house.^[139] Fred was the inaugural postmaster 1930–31, with Hans Bernhardt Hanson assuming the position 1931–42 on his death. Commonly, the postmaster in such towns was also a storeowner.^[140] The post-office closed 5 months after his resignation.^[141]

Opened in 1941, the community hall hosted various functions.^[142] In his role as rector of All Saints Anglican, McBride, Rev. J.J. Cowan sometimes held evening services in the Bend schoolhouse,^[143] a venue also used for dances during the 1940s.^[144] The population dropped to about 20 after the fire.^[145]

Crime, calamity & safety measures

After a 1924 altercation between Joseph (Joe) Studal (c.1890–1925)^[146] and William Reade of Dome Creek, Studal was released on bail. After the serious assault charges were dismissed, Reade beat up Studal and received a 30-day sentence.^[147] Before year end Studal died at Richie.^[148]

A 1938 after-dance party led to a physical altercation and court appearance.^[149]

In 1960, a black bear mauled Heller Hrechka (Hreczka alternate spelling) (1931–79),^[150]^[151] a CNR section hand (track maintenance), while he walked along the railway right-of-way, just west of the bridge. Barely recognizable, he was hospitalized with gashes to the head, shoulders and chest.^[152]^[153]

Roads

No permanent outside road access has existed. However, individuals have illegally driven vehicles across the CNR rail bridge. To save on transportation costs, Doug Abernethy of Guilford Lumber once drove a small Cat dozer over the bridge, but was able to talk his way out of being charged.^[154]

Electricity, broadcast transmissions & communications devices

The respective Dome Creek section covers these networks.

Footnotes[edit]

^ Jump up to:^a ^b Prince George Citizen, 20 Feb 2013
^ "Bend train station". www.viarail.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b 1914 Timetable. p. 4.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c "1977 Timetable" (PDF). www.cwrailway.ca. p. 79.
^ Prince George Citizen, 28 Jun 1928
^ Prince George Citizen: 6, 13 & 27 Aug 1931
^ Prince George Citizen, 24 Jun 1948
^ Prince George Citizen, 7 Mar 1946
^ "Type "E" Mythology". www.oil-electric.com.
^ "Vanishing BC GTP Railway stations". www.michaelkluckner.com.
^ Bohi, Charles W.; Kozma, Leslie S. (2002). Canadian National's Western Stations. Fitzhenry & Whiteside. pp. 121 & 136. ISBN 1550416324.
^ Waghorn's Guide. The Guide Co. Ltd. 1916. p. 74.
^ 1920 Timetable. Bulkley Valley Museum. p. 8.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b 1922 Timetable: Northern BC Archives. p. 8
^ 1923 Timetable. p. 70.
^ 1925 Timetable. p. 105.
^ Prince George Citizen: 12 & 19 Nov 1931
^ 1932 Timetable. p. 58.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d 1933 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. p. 8.
^ 1935 Timetable. p. 60.
^ 1942 Timetable. p. 58.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c 1943 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. p. 9.
^ 1945 Timetable. p. 61.
^ "1946 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 59.
^ 1949 Timetable. p. 59.
^ "1950 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 59.
^ "1956 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 53.
^ "1957 Timetable". www.traingeek.ca. p. 53.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c 1960 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 21–22
^ "1961 Timetable (main)" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 39.
^ "1961 Timetable (way freight)" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 48.
^ "1963 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 42.
^ 1964 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. p. 44
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c 1965 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 25–26
^ "1966 Timetable". www.traingeek.ca. p. 38.
^ 1967 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. p. 38
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c 1968 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 25–26
^ "1971 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 19.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b 1972 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 25–26
^ 1973 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. p. 18
^ "1986 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 50, but scan p. 52.
^ "1988 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 55, but scan p. 52.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b 1990 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 95–97
^ Jump up to:^a ^b 1992 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 103–105
^ "1996 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 40.
^ "2011 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 44, but scan p. 24.
^ Recent timetables
^ Hak, Gordon Hugh (1986). "On the Fringes: Capital and Labour in the Forest Economies of the Port Alberni and Prince George Districts, BC, 1910–1939". www.summit.sfu.ca. p. 14.
^ "1924 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 22 Nov 1923 & 24 Jan 1924
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Prince George Citizen, 1 Feb 1954
^ Prince George Citizen: 7 & 28 May 1925
^ "Death Certificate (Charles Earl JAECK)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 23 Aug 1928 & 2 May 1988(56)
^ Bernsohn, Ken (1981). Cutting up the North: The History of the Forest Industry in the Northern Interior. Hancock House. p. 34. ISBN 9780888391148.
^ Prince George Citizen: 22 Mar 1928 & 2 May 1988
^ Prince George Citizen, 10 May 1934
^ Prince George Citizen, 26 Aug 1937
^ "Death Certificate (Rory Roderick McClennan McGILLIVRAY)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 8 Jun 1994
^ PRC 1995, p. 127.
^ "Death Certificate (Elizabeth Forrest McGILLIVRAY)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 15 Dec 1949
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Prince George Citizen, 9 Jul 1942
^ Prince George Citizen, 9 Jun 1938
^ "Death Certificate (Leonard Hubert JAECK)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 20 Feb 1958
^ Prince George Citizen, 10 Aug 1939
^ "Cemetery Project (Patrick MURDOCK)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 26 Oct 1939
^ "Death Certificate (Lillian Gertrude JAECK)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 29 Dec 1938
^ Prince George Citizen, 27 Mar 1941
^ Prince George Citizen, 16 Jul 1942
^ "Video: Ken HOOKER". www.vimeo.com.
^ Prince George Citizen: 18 Feb 1943 & 19 Oct 1944
^ "Cemetery Project (Martin DAYTON)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 12 Oct 1939; & 6 & 13 Jun 1940
^ "Death Certificate (Oscar BENSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Image: Athabasca scow boats". www.fhnas.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Siri Mathilda BENSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "1921 Census". www.bac-lac.gc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 29 Apr 1937 & 10 Feb 2015
^ Mellows, Arne & Carrie (2000). "Upper Fraser Historical Geography Project Transcript" (PDF). www.nbca.unbc.ca. p. 16.
^ Prince George Citizen, 12 Dec 2012
^ Prince George Citizen, 4 Dec 2015
^ Prince George Citizen, 22 Apr 1943
^ PRC 1995, p. 163.
^ Prince George Citizen, 5 Sep 1946
^ Prince George Citizen, 10 Feb 2015
^ Prince George Citizen, 2 Aug 1945
^ Prince George Citizen, 27 May 1948
^ Prince George Citizen: 21 Sep 1950, 5 Apr 1978 & 10 Feb 2015
^ "Death Certificate (James Burton HOOKER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Cemetery Project (James B. HOOKER)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ "Cemetery Project (Adeline HOOKER)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 2, 9 & 16 Dec 1943; & 6 & 9 Jun 1955
^ Prince George Citizen: 26 Aug 1937; 1 Jun 1939; 30 May 1940; 1 Aug 1940; 7 Nov 1940; 24 Apr 1941; 21 May 1942; 19 & 26 Oct 1944; 15 Mar 1945; 5 Apr 1945; 31 Jan 1946; & 8 Aug 1946
^ Prince George Citizen: 9 Jun 1938, 29 Dec 1938, & 27 May 1943
^ Prince George Citizen: 12 May 1938, 16 Mar 1939, 17 Jul 1941, 19 Oct 1944, 7 Nov 1946, 15 May 1947 & 8 Jan 1948
^ Prince George Citizen, 2 May 1940
^ Prince George Citizen: 8 Jul 1943, 6 Jul 1944 & 12 Jul 1945
^ Prince George Citizen: 16 Sep 1958 & 28 Oct 1958
^ Prince George Citizen, 27 Feb 1979
^ "Marriage Certificate (HOOKER/HUTCHINSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 28 Jul 1927, 8 Feb 1934, 30 Mar 1939, 6 Apr 1939, 10 Aug 1939, 28 Dec 1939, 27 Feb 1979 & 7 Sep 2001
^ "Marriage Certificate (GANTON/HOOKER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Cemetery Project (Wentworth S. GANTON)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 29 Jul 1926, 7 Oct 1943, 7 Dec 1944, 22 Mar 1945, 12 Jul 1945, 26 Sep 1946, 9 Jun 1955, 22 Aug 1969, 27 Feb 1979 & 9 Mar 1979
^ Prince George Citizen, 26 Aug 1958
^ Prince George Citizen, 13 May 1937
^ Prince George Citizen, 30 Aug 1934
^ Prince George Citizen: 2 Aug 1945, 6 Sep 1945 & 31 Jan 1946
^ Prince George Citizen: 19 Feb 1962, 1 Oct 1964, 23 Oct 1968, 18 Nov 1999 & 7 Sep 2001
^ Prince George Citizen: 26 Jun 1947 & 21 Aug 1952
^ Prince George Citizen: 16 Mar 1939, 22 Apr 1943, 26 Aug 1943, 11 May 1944, 9 Nov 1944, 26 Sep 1946, 9 Jun 1955, 27 Feb 1979, 18 Sep 1993 & 7 Nov 2001
^ Prince George Citizen: 30 May 1940, 1 Oct 1942, 10 Jun 1943, 23 Aug 1945, 22 May 1947, 9 Jun 1955, 12 Jan 1977, 27 Feb 1979, 18 Sep 1993, 7 Sep 2001 & 30 Dec 2002
^ Prince George Citizen: 29 Jun 1944, 7 Dec 1944, 23 Aug 1945 & 31 Jan 1946
^ Prince George Citizen: 20 to 27 Nov 1952
^ "Death Certificate (Doris Winona HOOKER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Kenneth Wayne HOOKER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (med) (Kenneth Wayne HOOKER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 19 Feb 1962, 10 Jul 1973, 27 Feb 1979, 29 Nov 1982, 30 Aug 1983 & 7 Nov 2001
^ Prince George Citizen: 10 Jun 1943, 2 Aug 1945, & 15 & 22 May 1947
^ Prince George Citizen: 29 Jun 1944, 22 Feb 1945, 8 Aug 1946, 12 Jun 1952, 6 Jul 1953, 8 Apr 1954, 7 Oct 1954, 1 Mar 1956, 5 Feb 1958, 8 Oct 1958, 28 Jan 1959, 27 Feb 1979, 18 Sep 1993 & 30 Jun 2001
^ Litnosky, Victor (2000). "Upper Fraser Historical Geography Project Transcript" (PDF). www.nbca.unbc.ca. p. 4.
^ Hall, Barbara; Pallo, Rose (2010). School District No. 57 (Prince George) historical memories. (Volume I): people, places, programs & services. Prince George Retired Teachers' Association, Education Heritage Committee.
^ Prince George Citizen, 12 Aug 1948
^ Prince George Citizen: 26 Sep 1984; & 11 to 19 Jul 1985
^ Prince George Citizen, 19 Feb 1987
^ "Death Certificate (Dorothy Sylvia JAECK)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 25 Jul 1946
^ "1927 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Alfred HANSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "1928 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Otto Martin ELLEFSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "1929 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ "1930 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 4 Feb 1943
^ "Postmasters". www.bac-lac.gc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 23 Oct 1941, 6 Nov 1941 & 25 Dec 1941
^ Prince George Citizen: 30 Oct 1941 & 27 Nov 1941
^ Prince George Citizen: 14 Dec 1944 & 27 Sep 1945
^ "1944 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca. to "1946 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Joseph STUDAL)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 16 Oct 1924, 19 Feb 1925 & 12 Mar 1925
^ "Ritchie station". www.gent.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 10 Mar 1938
^ "Cemetery Project (Heller HRECHKA)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 15 Feb 1979
^ Prince George Citizen, 25 Oct 1960
^ Humphreys, Jim & Dianne (2000). "Upper Fraser Historical Geography Project Transcript" (PDF). www.nbca.unbc.ca. p. 15.
^ Boudreau, Clarence & Olga (2003). Into the Mists of Time. Self-published. p. 15. ISBN 0973076917.

References[edit]

"Bend (railway point)". BC Geographical Names.
"Prince George archival newspapers". www.pgpl.ca.
PRC (1995). A Penny for Your Thoughts... The Penny Reunion Committee.
Olson, Raymond (2014). Ghost Towns on the East Line. Self-published. ISBN 9780986924316.

Foreman (Railway Stop) British Columbia (BC) as recorded in Wikipedia

2020-12-26T21:26:00.001-06:00

This is a lightly revised version of the information that was found in a Foreman (BC) web page at Wikipedia.org on December 26, 2020. Like all articles at Wikipedia, it was listed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licensing.

[Click here for an index of my other Upper Fraser blogs].

Because of the Creative Commons licensing, I retain no copyright or publication rights to this particular blog.

Foreman, British Columbia

Foreman is a community just northeast of Prince George on the southeast side of the Fraser River in central British Columbia. The station was named after a Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTP) supervisor.^[1]^[2] Foreman Flats (a descriptive used as early as 1954)^[3] comprises about 20 residences^[4] inhabiting the northern and western parts of Foreman and is part of Prince George's Blackburn neighbourhood. Vehicular access to the eastern part of Foreman/Foreman Flats is via Shelley Road N.

History

Railway

Foreman, like Prince George to its southwest, and Shelley to its northeast, was an original train station (1914) on the GTP^[5]^[6] (the Canadian National Railway after nationalization). Situated at Mile 140.7, Fraser Subdivision^[7] (about Mile 230 or 231 during the line's construction),^[8] it encompassed camps for Lund-Rogers^[9] and Magoffin & Berg.^[10] George Hardie, a Foley, Welch and Stewart superintendent, had a clearing contract that included Foreman at its eastern extremity.^[11]

In 1957, a slow-moving train brushed three men walking along the tracks near Foreman, resulting in hospital stays.^[12] One year later, a Canadian National Telegraphs employee suffered a crushed leg and hip injuries when a railway speeder struck him.^[13]

Built in 1914, the standard-design Plan 100‐152 (Bohi's Type E)^[14]^[15] station building primarily accommodated the section crew. Reconfigured in 1948 to Plan 100‐318, it functioned as a freight and passenger shelter, before relocation to Shelley in 1963.^[16]

Service	1914–c.1916	c.1917–c.1921	c.1921–1931	1932–c.1939	c.1940–c.1948	c.1949–c.1969	c.1970–c.1974
	^[5]	^[17]^[18]	^[19]	^[20]^[21]	^[22]^[23]	^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29] ^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]	^[36]^[37]^[38]
Passenger	Regular stop	Flag stop	Flag stop		Flag stop	Flag stop
Way freight	Flag stop probably	Flag stop probably	Regular stop	Regular stop	Regular stop	Flag stop	Flag stop

Siding	Mile No.	1922	1933	1943	1960	1965–72	1977–92
(Capacity Length)		Cars ^[19]	Cars ^[21]	Cars ^[22]	Cars ^[27]	Cars ^[32]^[35]^[37]	Feet ^[7]^[39]^[40]
Foreman	140.7	67	65	57	55	56	2,610

Other Tracks	Mile No.	1960
(Capacity Length)		Cars ^[27]
McDermid & Lofting	139.6	3

Forestry

The narrow strip of accessible spruce forest bordering the railway that stretched some 100 miles (160 km) east of Prince George was known as the East Line.^[41] The Lumber Workers Industrial Union targeted the railway tie camps during 1919–20. The J.W. Blain camp at Foreman, a major producer in the area, was one of the first to be unionized. The company agreed to most of the union demands, but by season end, it had failed to address the abysmal living conditions.^[42] J.W. Blain, which held the timber rights for the government reserve (northeast of the station),^[43] expected to take out 150,000 ties.^[44]^[45]

In 1922, headed by Martin Caine (1879–1978)^[46] of the Caine and Brawn partnership, the Foreman Lumber Co. built a 15,000-foot per shift capacity sawmill.^[47] One of the worst fires in the district occurred south of Shelley, where the company was logging.^[48] The creek water at Foreman being too low for fire prevention, the mill temporarily shut down.^[49] In 1924, milling commenced with two million feet of logs on hand.^[50] Children lighting a piece of fuse caused a forest fire at Foreman, one of the many raging in the district that summer.^[51] Having exhausted the available harvest in the vicinity and dismantled the mill,^[52]^[53] the company purchased Larsen Timber Co.'s six timber limits, near Miworth, in 1928.^[54] The next year, two miles (3.2 km) from the Foreman mill, high winds caught a settler's fire, which spread into an area burned four years earlier.^[55] That year, Caine began building a new mill on the Nechako River, at the western end of the Prince George rail yard,^[56] but postponed construction when the work was half complete.^[52]

The company's CNR tie production contracts, which were largely performed by subcontractors,^[57] were: 100,000 (plus overrun) for 1923;^[58] unspecified for 1924;^[50] 35,000 for 1926;^[59] 40,000 for 1930 (CNR having reduced tie acquisition volumes by 50% from the previous year);^[60] and 10,000 for 1939.^[61] The mill sawed the longer ties for switches, but the standard-length ones were hand hewn. Stacked high, they could occupy the full length of the siding.^[4] Caine admitted that in those early decades, the tight margins meant very few mills avoided bankruptcy. In his own case, the winter tie business subsidized the summer sawmilling.^[62]

Caine's lumber activities were dormant during the Great Depression,^[63] but thereafter, he operated a planing mill at the Nechako River site as Caine Lumber Co.^[64] Martin Caine came to the area in 1919. At different times, he served Prince George as chair of the school board (1933), a mayoral candidate (1939), president of the Board of Trade (1943–44), president of the Northern Interior Lumbermen's Association (1944–45), president of the Rotary Club (1950–51), and citizen of the year (1972).^[65]

Farming

John Porter (1860–1934)^[66]^[67] built the original cabin in the vicinity in 1909, one of the six earliest settlers to take up preemptions in the entire Fort George area.^[68]^[69] His mixed farming included potatoes.^[70]

In 1912, Antonio (Tony) Denicola (1887–1947),^[71]^[72]^[73] who worked on the GTP construction, bought a small holding about 0.75 miles (1.21 km) from the station location.^[69] His older son Joseph (Joe) (1909–78), later at Lindup,^[74] soon followed from Italy, and both were CNR section workers (track maintenance).^[75] In 1922, Baron Byng, the governor general, decorated Tony with a military medal for his World War I service,^[76] where he was wounded at the Battle of Vimy Ridge.^[77] In 1932, while climbing a tree to escape a pursuing bear, his legs were clawed. A passerby alerted the section foreman, who dispatched the bear with rifle fire.^[78] Years later, he experienced two further close encounters with bears.^[79]

In 1925, wife Maria (c.1884–1953),^[80] with daughter Lucy (c.1914–?),^[81] and son Armand (1922–2019), joined them from Italy.^[82] Andy Andersen (probably 1877– 1966)^[83] felled the trees and built their big barn 1934–37,^[84] while Armand hauled the logs from the bush. A land sale to Otto Bartkowski (1914–99)^[85]^[86] included the barn.^[87] For his World War II service, Armand was awarded France's National Order of the Legion of Honour. After his father died, Armand returned to manage the family farm, where he had been raised. He also was a partner in a small sawmill on Foreman Road. A chimney fire totally consumed the family house in 1950, which he later rebuilt. He married Doreen in 1964. On retirement, their son Neal took over the farm.^[88]

Albert H. Junker (1902–87),^[89] one or two brothers, and Barbara & Andy Crooks (mother/stepfather) settled in the early to mid 1920s. Acquiring a quarter section, they ran 25–30 head of cattle, and hacked ties for Martin Caine.^[57] Albert married^[90] Lucy Denicola, but they divorced. He later married Ida Mae Wilkinson (1916–59).^[91] His children were Carol and June.^[92] Albert, who conducted a mixed farm,^[93] had a White Leghorn hen that laid an egg eight inches in circumference and weighed eight ounces.^[94]

Jim & Roma Tingle purchased the farm in 1970.^[95] A casual employee at the federal experimental farm while at university,^[96] Jim joined the agricultural research station on graduation.^[97] He moved to the BC Ministry of Agriculture as a field crop specialist,^[98] and became a senior agrologist.^[99] Meanwhile the agrologist couple operated their own farm and contributed to the agriculture community.^[100]

William (Scotty) (1885–1970)^[101] & Annie (1887–1964)^[102]^[103] Howieson and daughter Margaret (c.1920–?) lived in South Fort George.^[104] William was a journeyman-carpenter involved in building construction, and wood and coal deliveries. During the summer months from 1918, he would stay on his farm at the north end of Foreman Road.^[57]^[105] He harvested and sold the hay.^[106] John (1904–84)^[107]^[108] & Mary (1926–96)^[109]^[110] Armella were the next owners. During the late 1940s, John developed five-acre lots in the area.^[69] Daughter Diane (1945–64) from his first marriage, the thirteenth victim in the Prince George polio outbreak of 1960,^[111] died a few years later of multiple sclerosis (MS).^[112] In 1974, the Armellas built the subdivision of what became Denicola Crescent.^[113] Bernie & Fern Gould are the current occupants of the Foreman Ranch.^[57]^[114]

Edmond Poty (1916–87),^[115] whose 1942 marriage to Ellen Rouse (c.1923–?)^[116] did not last, later married Anne Brodowski (1916–87).^[117] In 1950, an affray between two local residents led to broken ribs. Charged with assault, Edmond (misstated as Edward Potty)^[118] would go on to operate a sawmill at Mud River.^[69] His brother, Sebastien (1913–86),^[119] after whom Poty Road is named, farmed in the Foreman area until his death.^[120] During 1957, Foreman Flats underwent extensive land clearing for agriculture.^[121]

Community

By late 1962, Foreman Flats had yet to be connected to the telephone and electricity networks.^[122] Electricity came the following year,^[123] and telephone service a decade later.

Prior to the 1960s, children attended school in either Prince George or Shelley.^[124] The site for a new school cleared and leveled,^[125] class commenced for the 1962/63 year.^[126] Located in a field where Foreman Road almost forms a tangent with the bend in the Fraser, the Atco-style one-roomed singlewide structure had gas lighting and indoor plumbing. The log house teacherage had an outhouse. The following year, a doublewide structure with electricity and indoor plumbing replaced the classroom, and a similar one for the teacherage. Miss Schellenberg was the inaugural teacher. Over the school's seven-year existence, enrolments ranged 16–21. In springtime, the small backwater creek often flooded the area.^[127] Unable to use their cars, parents boated their children to the water-encircled building.^[128] The Atco portable classroom purchased for Foreman in 1964 appears to have been allocated elsewhere.^[129] With only 16 students across six grades, the one-roomed school closed in 1969.^[130] School District 57 disposed of the surplus school site in 1985.^[131]

The RDFFG implemented house numbering in 1989.^[132]

Municipal Water & Water Waste

In 1975, Wilhelm (Bill) Kupper (1913–2008),^[133] a Foreman Road farmer, threatened to cut off the area's water supply and to block the laying of municipal sewer pipes across his land to force the settlement of a six-year dispute with the Blackburn Improvement District. The legal suit concerned a well drilled on his property that serviced the airport, the federal experimental farm, two schools and 200 homes.^[134] When he carried out his threat, a BC Supreme Court judge immediately intervened by granting an injunction.^[135] Bill and wife Lydia (c.1925–2018) retired to Prince George.^[136]

The Lansdowne Road Wastewater Treatment Centre opened in 1973, initially as a secondary treatment plant for sewage. When significant solid waste accumulated, the sludge was trucked to the accompanying lagoons/landfill site about two kilometres (1.2 mi) due east of the Foreman train station, but accessible only via Refuse Road off Shelley Road N.^[137] The sewage ponds also became a disposal location for septic tank sludge.^[138] By 1983, two of the three lagoons were reaching capacity after eight years of operation. In 1986, trucking ceased when the city adopted an alternate process that created topsoil.^[139] During the early 1990s, an outdoor paintball game area operated on Refuse Road.^[140] In 1999, the waste facility received a $191,000 upgrade,^[141] and the RDFFG established a waste transfer station at the site.^[142] In 2000, the RDFFG rejected an application to establish a contaminated-soil treatment facility near the lagoons.^[143]

On at least one occasion, leaking tanker trucks, accessing the Blackburn treatment plant, blanketed Foreman Road with raw sewage.^[144]^[145] When completed, the new sewer system provided an opportunity for property owners to subdivide their holdings along its route.^[146] Although this included lots adjacent to Foreman Road, council did not grant the rezoning preferred by developers.^[147] Though later rezoned from the former five-acre lots to one-acre ones, the persistent Louis Raeber needed half acre or three-quarter acre lots for a viable development. Comprising lagoons on Foreman Road, the Blackburn sewage plant received further upgrades in the early 2000s.^[148]^[149]

Crime, Calamity & Safety Measures

In 1959, the charred remains of two people were found in the ashes of a log cabin one mile (1.6 km) from the station.^[150]^[151] A similar cabin fire took the life of Karl Kaldal (1902–62).^[152]^[153]

When a small plane lost power on approaching Prince George in 1976, it finished 30 feet up trees on Foreman Road. Neither the pilot nor passenger were injured.^[154]

Since the Skins Lake Spillway opened in 1957, flooding in the Foreman Flats area has been less severe.^[69] It did occur when the Fraser peaked at 10.44 metres (34.3 ft) in 1972 and 9.91 metres (32.5 ft) in 1990.^[2] On the latter occasion, the Yellowhead Road and Bridge 24-hour ferrying service provided the only access to the cut off area experiencing flooded basements.^[155] Subsequently, as a precaution in vulnerable years, residents installed sandbags prior to the river peaking and remained under evacuation alert.^[156]

In 1986, a fire at the Shelley Road lagoon blackened the sky.^[157] In 1990, a feud between two Shelley families culminated at the site. Uttering threats, physical assault, and a shotgun wound, led to charges against several participants.^[158]

In 1996, Peter Spiess rescued a neighbour who became trapped under the mobile home he was levelling,^[159] but questioned why the area zoning included mobile homes.^[160] Weeks earlier, arsonists destroyed the Bartkowski barn, but the responding firefighting crew took no action because it was beyond the city boundary.^[161] A year later, a resident's out-of-control garbage fire destroyed three sheds.^[162]

Roads

A road from Prince George served only the southern part initially.^[57]^[163] A wagon road ran 0.8 kilometres (0.5 mi) due west of the station and a trail 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) due east.^[43] In a Depression-era relief project, W. Howieson (see #HowiesonFam) led an eight-man crew in extending Foreman Road northward.^[164] The road was not well maintained and in the 1960s the school bus driver could not safely negotiate the railway crossing and its adjacent hill.^[122] The near impassable condition of Foreman Road during the winter and springtime continued to frustrate residents.^[165] In 2015, the city initiated a one million dollar upgrade of the road.^[166]

Footnotes

^ "BC Geographical Names, Foreman". www.gov.bc.ca.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Prince George Citizen, 27 Aug 1994
^ Prince George Citizen, 11 Feb 1954
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Olson 2014, p. 23.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b 1914 Timetable scanned
^ Jump up to:^a ^b "1977 Timetable" (PDF). www.cwrailway.ca.
^ Fort George Herald, 14 Jan 1914
^ Fort George Herald, 8 Jun 1912
^ Fort George Herald: 30 Nov 1912 & 17 May 1913
^ Fort George Herald, 15 Jun 1912
^ Prince George Citizen, 18 Nov 1957
^ Prince George Citizen, 20 Nov 1958
^ "Type "E" Mythology". www.oil-electric.com.
^ "Vanishing BC GTP Railway stations". www.michaelkluckner.com.
^ Bohi, Charles W.; Kozma, Leslie S. (2002). Canadian National's Western Stations. Fitzhenry & Whiteside. pp. 121, 136 & 140. ISBN 1550416324.
^ "1918 BC Directory". www.bccd.vpl.ca.
^ 1920 Timetable: Bulkley Valley Museum collection
^ Jump up to:^a ^b 1922 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ Prince George Citizen: 12 & 19 Nov 1931
^ Jump up to:^a ^b 1933 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ Jump up to:^a ^b 1943 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ "1946 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 59.
^ "1950 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 59.
^ "1956 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 53.
^ "1957 Timetable". www.traingeek.ca. p. 53.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c 1960 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ "1961 Timetable (main)" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 39.
^ "1961 Timetable (way freight)" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 48.
^ "1963 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 42.
^ 1964 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ Jump up to:^a ^b 1965 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ "1966 Timetable". www.traingeek.ca. p. 38.
^ 1967 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ Jump up to:^a ^b 1968 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ "1971 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 19.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b 1972 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ 1973 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ 1990 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ 1992 Timetable: Northern BC Archives
^ Hak1986, p. 14.
^ Hak1986, pp. 253–256.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b "1949 DL Map". www.arcabc.ca.
^ Chamberland 2006, p. 440.
^ Fort George Herald, 20 Aug 1919
^ "Death Certificate (Martin Surrey CAINE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 10 Feb 1922 & 19 May 1922
^ Prince George Citizen, 6 Jun 1922
^ Prince George Citizen, 28 Jul 1922
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Prince George Citizen, 20 Mar 1924
^ Prince George Citizen, 14 Aug 1924
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Prince George Citizen, 2 May 1988(57)
^ Bernsohn, Ken (1981). Cutting up the North: The History of the Forest Industry in the Northern Interior. Hancock House. p. 33. ISBN 9780888391148.
^ Prince George Citizen, 9 Nov 1928
^ Prince George Citizen, 23 May 1929
^ Prince George Citizen: 23 May 1929 & 3 Oct 1929
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Chamberland 2006, p. 369.
^ Prince George Citizen, 16 Mar 1923
^ Prince George Citizen, 12 Nov 1925
^ Prince George Citizen, 14 Nov 1929
^ Prince George Citizen, 12 Jan 1939
^ Drushka, Ken (1998). Tie Hackers to Timber Harvesters. Harbour Publishing. p. 83. ISBN 9781550171891.
^ Prince George Citizen, 30 Nov 1959
^ Prince George Citizen, 23 May 1940
^ Prince George Citizen: 14 Dec 1939, 21 Jan 1943, 4 Feb 1944, 1 Nov 1945, 20 Jul 1950, 30 Nov 1959 & 28 Mar 1978
^ "Cemetery Project (John PORTER)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 1 Nov 1934
^ Walker, Russell R. (1972). Bacon, Beans ‘n Brave Hearts. Lillooet Publishers. pp. 16–17.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Prince George Citizen, 3 Sep 1994
^ Prince George Citizen, 23 Apr 1925
^ "Cemetery Project (Antonio DENICOLA)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Antonio DENICOLA)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 19 & 26 Jun 1947
^ "Death Certificate (Joseph Domenic DENICOLA)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 30 Jun 2015
^ Prince George Citizen: 21 Dec 1944 & 26 Jun 1947
^ Prince George Citizen, 9 Apr 2017
^ Prince George Citizen, 19 May 1932
^ Prince George Citizen, 26 Sep 1946
^ "Death Certificate (Maria DENICOLA)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Marriage Certificate (JUNKERS/DENICOLA)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 26 Jun 1947, 30 Jun 2015 & 6 Mar 2019
^ "Death Certificate (Anders Peter ANDERSEN)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ image: https://cnc.bc.ca/services/library/cnc-press/chamberland/contents Chapter 20: Blackburn, Tabor Lake and Foreman Flats, 3rd slide right of centre
^ "Cemetery Project (Otto BARTKOWSKI)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 17 Feb 1999
^ Chamberland 2006, pp. 368–369.
^ Prince George Citizen: 4 May 1950, 30 Jun 2015 & 6 Mar 2019
^ "Death Certificate (Albert Herman JUNKER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 4 Jan 1934
^ "Cemetery Project (Ida Mae JUNKER)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 28 Jan 1987
^ image: https://cnc.bc.ca/services/library/cnc-press/chamberland/contents Chapter 20: Blackburn, Tabor Lake and Foreman Flats, centre slide and 1st slide to right of centre
^ Prince George Citizen, 1 Feb 1940
^ Chamberland 2006, p. 370.
^ Prince George Citizen, 26 May 1971
^ Prince George Citizen: 7 Mar 1975 & 26 Mar 1976
^ Prince George Citizen: 24 May 1977, 19 Jul 1977, 27 May 1981, 3 Jul 1981, 11 Feb 1982, 17 Jun 1982, 5 Aug 1982, 6 & 9 May 1983 & 26 Mar 1976
^ Prince George Citizen: 10 Aug 1995; 5 Apr 1998; & 18 & 19 Feb 1999
^ Prince George Citizen: 8 & 11 May 2000
^ "Death Certificate (William HOWIESON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Annie McCartney HOWIESON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 6 May 1964
^ "1921 Census". www.bac-lac.gc.ca.
^ image: https://cnc.bc.ca/services/library/cnc-press/chamberland/contents Chapter 20: Blackburn, Tabor Lake and Foreman Flats, 1st and 2nd slides right of centre
^ Prince George Citizen: 20, 27 May 1926, & 3 Jun 1926
^ "Death Certificate (John Martin ARMELLA)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 1 Oct 1984
^ "Death Certificate (Mary ARMELLA)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 28 May 1996
^ Prince George Citizen, 29 Jul 1960
^ "Death Certificate (Diane Lynn ARMELLA)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Chamberland 2006, p. 372.
^ Prince George Citizen, 13 Jun 1990
^ "Death Certificate (Edmond Jules POTY)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Marriage Certificate (POTY/ROUSE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ "Death Certificate (Annie POTY)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 9 Feb 1950
^ "Death Certificate (Sebastien Joseph POTY)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen: 29 Aug 1979 & 3 Sep 1994
^ Prince George Citizen, 30 May 1957
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Prince George Citizen, 19 Oct 1962
^ Prince George Citizen: 31 Jul 1963 & 12 Feb 1964
^ Olson 2014, p. 25.
^ Prince George Citizen, 8 Aug 1962
^ Prince George Citizen, 27 Sep 1962
^ Hall, Barbara; Nellis, Kris; Noukas, Tiiu (2014). School District No. 57 (Prince George) historical memories. (Volume II): people, places, programs & services. Prince George Retired Teachers' Association, Education Heritage Committee.
^ Prince George Citizen, 22 Jun 1967
^ Prince George Citizen, 26 May 1964
^ Prince George Citizen, 27 Aug 1969
^ Prince George Citizen: 26 Sep 1984; & 11 to 19 Jul 1985
^ Prince George Citizen, 8 Dec 1989
^ "Cemetery Project (Wilhelm G. KUPPER)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 24 Feb 1975
^ Prince George Citizen: 13 & 14 Mar 1975
^ "Obituary (Lydia KUPPER)". www.legacy.com.
^ Prince George Citizen: 19 Sep 1973, 10 Oct 1973, 29 Aug 1974, & 26 Feb 1975
^ Prince George Citizen, 20 May 1983
^ Prince George Citizen: 1 Nov 1983, 13 Feb 1986 & 1 Dec 1988
^ Prince George Citizen: 10 Apr 1992 & 13 May 1994
^ Prince George Citizen, 25 Mar 1999
^ Prince George Citizen: 30 Jun 1999 & 16 Jul 1999
^ Prince George Citizen: 23 Sep 2000, 17 Nov 2000 & 19 Mar 2001
^ Prince George Citizen, 29 Jul 1975
^ "Sediment collection map" (PDF). www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca. p. 15.
^ Prince George Citizen, 18 May 1976
^ Prince George Citizen, 17 May 1977
^ Prince George Citizen: 11 Feb 1999 & 18 Oct 2000
^ "Prince George Daily News, 8 May 2018". www.pgdailynews.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 26 Feb 1959
^ "Image: Cabin fire on Foreman Rd". www.appserve.noratek.com.
^ "Death Certificate (Karl KALDAL)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
^ Prince George Citizen, 28 Feb 1962
^ Prince George Citizen, 24 Jun 1976
^ Prince George Citizen: 4 & 7 Jun 1990
^ Prince George Citizen: 12 Jun 1974 & 21 Jun 2012
^ Prince George Citizen, 28 May 1986
^ Prince George Citizen: 21 to 24 Mar 1990
^ Prince George Citizen, 1 Aug 1996
^ Prince George Citizen, 2 Aug 1996
^ Prince George Citizen, 17 Jul 1996
^ Prince George Citizen, 15 Jul 1997
^ Prince George Citizen: 10 Nov 1922 & 4 Mar 1926
^ Prince George Citizen, 25 Jun 1931
^ Prince George Citizen: 10 Nov 1975, 14 Apr 1987 & 5 Apr 1992
^ Prince George Citizen: 24 Oct 2015 & 17 Nov 2015

References

"Foreman (community)". BC Geographical Names.
"Prince George archival newspapers". www.pgpl.ca.
Chamberland, June A. (2006). From Broadaxe to Clay Chinking. CNC Press. ISBN 0921087330.
Olson, Raymond (2014). Ghost Towns on the East Line. Self-published. ISBN 9780986924316.
Hak, Gordon Hugh (1986). "On the Fringes: Capital and Labour in the Forest Economies of the Port Alberni and Prince George Districts, BC, 1910–1939". www.summit.sfu.ca.