Health Information

Haematological disorders (Function) Heart Frequently Asked Questions By Patients

2010-08-11T10:28:00.000-07:00

By: Prof. dr. Suwandhi Widjaja, Sp.PD, Ph.D

Patients often demonstrate to physicians who noted the results of laboratory liver function disturbance, then asked for an explanation of the results of laboratory medicine and even begged on the liver function disturbances.

As a clinical doctor we must not forget that the question was actually referring to people with my disease diagnosis was what exactly! To be able to answer questions with accurate, we must know how the medical history, symptomatology, and history relevant to the clinical condition. History taking medicines, including traditional medicine, an exposition with chemicals / food is also worth noting. Physical Permeriksaan to search for signs of chronic liver disease such as palmar erithema, jaundice, spider Nevi dansebagainya very helpful in analyzing the results of this laboratory. It must be remembered that liver function abnormalities, can also be found in other diseases beyond heart disease, such as thyroid disease, heart trouble and kidney trouble. Therefore, we need another investigation in order to provide conclusions from the results of this laboratory.

Heart of the actual physiology.

Liver is the largest solid organ situated in the upper right abdomen. This organ has an important role because it is the regulator of all the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Place the synthesis of various protein components, blood clotting, cholesterol, urea and other substances vital. In addition, also the site of formation and distribution of bile acids and toxins detox center and destruction (degradation) of steroid hormones such as estrogen.

In liver tissue, there Kupfer cells, which is very important in the elimination of foreign organisms both bacteria and viruses. Therefore, to show the disruption of liver function, there was one row of a test that is usually made to assess the heart function. Keep in mind that all medical tests have different sensitivity and specificity, then the interpretation of test results is influenced by such things.

Liver function tests

Because the liver function in the body has a multifunction then hatipun diverse physiological tests in accordance with what we want value.

For functions such as protein synthesis, blood clots and fatty substances are usually checked for albumin, the protrombin and cholesterol. The function of excretion / transport, checked bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase. ∂-GT. Damage to liver cells or liver tissue, examined SGOT (AST), SGPT (ALT). The presence of young growth of liver cells (liver cell carcinomas), alpha-Feto Protein. Contact with hepatitis B virus, namely: HBsAg, AntiHBs, HBeAg, anti HBe, anti-HBc, HBVDNA, and hepatitis C virus, namely: anti-HCV, HCV RNA, HCV genotype.

In general there are two types of heart function disorders.

1. General or specific inflammation in the liver inflammation that causes tissue damage or liver cells.

2. Presence of bile duct obstruction.

Various kinds of liver function test results are disrupted.

Liver function tests that occur in bacterial and viral infections are not systemic viral hepatitis. Such patients, usually marked by high fever, myalgia, nausea, asthenia, and so forth. Liver function seen here would be the increase in SGOT, SGPT and ∂-GT between 3-5X normal value. Albumin can be slightly decreased when the infections had occurred a long time and bilirubin may increase slightly, especially if the infection is severe. (See table 1)

Liver function tests in acute viral hepatitis or drug induce hepatitis. Bilirubin liver function such as direct / indirect can be increased is usually less than 10 mg%, except at kolestatik hepatitis, bilirubin can be more than 10 mg%. SGOT, SGPT increased by more than 5 to 20 times the normal value. ∂-GT and alkalifosfatase increased two to four times the normal value, except to hepatitis kolestatik could be higher. Albumin / globulin was usually normal except in case of fulminant hepatitis, the albumin globulin ratio can be reversed and the protrombin can elongate (see Table 2)

Liver function tests in bile duct obstruction. Bilirubin direct / indirect can be very high (> 20 mg%), especially when the obstruction is long enough. Increased SGOT and SGPT are usually not very high, about less than four times the normal value. ∂-GT and alkalifosfatase be increased once more than five times the normal value. Cholesterol was also increased (see table 3).

Liver function tests in the fatty liver (fatty liver). Albumin / globulin and bilirubin are usually still normal. SGOT and SGPT increased approximately two to three times the normal value as well as ∂-GT and alkalifosfatase increased by about ½ to 1 times the normal value. Triglyserida and cholesterol levels were also seen rising. These disorders are often in women with young age / mid, fat, and usually no complaints or complain of feeling uncomfortable at the upper right abdomen. In the case of fatty liver is the primary then all signs of hepatitis C should be negative. (See table 4)

The existence of signs of hepatitis virus in the patient's blood.

Patients with acute or recent hepatitis A recover from hepatitis A, marked by a positive IgM anti-HAV. Anti-HAV IgG positive was frequently found in children or adults from developing countries with poor environmental sanitation. This may indicate patients infected with hepatitis A virus been in the past. Therefore, the prevalence of HAV IgG can be used as an index of a country's environmental sanitation.

Recover from Hepatitis B infection, characterized by the disappearance of HBsAg and the emergence of anti-HBs. Anti-HBc IgM was heading, it means a new (recent) infected with hepatitis B.

Chronic hepatitis B.

1. Phase of chronic hepatitis replikatip / tolerant. Marked with HBsAg +, HBeAg +, HBVDNA + (quantitative able> 105 copies / ml). But his heart function to normal.

2. Reactive chronic active hepatitis (Necro-inflamatory stage). Marked with HBsAg +, HBeAg +, HBVDNA + (quantitative able> 105 copies / ml). But his heart Abnormal haematological, especially SGOT / PT level (> 3X the normal value), albumin / globulin usually still normal, bilirubin can menigkat few (<than 3 mg%)

3. Chronic hepatitis B mutants. Here HBsAg +, HBeAg negative, but anti-HBe +, and HBV DNA +. Disturbed liver function. Usually people with this, have a more severe liver disease.

4. Inactivated hepatitis / integrative. HBsAg +, anti-HBe +, HBV DNA negative or below <103 copies / ml and normal heart function.

5. B liver cirrhosis, the ratio of albumin / globulin upside down, bilirubin increased (<than 5 mg%), AST> ALT, usually increased by approximately 2 to 4 times normal, but severe cirrhosis of the AST / ALT can be normal. HBsAg +, HBeAg / anti-HBe can be positive. Frequency of HBV-DNA was negative.

Hepatitis C

1. Recovered from hepatitis C, characterized by anti-HCV +, HCV-RNA - (negative), normal liver function.

2. Chronic hepatitis C, marked with Anti HCV +, HCV-RNA +, most disturbed liver function, but can be normal in a small portion of the patient.

3. C liver cirrhosis, the ratio of albumin / globulin upside down, bilirubin increased (<than 5mg%), AST> ALT, usually increased by approximately 2 to 4 times normal, but severe cirrhosis of the AST / ALT may be normal. Anti-HCV and HCV-RNA positive.

Genotype of hepatitis.

In the eight genotypes of hepatitis B exist and are named alphabetically A through H. In Indonesia, mainly genotypes B and C. There are six genotypes of hepatitis C and was named the number 1 through 6. In one genotype are further divided into additional sub-genotypes and lowercase letters from a through c. In Indonesia it was found that genotype 1b. (> 65%)

Liver function abnormalities are not specific

This usually occurs in patients with liver disease that has affected the functions of other organs such as kidney, lung, heart, etc.. In such cases, clinical features and investigation such as ultrasound, CT scan and ERCP (endoscopy retrograde Cholangio Pancreatography) or even liver biopsy is usually necessary to enforce his diagnosis.

Results of laboratory normal liver function in patients with chronic liver disease.

Patients with chronic hepatitis B in the replicative phase, an inactive / integrative often show abnormal laboratory results. Also in patients with hepatitis C (with HCV-RNA +), also showed normal liver function tests. In patients with liver cirrhosis kompensata also often have normal liver function tests. In advanced liver cirrhosis often we get the level of ALT / AST normal, this happens because the number of liver cells in cirrhosis was much less severe so that relatively little damage to liver cells. But it will be seen rising bilirubin levels and the ratio of albumin / globulin will be reversed. When we examine more closely the levels will be higher SGOT SGPT.

Reporting the results of hepatitis virus marker for quantitatively and qualitatively.

1. Hepatitis B.

Qualitative examination was always more sensitive than the quantitative examination. How to quantitative examination of hepatitis B treated with a variety of ways and each way has a certain sensitivity and also can use the reporting of certain units. See table 5. Quantitative results of hepatitis B above 105 copies / ml is considered the limit for treatment.

2. Hepatitis C.

Also a qualitative examination is more sensitive than quantitative. There are various methods of examination kuantiatif HCV and have different sensitivity ranges. The quantitative results from a quantitative examination of how HCV can not be equated with the inspection results of HCV in a different way. Table 6

The disease is rare but liver function disturbances showed

• Thyroid disease / goiter gland.

• auto-immune liver disease (AIH)

• Wilson disease

• Alpha-1-deficiency antitrypsisn

• Celiac disease

• Muscle disorders

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Cushing's Syndrome

2010-06-09T08:32:00.000-07:00

DEFINITIONS
In Cushing's syndrome, excessive levels of corticosteroids, usually from excessive production in the adrenal gland.

    * Cushing's syndrome is usually caused by tumors that cause the adrenal glands produce excessive corticosteroid.
    * People with Cushing's syndrome usually results in excessive fat through the torso and has a great face shape.
    * Doctor measure cortisol levels to recognize the Cushing syndrome.
    * Surgery or radiation therapy is often required to remove a tumor.

Adrenal glands can produce excessive kortikosteropid caused problems in the adrenal glands or resulting from too much stimulation from the pituitary gland. Abnormalities in the pituitary gland, such as a tumor, can cause the pituitary to produce large amounts of corticotropin, a hormone that controls the production of corticosteroids from the adrenal glands.

Tumors outside the pituitary gland, such as small cell cancer of lung, may produce corticotropin well (a condition called ectopic corticotropin syndrome). Corticotropin can also be produced by a tumor called a carcinoid, which can occur in almost all parts of the body.

CAUSE
Sometimes tumors are not cancerous (adenomas) occurred in the adrenal glands, which causes the adrenal glands produce excessive corticosteroid. Adrenal adenomas are very common. Half of people experience it at the age of 70. Only a small part in adenomas produce excessive hormones, although such tumors are not cancerous adrenal gland is very rare.

Cushing's syndrome also can occur in people who must use high-dose corticosteroids because of serious medical conditions. They should mengggunakan high doses have the same symptoms with those who produce too much hormone. Symptoms can sometimes occur even if the inhaled corticosteroids, such as for asthma, or used in particular to a skin condition.

SYMPTOMS
Corticosteroids changing the number and distributed to body fat. Body fat is formed through the torso and once on the back of a real possibility. A person with Cushing's syndrome usually have a large face, (front month). Hands and feet are usually lean on the part of a thickened stem. Muscles lose strength and become weak. The skin becomes thin, easily bruised, heal less well when bruises or wounds. Layer of purple that looks like a sign of wrinkles can be formed above the stomach. People with Cushing's syndrome tend to get tired easily.

High corticosteroid levels each time to increase blood pressure, weakened bones (osteoporosis), and reduce perlawana to infection. Risk of renal stone formation and diabetes increases, and mental disorders, including depression and hallucinations, can occur. Women usually have irregular menstrual cycles. Children with Cushing's syndrome grow slowly and remain pandek. In some people, the adrenal glands also produce large amounts of androgens (testosterone and similar hormones), causing an increase in the face and body hair and baldness in women.

DIAGNOSIS
When doctors suspect Cushing's syndrome, they measured levels of cortisol, the major corticosteroid hormones, the blood. Normally, high cortisol levels in the morning and lower at night. In people who have Cushing's syndrome, cortisol levels is very high every day.

If high cortisol levels, your doctor may recommend dexamethasone suppression test. Dexamethasone suppress the pituitary gland and should lead to pressure on the expenditure of cortisol by the adrenal glands. If Cushing syndrome is caused by too much stimulation of the pituitary, cortisol levels will fall to some expansion, although not as much on people who do not have Cushing's syndrome. If you have other causes of Cushing's syndrome, cortisol levels will remain high. High levels of corticotropin further cause excessive stimulation of the adrenal glands.

Possibility of imaging tests needed to confirm the exact cause, including a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the pituitary or adrenal glands and a chest X-ray or CT scan of the lungs. Even so, these tests can sometimes fail to find tumors. When overproduction of corticotropin stated as the cause, the possibility of blood samples taken from vessels that drain the pituitary to see if this is the source.

TREATMENT
Treatment depends on whether the problems in the adrenal gland, pituitary gland, or other areas. The possibility of surgery or radiation therapy is required to lift or destroy the pituitary tumor. Tumors of the adrenal glands (usually adenomas) can often be removed by surgery. The two adrenal glands can be removed if treatment is not effective or if there is no tumor.

People who both adrenaline glands removed, and many people have a part in the adrenaline glands removed, must be using corticosteroids for a living. Tumors outside the pituitary and adrenal glands that secrete excessive hormones are usually removed by surgery. Certain drugs, such as metyrapone or ketoconazole, can reduce levels of cortisol and can be used while awaiting more definitive treatment such as surgery.

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Nasopharyngeal cancer: Recognize, Avoid And Treat!

2010-06-09T08:08:00.000-07:00

Is contained in the nasopharing cancer, was among back of the nose and esophagus. Cancer is a malignant tumor of head and neck regions were mostly found in Indonesia. Nearly 60% of head and neck malignant tumor is cancerous nasopharing, followed by malignant tumors nose and paranasal sinuses (18%), larynx (16%), and malignant oral cavity tumors, tonsils, hipofaring in low percentage. In many cases, nasopharing carsinoma numerous in the Mongoloid race countries, especially South China. But did not rule out there in other countries, such as in Greece, Northern Africa like Algeria and Tunisia, Eskimos. In Indonesia, this cancer more attacking China, compared to other ethnic descent. This cancer is more prevalent in men than in women.

What are the signs and symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer is this?
Nasopharing cancer symptoms can be divided into four groups, namely:
• Symptoms nasopharing itself, in the form of a mild nosebleed (blood out through the nose) or nasal obstruction. This happens if the cancer is still early.

• Symptoms of ear, is an early symptom that arises because the places of origin near the mouth of the fallopian Eustachius tumors (junctions in nose-ear). Symptoms such as ear ringing or buzzing, discomfort in the ear, until the pain.

• Symptoms of the eyes and nerves, can occur as symptoms go because nasopharing closely associated with the passage of the skull cavity of the brain's neurons. Symptoms may include headache, pain in the neck and face (trigeminal neuralgia), blurred vision, vision of two (diplopia).

• Symptoms of metastasis / spread or symptoms in the neck. The form of swelling in the neck due to swollen lymph nodes

What causes this cancer?
In general, cancer is caused by the growth of cancer cells that are not controlled. Cancer can also arise due to heredity (genetic), environmental, and also viruses. Nasopharing cancer due to the growth of cancer cells that are not controlled in part nasopharing. However, in many cases, due carsinoma nasopharing heredity (genetic).

The causes of cancer risk factors nasopharing, among others:
1. Eating salty foods
In many cases in China, nasopharing carsinoma caused from eating salted fish. Also of particular spices and eat food too hot.

2. Virus
Some viruses causing signs and symptoms such as fever. Some viruses have the possibility of cancer nasopharing. EBV-Virus usually causes cancer.

3. Offspring
In families with a history of cancer-especially cancer-nasophariing big nasopharing likely to get cancer than those not having a family history of cancer.

There are more factors that increase the incidence of cancer, such as smoking and consuming alcohol. Both of these possible risk of cancer.

How to make sure sata affected?
As in most cases, your doctor will ask you some questions about the signs and symptoms. After that doctors will start to hit parts of your neck where there is a swollen lymph node. Some of the signs and symptoms of this cancer is not very specific. This examination will probably take several months.

If cancer is suspected, doctors will begin using an endoscope to view the abnormal nasopharing. In its use of local anesthesia is needed. After that, taken biopsy (sample) which was then tested whether the cancer.

Then the doctor will determine the cancer stage manner:
-MRI (help see the cancer that spread around the head)
-CT scan (see the cancer spread to the bone)
-Taking biopsy: This is used to see cancer in lymph nodes.
X-rays (see cancer that spread in the lungs)

The levels of this cancer are:

1. Stage 0: Cancer cells are still in nasopharing limit, usually called the nasopharynx in situ
2. Stage 1: Cancer cells spread in part nasopharing
3. Stage 2: Cancer cells have spread to more than nasopharing into the nasal cavity. Or can also be spread in lymph nodes on one side of the neck.
4. Stage 3: The cancer had invaded the lymph nodes on all sides of the neck
5th. Stage 4: This cancer has spread and bone around the facial nerve.
From these levels of doctor can determine the appropriate type of treatment for sufferers.

How to treat?
Several kinds of treatment for patients nasopharing carsinoma, among others:
1. Radiation Therapy
This therapy can rapidly destroy cancer cells that grow. This therapy is carried out for 5-7 weeks. This therapy is used for cancer at the early levels.
Side effects of this therapy are: dry mouth, loss of hearing and this therapy increase the risk of cancer of the tongue and bone cancer.

2. Chemotherapy
Is a therapy using the help of medication. This therapy works by reducing the cancer cells are there, but sometimes healthy cells (not cancer) were also reduced.
Side effects of this therapy are: hair loss, nausea, weakness (such as loss of energy). Side effects that may arise depending on the type of drug administered.

3. Surgery
The goal of surgery is to take the lymph nodes that had cancer. (Fernando Gazali)

Bibliography
Soepardi, Efiaty Arsyad dkk. Buku Ajar Ilmu Kedokteran Telinga Hidung Tenggorok Kepala & Leher. Edisi keenam. Jakarta: 2007, FKUI.
www.emedicine.com/radio/topic551.htm
www.mayoclinic.com/health/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma
www.utmb.edu/otoref/Grnds/Nasophar-CA-980121/Nasophar-CA-980121.htm

The Effectiveness Of Hypnotherapy In Stopping Smoking Addiction

2010-04-15T08:27:00.001-07:00

Hypnotherapy is considered one of the most promising fields of medicine when it comes to solving patients bad habit like smoking and gambling. In this type of therapy, the patient is put on trance so that the therapist can create certain contact with his subconscious mind of his patient. Once there is an established connection, the patient becomes more aware to what the therapist say because his mind would hear nothing but the voice of the hypnotherapist, making himself believe that he have to quit smoking or stop gambling.

This type of treatment is known in the field of mind control as the smoking cessation hypnosis which goal is to make people to totally quit their nicotine habits. However, not all people who are capable of hypnotism can do this kind of treatment because this method can only be done by trained professionals and should be administered to patients that agree to follow the intricate process of hypnotherapy. If treatment is done by people who do not know the complete treatment, the patient with problem will not be treated at all or worse may alter part of his behavior in some ways.

When it comes to smoking cessation, the first step in treating nicotine addiction is for the hypnotherapist to explain to the patient before the treatment about the risks of extreme smoking. He will explain how does person can become addicted to smoking and what factors can tempt the person to start smoking which lead to addiction to nicotine The aim of this discussion is to make the patient understand the risks and the danger he will be exposed to.

The next stage already involves the actual hypnotherapy process. In this phase, the patient will be hypnotized according to his will. He will be put into a drowsy state and then into a trance. When the patient seems to be in a dream like state, the hypnotherapist will ask the patient what lead him to his addiction, who influenced him to smoke and what makes him to smoke even more. When the patient has already brought this out from his subconscious and tell it the hypnotherapist, the hypnotherapist will then tell the patient to liken the cigarette stick into something that can harm the patient and what effect can cigarettes do to his body. The patient will then be given an option how he can stop his addiction and the hypnotherapist will agree and at the same time tell his patient about other option he can take. While the patient and the hypnotherapist discuss these things slowly, the hypnotherapist will inject into his patients mind things that he must do and avoid until the patient finally gives in and agree to stop smoking altogether.<

The hypnotherapist will also try to break the myths that the patients believe and negate it with positive ideals. In summary about this treatment, when the conscious mind and the subconscious agreed on the same level, the physical body will follow. When the patient will be awakened, the only things he will remember are those positive ideals that have been injected into his subconscious mind. This kind of treatment is now being recognized by some hospitals because the result for such treatment is promising. At present, this is one of the most popular branches of mental therapies because it caters to a wide variety of patients mental problems like anxieties, phobia and other self-inflicted mental disorders.

Will You Try To Be Informed About Autism? Find Out What You Can Do

2010-04-15T08:26:00.000-07:00

Being informed about autism today, seems to be more clear and make more sense than many years ago. When I was younger, I never heard the word autism and if I did, I was not relating to it, and had no clue or idea what it meant.

Just what is autism and how can we try to be informed about the disorder or subject? Many people, including today, are not aware of what autism is. Autism has been defined as a physical disorder of the brain. Each child is different and the symptoms vary according to age and their abilities and sometimes their environment.

To understand autism and be informed to what it is, you need to understand the symptoms. What are the symptoms to be informed and relate to it? There are many symptoms and clues to what autism is, but you need to know these symptoms or at least some of them.

There is the inability of most children with autism that, they are limited to social skills.

They show no interest or very little interest, to interact with other children.

They do not understand verbal expression of emotions, or how relate to them.

Their eye contact is limited.

They seem to be happy in an isolated environment.

They have limited social skills to interact with other children or individuals.

There is the inability of most children with autism that, they are limited to social skills.

They show no interest or very little interest, to interact with other children.

They do not understand verbal expression of emotions, or how relate to them.

Their eye contact is limited.

They seem to be happy in an isolated environment.

They have limited social skills to interact with other children or individuals.

There is the inability of most children with autism that, they are limited to social skills.

They show no interest or very little interest, to interact with other children.

They do not understand verbal expression of emotions, or how relate to them.

Their eye contact is limited.

They seem to be happy in an isolated environment.

They have limited social skills to interact with other children or individuals.

There is the inability of most children with autism that, they are limited to social skills.

They show no interest or very little interest, to interact with other children.

They do not understand verbal expression of emotions, or how relate to them.

Their eye contact is limited.

They seem to be happy in an isolated environment.

They have limited social skills to interact with other children or individuals.

Dieting For Children-A Self-Esteem Safeguard

2010-04-15T08:19:00.001-07:00

It is difficult in the world we live in to watch as so many children are literally overburdening their bodies at such young ages by being overweight. These children simply cannot run, jump, and play with the other children because their bodies simply will not allow them to do so. For these children, dieting is almost a necessity despite our best efforts to insulate them from the self-esteem issues that often accompany obesity.

If you have a child that is well outside the normal weight range for his or her age you are the one who must make the efforts and take the necessary steps to insure they shed those pounds in order to live a life that is as close to normal as possible. The first thing you need to do however is consult with your child's doctor about the best possible course of action that will also safeguard the health of your child.

Put quite frankly however, if you do not take the efforts to assist your child in shedding those pounds you are placing the health of your child at risk. We do not let our children play in the street, we don't let them run with knives, why on earth would we allow them to commit suicide by Twinkie? If you have a child that is overweight, the following tips should help you and them with their dieting.

First of all, do not make food a punishment or a reward. Food is part of the problem with your children and you do not need to use it against them. Instead, introduce them to healthy alternatives. Do not keep the junk in the house and do not let them purchase lunch at school. Pack their lunches for school so that you know what they are eating. If you don't give them junk food they cannot have it when at home and you can work to insure that they can't get their hands on junk food when they leave the house.

Incorporate healthy snacks into your families eating plan rather than junk food. Fresh fruit, cut up vegetables, nuts, and frozen yogurt are good healthy snacks for your kids. When in doubt consult the food pyramid but watch calories in the process. You want your children to eat a well balanced diet while eliminating junk food and sweets for the best result.

Cut out the juices and pop. This may be a huge ordeal in your house but the greatest gift you can offer your child is a deep and abiding appreciation for water. Water works to make their bellies feel full and keeps them hydrated for the added activities you should be introducing into their routines.

Have them take dance, take up a sport, or simply get out and run around the yard. The worst thing you can do is to allow your children to become comatose television, computer, or video game zombies. Get them out and get them active. This helps in two ways. First of all, they aren't eating if they are outside playing and having a good time. Second, they are burning calories as they play which is a huge bonus in the dieting process for your children.

As your child begins to take off the weight you should begin to notice a very profound difference in not only the way he or she carries his or herself but also in his or her interactions with others. Your child will experience restored and renewed self-confidence as the pounds come off and the teasing at school stops.

If you are at a complete loss as to how to help your child take the weight off there are camps that are designed specifically to deal with weight issues and building self-esteem in children ages 7-19. One of these camps may be just the answer you are looking for. Another thing to consider is to lead by example. If you don't eat the junk food, if you are active, and if you do not engage in emotional overeating your child will not be learning those behaviors from you or having them reinforced by you.

Top 7 Positive Side Effects Of Fast Weight Loss

2010-04-15T08:15:00.001-07:00

Can you lose weight super fast without hurting yourself?

The answer is YES.

In fact, I will show you why my experience leads me to believe it is by far the best way.

So if you're desperate to lose weight and hate the though of waiting weeks on end to see results, then this article is for you.

I'm going to share with you the top 7 positive side effects of fast weight loss and why quick results trump those slow, boring results many have been led to believe are the safest.

Let's get started...

1. Motivation

Getting fast results gets you excited.

This is important because the #1 reason most people fail to lose weight is because they get discouraged.

Without results, you will quickly lose motivation and most likely give up.

2. Energy

People who experience a dramatic reduction in excess body fat often find their energy levels soar.

This comes from excitement and the fact that your lighter body requires less energy to move around.

One of the amazing side effects of fast weight loss!

3. Super charged metabolism

Have you ever seen the footage of a roaring forest fire?

The faster it burns through the trees the hotter and hotter it gets and the more forest it consumes.

Well losing weight super fast has a similar effect on your body.

The faster you burn fat... the more fat your metabolism looks to burn.

4. Momentum

A large amount of weight is much easier to move after you actually get it moving.

As hard as it may be to believe, it's much easier to lose weight when the weight is falling off your body in hoards. It's almost like there is science involved here.

Problem that most people have is they lose a few pounds... then reward themselves with a day of eating bad... then try to start again.

Huge mistake.

When the weight is falling off fast, it gives your body the momentum to smash through any plateaus.

5. Compliments

When you lose twenty pounds over the span of a year people tend not to notice any difference and you probably won't get many compliments.

When you lose that same twenty pounds during a month it's shocking to the eyes of your friends and family.

The compliments tend to follow!

6. Confidence

Nothing boosts your self-esteem faster than to see amazing results from your efforts.

It makes you feel unstoppable!

On the other hand, if you fail to see any results you will most likely start to doubt yourself and that causes many to fail.

7. Health

Some experts claim that losing weight super fast is harmful. In some extreme cases it just may be.

But you want to know something even more harmful to yourself?...

Walking around any longer with hoards of excess fat hanging from your body!

Getting rid of the weight super fast tends to free your body from unnatural strain and enhance your heath.

Now these top seven positive side effects of fast weight loss are based on my experience. I do not claim anything here to be fact. Of course, you should consult your physician before attempting to lose weight super fast.

How To Use Electronic Cigarettes To Quit SmokingHow To Use Electronic Cigarettes To Quit SmokingHow To Use Electronic Cigarettes To Quit Smoking

2010-04-15T00:04:00.001-07:00

From when they were first introduced up to know, there are divided reactions about electronic cigarettes. There are many who believe that they are not effective, but many are also convinced that they can fulfill the purposes that they are made to do. One of those purposes is to serve as aide in quitting smoking.

Different from traditional cigarettes, no tobacco is used with smokeless cigarettes. Because of that, they are able to produce benefits for the health. Those health benefits specifically refer to them being less harmful as they produce no smoke and release no carcinogens when used. In addition, they are being a help to the environment as that in turn decreases pollution.

However, there is still another health benefit that the said new smoking devices can give that attracts more smokers. And that is being able to help users successfully stop smoking. Just like the other health benefits, this one is possible because of the absence of tobacco.

To be able to provide the same smoking sensation with traditional cigarettes and be safer alternatives at the same time, e-cigs use e-liquid. The said solution is basically made up of nicotine diluted in glycerin. It could be in different flavors and the nicotine in a solution could be in various amounts. Because of that, the control over the amount of nicotine taken in is given to the user, making it a big help to quit smoking.

However, having an electronic cigarette alone is not enough to really be able to quit smoking. You have to know how to use it and here are the steps that you need to take.From when they were first introduced up to know, there are divided reactions about electronic cigarettes. There are many who believe that they are not effective, but many are also convinced that they can fulfill the purposes that they are made to do. One of those purposes is to serve as aide in quitting smoking.

Different from traditional cigarettes, no tobacco is used with smokeless cigarettes. Because of that, they are able to produce benefits for the health. Those health benefits specifically refer to them being less harmful as they produce no smoke and release no carcinogens when used. In addition, they are being a help to the environment as that in turn decreases pollution.

However, there is still another health benefit that the said new smoking devices can give that attracts more smokers. And that is being able to help users successfully stop smoking. Just like the other health benefits, this one is possible because of the absence of tobacco.

To be able to provide the same smoking sensation with traditional cigarettes and be safer alternatives at the same time, e-cigs use e-liquid. The said solution is basically made up of nicotine diluted in glycerin. It could be in different flavors and the nicotine in a solution could be in various amounts. Because of that, the control over the amount of nicotine taken in is given to the user, making it a big help to quit smoking.

However, having an electronic cigarette alone is not enough to really be able to quit smoking. You have to know how to use it and here are the steps that you need to take.From when they were first introduced up to know, there are divided reactions about electronic cigarettes. There are many who believe that they are not effective, but many are also convinced that they can fulfill the purposes that they are made to do. One of those purposes is to serve as aide in quitting smoking.

Different from traditional cigarettes, no tobacco is used with smokeless cigarettes. Because of that, they are able to produce benefits for the health. Those health benefits specifically refer to them being less harmful as they produce no smoke and release no carcinogens when used. In addition, they are being a help to the environment as that in turn decreases pollution.

However, there is still another health benefit that the said new smoking devices can give that attracts more smokers. And that is being able to help users successfully stop smoking. Just like the other health benefits, this one is possible because of the absence of tobacco.

To be able to provide the same smoking sensation with traditional cigarettes and be safer alternatives at the same time, e-cigs use e-liquid. The said solution is basically made up of nicotine diluted in glycerin. It could be in different flavors and the nicotine in a solution could be in various amounts. Because of that, the control over the amount of nicotine taken in is given to the user, making it a big help to quit smoking.

However, having an electronic cigarette alone is not enough to really be able to quit smoking. You have to know how to use it and here are the steps that you need to take.

Identify the e-liquid that you want to use. That is, know the flavor and the nicotine level you are comfortable with. From the nicotine level you have identified, gradually lower it until you can tolerate using an e-liquid with zero nicotine.

Know how to refill the device. If you know how to personally refill your e-cig, you will be able to use it anytime, anywhere. That keeps you away from being tempted to use real cigarettes whenever you have the urge to smoke.

Be disciplined. Keep your eyes on your goal of quitting smoking. Stick to the plan of gradually lowering down the nicotine level on the e-liquid that you are using and not be tempted to do the reverse.

Implementing these general steps will help you in quitting smoking with the help of electronic cigarettes. Get them done efficiently so you can enjoy a healthier life.

Know how to refill the device. If you know how to personally refill your e-cig, you will be able to use it anytime, anywhere. That keeps you away from being tempted to use real cigarettes whenever you have the urge to smoke.

Be disciplined. Keep your eyes on your goal of quitting smoking. Stick to the plan of gradually lowering down the nicotine level on the e-liquid that you are using and not be tempted to do the reverse.

Implementing these general steps will help you in quitting smoking with the help of electronic cigarettes. Get them done efficiently so you can enjoy a healthier life.

Things You Should Know About Cobra And Health Insurance For The Unemployed

2010-04-14T07:31:00.001-07:00

Losing a job entails a lot of sacrifice. You not only lose your income, you also lose your affordable health care plans. Many people suggest relying on COBRA (Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act) to extend existing coverage. COBRA is an effective way to continue affordable health care plans in cases such as the death of a spouse, divorce and even unemployment. It is a very tempting option to be able to avail of health insurance for the unemployed through COBRA. But it can be very expensive, so it's best to weigh your needs before applying for COBRA. Read on to know more about this Act and if it is for you.

* You are given 60 days to decide whether to use COBRA or not. This grace period starts at the day you lose your health care coverage. Remember that if you do not decide when the 60 days are up, COBRA won't be offered to you again. It's important, therefore, to weigh your options carefully during that grace period so you can make a wise and informed decision.

* Law dictates that your employer should tell you about COBRA before you leave the company. This is usually done during your last interview or your "exit" interview. Take this opportunity to ask the HR head everything you want to know about COBRA. It's best that you know all you can about COBRA before your last day in your company. This will give you the perfect tools to help you decide whether to use COBRA or to look for other health insurance for the unemployed.

* COBRA can be costly. Most people complain that using COBRA is even more expensive than their original affordable health care plans. But keep in mind that an individual health plan may cost even more. Besides, you shouldn't put a price tag on health. Paying a little more seems like a good deal in exchange for peace of mind. You also pay for the assurance that you can get medical help if you need it, without worrying about the bills.

* The coverage from COBRA lasts 18 months. This can give you enough time to look for a new job or find affordable health insurance for the unemployed. Other members of your family can get up to 36 months of coverage, if COBRA is used after a death, legal separation or divorce. You also only get coverage in the area where you were employed. For example, if you used to work in LA but decide to move to New York, you can only be covered in hospitals and doctors in LA.

* If your former employer suddenly goes bankrupt, he can cancel your COBRA coverage. This can also happen if your former employer suddenly drops group health insurance. COBRA cannot help you in these cases, since there is no affordable health plans to continue at all. In this event, it's advisable to look for other health insurance for the unemployed.

The government has made healthcare and health plans easier and more practical for people, through COBRA. It's wise, therefore, to see if you can benefit by paying for COBRA premiums before looking for other affordable health plans. COBRA can give you the time and coverage you need before you find that new job.

Natural Remedy For Ovarian Cysts: Finding Something That Works

2010-04-13T23:26:00.001-07:00

If you have been diagnosed with an ovarian cyst you may be wondering what your treatment options are. If it is a functional cyst which is the most common type of ovarian cyst, your doctor may have suggested taking a wait and see approach. Most of the time functional cysts clear up on their own. But while you're waiting, you can help the healing process and prevent future cysts from occurring by finding a natural remedy for ovarian cysts that you can begin immediately.

What Are Ovarian Cysts and How Do They Develop In Your Body?

Ovarian cysts are fluid filled sacs that develop on the ovaries. Most are harmless but they can be painful and if they do not dissolve over time may require surgery to remove. On rare occasions a cyst can be malignant but it is not common. Although scientists are not 100% sure of what causes ovarian cysts to occur there does seem to be an apparent connection to hormone levels in the body. This is precisely why a natural remedy for ovarian cysts can be very beneficial.

The ovaries produce the hormones needed for ovulation and pregnancy. They fluctuate throughout the month as a woman's body goes through ovulation and menstruation. It is hormones that cause the ovaries to produce a follicle each month that contains the egg and hormones that cause the follicle to release the egg.

Occasionally, however, this process does not go as it should and the egg is not released. The follicle containing the egg seals off with the egg and fluid inside and becomes a cyst. This is known as a functional cyst. At times a functional cyst can form after the egg is released. In this case, the follicle does not dissolve as it should but instead fills with fluid and becomes a cyst.

Natural Remedies Can Help Speed The Healing Process Along And Prevent Future Cysts From Developing

Although functional ovarian cysts can go away in time without any medical treatment, a natural treatment for ovarian cysts can speed the process and prevent new cysts from developing. A natural remedy for ovarian cysts gets to the underlying cause of cyst development which is thought to be a hormone imbalance.

Some women have a genetic predisposition to hormone imbalance and ovarian cysts but more often than not a hormone imbalance is precipitated by external forces, such as diet and lifestyle. Your doctor may have recommended prescription hormones to help shrink the cyst because it treats the underlying cause of the cyst.

Traditional Methods Do Not Correct The Root Cause Of Ovarian Cysts

The problem is it may only provide a temporary fix as it does not correct the reason the hormone levels became out of balance in the first place. Hormone supplements also have drawbacks and are not an ideal solution, particularly for the long term.

You may want to discuss a natural treatment for ovarian cysts with your doctor instead or in addition to the treatment plan he describes. Choosing a natural remedy for ovarian cysts is not difficult. One of the first things to consider is your diet.

The foods you eat have a powerful influence on hormone levels. For example, high quantities of sugar and processed foods will quickly upset hormone production and if continued for a long period of time may lead to the development of ovarian cysts.

Research has shown a connection between obesity and ovarian cysts. Another natural remedy for ovarian cysts is herbal remedies. Herbs can be used to rid the body of toxins and boost the immune system. Both of these things can help your body resolve a cyst more efficiently and prevent new ones from forming.

Breast Pain Tenderness And Breast Enhancement Remedies

2010-04-13T23:25:00.001-07:00

Breast tenderness-often referred to medically as mastalgia, mastodynia, and mammalgia-is the general term used to mean discomfort, sensitivity, and/or pain in one or both of the breasts when touch or pressure is applied.

Some people use the term more generally to mean any breast discomfort.

Many women knowledge breast tenderness around the time of menstruation or throughout pregnancy, when the hormones estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone are in flux.

As with menstruation and pregnancy, menopause involve hormonal fluctuations, and; thus, can also cause breast gentleness and pain.

Now that you are pregnant, you may have notice that your breasts are emotion a little tender to the touch.

It may hurt for you to walk up the stairs, jump around at the gym, or even sleep on your stomach. While this breast tenderness is annoying, and sometimes quite painful, it is a normal part of pregnancy.

Causes of Breasts tenderness

1. PMS. Many women undergo from sore breasts when pain from pre-menstrual syndrome, often preliminary a full week before the era begins.

Some women find reprieve once their period starts, other women persist to suffer pain all through their menstrual cycle.

2. Fibrocystic breast disease.

3. Hormone Therapy. This is generally estrogen therapy given to women going through menopause.

4. The birth control pill. Some women find that birth control relieves their breast tenderness, for some women it is worse.

Generally the birth control is prescribed to help the symptoms of breast tenderness associated with fibrocystic breast disease.

If you are on birth control and have breast tenderness, check with your doctor to see if there is a different pill you can take.

Symptoms of Breast Tenderness

1.   Breast swelling

2.   Breast soreness

3.   Increased sensitivity to touch

4.   Increased sensitivity to pressure

5.   Dull, heavy or aching feelings

6.   Discomfort with movement

7.   Pain while sleeping

8.   Aches

Breast Tenderness Treatment

Breast tenderness may not be a new symptom for you as you get closer to menopause.

Still, if you've lived your menstruating life with breast tenderness there are ways to reduce the discomfort and bring yourself some relief.
Conventional Approach: Reduce both your salt and caffeine intake.
Then start taking flax seed oil on a daily basis. Note that you should keep flax seed oil in the refrigerator so that it does not go rancid. About two teaspoons-full a day will do.
Put it on your salad or take it directly from a spoon. Do not heat it or cook with it.
Complimentary Therapies: A daily dose of Evening Primrose oil is a good idea too.
Herbal Breast Tenderness Remedies: Black Cohosh is thought to be helpful if you need additional treatment.
Homeopathic Breast Tenderness Remedies: Describe the nature of your tenderness to a N.D. for a list of suggested remedies.
Home Remedies for Breast Tenderness
1.   When you're in the shower, soap your breasts and gently massage them from the centre of your chest out to your armpits. This improve blood flow and the drainage of lymph, the clear fluid that carries infection-hostility agents through your body.
2.   Wrap a towel around a bag of ice cubes or frozen vegetables and apply it to each breast for about 10 minutes. The cold-pack treatment reduces swelling and dulls the pain.
3.   Consider wearing support bras instead of underwire bras when your breasts are tender.
You may want to wear your bra to bed to reduce nighttime jostling.
When you try on a new bra, make sure it cups your breasts without pinching.
Once you have new, more comfortable bras, throw away the stretched-out old ones that just don't provide the right support anymore.
4.   Eat more soybeans and other soy foods. Soy contains hormonelike compounds called phytoestrogens that can influence hormonal fluctuations related to menstruation and menopause.
Try some soy-based meat substitutes, or add tofu or soy nuts to your meals. Soy milk is another excellent source; try it in fruit smoothies.
5.   Consume plenty of fibre, such as fruits, vegetables, legumes (like lentils and black beans) and whole grains.

Prostate Cancer Surgery- Quality Medical Services From The Best Hands Of The Industry

2010-04-13T23:24:00.001-07:00

The prostate is an exocrine gland of male reproductive systems. It secretes slightly alkaline fluid that usually contains 25-30% by volume of semen during the ejaculation. Men above 50 years of age face the problem of "enlarged prostate" which may cause cancer as well. Though not all face this condition, the disease is grave and needs immediate attention to avoid further complication. Read on to know more about prostate cancer treatments and surgery in Kolkata.

Prostate Cancer Surgery Kolkata

Obese or black men are more prone to prostate cancer. This cancer is seen to be genetically passed on as well. The cancer generally develops in the outer part of the gland leading it to become firmer. This change can often be detected during the digital rectal examination (DRE). The prostate cancer can be easily detected through abnormal blood test report where the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is increased. It can also be detected through the microscopic analysis of prostate tissues removed during the surgery to reduce the size of an enlarged prostate. TURP or microsurgery is the treatment of choice for treating prostate cancer. Under this procedure, a resectoscope is introduced to the urethra of the patient. The instrument is then connected to the diathermy through which the prostate gland is cut into pieces. These chips are then sucked out from the body through a special instrument. After the surgery is over the catheter is introduced. The patient is discharged from the hospital after three days or more. It is imperative to know about the prostate cancer surgeons of Kolkata and how to contact them.

Online Booking Of the Prostate Cancer Surgery Kolkata

The cancer surgeons of Kolkata are extremely reputed globally for their quality work in the field of treating prostate cancer. You can now contact them online for the appointments. They run their websites which display all the services they provide, the quotes associated, and the case history of the special cases they have dealt in the past. The whole cost of surgery is extremely affordable and they can be contacted online for any kinds of queries. For more information about the topic you can search the net.

7- Keto Dhea Diet Pills: The Right Choice

2010-04-13T23:23:00.001-07:00

Being overweight is one of the major problems of today's human being. The consumption of the fatty food is the primary cause people being overweight. Moreover, the consumption of fatty food along with almost no physical exercise leads to a situation where the person is bound to gain weight. The obesity and overweight is the backbone too many problems such as diabetes, hypertension and this may even lead to heart attack. However there are many diet pills available in the market. But 7 Keto DEHA diet pills are considered as one of the best.

Most of the weight reducing pills contains ephedrine. It is extracted from ephedra a herb. It is one of the oldest meditations used by the Chinese. It was discovered in China more than 5000 years ago. However the 7 Keto DEHA diet pill increases the of the thermogenic enzymes. These enzymes are related to the metabolism. The enzymes include acyl-COA oxidase fat and malic enzyme. The enzymes play a crucial role in burning of fats. The enzymes force the liver cells to burn the fatty acids for energy. The 7 Keto diet pills have proven to be very effective and have shown positive results.

Many people consider the 7 Keto DHEA diet pills as magic pills. These pills are able to generate certain enzymes that can actually burn the fats present in the body. This in fact helps to support healthy function of thyroid. It helps in regulating the body's heat production and metabolism. At the age of 25 it is said that the thyroid glands decrease the production of thyroid hormones. DHEA in such a situation plays a crucial role by increasing the thermogenic enzyme activity and regulate the thyroid so as to increase the hormone production that increases the metabolism without any interference with the calorie intake. <

Being slim and physically fit is considered as a positive remark in the society. People spent hours in gymnasium to get there body in the right shape. It is very important for the people to have their bodies in the right shape so that they are physically fit and mentally relived. The overweight makes a person victim of many diseases that could be very dangerous. Hence it is the pills like the 7 Keto DHEA which help the countless number of people who are struggling with the problem of overweight.

Get Rid Of Acne Scars With These Powerful Ingredients

2010-04-13T23:21:00.001-07:00

When looking for ways to get rid of acne scars, most people consider the obvious possibilities such as laser treatment.

Some forms of laser surgery can be very effective, but with no guarantee that your scars won't return, it may be wise to explore cheaper options.

There are many natural and powerful ingredients you can use to get rid of your acne scars permanently. The main advantages of using such ingredients are that they are safe, with no side effects, and are a lot lighter on your pocket. Do some research and you will find a few that are worth trying.

Powerful ingredients to get rid of acne scars :

Resveratrol is already well known for it's anti-aging and cancer fighting properties, but more recent studies have shown it to be very effective in the treatment of acne and acne scars. But perhaps the main benefit of using Resveratrol is that it's more effective and safer than Benzoyl Peroxide, which was considered for a long time as being the best acne treatment.

Acai Berry Extract contains vitamin C and works well as an antioxidant, which is a vital requirement for treating acne successfully.

Roseship Oil and Clindamycin are both powerful ingredients for treating acne, but are probably better known for reducing skin discolouration.

Collaxyl is by far the most powerful and extraordinary ingredient for treating acne scars. Collaxyl is a peptide that has been tested on dead skin, with the most amazing results. The experiment involved tearing a piece of dead skin to simulate acne scarring. One application of Collaxyl was applied and left for 72 hours, after which time the dead skin had completely repaired and regenerated itself.

All of this is very encouraging for those of us who have suffered with acne and acne scarring over the years. Could it possibly be a new era in acne scar treatment? Hopefully, yes.

If you can find a combination of all of these ingredients then it's probably the nearest you'll come to a guarantee to get rid of your acne scarring and surrounding skin discolouration. They are an ideal alternative to expensive laser surgery.

At the present time most pharmaceutical companies have not caught up to speed with these developments, but it may be the case they will have to, sooner or later. I suspect it will most probably be sooner, as Benzoyl Peroxide is now banned in Europe. But for now, I am only aware of one company who have invested in the possibilities that these ingredients can bring to acne scar sufferers.

Adolescent Boys Struggle With Stress And Depression

2010-04-13T23:19:00.001-07:00

America's young boys may look like they are in control of their lives as they hang together in groups and swagger down the streets, but in truth they are under tremendous pressure today.

Violence by teenage boys in the nation's schools has focused attention on why these adolescents developed such extreme behavioral problems. A recent survey points to one potential reason: a high percentage of boys have experienced violence themselves.

According to a Commonwealth Fund survey, 13 percent of all high school boys have been physically or sexually abused, and 22 percent have wanted to leave home at some time because of violence or the threat of violence.

Other studies suggest that it is not inherently true that "normal adolescent boys" are naturally aggressive and emotionally unexpressive. More importantly, there needs to be an increasing awareness that many parents and schools support these types of behaviors in the belief that they are necessary for male success.

These studies also show that these traditionally "macho" attitudes are linked to depression. This attitude is usually confined to such behaviors as competition, repression of fear and emotions, and strength, both physically and emotionally.

All the boys surveyed indicated they felt isolated in terms of support: they were much less likely than girls to turn to someone for help when feeling overwhelmed, stressed, or depressed. Many of these young men experience a chronic inability to talk about their abuse.

Grant Cardone, a success expert who talks to thousands of people across America each year on how to succeed and have a full life at the same time, says this inability can ruin a young man's life.

"Everyone is striving for some form of success," says Cardone. "Ultimately your future is in your own hands and as many people suspect, the key to success lies in the control of your own mind."

Boys today face unprecedented stresses from many directions. As these young men face pressures for more achievement and more demands to interact on a personal level, it is likely that they can find themselves in situations where it is critical to identify and communicate about their emotions.

"The true bedrock for success lies in learning how emotions affect our behavior and how past negativity can affect you now and influence your reactions," says Cardone. "Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health by L. Ron Hubbard explains in a practical way how stressful situations affect our drive towards happiness, achievement and survival. And how these stressful mental states can even affect our physical and mental health."

Brent Wisner is a student at UCLA who felt his stress levels spiraling out of control. "I remember sitting in a lecture, shivering. It was like I was possessed," remarks Wisner. "I was nervous about a test that was going to happen in three weeks! Everything bothered me: my mom, my friends and especially my girlfriend. There was this haze over everything--I couldn't think straight."

Wisner read Dianetics and after using the simple procedure, found he was able to control the cause of his stress. "The stress shredded away, classes became enjoyable and my girlfriend and I stopped fighting. Life became fun again."

The ability to communicate feelings is an increasingly important survival skill. It is certainly required for stable interpersonal relationships throughout life--at school, at work, and in the families most expect to eventually create.

Before stress and confusion leads our young men into depression, substance abuse and even suicide, we need to make every effort to help them overcome anxiety and stress.

When they know how to identify and understand their feelings, deal with their emotions and control their own mental processes, they will find their road to adulthood and success much easier to travel. Visit www.dianetics.org for more information.

How A Natural Colon-Cleanse And Weight-Loss Diet Can Bring Joy In Life

2010-04-10T08:56:00.000-07:00

No one likes to look in the mirror and see a person they do not recognize. Weight gain is common in western culture due to busy schedules, quick meal choices and fast foods. While many people believe that they are doing their best for their families and their bodies by working hard and hitting the gym a few days a week, which does not mean weight-loss will happen easily. Working out is a step in the right direction and working hard at your career is commendable, but weight-loss achievements are the real link to experiencing joy in life. Colon-cleanse can be the answer to losing that stubborn weight.

Weight-loss is all about eating right and hitting the gym three to five days a week. This not only improves health, but also adds joy to life as you reach goals and surpass previous fitness limitations. Weight-loss diets work with the body for decreasing caloric intake and increasing energy. The trouble is, those fast food and quick meal choices that allowed you to succeed at work, may be working against your weight-loss goals. The more processed foods people add to their diet, the less effective the colon and the digestive system will be at processing foods. This is true that, healthy foods are added to counteract the fast food choices.

Bad foods stick to the walls of the colon. That is a simple truth but many people don't want to talk about. With a consistent increase in colon related health issues like colon cancer, talking about waste and bowel movements is becoming easier and more popular. Colon-cleanse is a simple way to remove that old sludge sticking to colon walls and increase your chances of getting to that joyful point in life where the outside of the body is similar to the inside.

There are two ways to start a colon-cleanse when attempting to lose weight. The first is to complete the entire colon-cleanse process before starting a new weight-loss diet. Weight-loss diets are also perfect for eating during a colon-cleanse as long as the weight-loss diet is full of green, leafy vegetables and healthy fruits. If you choose to start the weight-loss diet after the colon-cleanse is complete, just make sure to add some probiotics into the weight-loss diet to replace those lost during the colon-cleanse.

Do you want to feel more joy in your life? Are you struggling at weight-loss and tired of seeing a different person in the mirror that you know is trapped inside? Colon-cleanse is the solution to each of these problems. Colon-cleanse has been shown to increase weight-loss, create an environment where sticking to a weight-loss diet is easier and improve the look of skin, hair and nails. You want to be a healthier person that looks better and pairing weight-loss with colon-cleanse may be the ideal choice.

Binaural Beats For The Ultimate Relaxation

2010-04-10T08:42:00.001-07:00

Relaxation is an absolute necessity in life and many of us simply don't get enough of it. Whether it is because of busy schedules or busy minds, relaxation tends to be a luxury instead of a mandatory part of each day. It is no secret that the ability to relax has been linked to better health, a more positive outlook on life and sharper focus and concentration. The trick is to find a way to force yourself to relax, at least for twenty minutes a day and binaural beats are the perfect tool to get the job done.

What are Binaural Beats?

Binaural beats are a series of tones and pulses that are presented to each ear through headphones. They help to control the brainwave frequencies and to bring them into a lower state that promotes relaxation, meditation and the ability to tap into the subconscious. By working with our brainwaves we can actually force ourselves to relax and the best part is that after a short session, the effects can last for much of the day.

Binaural beats have been documented and researched for over one hundred and seventy years and are used by corporations, businesses, athletes as well as many individuals all over the world. They are 100% safe and are a fantastic all natural alternative to taking drugs or any type of medication for relaxation, stress and anxiety.

Of course there are other things that you can do to help with relaxation. Here are a few options:

- Exercise

- Meditation

- Deep breathing

The problem with each of these things is that it can be very difficult to turn off the mind chatter and not only allow your body to relax but also to shut off the conscious mind and truly regenerate the body and mind.

With binaural beats you don't have to worry about that. They will present your brain with the right frequencies in order to bring you into a deep relaxed state. In fact the benefits you can receive from using binaural beats on a daily basis have been compared to the benefits one would receive from years of deep meditation practice.

In my own experience, no matter what is going on in my life or how stressed out I am feeling, I know that I can always plug into my brainwave entrainment software and calm myself right down. Often I will actually fall asleep afterwards so I have gotten into the habit of using them before I go to bed at night.

Relaxation is essential to our well being. If you can find a spare twenty minutes a day to tune into your binaural beats recording, you can create a much healthier body, mind and spirit and allow yourself the "luxury" of relaxation.

So You Are A Victim To Severe Anxiety Disorder, You Do Not Have To Be- Find Out Do!

2010-04-10T08:39:00.001-07:00

Severe anxiety disorder, you would not believe how many times a week I hear about someone who has this condition.There are so many NEW victim to this disorder it is actually terrifying. The thing that bothers me so much is this is not a terminal illness, or something you have to just put up with.PEOPLE, this condition is VERY treatable, and can help you get relief from an attack almost immediately.

So You Are A victim To Severe Anxiety Disorder, You DO NOT Have To Be- Find Out Do!

Something About - You Have Full Control
Firstly, before we go any further I want you to understand 1 thing, I was once a victim to severe anxiety disorder for a very long time, so you do have my empathy. I believed I inherited this condition and there was not a dam thing I could do about it. I had to try and lived my life around it, well to tell you the truth, I existed I did not really have a life.

So You Are A victim To Severe Anxiety Disorder, You DO NOT Have To Be- Find Out Do!

This condition prevented me from socializing , having an attack was way to much to deal with. So my only solution was isolation I was barely 17 years old when my world fell apart, those years should have been the best years of my life, so DO NOT think that age has anything to do with this,severe anxiety disorder will take any prisoner.

The very first episode you experience is a terrifying ordeal. You never seem to get past that day, this is for 2 reasons ,1 you have no idea what triggered the episode and 2 your initial thoughts are usually "I'm having a heart attack". The seed gets planted, and then every day you are constantly find your self thinking about a recurrence of the situation. You mind will not allow you to move past this.

So You Are A victim To Severe Anxiety Disorder, You DO NOT Have To Be- Find Out Do!

So subconscious we bring this whole illness on ourselves, and this is because we have no idea how to deal with it or first and foremost ,switch it off

Do you do this:
{ God I hope I can get through today with out having an attack, what if I have one whilst I'm out.} Straight away you just gave your brain full permission to take control, and delegate how you where going to feel.YOU turned on the fear switch.

So You Are A victim To Severe Anxiety Disorder, You DO NOT Have To Be- Find Out Do!

OK rule number 1 STOP going over and over this in your mind, let it go 'the horse has bolted, and it is to late to shut the gate'. So now focus on trying to catch him, in our case find a solution to the problem. How you are going to treat severe anxiety disorder.

Retraining you mind to react differently to severe anxiety disorder is all it takes to treat this condition.

Every morning plan your life with you and your new friend severe anxiety disorder, accept him in your life, you can not be afraid of your friends, right?
When you prearrange a visit from someone / something, you can not be surprised, your expecting them.
Now that you have become friends with severe anxiety disorder, you then have the power to call the shots.You decide, when and how long you allow anxious thoughts to visit.
Then lastly and most importantly tell it to leave, but before you do, you MUST let severe anxiety disorder know you are not afraid of its threats anymore.
Now can you see where we are going with this, you are letting the panic attack know you are the one in control, NOT IT.

So You Are A victim To Severe Anxiety Disorder, You DO NOT Have To Be- Find Out Do!

BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia)

2010-02-10T08:13:00.000-08:00

A. DEFINITIONS

BPH is the enlargement or prostate hypertropi. Enlarged prostate gland, extends forwards to the bladder and obstruct urinary outflow, can cause hydronefrosis and hydroureter. The term benign prostate Hipertropi not really accurate because it is not enlarged prostate gland or prostate hipertropi, but periuretra glands undergoing hiperplasian (the cells multiply. Prostatic glands themselves will become flattened and pressed called surgical capsule. So in the literature on benign hyperplasia of the prostate gland or prostate adenoma, but was hipertropi common prostate.

B. AETIOLOGY

Cause of benign prostate Hipertropi not known for certain. Prostate is the organ that depends on the endocrine and can also be considered an invitation (counter part). Therefore, the etiology is considered to be due to the absence of endocrine balance. However, according to Hidayat Syamsu and Wim De Jong in 1998 the aetiology of BPH are:

v The periuretral hyperplasia caused by changes in the balance of testosterone and estrogen.o endocrine imbalance.

Factor v age / old age.

v Unknown / not known for certain.

C. ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY

Prostate gland is a gland fibro muscular Bledder circular proximal neck and the urethra. Prostate gland weight in adults approximately 20 grams with an average size: - Length, width 3.4 cm-4.4 cm Thickness 2.6 cm. In embryological terdiro of 5 lobur: - 1 lobe medius anterior lobe of fruit 1 fruit 1 fruit posterior lobe-lateral lobe 2 lobe development buahSelama medius, the anterior lobe and posterior lobe will be called lobes medius cypress. In cross-section medius lobes sometimes do not seem as too small and it looks homogeneous lobe gray, with small cysts filled with fluid such as milk, the cyst is called the prostate gland. In cross-section of the posterior urethra in the prostate gland consists of:

- Capsules anatomical

- Network stroma consisting of fibrous tissue and muscular tissue, glands network, divided into 3 groups of parts:

o The outside is gland is

o The center is called sub-mucosal glands, this layer also called zone adenomatus

o In the vicinity of the urethra called periuretral gland

The third channel from the glands together with the channel from vesika seminal ducts united to form communist ejakulatoris which culminated into the urethra. In adolescent males had palpable prostate on rectal plug, whereas in adults Oran slightly palpable and the parents are usually easy to cross teraba.Sedangkan bumps in the process hiperplasi prostate, prostate tissue is still good. Added elements glands produce reddish yellow color, soft and konsisitensi clear boundary with prostate tissue is pushed into the white-gray ash and solid. If the bulge is pressed out liquid like susu.Apabila growing network of projections fibromuskuler gray, solid and fluid, so the limit is not clear. This bulge can press so that the urethra from the lateral slit-like urethral lumen. Sometimes this assertion can also cover the urethral lumen, but the glandular tissue fibrosis who urged gradual contraction of the prostate and vesika can cause inflammation.

D. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

According to Hidayat syamsu and Wim De Jong in 1998 is this disorder usually occurs after middle age due to hormonal changes. Least in part to the formation of enlarged prostate adenoma spread. Progressive adenoma enlargement or suppress the urge to normal prostate tissue to produce a true capsule surgical capsule. This surgical capsule and adenoma restrain expansion tends to grow into the lumennya, which limit the passage of urine. Finally, increased emphasis is needed to empty the bladder. Muskulus fibers destrusor respond hipertropi, which produces biological trabekulasi in some cases kemih.Pada if obsruksi out too great, there dekompensasi bladder becomes flasid structures, dilated and able to contract effectively. Because there is the urine, so there is an increase of infection and bladder stones. Increased back pressure can cause progressive hidronefrosis.Retensi for water, sodium, and urea can cause edema great. This edema respond quickly with catheter drainage. Post operative diuresis may occur in patients with edema and hydronephrosis following great obstruksinya removed. At first the water, elekrolit, urine and weight increase diuresis solutlainya this, finally a progressive loss of fluid can damage the kidneys ability to concentrate and retain water and sodium and fluid loss due to excessive elekrolit can cause Mansjoer hipovelemia.Menurut Arif in 2000 of prostate enlargement occurred in slowly on Urinary tract, occur slowly. In the early stages of prostate enlargement occurred, causing physiological changes that cause the prostate urethral resistance, vesika neck and detrusor contraction cope with more result kuat.Sebagai detrusor fibers will become thicker and protrusion of the fibers into the mucosa detrusor jar will be seen as a block - block tampai (trabekulasi). When viewed from the vesika with sitoskopi, vesika mucosa could break out among the detrusor fibers, forming a mucosal bulge called small if and when the big sakula called diverkel. Detrusor thickening phase is the phase when the compensation will be ongoing detrusor tired and eventually will have dekompensasi and no longer able to contraction, resulting in total urinary retention continues to hydronephrosis and urinary tract dysfunction over

E. PATHWAY

Urethral obstruction of urine accumulation VU dlm Surgery / destrusorSpasme muscle prostatektomiKompensasi muscle muscles spincterMerangsang nociseptorHipotalamusDekompensasi urine destrusorPotensi urinTek intravesikalRefluk to ginjalTek ureter & kidney meningkatGagal ginjalRetensi urinPort de insisiResiko dysfunction mikroorganismekateterisasiLuka Entree seksualNyeriResti infeksiResiko vol cairanResiko lack of bleeding: risk of shock hipovolemikHilangnya pattern tbhPerub function eliminasiKurang ttg information penyakitnyaKurang pengetahuanHyperplasia periuretralUsia lanjutKetidakseimbangan endokrinBPH

F. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

Although benign prostate Hipertropi always occur in the elderly, but not always accompanied by clinical symptoms, this occurs because of two things: 1. Narrowing of the urethra which causes difficulties berkemih2. Retention of urine in the bladder causes the bladder dilatation, hypertrophy of the bladder and cystitis.Adapun symptoms and signs that appear in patients with benign prostate hypertrophy: a. Urinb retention. Lack of or weak emission kencingc. Puasd not Miksi. Increased urinary frequency, especially at night (nocturia) e. At night miksi must mengejanf. Hot, pain, or around the time miksi (dysuria) g. Abdominal mass bawahh part. Hematuriai. Urgency (the urgent impulse and suddenly to remove urine) j. Difficulty starting and ending miksik. Renall colic. Turunm weight. AnemiaKadang-sometimes without a known cause, the patient was not able to urinate should be issued with a catheter. Because urine is always filled in the bladder, it is easy to occur cystitis and kidney damage membranes.

G. DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION

In patients Hipertropi generally benign prostate examination:

1. LaboratoriumMeliputi urea (BUN), creatinine, elekrolit, sensitivity tests and urine cultures

2. RadiologisIntravena pylografi, BNO, sistogram, Retrograde, ultrasound, CT Scanning, cystoscopy, abdominal plain. Indications sistogram retrogras done if bad kidney function, ultrasound can be performed trans-abdominal or trans-rectal (TRUS = trans rectal Ultra Sonography), in addition to knowing the ultra sonography of prostate enlargement can also determine the volume of jar, urine and mengukut remaining other pathological conditions such as difertikel, tumors and stones (Syamsuhidayat and Wim De Jong, 1997).

3. Retro prostatectomy PubisPembuatan lower abdominal incision, but the bladder is not opened, just pull and adematous prostate tissue through the incision made on the anterior capsule of the prostate.

4. That is Parineal prostatectomy with prostate gland surgically removed via the perineum.

H. COMPLICATIONS

Complications that can occur in the prostate is hipertropi. Chronic retention can cause vesiko-ureteric reflux, hidroureter, hydronephrosis, failed ginjal.b. The process accelerated kidney damage in case of infection at the time miksic. Hernia / hemoroidd. Because there is always the rest of the formation of urine, causing batue. Hematuriaf. Cystitis and Pyelonephritis

I. TREATMENT
Drugs

   1. Alpha 1-blocker
      Example doxazosin, prazosin, tamsulosin and terazosin.
      These drugs cause relaxation (relaxation) the muscles of the bladder, so people more easily micturition.
   2. Finasterid
      Finasterid causing reduced levels of the hormone that reduces the size of prostate prostate.
      These drugs also cause increased urine flow rate and reduce symptoms. But it takes about 3-6 months until the occurrence of significant improvement.
      Side effects of Finasterid is reduced sexual desire and impotence.
   3. Other Drugs
      For the treatment of chronic prostatitis, which often accompanies BPH, was given antibiotics.

Surgery
Surgery is usually performed on patients who have:
- Incontinence uri
- Haematuria (blood in urine)
- Retensio uri (stuck in the urine in the bladder)
- Recurrent urinary tract infections.
Selection of surgical procedure usually depends on the weight of symptoms and the size and shape of the prostate gland.

   1. TURP (trans-urethral resection of the prostate)
      TURP is a surgical BPH is the most frequently performed.
      Endoscope is inserted through the penis (urethra). The advantage of TURP is not made the cut to reduce the risk of infection.
      88% of patients who undergo TURP experience improvement that lasted 10-15 years. Impotence occurs in 13.6% patients and 1% of patients experienced incontinence uri.

      Trans-urethral resection of the prostate

   2. TUIP (trans-urethral incision of the prostate)
      TUIP like TURP, but is usually performed on patients who have a relatively small prostate.
      In prostate tissue made a small incision to widen the hole in the urethra and bladder hole, resulting in improved urine flow rate and decreased symptoms.
      Complications that may occur are bleeding, infection, narrowing of the urethra and impotence.

   3. Open prostatectomy.
      An incision can be made in the abdomen (the structure behind the pubic bone / retropubic and above the pubic bone / suprapubic) or in the perineum (pelvic floor including the scrotum to the anal area). Through the perineal approach currently used jarangn because the incidence of impotence after surgery to reach 50%.
      This surgery usually requires time and patients should be treated for 5-10 days.
      Complications that may occur is impotence (16-32%, depending on the surgical approach) and incontinence uri (less than 1%).

Other treatment effectiveness is still in the research hyperthermia, laser therapy, and prostatic stents.

# If the degree of blockage is minimal, could be the actions as follows: Take a hot bath
# As soon as micturition micturition desire to appear
# Doing sexual activity (ejaculation) as usual
# Avoid alcohol
# Menhindari excessive fluid intake (especially at night)
# To reduce nocturia, fluid intake should be cut a few hours before bedtime
# Patients with BPH should avoid the use of cold and sinus medicines that are sold freely, a decongestant because it can improve the symptoms of BPH.

Furunkulosis, skin diseases due to bacteria infection

2010-02-06T15:30:00.000-08:00

Are you or your child's skin is often exposed to disease due to allergies or infection? Do you reply that skin disease is not the same kind or medicine. So be careful to treat your skin disease with drugs that are often found in the market, one-of your skin disease becomes worse. This review is about one skin disease caused by infection, which is very often found in people, especially in children. Furunkolosis name, is one form than pyoderma. At the Dermatology and Gender, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, the incident ranks third most, and are closely related to socio-economic condition.
Furunkolosis can cause fatal complications. One of them is the furunkel malignant furunkel arising in the triangle area bounded by the upper lip and the lateral edge of the eye, because it may spread to the intra-cranial. Another problem is the spread of bacteria can occur in a more extensive or more so that it can also occur cellulitis or bakterimia. And if hygiene or poor patients suffering diebetes militus, furunkel become frequent relapses. The following will be presented of the causes, pathogenesis, to management.

Regarding understanding of this disease

Pyoderma is a skin disease caused by Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, or by both. Furunkel is inflammation of the hair follicle and surrounding tissue, caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Furunkelnya If more than one is called furunkolosis.

Endemic
Pyoderma is a common disease in the community. At the Dermatology and Gender, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, the incident took third place, and are closely related to socio-economic condition.
Furunkel more often in the summer, because a lot of sweating. In terms of age onsetnya can occur in children and young people. More frequency in boys.

Etiology / Causes
Etiologinya mostly by Staphylococcus aureus, the cells are spherical or Gram-positive coccus that the four pairs and groups. Staphylococcus aureus is a form of positive koagulase, this is what distinguishes it from other species, and is a major pathogen for humans. On the negative Staphylococcus is koagulase human normal flora. Staphylococci produce catalase which distinguishes it from streptococcus.

Predisposing factors that influence the emergence of this disease
Actually, the influence to the occurrence of pyoderma, especially furunkel or furunkolosis there are three factors that host factors, agents, and the environment.
Host factors

   1. bad hygiene
   2. diabetes militus
   3. obesity
   4. hyper IgE syndrome
   5. Chronic Carier S. aureus (nose)
   6. kemotaktik interference
   7. no underlying diseases such as HIV
   8. as a complication of dermatitis atopy, ekscoriasi, or pedikulosis scabies (a skin or lesions on the skin can also incomplete due to frequent scratching or rubbing)
Agent: usually S. aureus
Environment

   1. environment clean, dirty or ugly
   2. hot climate

Pathophysiology, Pathogenesis, Pathology
Many things affect a person until the occurrence of pyoderma include host factors, agents, and the environment as has been described above in which the imbalance between the three factors. Staphylococcus contain polysaccharides and proteins that are antigens which are important substances in the cell wall structure. Peptidoglycan, a polysaccharide polymer containing subunit-subunit is strung, is eksoskeleton rigid cell wall. Peptidoglycan was destroyed by strong acid or lysozyme. This is important in infection potogenitas: This substance causes monocytes to interleukin-1 (endogenous pyrogen) and antibody opsonik, and this substance is also a chemical attractants (kemotraktan) for Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, endotoxin has a similar activity, activate komplement.
Pathology is the prototype lesion furunkel staphylococcus or other local abscess. S. groups aureus, which lives in the hair follicles causing tissue necrosis. Produced and Koagulase around mengkoagulasi fibrin within the lesion and lymph channels, resulting in the formation of a wall that limits preses and reinforced by the accumulation of inflammatory cells and tissue fibrosis. In the middle of the lesion, there was necrotic tissue melting (aided by slow type hypersensitivity) and abscesses that lead to the smallest lifetimes, after flowing out of necrotic tissue, cavity gradually filled with granulation tissue and eventually recovered.

Clinical picture
Bacteria enter the hair follicles causing folliculitis and perifolikulitis, appears as a red node and very painful. In severe conditions can be accompanied by symptoms of fever, malaise, etc.. After 2-4 days there is a process and formed an abscess supurasi this was known by the fluctuations. At the center of the lesion is yellowish spots that are necrotic tissue, and is called the eye sores (core). If the abscess broke the core of necrotic tissue will be out. Special treatment is the malignant furunkel ie furunkel arising in the triangle area bounded by the upper lip and the lateral edge of the eye, because it may spread to the intra-cranial. Another problem is the spread of bacteria can occur in a more extensive or more so that it can also occur cellulitis or bakterimia. And if hygiene or poor patients suffering diebetes militus, furunkel become frequent relapses. Predileksi this disease is usually in areas such as facial hair, back, head, armpits, buttocks and ekstrimitas, and especially in the area that a lot of rubbing.
Efloresensi, early lesions of small infiltrates, enlarged to form a cone-shaped eritematosa nodules, pain, there are core (eye ulcers), and then softened into an abscess, rupture, formed ulcers.

How to diagnose it.
Furunkel or furunkolosis diagnosis can be established most clinically considering the typical clinical picture of early lesions of small infiltrates, enlarged to form conical eritematosa nodules, pain, there are core (eye ulcers), and then softened into an abscess, rupture, ulcers formed. But for better enforce the terms of the diagnosis:

   1. anamnesis: arise boils or painful lumps and no eyes.
   2. physical examination, especially erythema efloresensi conical nodules, and there are core ditengahnya
   3. investigation: painting Gram, culture and sensitivity tests

Differential diagnosis
Furunkolosis diagnosis was folliculitis and karbunkel. Between furunkolosis and folliculitis can be distinguished in terms of folliculitis efloresensinya if the macula of eritematus, papul, pustules, there is no core and the surrounding tissue is not inflamed. Between furunkolosis with karbunkel, can be distinguished in terms similar to efloresensinya only furunkel bigger and his eyes more than a single boil. And usually common in people with DM.

Complications
Here are a few complications furunkel:

   1. furunkel malignan: namely furunkel arising in the triangle area bounded by the upper lip and the lateral edge of the eye, because it may extend into the intra-cranial venous facialis and anguular emissary veins and also in that they have not spread to the valve so that later cavernosus sinus could be meningitis.
   2. cellulitis can occur if furunkel become deeper and widespread.
   3. bakterimia and haematogenous: bacteria in the blood can about heart valves, joints, spine, long bones, visceral organs, especially kidneys
   4. Repeated furunkel, this is caused by a bad higine

About Management / Treatment
As for management to furunkelatau furunkolosisi are as follows:

1. Topical
Given topical ointment containing basitrasin and neomycin, fusidat acid, sodium-containing fusidat or mupirosin. In the event of ulcer or lesion was performed eksudatif open with a solution compresses permanganas kalikus 1 / 5000, 0.1% solution rivanol or povidin iodine 5% -10%.

1. Systemic
Given systemic antibiotics, such as
Koksasilin 3 x 500 mg per oral / day for 5-7 days or
Sefadroksil 2 x 500 mg peroral / day for 10-14 days
If allergic to penicillin are given erythromycin
In malignant furunkel given intramuscular sefotaksim 1 gram per 8 hours for 10 days.

Prognosis
Generally good. Provided getting adequate treatment and causative factor is eliminated, and the prognosis becomes poor if complications occur.

This paper Source:

1. Djuanda, A. Ilmu Penyakit Kulit dan Kelamin, edisi keempat, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 2005, p. 110-112 , 379-381

2. Duarsa, W., Pindha, S., Bratiartha, Adiguna, S., Wardhana, Darmada, Wiraguna, Nusantara, A. Pedoman Diagnosis dan Terapi Penyakit Kulit dan Kelamin Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Denpasar, Fakultas Kedokteran Udayana, Denpasar, 2007, p. 27-28

3. Freeberg, I.M., Elsen, A.Z., Wolff, K. Fitzpatrieks Dermatology in General Med, 6^thed, McGraw Hill, 2003, vol 2 p. 1856-1863.

4. Fitzpatrieks Color atlas and Synopsis of Clinical Dermatologg, 5^thed, McGraw Hill, 2003, p. 595-597

5. Katzung, B.G. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 9^thed, McGraw Hill, 2004, p. 801-806

6. Siregar, R.S. Atlas Berwarna Saripati Penyakit Kulit, edisi kedua, EGC, Jakarta, 2004, p. 80-81, 84-87

7. Jawetz, dkk., Mikrobiologi Kedokteran. Edisi 20, EGC , 1996.