Programming@3asss

C++ program to print matrix difference

2011-10-20T04:40:00.000-07:00

//C++ program to subtract two matrices
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int matrix1[3][4],matrix2[3][4],matrix3[3][4];
int i,j;
cout<<"\nEnter numbers to fill matrix 1\n";
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
{
cin>>matrix1[i][j];
}
}
cout<<"\nEnter numbers to fill matrix 2\n";
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
{
cin>>matrix2[i][j];
}
}

cout<<"Original Matrix 1:\n";
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
{
cout<<matrix1[i][j]<<" ";
}
cout<<"\n";
}
cout<<"\n\nOriginal Matrix 2:\n";

for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
{
cout<<matrix2[i][j]<<" ";
}
cout<<"\n";
}
cout<<"\n\nDifference of Matrix 1 and Matrix 2:\n";

for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
{
matrix3[i][j]=matrix1[i][j]-matrix2[i][j];
cout<<matrix3[i][j]<<" ";
}
cout<<"\n";
}

getch();
}

C++ program to print sum of two matrices

2011-10-20T04:38:00.000-07:00

//C++ program to sum two matrices
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int matrix1[3][4],matrix2[3][4],matrix3[3][4];
int i,j;
cout<<"\nEnter numbers to fill matrix 1\n";
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
{
cin>>matrix1[i][j];
}
}
cout<<"\nEnter numbers to fill matrix 2\n";
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
{
cin>>matrix2[i][j];
}
}

cout<<"Original Matrix 1:\n";
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
{
cout<<matrix1[i][j]<<" ";
}
cout<<"\n";
}
cout<<"\n\nOriginal Matrix 2:\n";

for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
{
cout<<matrix2[i][j]<<" ";
}
cout<<"\n";
}
cout<<"\n\nSum of Matrix 1 and Matrix 2:\n";

for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
{
matrix3[i][j]=matrix1[i][j]+matrix2[i][j];
cout<<matrix3[i][j]<<" ";
}
cout<<"\n";
}

getch();
}

C program to print transpose matrix

2011-10-20T04:36:00.000-07:00

//C++ program to print transpose of a matrix
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int matrix[3][4],transpose_matrix[4][3];
int i,j;
cout<<"\nEnter numbers to fill matrix\n";
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
{
cin>>matrix[i][j];
transpose_matrix[j][i]=matrix[i][j];
}
}
cout<<"Original Matrix:\n";
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
{
cout<<matrix[i][j]<<" ";
}
cout<<"\n";
}
cout<<"\n\nTranspose of Matrix:\n";

for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
cout<<transpose_matrix[i][j]<<" ";
}
cout<<"\n";
}

getch();
}

Tutorial on Prefix and Postfix in C programming

2011-10-18T00:26:00.000-07:00

The prefix and postfix notations in C++ are really simple for an expert but extremely difficult for novice to understand. In this tutorial, you can easily understand the working of increment and decrement operators in prefix and postfix notation.

Consider the following codes

Code 1

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

clrscr();

int b,i=10;

b=i++ + ++i;

cout<<b;

getch();

}

OUTPUT will be 22.

Code 2

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

clrscr();

int i=10;

i=i++ + ++i;

cout<<i;

getch();

}

OUTPUT will be 23.

Wonder how? Do not wonder. I will explain how it works.

Explanation: Prefix notation is always given first priority over postfix notation to execute. Just see the priority setting for each operation and understand how it works:

Code 1

b=³(i++)⁴ +² (++i)¹;

See the priority orders as 1, 2, 3 and 4. First prefix i increases and becomes 11. Secondly, + operator adds 11+11 and thirdly = operator assigns 22 to b and lastly postfix i increases to 12. So finally b=22 and i=12.

Code 2

i=³(i++)⁴ +² (++i)¹;

See the priority orders as 1, 2, 3 and 4. First prefix i increases and becomes 11. Secondly, + operator adds 11+11 and thirdly = operator assigns 22 to i and lastly postfix i increases to 23. So finally i=23.

I hope you understood the working of prefix and postfix in the above examples. Share it if you liked this tutorial.

C++ program to check a palindrome string

2011-10-17T20:15:00.000-07:00

//C++ program to check a palindrome string

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int i,j,flag=0;
char string[20];
cout<<"Enter A String\n";
cin>>string;
for(i=0;string[i]!='\0';i++);
for(j=0,--i;i>=0;--i,++j)
{
if(string[i]!=string[j])
{
flag=1;
break;
}
}
if(flag)
cout<<"Not a palindrome string";
else
cout<<"Palindrome String";
getch();
}

OUTPUT:

C++ program to calculate length of a string

2011-10-17T00:20:00.000-07:00

//C++ program to calculate the length of the string
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int i;
char string[20];
cout<<"Enter A String\n";
gets(string);
for(i=0;string[i]!='\0';i++);
cout<<"The length of the string is"<<i;
getch();
}

Output:

C++ program to print reverse of a string

2011-10-17T00:08:00.000-07:00

//C++ program to print reverse of a string
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int i;
char string[20];
cout<<"Enter A String\n";
gets(string);
for(i=0;string[i]!='\0';i++);
for(i=i-1;i>=0;i--)
{
cout<<string[i];
}
getch();
}

Output:

C program to print pyramid of asterisks

2011-10-16T23:12:00.000-07:00

//C++ program to print pyramid of asterisks
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int i,j,k,l,sp1=4,sp2=-1;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++,sp1--,sp2=sp2+2)
{
for(j=1;j<=sp1;j++)
{
cout<<" ";
}
if(i==1)
{
cout<<"*";
}
if(i==2||i==3||i==4)
{
cout<<"*";
for(k=1;k<=sp2;k++)
{
cout<<" ";
}
cout<<"*";
}
if(i==5)
{
for(l=1;l<=9;l++)
{
cout<<"*";
}
}
cout<<"\n";
}
getch();
}

The output:

C++ program to print pattern of numbers with each line reversing the previous line

2011-10-16T23:02:00.000-07:00

//C++ program to print pattern of numbers with each line reversing the previous line
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,k,t,a=1,s=0;
clrscr();
for(i=6;i>=1; i--)
{
if(i%2==0)
{
for(k=1;k<=i;k++)
{
cout<<a<<" ";
++a;
}
cout<<"\n";
t=a;
}
if(i%2!=0)
{
for(s=t+i-1;s>=t;s--,a++)
{
cout<<s<<" ";
}
cout<<"\n";
}

}
getch();
}

The output will be as following:

Cloud computing-how it works & providers

2011-09-18T18:56:00.000-07:00

If you are looking for the information about cloud computing, how cloud computing works, what is cloud computing or cloud computing companies or providers, you are at right place here as you will find a thorough knowledge about cloud computing in this post.

how cloud computing works

What is cloud computing or How Cloud Computing Works?

Suppose if you're an IT manager in a large company. Your duty is to make sure that all of your employees have the suitable hardware and software they need to complete their tasks. If you buy computers for each employee, it would be difficult as you have to purchase software license also. The situation gets worse if your company has planned a massive hiring. You will lose your sleep.

To overcome this situation, there is a solution called “Cloud Computing”. If you implement cloud computing in your organization, there will be only one application installed on the systems. Each employee need to use the application to log on to a web based service that hosts al the programs your employee need. Each employee will then use only his or her specific application and work. You will have to take services of cloud computing providers or cloud computing companies. The remote machines owned by cloud computing providers would run everything from spreadsheets, word processing, emails to complex data analysis software.

So we can define cloud computing as

Cloud computing means “To use multiple servers via a digital network, as if they are a single computer. Quite often, the services provided are thought of a part of cloud computing”

In a cloud computing scenario, there is a major workload transfer. Local systems do not have to do all the heavy lifting when it comes to running applications. The interconnected computers that make up the cloud handle them instead. Software and hardware demands on the clients’ or users’ side decrease. The only thing that a clients’ computer should be able to run is the cloud computing system's interface software, which will be as simple as a Web browser. The rest of the things are taken care by cloud's network

If you think that you have not used cloud computing yet, think again as we all use cloud computing everyday. Here’s the example:

If you have an e-mail account with a Web-based e-mail service like Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo! Mail, then you have used cloud computing. Instead of running an e-mail program like Microsoft Outlook or Outlook Express on your computer, you simply logon to e-mail servers remotely. The data, software and storage for your email account is not kept on your computer rather it resides on the email service provider’s computer cloud.

Normally a web server runs as a single computer or a group of privately owned computers without a cloud. The computers are capable enough to serve a given amount of requests per minute. The computers can do so with a certain amount of latency per request. If a website or web application suddenly becomes popular, and the amount of requests become large than the web server can handle, the response time of the requested pages will be increased due to overloading. While in case of in times of low load much of the capacity will go unused. In these cases cloud computing is the best solution to save infrastructure, cost and time.

If a website, web application or service is hosted in a cloud, additional processing and compute power is available from the cloud provider. The website would share those servers with probably thousands of other websites of varying size and memory. In case if the website suddenly becomes popular, the cloud can automatically direct more individual computers to work to serve pages for the site, and more money is paid for the extra usage. If it becomes unpopular, however, the amount of money due will be less. Cloud computing is popular for its pay-as-you-go pricing model.

List of Cloud Computing Companies or cloud computing providers

Cloud computing providers

37Signals

Adaptive Computing

Amazon

Appirio

Appistry

Apptix

AppZero

Arjuna

Astadia

Basic Gov

Bluewolf

Caspio

Citrix

Cloud.com

Cloudant

Cloudera

CloudShare

CloudSwitch

Clustercorp

CohesiveFT

Constant Contact

Cordys

Crosscheck Networks

Datapipe

Egnyte

Engine Yard

Enomaly

enStratus

Equinix

Eucalyptus

Flexiant

FreshBooks

GigaSpaces

Gladinet

GoGrid

GoodData

Google Apps

GreenQloud

GridCentric

Hosting.com

iCloud

Imonggo

Intacct

Intalio

Intuit

Jive Software

Joyent

JumpBox

Kaavo

LayeredTech

Model Metrics

Nasuni

Navajo Systems

Navisite

NetSuite

Nimbula

Nimbus

Nimsoft

Nirvanix

Nubifer

Okta

OpenNebula

PanTerra Networks

Parallels

Practice Fusion

Rackspace

Red Hat

Relational Networks

ReliaCloud

Rightscale

rPath

Salesforce.com

Savvis

SoftLayer

SuccessFactors

Sungard

Symplified

Terremark Worldwide

Tropo

Twilio

Vertica

Virtual Ark

VMWare

Voxeo

Whamcloud

Workbooks

Workday

Zoho

Zuora

Learn What is cloud computing in this video

If you want to know more about cloud computing at Wikipedia go to Cloud computing @ Wiki

I hope you enjoyed this post about cloud computing. Now spread this knowledge to your friends and family. Share this post!!!

What is High Level Language

2011-09-06T18:42:00.000-07:00

If you are wondering what is High Level Language and want to know the definition of HLL. Just see the video

I hope you learned from this tutorial. Now spread this knowledge

online information technology quiz-questions and answers

2011-09-03T07:05:00.000-07:00

Are you looking for online information technology quiz? If yes, go ahead and find an interesting online IT Quiz. Answer the questions and know where you stand. Check your score at the end of the quiz. Do not cheat. Be honest. So enjoy the Quiz

Take this IT Quiz and know how much you know IT world

Now when you have taken the quiz, you have known yourself whether you are an IT geek or not. Congratulations to you if you have scored more than 90%.

how to convert decimal to binary and binary to decimal

2011-08-19T17:35:00.000-07:00

HOW TO CONVERT DECIMAL TO BINARY AND BINARY TO DECIMAL

For converting a number from decimal to binary we use repeated division by 2 method. We continue the repeated division by 2 till we get the number less than 2. For example:

Repeated division method:

Divide the decimal number by 2 and store remainder at one place. Continue this process till the decimal number is less than 2. Finally write the remainders in reverse order:

You will understand this concept by this example:

If we want to convert decimal number 65 to binary, we can do this as following:

Divisor 2	Decimal Number and quotients	Remainder
2	65
2	32	1
2	16	0
2	8	0
2	4	0
2	2	0
2	1	0
	0	1

Now writing the remainders in reverse order we get 1000001

So Decimal number 65 is 1000001 in binary

One more example:

Convert 45 from decimal to binary

Divisor 2	Decimal Number and quotients	Remainder
2	45
2	22	1
2	11	0
2	5	1
2	2	1
2	1	0
2	0	1

Writing the remainders in reverse order we get 101101 which is binary equivalent of 45.

Now if we want to convert vice versa i.e. from binary to decimal, we can use the following method:

Take each digit of binary number from right to left and multiply the digit with 2ⁿ in increasing order. Here n starts with 0 and increases by 1. Finally add the individual terms and get the decimal number. You will understand this concept by the following example:

Converting 101101 to decimal

1x2⁵+0x2⁴+1x2³+1x2²+0x2¹+1x2⁰

^{=32+0+8+4+0+1}

⁼⁴⁵

So the decimal equivalent of 101101 is 45

I hope you have understood the process of converting decimal to binary and vice versa. Your comments are welcome

Quick sort program in C++

2011-08-18T06:34:00.001-07:00

//Quick sort program in C++
#include<conio.h>

#include<iostream.h>
#include<process.h>

void quickSort(int numbers[], int array_size);
void q_sort(int numbers[], int left, int right);

int numbers[5];

int main()
{
clrscr();
int i,n;
cout<<"How many numbers you want to sort: ";
cin>>n;
cout<<"Enter "<<n<<" numbers.\n";
for (i = 0; i<n; i++)
cin>>numbers[i];
//perform quick sort on array
q_sort(numbers,0,n-1);

cout<<"Numbers are sorted\n";
for (i = 0; i<n; i++)
cout<<numbers[i]<<" ";
getch();
return(0);
}

// Function to sort
void q_sort(int numbers[], int left, int right)
{
int pivot, l_hold, r_hold;
l_hold = left;
r_hold = right;
pivot = numbers[left];
while (left < right)
{
while ((numbers[right] >= pivot) && (left < right))
right--;
if (left != right)
{
numbers[left] = numbers[right];
left++;
}
while ((numbers[left] <= pivot) && (left < right))
left++;
if (left != right)
{
numbers[right] = numbers[left];
right--;
}
}
numbers[left] = pivot;
pivot = left;
left = l_hold;
right = r_hold;
if (left < pivot)
q_sort(numbers, left, pivot-1);
if (right > pivot)
q_sort(numbers, pivot+1, right);
}

C++ program to convert decimal to binary

2011-08-18T06:30:00.000-07:00

//program to find binary equivalent of a decimal no.
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int arr[10];
int ctr=0;
long int n,quo=0,rem=0;
cout<<"Enter A No. "<<endl;
cin>>n;
for(quo=n;quo!=0;ctr++)
{
rem=quo%2;
arr[ctr]=rem;
quo=quo/2;
}
cout<<"Binary Equivalent Of "<<n<<" is-----> ";
for(ctr=ctr-1;ctr>=0;ctr--)
{
cout<<arr[ctr];
}
getch();
}//end main

C++ program to convert binary to decimal

2011-08-18T06:28:00.000-07:00

C++ program to convert binary to decimal

//program to convert a binary no. into decimal no.
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{clrscr();
long int n,x;
cout<<"Please enter a binary no. "<<endl;
cin>>n;
x=n;
int rem=0,sum=0;
for(int ctr=0;n>0;ctr++)
{ rem=n%10;
rem=rem*(pow(2,ctr));
sum=sum+rem;
n=n/10;
}
cout<<"Decimal Equivalent of "<<x<<" is "<<sum<<endl;
getch();
}//end main

C++ program to convert numbers to words

2011-08-17T05:07:00.000-07:00

If you are looking for a C++ program to convert numbers to words, you can find a good C++ program here which can convert numbers to words up to 5 digits.

here is the program:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void single(int);
void ten2ninety(int);
void elev2nine(int);
void dig2word(int);
void main()
{
clrscr();
int a;
cout<<"\n Enter a number\n";
cin>>a;
dig2word(a);
getch();
}
void dig2word(int y)
{
int s=y,ctr=0,ldig,sdig,l2dig,l3dig,l3rddig;
while(y>0)
{
y=y/10;
++ctr;
}
if(ctr==1)
{
single(s);
return;
}
else if(ctr==2)
{
ldig=s%10;
s=s/10;
sdig=s%10;
if(ldig==0)
{
ten2ninety(sdig);
return;
}
if(sdig==1)
{
elev2nine(ldig);
return;
}
ten2ninety(sdig);
single(ldig);
return;
}
else if(ctr==3)
{
l2dig=s%100;
s=s/100;
sdig=s%10;
if(l2dig==0)
{
single(sdig);
cout<<" Hundred";
return;
}
else
{
single(sdig);
cout<<" Hundred";
dig2word(l2dig);
return;
}
}
else if(ctr==4)
{
l3dig=s%1000;
s=s/1000;
sdig=s%10;
if(l3dig==0)
{
single(sdig);
cout<<" Thousand";
return;
}
else
{
single(sdig);
cout<<" Thousand";
dig2word(l3dig);
return;
}
}
else if(ctr==5)
{
l2dig=s%100;
l3dig=s%1000;
s=s/100;
l3rddig=s%10;
s=s/10;
if(l2dig==0&&l3rddig==0)
{
dig2word(s);
cout<<"Thousand";
return;
}
dig2word(s);
cout<<"Thousand";
dig2word(l3dig);
return;
}
}
void single(int x)
{
switch(x)
{
case 0:cout<<" Zero ";break;
case 1:cout<<" One ";break;
case 2:cout<<" Two ";break;
case 3:cout<<" Three ";break;
case 4:cout<<" Four ";break;
case 5:cout<<" Five ";break;
case 6:cout<<" Six ";break;
case 7:cout<<" Seven ";break;
case 8:cout<<" Eight ";break;
case 9:cout<<" Nine ";break;
}
}
void elev2nine(int x)
{
switch(x)
{
case 1:cout<<" Eleven ";break;
case 2:cout<<" Tweleve ";break;
case 3:cout<<" Thirteen ";break;
case 4:cout<<" Fourteen ";break;
case 5:cout<<" Fifteen ";break;
case 6:cout<<" Sixteen ";break;
case 7:cout<<" Seventeen ";break;
case 8:cout<<" Eighteen ";break;
case 9:cout<<" Nineteen ";break;
}
}
void ten2ninety(int x)
{
switch(x)
{
case 1:cout<<" Ten ";break;
case 2:cout<<" Twenty ";break;
case 3:cout<<" Thirty ";break;
case 4:cout<<" Forty ";break;
case 5:cout<<" Fifty ";break;
case 6:cout<<" Sixty ";break;
case 7:cout<<" Seventy ";break;
case 8:cout<<" Eighty ";break;
case 9:cout<<" Ninety ";break;
}
}

The above program works best for integer limit that means up to 32767 but if you want up to 99999. convert all "int" to "long int"

C++ program to print armstrong numbers between 1 to 1000

2011-08-17T04:48:00.001-07:00

Are you looking for the armstrong numbers program in C++? if yes, read up on to know and learn the armstrong numbers program in C++.

What is armstrog number?
An armstrong number is that number whose digits when raised to power 3 and added produce the number itself for example:

153 = 1³ + 5³ + 3³

The following program prints armstrong numbers between 1 to 1000.

^{#include<iostream.h>}

^{#include<conio.h>}

^{void arm(int);}

^{void main()}

^{for(int
i=1;i<=1000;++i)}

^arm(i);

^{void arm(int a)}

^{int b,rem,sum=0;}

^b=a;

^while(a>0)

^rem=a%10;

^{sum=sum+(rem
* rem * rem);}

^a=a/10;

^if(sum==b)

^{cout<<"Armstrong Num "<<b<<"\n";}

C++ program to find lcm and hcf

2011-08-17T04:16:00.000-07:00

If you are looking for a C++ program to find lcm and hcf of 2 numbers, you will find the program here. The following program accepts 2 numbers and finds lcm and hcf of those numbers.

Here is the program:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
int lcm(int,int);
int hcf(int,int);
void main()
{
clrscr();
int a,b,l,h;
cout<<"\n Enter 2 numbers\n";
cin>>a>>b;
l=lcm(a,b);
h=hcf(a,b);
cout<<"LCM:"<<l<<"\t"<<"HCF:"<<h;
getch();
}
int lcm(int x,int y)
{
int i,big;
big=(x>y)?x:y;

for(i=big;i<=x*y;++i)
{
if(i%x==0&&i%y==0)
{
return i;
}
}
return 0;
}
int hcf(int x,int y)
{
int i,small,max=1;
small=(x<y)?x:y;

for(i=1;i<=small;++i)
{
if(x%i==0&&y%i==0)
{
max=i;
}
}
return max;
}

C++ program to print pythagoran triplets between 1 to 1000

2011-08-17T04:12:00.000-07:00

If you are looking for a C++ program which prints pythagoran triplets between 1 to 1000, you will find the program here.

What is pythagoran triplet?
A group of 3 numbers a,b,c where c²=a²+b^2.

^Here^{is the program:}

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void pytha(long int,long int,long int);
void main()
{ clrscr();
long int i,j,k;
for(i=1;i<=100;++i)
{
for(j=1;j<i;++j)
{
for(k=1;k<j;++k)
{
pytha(i,j,k);
}
}
}
getch();
}
void pytha(long int a,long int b,long int c)
{
if((a*a)==(b*b)+(c*c))
cout<<" Pythagoran triplets-->"<<a<<" "<<b<<" "<<c<<"\n";
}

call by value and call by reference c++

2011-02-09T05:40:00.000-08:00

Are you looking for call by value and call by reference in c++? Do you want to understand the working of call by value and call by reference in c++? Do you want to understand the concepts of call by value and call by reference in c++? If yes, read ahead.

What is call by value and call by reference in c++?

Call by value and call by reference are two mechanisms in c++ to invoke functions with parameters as value or reference. Both the concepts have a different working.

What is difference between call by value and call by reference in c++? How call by value and call by reference work in c++?

In call by value mechanism, parameters are passed by value. It means that the called function makes a copy of parameters and these copied values have nothing to do with original values of parameters sent by calling function. If you make changes in the values of parameters of called function, the changes will not be reflected back in the values of parameters of calling function because the called and calling function have different copies of variables at different memory locations

In call by reference mechanism, parameters are passed by reference. It means that the called function does not make a copy of parameters sent by calling function rather called function takes the original address of parameters sent by calling function. If you make changes in the values of parameters of called function, the change will be reflected back in the values of parameters of calling function because the called and calling function share the parameters at same memory locations.

See the working of call by value and call by reference in c++ by following programs :

Program to display Call by value in C++

#include<iostream.h>
void swap(int,int);
void main()
{
int a=5,b=7;
cout<<"Value of a and b in main function before swap:"<<a<<b;
swap(a,b);
cout<<"Value of a and b in main function after swap:"<<a<<b;
}
void swap(int a,int b)
{
int temp;
temp=a;
a=b;
b=temp;
cout<<"Value of a and b in swap function:"<<a<<b;
}

PROGRAM OUTPUT:

Value of a and b in main function before swap:5 7
Value of a and b in swap function:7 5
Value of a and b in main function after swap:5 7

Program Explanation:
Line 1: including header file in the program
Line 2: swap function prototype
Line 5: 2 integer variables a and b declared and initialized with values of 5 and 7 respectively
Line 7: Call to function swap with parameters a and b
Line 10-17: swap function swapping the values of a and b.

Program to display Call by reference in C++
#include
void swap(int&,int&);
void main()
{
int a=5,b=7;
cout<<"Value of a and b in main function before swap:"<<a<<b;
swap(a,b);
cout<<"Value of a and b in main function after swap:"<<a<<b;
}
void swap(int &a,int &b)
{
int temp;
temp=a;
a=b;
b=temp;
cout<<"Value of a and b in swap function:"<<a<<b;
}
PROGRAM OUTPUT:
Value of a and b in main function before swap:5 7
Value of a and b in swap function:7 5
Value of a and b in main function after swap:7 5
Program Explanation:
Line 1: including header file in the program
Line 2: swap function prototype
Line 5: 2 integer variables a and b declared and initialized with values of 5 and 7 respectively
Line 7: Call to function swap with parameters a and b
Line 10-17: swap function taking parameters by reference.

C++ programming:program to accept your name and print initials:how to display initials:name initials sample in C

2010-10-30T22:23:00.000-07:00

In this tutorial, you will find a C++ program which accepts a name and prints initials for example if the input is "Vidhu Vinod Chopra", program will print "V.V.Chopra".

Following is a C++ program to accept a name and then print its initials. For Example If the input is "Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi"

This program will display M.K.Gandhi

Program Explanation:

Logic:

first print the first character by cout<<arr[0] and a dot by cout<<"." Then a loop runs till end of string and if it finds space, the next character is printed and a dot is printed. So in the above exmple if we input Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, the output is M.K.G. Now a loop runs in array to go back till it finds a space. Then the statement cout<<\b\b" at line 22 erases 2 characters backside. It erases "G." Now a loop again runs from next character of the the last space till the end of the string. In our example it starts from G and prints Gandhi.

Line 9: input through gets() because cin does not input space


#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
char arr[40];
cout<<"Enter The Name "<<endl;
gets(arr);
cout<<arr[0]<<".";
for(int i=0;arr[i]!='\0';i++)
{
  if(arr[i]==' ')
  {
  cout<<arr[i+1]<<".";
  i++;
  }
}
if(arr[i]=='\0')
{
for(;arr[i]!=' ';i--);
  cout<<"\b\b";
  i++;
  for(;arr[i]!='\0';i++)
  {cout<<arr[i];}
}
getch(); 
}

Output

Enter The Name
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

M.K.Gandhi

how to use functions in C++: program using function to perform division,subtraction,multiply,sum of two numbers

2010-10-30T22:18:00.000-07:00

Functions implement modularity which in turn implements a well structured programming. Modularity ensures better control of the program. Modularity is close to the real world so every OOP has modularity in it.

Consider a scenario:

1. A manager in a mobile store alone manages all the operations i.e. marketing, inventory control, stock, accounting etc. The manager finds himself struggling with the store operations. The store has a bad reputation. The business is suffering
2. A manager in a mobile store has individual supervisors for each operation i.e. marketing, inventory control, stock, accounting etc. The manager controls only the supervisors and the supervisors in turn control the operations. The mobile store is running smooth. The store has a good reputation. The business is flourishing

It is clear from above scenarios that a well structured organization runs smooth. In the same way a well structured program runs smooth and ensures efficiency.

If you are developing a calculator program. Rather than doing all the operations i.e. addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc. in main() function only, make separate functions for each operation. It will have the benefits like:

1. Program has modularity
2. If a particular operation is wrong, you have to debug that function only.
3. It is easy to understand the functions.
4. Control is better

How to use functions in C++

Before making a function the following things should be decided

1. Does the function return any value or return nothing means void
2. Does the function have any arguments or parameters
3. Meaningful name of the function
4. The working of the function

A typical function to return the sum of two integer numbers can be like this:

int add(int,int);

The picture will be clearer by the programs in this tutorial.

Now remember these points that a function appears 3 times in a program. For example

1. Function Prototype: A Function Prototype means an indication to compiler that a particular function will be used later in the program.
2. Function Call: A Function Call means to call a function to work
3. Function Definition: A Function Definition means the actual working of the function

There can be the following categories of the functions:

1. Function without arguments and without return value
2. Function with arguments and without return value
3. Function with arguments and with return value

These things will be clearer by the programs in this tutorial.

Look at the following programs:

A program to show Functions without arguments and without return value

/* the following program has 4 functions with no arguments and no return type*/
  
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void add();  //function prototype of add() 
void subtract(); //function prototype of subtract()
void multiply(); //function prototype of multiply()
void division(); //function prototype of division()
void main()
{
clrscr();
int choice;
char ans;
cout<<"\nWant to see Menu Y or y for yes\n";
cin>>ans;
while(ans=='y'||ans=='Y')
{
cout<<"\nMENU\n";
cout<<"1. Add\n";
cout<<"2. Subtract\n";
cout<<"3. Multiply\n";
cout<<"4. Division\n";
cout<<"\Enter the Choice 1-4\n";
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{ case 1: add(); //function call to add()
   break;
  case 2: subtract(); //function call to subtract()
   break;
  case 3: multiply(); //function call to multiply()
   break;
  case 4: division(); //function call to division()
   break;
  default:cout<<"\nSorry Wrong Choice Try Again\n";
}
cout<<"\nWant to see Menu Y or y for yes\n";
cin>>ans;
}
getch();
}
void add()  //function definition of add()
{
int a,b;
cout<<"\nEnter two numbers a and b\n";
cin>>a>>b;
cout<<"Sum of the numbers a and b is"<<a+b;
}
void subtract()  //function definition of subtract()
{
int a,b;
cout<<"\nEnter two numbers a and b\n";
cin>>a>>b;
cout<<"a-b is"<<a-b;
}
void multiply()  //function definition of multiply()
{
int a,b;
cout<<"\nEnter two numbers a and b\n";
cin>>a>>b;
cout<<"Product of the numbers a and b is"<<a*b;
}
void division()  //function definition of division()
{
int a,b;
cout<<"\nEnter two numbers a and b\n";
cin>>a>>b;
cout<<"a/b is"<<a/b;
}

A program to show Functions with arguments and without return value

/* the following program has 4 functions with arguments and no return type*/
  
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void add(int,int);
void subtract(int,int);
void multiply(int,int);
void division(int,int);
void main()
{
clrscr();

int choice;
char ans;
cout<<"\nWant to see Menu Y or y for yes\n";
cin>>ans;
while(ans=='y'||ans=='Y')
{
int a,b;
cout<<"\nEnter two numbers a and b\n";
cin>>a>>b;
cout<<"\nMENU\n";
cout<<"1. Add\n";
cout<<"2. Subtract\n";
cout<<"3. Multiply\n";
cout<<"4. Division\n";
cout<<"\Enter the Choice 1-4\n";
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{ case 1: add(a,b);
   break;
  case 2: subtract(a,b);
   break;
  case 3: multiply(a,b);
   break;
  case 4: division(a,b);
   break;
  default:cout<<"\nSorry Wrong Choice Try Again\n";
}
cout<<"\nWant to see Menu Y or y for yes\n";
cin>>ans;
}
getch();
}
void add(int a,int b)
{
cout<<"Sum of the numbers a and b is: "<<a+b;
}
void subtract(int a,int b)
{
cout<<"a-b is: "<<a-b;
}
void multiply(int a,int b)
{
cout<<"Product of the numbers a and b is: "<<a*b;
}
void division(int a,int b)
{
cout<<"a/b is: "<<a/b;
}

A program to show Functions with arguments and with return value

/* the following program has 4 functions with arguments and return type */ 
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
int add(int,int);
int subtract(int,int);
int multiply(int,int);
int division(int,int);
void main()
{
clrscr();
int choice;
char ans;
cout<<"\nWant to see Menu Y or y for yes\n";
cin>>ans;
while(ans=='y'||ans=='Y')
{
int a,b,c;
cout<<"\nEnter two numbers a and b\n";
cin>>a>>b;
cout<<"\nMENU\n";
cout<<"1. Add\n";
cout<<"2. Subtract\n";
cout<<"3. Multiply\n";
cout<<"4. Division\n";
cout<<"\Enter the Choice 1-4\n";
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{ case 1: c=add(a,b);
   cout<<"Sum of the numbers a and b is: "<<c;
   break;
  case 2: c=subtract(a,b);
   cout<<"a-b is: "<<c;
   break;
  case 3: c=multiply(a,b);
   cout<<"Product of the numbers a and b is: "<<c;
   break;
  case 4: c=division(a,b);
   cout<<"a/b is: "<<c;
   break;
  default:cout<<"\nSorry Wrong Choice Try Again\n";
}
cout<<"\nWant to see Menu Y or y for yes\n";
cin>>ans;
}
getch();
}
int add(int a,int b)
{
return a+b;
}
int subtract(int a,int b)
{
return a-b;
}
int multiply(int a,int b)
{
return a*b;
}
int division(int a,int b)
{
return a/b;
}


If anyone wants more clarification, he or she can post comments in this article. I will clarify the doubts.

Thanks for reading this article.

Arrays in C++ programming:program that will store numbers or values in array? turbo c program how to accept 10 integer

2010-10-30T22:13:00.000-07:00

Array Basics in C++ programming language:

Arrays are extremely important for every computer programming language including C++. There are situations when we need arrays in every programming language. In this chapter I will explain the basics of arrays in C++ programming language.

When we need an array?

When many variables are required of same data type and they all need to be treated the same way. For example: To store the first 10 even numbers we can declare an array of size 10.

Why we need array?

In the above example: rather than declaring 10 different integers, we can declare an array with no headache of memorizing 10 different variable names.

What is an array?

Array is a collection of variables of same data type under a single name.

How we use array?

There are different kinds of arrays: 1D, 2 D, 3D [D=Dimensions] for each data type. But here I am going to explain 1D array for integer or float data type. Char data type arrays have a different approach. I will explain them in the different chapters.

For example: if we need to store the first 10 even numbers, we can declare an array of integers like this:

rather than creating 10 variables like int a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,I,j;

In memory 10 integers are declared in sequential memory locations:

In an array subscript or index always starts with ZERO. The subscripts are used by the compiler to locate the array item. For example to refer to the values 2,4,6,…,20 the compiler refers them in this way:

arr[0], arr[1], arr[2],… arr[9]

Try this code in C++ compiler.

//Program to store first 10 even numbers and print them

#include<iostream.h>

void main()

{

int arr[10], i,val;

/* In the following loop i is used to run the loop 10 times. i is initialized with ZERO because subscript starts with ZERO. val is used to store values starting from 2 and incrementing by 2 each time.*/

for(i=0,val=2; i<=9;i++,val=val+2)

arr[i]=val;

for (i=0;i<=9;i++)

cout<<arr[i]<<endl;

}

The Output of this program is:

The above C++ program is run in turbo c compiler.

The integer and float arrays have the same concept. The only difference is of their data types. integers store whole numbers while floats store decimal numbers.

Character arrays have a different concept which I have explained in this article:

character or char arrays as data structures in c: string reverse program and palindrome program using c programming

2010-10-30T22:08:00.000-07:00

c programming arrays ---> data structures in c: char arrays in c programming

C programming arrays:

Arrays are important data structures in C.

Arrays are very much useful in situations when we need to store many variables of same data type and treat them similarly. For understanding c programming arrays and arrays as data structures in c, read the hub “Array Basics in C programming”

I am explaining here only character arrays in c programming.

What is an array?

An array is collection of similar type of data items.

And a character array is called a string.

Character arrays in C programming have a different concept from integer arrays or float arrays in C. Character arrays are declared in the same way as integer or float arrays but one thing that is different in character arrays is that a NULL character (‘\0’) is appended automatically at the end of the character array.

char arr[10];

the above statement declares a character array named arr with 10 continuous memory locations each occupying 1 byte because the base size of a character data type is 1 Byte. So the above array takes 10 Bytes in memory.

Now a string (group of character or a character array is called a string) is input in array by the following statement.

cin>>arr;

In the above input statement the string does not contain any whitespace because cin>> ends the string where a whitespace is encountered. If whitespaces are to be input then the following statement can be used

gets(arr);

do not forget to include stdio.h file to let the gets() function work

Suppose if the user inputs “HELLO” from the keyboard. The actual storage in memory would be :

c programming arrays: arrays as data structures in c : sample programs

A NULL Character(‘\0’) or string terminator is automatically appended after the last character of the string. It (‘\0’) marks the end of the string. This does not happen in integer or float arrays in C++.

Example 1:

c programming arrays: char arrays as data structures in c: sample program to reverse a string and count number of characters in string

/* program to input a string then count number of characters in string and

print the reverse of the string*/

#include<stdio.h> //for printf , scanf and other functions

#include<conio.h> //for clrscr() and getch()functions

void main()

{

clrscr();

char arr[10];

printf("Enter A String\n");

gets(arr);

for(int i=0;arr[i]!='\0';i++);//empty loop which does not have a body

printf("Length of the string is %d", i);

//now reverse print of the string

for(i--;i>=0;i--)

printf("%c",arr[i]);

getch();

}

c programming arrays: char arrays as data structures in c: sample program 1 output

OUTPUT:

Enter A String

MADAM

String is palindrome

Example 2:

c programming arrays: char arrays as data structures in c: sample program to check a string is palindrome or not

/*Program to input a string then check whether string is palindrome or not
A palindrome string is same as its reverse like RADAR, NITIN, MADAM */

#include<stdio.h>  //for printf, scanf,gets  and other functions
#include<conio.h>  //for clrscr() and getch()functions
void main()
{
clrscr();

char arr[10];
int i,j,flag=1;
printf("\n Enter A String\n");

gets(arr);

for(i=0;arr[i]!='\0';i++);//empty loop which does not have a body
for(j=0,i--;i>=0;i--,j++)//i moves backward and j moves forward
{
 if(arr[i]!=arr[j])
 {
  flag=0;
  break;
 }
}
if(flag==1)
printf("String is palindrome");
else
printf("String is not palindrome");

getch();
}



c programming arrays: char arrays as data structures in c: sample program 2 output


OUTPUT:

Enter A String

MADAM

String is palindrome