<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854</id><updated>2026-05-24T19:42:37.606-03:00</updated><category term="química"/><category term="vidas em outros mundos"/><category term="alienigenas"/><category term="ETs"/><category term="biologia"/><category term="químicos"/><category term="ovnis"/><category term="vitaminas"/><category term="doenças"/><category term="saúde"/><category term="células"/><category term="espiritismo"/><category term="química orgânica"/><category term="NASA"/><category term="Publicações Atuais"/><category term="ciência"/><category term="curiosidades"/><category term="doenças infecciosas"/><category term="educação"/><category term="extra terrestre"/><category term="poluentes"/><category term="poluição"/><category term="professor"/><category term="vitamina C"/><category term="alimentos"/><category term="celulite"/><category term="combústiveis"/><category term="discos voadores"/><category term="drogas"/><category term="et de varginha"/><category term="marte"/><category term="proteína"/><category term="quimicos"/><category term="sais minerais"/><category term="vitamina B12"/><category term="vitamina B3"/><category term="vitamina D"/><category term="água"/><category term="Hitler"/><category term="alergias"/><category term="anemia"/><category term="astronomia"/><category term="biodiesel"/><category term="café"/><category term="cigarros"/><category term="educadores"/><category term="elemento químico"/><category term="espirita"/><category term="hemoglobina"/><category term="kekulé"/><category term="medicina"/><category term="planeta"/><category term="tabaco"/><category term="tecnologia"/><category term="vegetais"/><category term="vida extraterrestre"/><category term="vitamina A"/><category term="vitamina B"/><category term="vitamina B1"/><category term="vitamina B2"/><category term="vitamina B6"/><category term="vitamina B9"/><category term="vitamina E"/><category term="AIDS"/><category term="ENEM"/><category term="Estrias"/><category term="Filósofo Grego"/><category term="HIV"/><category term="Hubble"/><category term="MEC"/><category term="asma"/><category term="asmáticos"/><category term="avitaminose"/><category term="açucar"/><category term="calciferol"/><category term="calorias"/><category term="cientistas"/><category term="clima"/><category term="cloro"/><category term="combustível"/><category term="câncer"/><category term="deficiência de vitaminas"/><category term="disco voador"/><category term="efeito sanfona"/><category term="eritrócitos"/><category term="escolas"/><category term="escorbuto"/><category term="espaço"/><category term="estradiol"/><category term="exploração planetária"/><category term="ferro"/><category term="fim do mundo"/><category term="frio"/><category term="frutas"/><category term="frutose"/><category term="física"/><category term="fósforo"/><category term="glicose"/><category term="glóbulos brancos"/><category term="glóbulos vermelhos"/><category term="gonorreia"/><category term="gripe aviária"/><category term="gás natural"/><category term="hemácias"/><category term="herpes"/><category term="iodo"/><category term="leite"/><category term="leite e derivados"/><category term="magnésio"/><category term="manganés"/><category term="pele"/><category term="potássio"/><category term="produtos químicos"/><category term="recordes da natureza"/><category term="retinol"/><category term="rinite"/><category term="sal"/><category term="sangue"/><category term="sonhos"/><category term="sódio"/><category term="varginha"/><category term="vidas em outros planetas"/><category term="vitamina B5"/><category term="água do mar"/><category term="AVC"/><category term="Albert Sabin"/><category term="Ano de 2012"/><category term="Bhor"/><category term="DNA"/><category term="Dalton"/><category term="Demócrito"/><category term="Diagrama de Pauling"/><category term="EUA"/><category term="Fracionamento de misturas"/><category term="HDL"/><category term="Himalaia"/><category term="I LOVE YOU"/><category term="LDL"/><category term="Lactose"/><category term="Leucemia"/><category term="Linus Pauling"/><category term="Misturas"/><category term="Roswell"/><category term="Rutherford"/><category term="Thomson"/><category term="acne"/><category term="acupuntura"/><category term="alcalino"/><category term="aminoácidos"/><category term="anticorpos"/><category term="antioxidantes"/><category term="ar"/><category term="aspartame"/><category term="astrologia"/><category term="aves"/><category term="azedo"/><category term="batata"/><category term="baço"/><category term="bioquímico"/><category term="blenorragia"/><category term="borra de café"/><category term="botox"/><category term="brasileiro"/><category term="cacau"/><category term="cafeina"/><category term="café descafeinado"/><category term="calendário maia"/><category term="cana de açucar"/><category term="cancer"/><category term="cancro"/><category term="carboidratos"/><category term="carne"/><category term="caroteno"/><category term="carros"/><category term="casacos"/><category term="caso varginha"/><category term="catapora"/><category term="cegueira noturna"/><category term="chato"/><category term="cirurgia plastica"/><category term="clone"/><category term="coceira"/><category term="colesterol"/><category term="complexo B"/><category term="coração"/><category term="cosméticos"/><category term="crack"/><category term="cravos"/><category term="cálcio"/><category term="cálculos renais"/><category term="câncer em plantas"/><category term="células tronco"/><category term="células-tronco"/><category term="cílios"/><category term="derrame"/><category term="desinfetante nas rinites"/><category term="diesel"/><category term="dieta"/><category term="digital"/><category term="doença sexualmente transmissível"/><category term="doenças respiratórias"/><category term="doenças sexualmente transmissível"/><category term="embalagem"/><category term="enxofre"/><category term="eplépsia"/><category term="equação química"/><category term="escrotal"/><category term="esperma"/><category term="espermatozoides"/><category term="espinhas"/><category term="estranho"/><category term="estrelas"/><category term="eutrofização"/><category term="falta de vitaminas"/><category term="fermentação"/><category term="flúor"/><category term="fotorreceptores"/><category term="fósseis"/><category term="gasolina"/><category term="gordura"/><category term="gordura localizada"/><category term="grave"/><category term="greve"/><category term="gripe"/><category term="hanseníase"/><category term="hematologia"/><category term="hematomas"/><category term="hemorragia"/><category term="herpes genital"/><category term="história da química orgânica"/><category term="história oculta"/><category term="imonuglobulina"/><category term="indústria"/><category term="instrutivo"/><category term="insônia"/><category term="interessante"/><category term="intolerância"/><category term="intolerância a Lactose"/><category term="isoflavonas"/><category term="lactéos"/><category term="legumes"/><category term="lepra"/><category term="leucócitos"/><category term="ligações químicas"/><category term="limpeza"/><category term="lipoaspiração"/><category term="lipídios"/><category term="lêndeas"/><category term="membrana nervosa"/><category term="memória"/><category term="metabolismo"/><category term="metanol"/><category term="mineral"/><category term="modelos atômicos"/><category term="molibdênio"/><category term="movimento"/><category term="mácula"/><category term="natureza"/><category term="nazismo"/><category term="neisseria gonorrhoeae"/><category term="nervo óptico"/><category term="neutralizante"/><category term="nitrogênio"/><category term="nióbio"/><category term="nutrientes"/><category term="olfato"/><category term="olho"/><category term="orbital"/><category term="ovni hoje"/><category term="papila"/><category term="parte III"/><category term="pegadas"/><category term="peixes"/><category term="petição pública"/><category term="piolho"/><category term="piolho caranguejo"/><category term="piridoxina"/><category term="planetas"/><category term="plaquetas"/><category term="plástica"/><category term="plástico"/><category term="poliomelite"/><category term="prevenção de espinhas"/><category term="pthirus pubis"/><category term="pubiano"/><category term="química da digestão"/><category term="reaprenda sorrindo"/><category term="reações químicas"/><category term="regras"/><category term="relógios"/><category term="respeito"/><category term="retina"/><category term="rios"/><category term="selênio"/><category term="separação de misturas"/><category term="sinusite"/><category term="sinusites"/><category term="sistema circulatório"/><category term="soja"/><category term="sol"/><category term="sondas"/><category term="stam cells"/><category term="sífilis"/><category term="tecido mamário"/><category term="tecnologia do lítio"/><category term="telescópio"/><category term="telescópio espacial"/><category term="tempo"/><category term="terra"/><category term="tiamina"/><category term="tocoferol"/><category term="toxina botulínica"/><category term="tratamento de espinhas"/><category term="tratamento de água"/><category term="tratamento de água residuais"/><category term="ufologia"/><category term="vacina"/><category term="varicela"/><category term="varizes"/><category term="vitamina H"/><category term="vitamina K"/><category term="vírus"/><category term="zinco"/><category term="ácido ascórbico"/><category term="ácido cítrico"/><category term="ácido retinóico"/><category term="água salgada"/><category term="águas residuais"/><title type='text'>PLATAOLAB</title><subtitle type='html'>Funciona como um portal educativo dedicado a explorar conceitos fundamentais da química , das ciências naturais e sobrenaturais. O site organiza uma vasta gama de tópicos que conectam a ciência ao cotidiano, incluindo saúde, nutrição e fenômenos biológicos.  Essa coletânea serve como um guia didático para estudantes que buscam compreender a base da composição do universo.</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>156</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-6499081433443779414</id><published>2026-05-07T15:27:08.154-03:00</published><updated>2026-05-07T15:32:33.312-03:00</updated><title type='text'>CALCULADORA QUÍMICA </title><content type='html'>&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html lang=&quot;pt-BR&quot;&gt;
&lt;head&gt;
    &lt;meta charset=&quot;UTF-8&quot;&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot; content=&quot;width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0&quot;&gt;
    &lt;title&gt;PlatãoVAG - Central Química 2.0&lt;/title&gt;
    &lt;link href=&quot;https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Outfit:wght@400;600;800&amp;family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@500;700&amp;display=swap&quot; rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot;&gt;
    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/qrcodejs@1.0.0/qrcode.min.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
    &lt;style&gt;
        /* RESET E ISOLAMENTO */
        #quimica-dashboard {
            --primary: #3b82f6;
            --primary-glow: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.4);
            --bg: #0f172a;
            --surface: #1e293b;
            --text: #f8fafc;
            --text-dim: #94a3b8;
            --border: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
            
            --nonmetal: #22c55e;
            --alkali: #ef4444;
            --alkaline: #f97316;
            --transition: #eab308;
            --post-trans: #0ea5e9;
            --metalloid: #14b8a6;
            --halogen: #8b5cf6;
            --noble: #d946ef;
            --lanthanide: #ec4899;
            --actinide: #f43f5e;

            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            background: var(--bg);
            color: var(--text);
            padding: 20px;
            border-radius: 16px;
            max-width: 1200px;
            margin: 20px auto;
            box-shadow: 0 20px 50px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);
            line-height: 1.5;
        }

        #quimica-dashboard * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }

        /* HEADER */
        .dash-header { text-align: center; margin-bottom: 30px; }
        .dash-header h1 { font-size: 2.5rem; font-weight: 800; color: var(--primary); letter-spacing: -1px; }
        .dash-header p { color: var(--text-dim); }

        /* NAV */
        .dash-nav { display: flex; gap: 10px; margin-bottom: 25px; overflow-x: auto; padding-bottom: 5px; }
        .nav-btn {
            background: var(--surface);
            border: 1px solid var(--border);
            color: var(--text-dim);
            padding: 12px 20px;
            border-radius: 10px;
            cursor: pointer;
            white-space: nowrap;
            font-weight: 600;
            transition: 0.3s;
        }
        .nav-btn.active { background: var(--primary); color: white; border-color: var(--primary); box-shadow: 0 5px 15px var(--primary-glow); }

        /* TAB CONTENT */
        .tab-pane { display: none; animation: fadeIn 0.4s ease; }
        .tab-pane.active { display: block; }
        @keyframes fadeIn { from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(10px); } to { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); } }

        /* TABELA PERIODICA */
        .table-controls { background: rgba(0,0,0,0.2); border-radius: 12px; padding: 15px; margin-bottom: 20px; min-height: 120px; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 20px; border: 1px solid var(--border); }
        .info-box-sym { width: 80px; height: 80px; border-radius: 10px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; font-size: 2.5rem; font-weight: 800; color: white; text-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); }
        .info-box-data h3 { font-size: 1.8rem; margin-bottom: 4px; }
        .info-stats { display: flex; gap: 20px; font-size: 0.9rem; color: var(--text-dim); }
        .info-stats b { color: var(--text); font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace; font-size: 1.1rem; display: block; }

        .periodic-wrapper { overflow-x: auto; padding: 10px 0; border-radius: 8px; }
        .periodic-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(18, 55px); gap: 6px; min-width: 1050px; }
        .extra-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(15, 55px); gap: 6px; min-width: 1050px; margin-top: 25px; padding-left: calc(55px * 2 + 12px); }

        .element {
            width: 55px; height: 55px; border-radius: 6px; background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border);
            display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; justify-content: center; cursor: pointer;
            position: relative; transition: 0.2s;
        }
        .element:hover { transform: scale(1.2); z-index: 10; box-shadow: 0 10px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.4); border-color: white; }
        .el-n { position: absolute; top: 2px; left: 4px; font-size: 9px; opacity: 0.6; font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace; }
        .el-s { font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: 800; }

        /* CALCULADORAS */
        .calc-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr)); gap: 20px; }
        .calc-card { background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 15px; padding: 25px; }
        .calc-card h2 { font-size: 1.3rem; margin-bottom: 20px; color: var(--primary); display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; }
        
        .input-box { margin-bottom: 15px; }
        .input-box label { display: block; font-size: 0.85rem; color: var(--text-dim); margin-bottom: 5px; }
        .q-input { width: 100%; background: #0b1120; border: 1px solid var(--border); padding: 12px; border-radius: 8px; color: white; font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace; font-size: 1rem; }
        .q-input:focus { outline: none; border-color: var(--primary); }
        
        .q-btn { width: 100%; background: var(--primary); color: white; border: none; padding: 12px; border-radius: 8px; font-weight: 700; cursor: pointer; transition: 0.2s; margin-top: 10px; }
        .q-btn:hover { filter: brightness(1.1); transform: translateY(-2px); }

        .q-res { margin-top: 20px; padding: 15px; background: rgba(0,0,0,0.2); border-radius: 8px; border: 1px dashed var(--border); text-align: center; }
        .q-res b { font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace; font-size: 1.4rem; color: var(--primary); }

        /* CORES CATEGORIAS */
        .c-nonmetal { background: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.2); color: #4ade80; border-color: #22c55e; }
        .c-alkali { background: rgba(239, 68, 68, 0.2); color: #f87171; border-color: #ef4444; }
        .c-alkaline { background: rgba(249, 115, 22, 0.2); color: #fb923c; border-color: #f97316; }
        .c-transition { background: rgba(234, 179, 8, 0.2); color: #facc15; border-color: #eab308; }
        .c-post-trans { background: rgba(14, 165, 233, 0.2); color: #38bdf8; border-color: #0ea5e9; }
        .c-metalloid { background: rgba(20, 184, 166, 0.2); color: #2dd4bf; border-color: #14b8a6; }
        .c-halogen { background: rgba(139, 92, 246, 0.2); color: #a78bfa; border-color: #8b5cf6; }
        .c-noble { background: rgba(217, 70, 239, 0.2); color: #e879f9; border-color: #d946ef; }
        .c-lanthanide { background: rgba(236, 72, 153, 0.2); color: #f472b6; border-color: #ec4899; }
        .c-actinide { background: rgba(244, 63, 94, 0.2); color: #fb7185; border-color: #f43f5e; }

        /* PIX SUPPORT TAB */
        .pix-value-chips { display: flex; gap: 6px; justify-content: center; flex-wrap: wrap; margin: 12px 0; }
        .pix-chip {
            background: rgba(255,255,255,0.04); border: 1px solid var(--border); padding: 7px 14px; border-radius: 8px;
            color: var(--text-dim); font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace; font-size: 0.8rem; cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.2s; font-weight: 600;
        }
        .pix-chip:hover, .pix-chip.active { background: rgba(251,191,36,0.15); border-color: #fbbf24; color: #fbbf24; transform: translateY(-1px); }
        .pix-custom-row { display: flex; gap: 6px; margin-top: 8px; }
        .pix-custom-input {
            flex: 1; background: #0b1120; border: 1px solid var(--border); padding: 8px 10px; border-radius: 8px;
            color: white; font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace; font-size: 0.85rem; outline: none;
        }
        .pix-custom-input:focus { border-color: #fbbf24; }
        .pix-custom-btn { background: #fbbf24; border: none; padding: 8px 14px; border-radius: 8px; color: #0a0e1a; font-weight: 700; cursor: pointer; font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif; transition: all 0.2s; }
        .pix-custom-btn:hover { filter: brightness(1.1); }
        .pix-info-grid { background: rgba(0,0,0,0.2); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 10px; padding: 12px; margin: 16px 0; text-align: left; }
        .pix-info-row { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; padding: 6px 0; }
        .pix-info-row:not(:last-child) { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.04); }
        .pix-info-label { font-size: 0.7rem; color: var(--text-dim); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.5px; }
        .pix-info-val { font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace; font-size: 0.8rem; font-weight: 600; color: #c4d0e9; }
        .pix-copy-field { display: flex; border-radius: 8px; overflow: hidden; border: 1px solid var(--border); }
        .pix-copy-input { flex: 1; background: #0b1120; border: none; padding: 10px; color: #fbbf24; font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace; font-size: 0.6rem; outline: none; min-width: 0; }
        .pix-copy-btn {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #3b82f6, #6366f1); border: none; padding: 10px 16px; color: white;
            font-weight: 700; font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0.3s; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 0.8rem;
            display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 5px;
        }
        .pix-copy-btn:hover { filter: brightness(1.15); }
        .pix-copy-btn.copied { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #22c55e, #16a34a); }
        .pix-compat { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; margin-top: 14px; padding: 5px 12px; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.1); border: 1px solid rgba(34,197,94,0.2); border-radius: 50px; font-size: 0.7rem; color: #4ade80; }
        .pix-compat::before { content: &#39;&#39;; width: 6px; height: 6px; background: #22c55e; border-radius: 50%; animation: pixPulse 2s infinite; }
        @keyframes pixPulse { 0%,100% { opacity:1; } 50% { opacity:0.4; } }
        .pix-qr-frame {
            background: white; padding: 16px; border-radius: 12px; display: inline-block; margin: 12px auto 16px;
            box-shadow: 0 8px 30px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); transition: transform 0.3s ease;
        }
        .pix-qr-frame:hover { transform: scale(1.03); }
        .pix-qr-frame img { display: block !important; border-radius: 3px; }

        @media (max-width: 600px) {
            #quimica-dashboard { padding: 15px; }
            .dash-header h1 { font-size: 1.8rem; }
        }
    &lt;/style&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;quimica-dashboard&quot;&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;dash-header&quot;&gt;
        &lt;h1&gt;PlatãoVAG Lab&lt;/h1&gt;
        &lt;p&gt;Tabela Periódica &amp; Calculadoras Científicas&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;div class=&quot;dash-nav&quot;&gt;
        &lt;button class=&quot;nav-btn active&quot; onclick=&quot;showTab(&#39;tab-periodic&#39;, this)&quot;&gt;Tabela Periódica&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;button class=&quot;nav-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;showTab(&#39;tab-molar&#39;, this)&quot;&gt;Massa Molar&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;button class=&quot;nav-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;showTab(&#39;tab-mol-conv&#39;, this)&quot;&gt;Conversor de Mol&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;button class=&quot;nav-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;showTab(&#39;tab-concentration&#39;, this)&quot;&gt;Concentração&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;button class=&quot;nav-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;showTab(&#39;tab-support&#39;, this)&quot; style=&quot;border-color: #fbbf24; color: #fbbf24;&quot;&gt;💛 Apoiar&lt;/button&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    

    &lt;!-- ABA APOIO (OFICIAL PIX EMVCo) --&gt;
    &lt;div id=&quot;tab-support&quot; class=&quot;tab-pane&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;calc-card&quot; style=&quot;max-width: 480px; margin: 0 auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
            &lt;h2 style=&quot;color: #fbbf24;&quot;&gt;☕ Apoie o PlatãoVAG&lt;/h2&gt;
            &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 16px; color: var(--text-dim); font-size: 0.9rem;&quot;&gt;Sua contribuição mantém o laboratório online e gratuito para todos.&lt;/p&gt;

            &lt;!-- Seleção de valor --&gt;
            &lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 16px;&quot;&gt;
                &lt;label style=&quot;font-size: 0.7rem; color: var(--text-dim); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.8px;&quot;&gt;Escolha um valor (opcional)&lt;/label&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;pix-value-chips&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;button class=&quot;pix-chip active&quot; onclick=&quot;pixSelectValue(this, 0)&quot;&gt;Livre&lt;/button&gt;
                    &lt;button class=&quot;pix-chip&quot; onclick=&quot;pixSelectValue(this, 5)&quot;&gt;R$ 5&lt;/button&gt;
                    &lt;button class=&quot;pix-chip&quot; onclick=&quot;pixSelectValue(this, 10)&quot;&gt;R$ 10&lt;/button&gt;
                    &lt;button class=&quot;pix-chip&quot; onclick=&quot;pixSelectValue(this, 25)&quot;&gt;R$ 25&lt;/button&gt;
                    &lt;button class=&quot;pix-chip&quot; onclick=&quot;pixSelectValue(this, 50)&quot;&gt;R$ 50&lt;/button&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;pix-custom-row&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; class=&quot;pix-custom-input&quot; id=&quot;pix-custom-value&quot; placeholder=&quot;Outro valor (R$)&quot; min=&quot;0.01&quot; step=&quot;0.01&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;button class=&quot;pix-custom-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;pixApplyCustom()&quot;&gt;Aplicar&lt;/button&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;

            &lt;!-- QR Code --&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;pix-qr-frame&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div id=&quot;pix-qrcode-output&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;

            &lt;!-- Informações do recebedor --&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-grid&quot;&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Recebedor&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-val&quot;&gt;Lauro Julio Dalcin&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Cidade&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-val&quot;&gt;Varginha - MG&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Chave Pix&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-val&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.72rem;&quot;&gt;lauro1607@gmail.com&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;

            &lt;!-- Copia e Cola --&gt;
            &lt;div style=&quot;margin-top: 14px;&quot;&gt;
                &lt;label style=&quot;font-size: 0.7rem; color: var(--text-dim); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.8px; display: block; margin-bottom: 6px;&quot;&gt;Pix Copia e Cola&lt;/label&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;pix-copy-field&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; class=&quot;pix-copy-input&quot; id=&quot;pix-copy-paste&quot; readonly&gt;
                    &lt;button class=&quot;pix-copy-btn&quot; id=&quot;pix-copy-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;pixCopyPayload()&quot;&gt;📋 Copiar&lt;/button&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;

            &lt;div class=&quot;pix-compat&quot;&gt;Compatível com todos os bancos&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- TABELA PERIODICA --&gt;
    &lt;div id=&quot;tab-periodic&quot; class=&quot;tab-pane active&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div id=&quot;info-panel&quot; class=&quot;table-controls&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%; color: var(--text-dim)&quot;&gt;Passe o mouse sobre um elemento.&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;periodic-wrapper&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div id=&quot;main-periodic&quot; class=&quot;periodic-grid&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;div id=&quot;extra-periodic&quot; class=&quot;extra-grid&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- MASSA MOLAR --&gt;
    &lt;div id=&quot;tab-molar&quot; class=&quot;tab-pane&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;calc-card&quot; style=&quot;max-width: 600px; margin: 0 auto;&quot;&gt;
            &lt;h2&gt;Massa Molar&lt;/h2&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;input-box&quot;&gt;
                &lt;label&gt;Fórmula Química&lt;/label&gt;
                &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; id=&quot;formula-molar&quot; class=&quot;q-input&quot; placeholder=&quot;Ex: H2O, Mg(OH)2&quot;&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;q-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;calcMolar()&quot;&gt;Calcular Massa&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;div id=&quot;res-molar&quot; class=&quot;q-res&quot;&gt;---&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- CONVERSOR DE MOL --&gt;
    &lt;div id=&quot;tab-mol-conv&quot; class=&quot;tab-pane&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;calc-grid&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;calc-card&quot;&gt;
                &lt;h2&gt;Massa → Mol&lt;/h2&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;input-box&quot;&gt;&lt;label&gt;Massa (g)&lt;/label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;mass-to-mol-m&quot; class=&quot;q-input&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;input-box&quot;&gt;&lt;label&gt;Massa Molar (g/mol)&lt;/label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;mass-to-mol-mm&quot; class=&quot;q-input&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;button class=&quot;q-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;convToMol()&quot;&gt;Converter&lt;/button&gt;
                &lt;div id=&quot;res-to-mol&quot; class=&quot;q-res&quot;&gt;---&lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;calc-card&quot;&gt;
                &lt;h2&gt;Mol → Massa&lt;/h2&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;input-box&quot;&gt;&lt;label&gt;Quantidade (mol)&lt;/label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;mol-to-mass-n&quot; class=&quot;q-input&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;input-box&quot;&gt;&lt;label&gt;Massa Molar (g/mol)&lt;/label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;mol-to-mass-mm&quot; class=&quot;q-input&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;button class=&quot;q-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;convToMass()&quot;&gt;Converter&lt;/button&gt;
                &lt;div id=&quot;res-to-mass&quot; class=&quot;q-res&quot;&gt;---&lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- CONCENTRAÇÃO --&gt;
    &lt;div id=&quot;tab-concentration&quot; class=&quot;tab-pane&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;calc-card&quot; style=&quot;max-width: 600px; margin: 0 auto;&quot;&gt;
            &lt;h2&gt;Molaridade (mol/L)&lt;/h2&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;input-box&quot;&gt;&lt;label&gt;Massa do Soluto (g)&lt;/label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;conc-m&quot; class=&quot;q-input&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;input-box&quot;&gt;&lt;label&gt;Massa Molar (g/mol)&lt;/label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;conc-mm&quot; class=&quot;q-input&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;input-box&quot;&gt;&lt;label&gt;Volume da Solução (L)&lt;/label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;conc-v&quot; class=&quot;q-input&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;q-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;calcConc()&quot;&gt;Calcular Concentração&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;div id=&quot;res-conc&quot; class=&quot;q-res&quot;&gt;---&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

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        {n:71,s:&quot;Lu&quot;,name:&quot;Lutécio&quot;,m:174.9,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:15,y:1},
        {n:89,s:&quot;Ac&quot;,name:&quot;Actínio&quot;,m:227,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:1,y:2},{n:90,s:&quot;Th&quot;,name:&quot;Tório&quot;,m:232.0,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:2,y:2},
        {n:91,s:&quot;Pa&quot;,name:&quot;Protactínio&quot;,m:231.0,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:3,y:2},{n:92,s:&quot;U&quot;,name:&quot;Urânio&quot;,m:238.0,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:4,y:2},
        {n:93,s:&quot;Np&quot;,name:&quot;Netúnio&quot;,m:237,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:5,y:2},{n:94,s:&quot;Pu&quot;,name:&quot;Plutônio&quot;,m:244,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:6,y:2},
        {n:95,s:&quot;Am&quot;,name:&quot;Amerício&quot;,m:243,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:7,y:2},{n:96,s:&quot;Cm&quot;,name:&quot;Cúrio&quot;,m:247,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:8,y:2},
        {n:97,s:&quot;Bk&quot;,name:&quot;Berquélio&quot;,m:247,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:9,y:2},{n:98,s:&quot;Cf&quot;,name:&quot;Califórnio&quot;,m:251,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:10,y:2},
        {n:99,s:&quot;Es&quot;,name:&quot;Einstênio&quot;,m:252,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:11,y:2},{n:100,s:&quot;Fm&quot;,name:&quot;Férmio&quot;,m:257,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:12,y:2},
        {n:101,s:&quot;Md&quot;,name:&quot;Mendelévio&quot;,m:258,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:13,y:2},{n:102,s:&quot;No&quot;,name:&quot;Nobélio&quot;,m:259,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:14,y:2},
        {n:103,s:&quot;Lr&quot;,name:&quot;Laurêncio&quot;,m:266,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:15,y:2}
    ];

    const massMap = {};
    [...elements, ...extras].forEach(e =&gt; massMap[e.s] = e.m);

    function showTab(id, btn) {
        document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.tab-pane&#39;).forEach(p =&gt; p.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;));
        document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.nav-btn&#39;).forEach(b =&gt; b.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;));
        document.getElementById(id).classList.add(&#39;active&#39;);
        btn.classList.add(&#39;active&#39;);
    }

    function renderTable() {
        const main = document.getElementById(&#39;main-periodic&#39;);
        const extra = document.getElementById(&#39;extra-periodic&#39;);
        elements.forEach(el =&gt; main.appendChild(createEl(el)));
        extras.forEach(el =&gt; extra.appendChild(createEl(el)));
    }

    function createEl(el) {
        const div = document.createElement(&#39;div&#39;);
        div.className = `element c-${el.c}`;
        div.style.gridColumn = el.x;
        div.style.gridRow = el.y;
        div.innerHTML = `&lt;span class=&quot;el-n&quot;&gt;${el.n}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;el-s&quot;&gt;${el.s}&lt;/span&gt;`;
        div.onmouseover = () =&gt; {
            const catNames = {nonmetal:&quot;Não Metal&quot;,alkali:&quot;Metal Alcalino&quot;,alkaline:&quot;Alcalino-Terroso&quot;,transition:&quot;Transição&quot;,post:&quot;Representativo&quot;,metalloid:&quot;Metaloide&quot;,halogen:&quot;Halogênio&quot;,noble:&quot;Gás Nobre&quot;,lanthanide:&quot;Lantanídeo&quot;,actinide:&quot;Actinídeo&quot;};
            document.getElementById(&#39;info-panel&#39;).innerHTML = `
                &lt;div class=&quot;info-box-sym c-${el.c}&quot;&gt;${el.s}&lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;info-box-data&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;h3&gt;${el.name}&lt;/h3&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;info-stats&quot;&gt;
                        &lt;span&gt;Z&lt;b&gt;${el.n}&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
                        &lt;span&gt;Massa&lt;b&gt;${el.m} u&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
                        &lt;span&gt;Tipo&lt;b&gt;${catNames[el.c] || el.c}&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;`;
        };
        return div;
    }

    function calcMolar() {
        const f = document.getElementById(&#39;formula-molar&#39;).value.trim();
        if(!f) return;
        try {
            let exp = f;
            const p = /\(([^)]+)\)(\d+)/g;
            while(p.test(exp)) exp = exp.replace(p, (m, c, n) =&gt; c.repeat(n));
            const re = /([A-Z][a-z]*)(\d*)/g;
            let m = 0, mt;
            while((mt = re.exec(exp)) !== null) {
                if(!massMap[mt[1]]) throw &quot;Erro&quot;;
                m += massMap[mt[1]] * (mt[2] ? parseInt(mt[2]) : 1);
            }
            document.getElementById(&#39;res-molar&#39;).innerHTML = `&lt;b&gt;${m.toFixed(3)}&lt;/b&gt; g/mol`;
        } catch(e) { document.getElementById(&#39;res-molar&#39;).innerHTML = &quot;Fórmula inválida&quot;; }
    }

    function convToMol() {
        const m = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;mass-to-mol-m&#39;).value);
        const mm = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;mass-to-mol-mm&#39;).value);
        if(m &amp;&amp; mm) document.getElementById(&#39;res-to-mol&#39;).innerHTML = `&lt;b&gt;${(m/mm).toFixed(4)}&lt;/b&gt; mol`;
    }

    function convToMass() {
        const n = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;mol-to-mass-n&#39;).value);
        const mm = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;mol-to-mass-mm&#39;).value);
        if(n &amp;&amp; mm) document.getElementById(&#39;res-to-mass&#39;).innerHTML = `&lt;b&gt;${(n*mm).toFixed(3)}&lt;/b&gt; g`;
    }

    function calcConc() {
        const m = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;conc-m&#39;).value);
        const mm = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;conc-mm&#39;).value);
        const v = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;conc-v&#39;).value);
        if(m &amp;&amp; mm &amp;&amp; v) document.getElementById(&#39;res-conc&#39;).innerHTML = `&lt;b&gt;${(m / (mm * v)).toFixed(4)}&lt;/b&gt; mol/L`;
    }

    // =====================================================
    // GERADOR PIX EMVCo OFICIAL - ESPECIFICAÇÃO BACEN
    // Compatível com todos os bancos brasileiros
    // =====================================================
    const PIX_CFG = { key: &quot;lauro1607@gmail.com&quot;, name: &quot;LAURO JULIO DALCIN&quot;, city: &quot;VARGINHA&quot;, txid: &quot;PlataoVAG&quot; };

    function pixTlv(tag, value) { return tag + value.length.toString().padStart(2, &#39;0&#39;) + value; }

    function pixGeneratePayload(amount) {
        const id00 = pixTlv(&quot;00&quot;, &quot;01&quot;);
        const id01 = pixTlv(&quot;01&quot;, amount &gt; 0 ? &quot;12&quot; : &quot;11&quot;);
        const id26 = pixTlv(&quot;26&quot;, pixTlv(&quot;00&quot;, &quot;br.gov.bcb.pix&quot;) + pixTlv(&quot;01&quot;, PIX_CFG.key));
        const id52 = pixTlv(&quot;52&quot;, &quot;0000&quot;);
        const id53 = pixTlv(&quot;53&quot;, &quot;986&quot;);
        let id54 = &quot;&quot;; if (amount &gt; 0) id54 = pixTlv(&quot;54&quot;, amount.toFixed(2));
        const id58 = pixTlv(&quot;58&quot;, &quot;BR&quot;);
        const id59 = pixTlv(&quot;59&quot;, PIX_CFG.name.substring(0, 25));
        const id60 = pixTlv(&quot;60&quot;, PIX_CFG.city.substring(0, 15));
        const id62 = pixTlv(&quot;62&quot;, pixTlv(&quot;05&quot;, PIX_CFG.txid.substring(0, 25)));
        const sem = id00 + id01 + id26 + id52 + id53 + id54 + id58 + id59 + id60 + id62 + &quot;6304&quot;;
        return sem + pixCRC16(sem);
    }

    function pixCRC16(str) {
        let crc = 0xFFFF;
        for (let i = 0; i &lt; str.length; i++) {
            crc ^= str.charCodeAt(i) &lt;&lt; 8;
            for (let j = 0; j &lt; 8; j++) {
                crc = (crc &amp; 0x8000) !== 0 ? ((crc &lt;&lt; 1) ^ 0x1021) &amp; 0xFFFF : (crc &lt;&lt; 1) &amp; 0xFFFF;
            }
        }
        return (crc &amp; 0xFFFF).toString(16).toUpperCase().padStart(4, &#39;0&#39;);
    }

    function pixRender(amount) {
        const payload = pixGeneratePayload(amount);
        document.getElementById(&#39;pix-copy-paste&#39;).value = payload;
        const qrBox = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-qrcode-output&#39;);
        qrBox.innerHTML = &#39;&#39;;
        new QRCode(qrBox, { text: payload, width: 200, height: 200, colorDark: &quot;#1a1a2e&quot;, colorLight: &quot;#ffffff&quot;, correctLevel: QRCode.CorrectLevel.M });
    }

    function pixSelectValue(btn, value) {
        document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.pix-chip&#39;).forEach(c =&gt; c.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;));
        btn.classList.add(&#39;active&#39;);
        document.getElementById(&#39;pix-custom-value&#39;).value = &#39;&#39;;
        pixRender(value);
    }

    function pixApplyCustom() {
        const val = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;pix-custom-value&#39;).value);
        if (val &gt; 0) { document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.pix-chip&#39;).forEach(c =&gt; c.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;)); pixRender(val); }
    }

    function pixCopyPayload() {
        const text = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-copy-paste&#39;).value;
        const btn = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-copy-btn&#39;);
        if (navigator.clipboard &amp;&amp; navigator.clipboard.writeText) {
            navigator.clipboard.writeText(text).then(() =&gt; pixShowCopied(btn));
        } else {
            const inp = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-copy-paste&#39;); inp.select(); inp.setSelectionRange(0, 99999);
            document.execCommand(&#39;copy&#39;); pixShowCopied(btn);
        }
    }

    function pixShowCopied(btn) {
        btn.classList.add(&#39;copied&#39;); btn.textContent = &#39;✅ Copiado!&#39;;
        setTimeout(() =&gt; { btn.classList.remove(&#39;copied&#39;); btn.textContent = &#39;📋 Copiar&#39;; }, 2000);
    }

    document.getElementById(&#39;pix-custom-value&#39;).addEventListener(&#39;keydown&#39;, e =&gt; { if (e.key === &#39;Enter&#39;) pixApplyCustom(); });

    renderTable();
    pixRender(0);
&lt;/script&gt;

&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/6499081433443779414/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2026/05/nova.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/6499081433443779414'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/6499081433443779414'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2026/05/nova.html' title='CALCULADORA QUÍMICA '/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-8239965617767368843</id><published>2026-05-07T15:07:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2026-05-07T15:07:31.262-03:00</updated><title type='text'>PIX</title><content type='html'>&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html lang=&quot;pt-BR&quot;&gt;
&lt;head&gt;
    &lt;meta charset=&quot;UTF-8&quot;&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot; content=&quot;width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0&quot;&gt;
    &lt;title&gt;QR Code Pix - PlatãoVAG&lt;/title&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;description&quot; content=&quot;QR Code Pix oficial do PlatãoVAG - Compatível com todos os bancos brasileiros&quot;&gt;
    &lt;link href=&quot;https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Outfit:wght@400;600;800&amp;family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@500;700&amp;display=swap&quot; rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot;&gt;
    &lt;!-- QRCode.js - geração local sem depender de API externa --&gt;
    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/qrcodejs@1.0.0/qrcode.min.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
    &lt;style&gt;
        *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }

        body {
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            background: #0a0e1a;
            color: #f0f0f5;
            min-height: 100vh;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
            padding: 20px;
            overflow-x: hidden;
        }

        /* Animated background */
        body::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            position: fixed;
            inset: 0;
            background: 
                radial-gradient(circle at 20% 30%, rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.08) 0%, transparent 50%),
                radial-gradient(circle at 80% 70%, rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.06) 0%, transparent 50%),
                radial-gradient(circle at 50% 50%, rgba(249, 191, 36, 0.04) 0%, transparent 60%);
            z-index: -1;
            animation: bgPulse 8s ease-in-out infinite alternate;
        }

        @keyframes bgPulse {
            0% { opacity: 0.7; }
            100% { opacity: 1; }
        }

        .pix-card {
            background: linear-gradient(145deg, #141928, #1a2035);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
            border-radius: 24px;
            padding: 40px 36px;
            max-width: 480px;
            width: 100%;
            box-shadow: 
                0 30px 80px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5),
                0 0 60px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.05),
                inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            text-align: center;
            position: relative;
            overflow: hidden;
        }

        .pix-card::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            position: absolute;
            top: 0;
            left: 0;
            right: 0;
            height: 2px;
            background: linear-gradient(90deg, transparent, #3b82f6, #a855f7, #fbbf24, transparent);
            animation: shimmer 3s ease-in-out infinite;
        }

        @keyframes shimmer {
            0%, 100% { opacity: 0.5; }
            50% { opacity: 1; }
        }

        /* Logo / Badge */
        .pix-badge {
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 10px;
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            border: 1px solid rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.2);
            padding: 8px 18px;
            border-radius: 50px;
            margin-bottom: 24px;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            color: #93c5fd;
            letter-spacing: 0.5px;
        }

        .pix-badge .pix-icon {
            width: 20px;
            height: 20px;
        }

        .pix-title {
            font-size: 1.8rem;
            font-weight: 800;
            margin-bottom: 6px;
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #60a5fa, #a78bfa);
            -webkit-background-clip: text;
            -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
            background-clip: text;
            letter-spacing: -0.5px;
        }

        .pix-subtitle {
            color: #6b7a99;
            font-size: 0.9rem;
            margin-bottom: 28px;
            line-height: 1.5;
        }

        /* QR Code Container */
        .qr-frame {
            background: white;
            padding: 20px;
            border-radius: 16px;
            display: inline-block;
            margin: 0 auto 24px;
            box-shadow: 
                0 10px 40px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3),
                0 0 20px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            position: relative;
            transition: transform 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
        }

        .qr-frame:hover {
            transform: scale(1.03);
            box-shadow: 
                0 15px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4),
                0 0 30px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.2);
        }

        .qr-frame #qrcode-canvas {
            display: block;
        }

        .qr-frame #qrcode-canvas img {
            display: block !important;
            border-radius: 4px;
        }

        /* Pix Logo overlay on QR */
        .qr-pix-logo {
            position: absolute;
            top: 50%;
            left: 50%;
            transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
            width: 38px;
            height: 38px;
            background: white;
            border-radius: 6px;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
            box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
        }

        .qr-pix-logo svg {
            width: 26px;
            height: 26px;
        }

        /* Info Section */
        .pix-info {
            background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05);
            border-radius: 12px;
            padding: 16px;
            margin-bottom: 20px;
        }

        .pix-info-row {
            display: flex;
            justify-content: space-between;
            align-items: center;
            padding: 8px 0;
        }

        .pix-info-row:not(:last-child) {
            border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
        }

        .pix-info-label {
            font-size: 0.8rem;
            color: #5a6a88;
            text-transform: uppercase;
            letter-spacing: 0.8px;
        }

        .pix-info-value {
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            font-weight: 600;
            color: #c4d0e9;
        }

        /* Copy Section */
        .copy-section {
            margin-top: 20px;
        }

        .copy-label {
            font-size: 0.75rem;
            color: #5a6a88;
            text-transform: uppercase;
            letter-spacing: 1px;
            margin-bottom: 8px;
        }

        .copy-field {
            display: flex;
            gap: 0;
            border-radius: 10px;
            overflow: hidden;
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
        }

        .copy-input {
            flex: 1;
            background: #0b1120;
            border: none;
            padding: 14px 12px;
            color: #fbbf24;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.65rem;
            text-overflow: ellipsis;
            outline: none;
            min-width: 0;
        }

        .copy-btn {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #3b82f6, #6366f1);
            border: none;
            padding: 14px 20px;
            color: white;
            font-weight: 700;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.3s ease;
            white-space: nowrap;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 6px;
        }

        .copy-btn:hover {
            filter: brightness(1.15);
        }

        .copy-btn.copied {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #22c55e, #16a34a);
        }

        /* Status Badge */
        .compat-badge {
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 6px;
            margin-top: 20px;
            padding: 6px 14px;
            background: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.1);
            border: 1px solid rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.2);
            border-radius: 50px;
            font-size: 0.75rem;
            color: #4ade80;
        }

        .compat-badge::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            width: 6px;
            height: 6px;
            background: #22c55e;
            border-radius: 50%;
            animation: pulse 2s infinite;
        }

        @keyframes pulse {
            0%, 100% { opacity: 1; box-shadow: 0 0 0 0 rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.4); }
            50% { opacity: 0.6; box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px rgba(34, 197, 94, 0); }
        }

        /* Bank Icons */
        .bank-strip {
            display: flex;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
            justify-content: center;
            gap: 8px;
            margin-top: 16px;
        }

        .bank-tag {
            background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
            padding: 4px 10px;
            border-radius: 6px;
            font-size: 0.7rem;
            color: #6b7a99;
            transition: all 0.2s;
        }

        .bank-tag:hover {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            border-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.3);
            color: #93c5fd;
        }

        /* Footer */
        .pix-footer {
            margin-top: 24px;
            font-size: 0.7rem;
            color: #3a4560;
            line-height: 1.6;
        }

        .pix-footer a {
            color: #6366f1;
            text-decoration: none;
        }

        /* Value selector */
        .value-section {
            margin-bottom: 20px;
        }

        .value-chips {
            display: flex;
            gap: 8px;
            justify-content: center;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
            margin-top: 8px;
        }

        .value-chip {
            background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
            padding: 8px 16px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: #94a3b8;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.2s;
            font-weight: 600;
        }

        .value-chip:hover, .value-chip.active {
            background: rgba(251, 191, 36, 0.15);
            border-color: #fbbf24;
            color: #fbbf24;
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }

        .custom-value-row {
            display: flex;
            gap: 8px;
            margin-top: 10px;
        }

        .custom-value-input {
            flex: 1;
            background: #0b1120;
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
            padding: 10px 12px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: white;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.9rem;
            outline: none;
        }

        .custom-value-input:focus {
            border-color: #fbbf24;
        }

        .custom-value-btn {
            background: #fbbf24;
            border: none;
            padding: 10px 16px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: #0a0e1a;
            font-weight: 700;
            cursor: pointer;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            transition: all 0.2s;
        }

        .custom-value-btn:hover {
            filter: brightness(1.1);
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }

        /* Mini copy button for Pix key */
        .pix-key-row {
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 8px;
        }

        .copy-key-btn {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.15);
            border: 1px solid rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.3);
            color: #93c5fd;
            padding: 4px 10px;
            border-radius: 6px;
            font-size: 0.65rem;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            font-weight: 600;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.2s;
            white-space: nowrap;
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 4px;
        }

        .copy-key-btn:hover {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.25);
            border-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5);
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }

        .copy-key-btn.key-copied {
            background: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.2);
            border-color: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.4);
            color: #4ade80;
        }

        @media (max-width: 500px) {
            .pix-card { padding: 28px 20px; }
            .pix-title { font-size: 1.5rem; }
        }
    &lt;/style&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;pix-card&quot;&gt;
    &lt;!-- Top Badge --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-badge&quot;&gt;
        &lt;svg class=&quot;pix-icon&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 512 512&quot; fill=&quot;currentColor&quot;&gt;
            &lt;path d=&quot;M410.3 231.7l-82.1-82.1c-16.6-16.6-43.5-16.6-60.1 0L186 231.7c-16.6 16.6-16.6 43.5 0 60.1l82.1 82.1c16.6 16.6 43.5 16.6 60.1 0l82.1-82.1c16.6-16.6 16.6-43.5 0-60.1zm-191.7 94L136.5 243.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l82.1-82.1c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l82.1 82.1c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-82.1 82.1c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0z&quot;/&gt;
        &lt;/svg&gt;
        PIX • PAGAMENTO INSTANTÂNEO
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Title --&gt;
    &lt;h1 class=&quot;pix-title&quot;&gt;Apoie o PlatãoVAG&lt;/h1&gt;
    &lt;p class=&quot;pix-subtitle&quot;&gt;Sua contribuição mantém o laboratório de química online e gratuito para todos.&lt;/p&gt;

    &lt;!-- Value Selection --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;value-section&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-label&quot;&gt;Escolha um valor (opcional)&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;value-chips&quot;&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip active&quot; data-value=&quot;0&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 0)&quot;&gt;Livre&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;5&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 5)&quot;&gt;R$ 5&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;10&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 10)&quot;&gt;R$ 10&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;25&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 25)&quot;&gt;R$ 25&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;50&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 50)&quot;&gt;R$ 50&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;custom-value-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; class=&quot;custom-value-input&quot; id=&quot;custom-value&quot; placeholder=&quot;Outro valor (R$)&quot; min=&quot;0.01&quot; step=&quot;0.01&quot;&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;custom-value-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;applyCustomValue()&quot;&gt;Aplicar&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- QR Code --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;qr-frame&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div id=&quot;qrcode-canvas&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Receiver Info --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Recebedor&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot;&gt;Lauro Julio Dalcin&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Cidade&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot;&gt;Varginha - MG&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Chave Pix&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;pix-key-row&quot;&gt;
                &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot; id=&quot;pix-key-text&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.75rem;&quot;&gt;lauro1607@gmail.com&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;button class=&quot;copy-key-btn&quot; id=&quot;copy-key-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;copyPixKey()&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;svg width=&quot;12&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                    Copiar
                &lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Copy Section --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;copy-section&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-label&quot;&gt;Pix Copia e Cola&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-field&quot;&gt;
            &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; class=&quot;copy-input&quot; id=&quot;pix-payload-text&quot; readonly&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;copy-btn&quot; id=&quot;copy-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;copyPayload()&quot;&gt;
                &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
            &lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Compatibility Badge --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;compat-badge&quot;&gt;Compatível com todos os bancos&lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Bank Tags --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;bank-strip&quot;&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Nubank&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Itaú&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Bradesco&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;BB&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Caixa&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Santander&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Inter&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;C6&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;PicPay&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Mercado Pago&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;PagBank&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Footer --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-footer&quot;&gt;
        QR Code gerado conforme especificação EMVCo + BACEN&lt;br&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;https://plataovag.blogspot.com&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;plataovag.blogspot.com&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;script&gt;
    // =====================================================
    // GERADOR PIX EMVCo OFICIAL - ESPECIFICAÇÃO BACEN
    // Compatível com todos os bancos brasileiros
    // =====================================================

    const PIX_CONFIG = {
        key:  &quot;lauro1607@gmail.com&quot;,
        name: &quot;LAURO JULIO DALCIN&quot;,
        city: &quot;VARGINHA&quot;,
        txid: &quot;PlataoVAG&quot;
    };

    // --- TLV (Tag-Length-Value) builder ---
    function tlv(tag, value) {
        const len = value.length.toString().padStart(2, &#39;0&#39;);
        return tag + len + value;
    }

    // --- Gerador de payload EMVCo compliant ---
    function generatePixPayload(amount) {
        // ID 00 - Payload Format Indicator (fixo)
        const id00 = tlv(&quot;00&quot;, &quot;01&quot;);

        // ID 01 - Point of Initiation Method
        // &quot;11&quot; = QR estático (reutilizável), &quot;12&quot; = QR dinâmico (uso único)
        const id01 = tlv(&quot;01&quot;, amount &gt; 0 ? &quot;12&quot; : &quot;11&quot;);

        // ID 26 - Merchant Account Information (Pix)
        const gui = tlv(&quot;00&quot;, &quot;br.gov.bcb.pix&quot;);   // GUI obrigatório
        const chave = tlv(&quot;01&quot;, PIX_CONFIG.key);    // Chave Pix
        const id26 = tlv(&quot;26&quot;, gui + chave);

        // ID 52 - Merchant Category Code (0000 = não informado)
        const id52 = tlv(&quot;52&quot;, &quot;0000&quot;);

        // ID 53 - Transaction Currency (986 = BRL)
        const id53 = tlv(&quot;53&quot;, &quot;986&quot;);

        // ID 54 - Transaction Amount (opcional, somente se valor &gt; 0)
        let id54 = &quot;&quot;;
        if (amount &gt; 0) {
            id54 = tlv(&quot;54&quot;, amount.toFixed(2));
        }

        // ID 58 - Country Code
        const id58 = tlv(&quot;58&quot;, &quot;BR&quot;);

        // ID 59 - Merchant Name (máx 25 caracteres)
        const merchantName = PIX_CONFIG.name.substring(0, 25);
        const id59 = tlv(&quot;59&quot;, merchantName);

        // ID 60 - Merchant City (máx 15 caracteres)
        const merchantCity = PIX_CONFIG.city.substring(0, 15);
        const id60 = tlv(&quot;60&quot;, merchantCity);

        // ID 62 - Additional Data Field Template
        const txid = tlv(&quot;05&quot;, PIX_CONFIG.txid.substring(0, 25));
        const id62 = tlv(&quot;62&quot;, txid);

        // Concatenar tudo + placeholder CRC
        const payloadSemCRC = id00 + id01 + id26 + id52 + id53 + id54 + id58 + id59 + id60 + id62 + &quot;6304&quot;;

        // Calcular CRC16-CCITT
        const crc = crc16CCITT(payloadSemCRC);

        return payloadSemCRC + crc;
    }

    // --- CRC16 CCITT (polinômio 0x1021, init 0xFFFF) ---
    function crc16CCITT(str) {
        let crc = 0xFFFF;
        for (let i = 0; i &lt; str.length; i++) {
            crc ^= str.charCodeAt(i) &lt;&lt; 8;
            for (let j = 0; j &lt; 8; j++) {
                if ((crc &amp; 0x8000) !== 0) {
                    crc = ((crc &lt;&lt; 1) ^ 0x1021) &amp; 0xFFFF;
                } else {
                    crc = (crc &lt;&lt; 1) &amp; 0xFFFF;
                }
            }
        }
        return (crc &amp; 0xFFFF).toString(16).toUpperCase().padStart(4, &#39;0&#39;);
    }

    // --- State ---
    let currentAmount = 0;

    // --- Render QR + Payload ---
    function renderPix(amount) {
        currentAmount = amount;
        const payload = generatePixPayload(amount);

        // Atualizar campo de texto
        document.getElementById(&#39;pix-payload-text&#39;).value = payload;

        // Limpar QR anterior
        const qrContainer = document.getElementById(&#39;qrcode-canvas&#39;);
        qrContainer.innerHTML = &#39;&#39;;

        // Gerar novo QR Code localmente
        new QRCode(qrContainer, {
            text: payload,
            width: 220,
            height: 220,
            colorDark: &quot;#1a1a2e&quot;,
            colorLight: &quot;#ffffff&quot;,
            correctLevel: QRCode.CorrectLevel.M
        });
    }

    // --- Seleção de valor predefinido ---
    function selectValue(btn, value) {
        document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.value-chip&#39;).forEach(c =&gt; c.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;));
        btn.classList.add(&#39;active&#39;);
        document.getElementById(&#39;custom-value&#39;).value = &#39;&#39;;
        renderPix(value);
    }

    // --- Valor customizado ---
    function applyCustomValue() {
        const input = document.getElementById(&#39;custom-value&#39;);
        const val = parseFloat(input.value);
        if (val &gt; 0) {
            document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.value-chip&#39;).forEach(c =&gt; c.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;));
            renderPix(val);
        }
    }

    // --- Copiar payload ---
    function copyPayload() {
        const text = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-payload-text&#39;).value;
        const btn = document.getElementById(&#39;copy-btn&#39;);

        if (navigator.clipboard &amp;&amp; navigator.clipboard.writeText) {
            navigator.clipboard.writeText(text).then(() =&gt; {
                showCopied(btn);
            });
        } else {
            // Fallback
            const input = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-payload-text&#39;);
            input.select();
            input.setSelectionRange(0, 99999);
            document.execCommand(&#39;copy&#39;);
            showCopied(btn);
        }
    }

    function showCopied(btn) {
        btn.classList.add(&#39;copied&#39;);
        btn.innerHTML = `
            &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M20 6L9 17l-5-5&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
            Copiado!
        `;
        setTimeout(() =&gt; {
            btn.classList.remove(&#39;copied&#39;);
            btn.innerHTML = `
                &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
            `;
        }, 2000);
    }

    // --- Copiar chave Pix ---
    function copyPixKey() {
        const key = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-key-text&#39;).textContent;
        const btn = document.getElementById(&#39;copy-key-btn&#39;);

        if (navigator.clipboard &amp;&amp; navigator.clipboard.writeText) {
            navigator.clipboard.writeText(key).then(() =&gt; {
                showKeyCopied(btn);
            });
        } else {
            // Fallback
            const temp = document.createElement(&#39;textarea&#39;);
            temp.value = key;
            document.body.appendChild(temp);
            temp.select();
            document.execCommand(&#39;copy&#39;);
            document.body.removeChild(temp);
            showKeyCopied(btn);
        }
    }

    function showKeyCopied(btn) {
        btn.classList.add(&#39;key-copied&#39;);
        btn.innerHTML = `
            &lt;svg width=&quot;12&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M20 6L9 17l-5-5&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
            Copiado!
        `;
        setTimeout(() =&gt; {
            btn.classList.remove(&#39;key-copied&#39;);
            btn.innerHTML = `
                &lt;svg width=&quot;12&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
            `;
        }, 2000);
    }

    // --- Enter na caixa de valor customizado ---
    document.getElementById(&#39;custom-value&#39;).addEventListener(&#39;keydown&#39;, function(e) {
        if (e.key === &#39;Enter&#39;) applyCustomValue();
    });

    // --- Inicializar ---
    renderPix(0);
&lt;/script&gt;

&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/8239965617767368843/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2026/05/pix.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/8239965617767368843'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/8239965617767368843'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2026/05/pix.html' title='PIX'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-8536920952660828346</id><published>2026-05-07T11:59:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2026-05-07T11:59:35.290-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Colabore</title><content type='html'>&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html lang=&quot;pt-BR&quot;&gt;
&lt;head&gt;
    &lt;meta charset=&quot;UTF-8&quot;&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot; content=&quot;width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0&quot;&gt;
    &lt;title&gt;QR Code Pix - PlatãoVAG&lt;/title&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;description&quot; content=&quot;QR Code Pix oficial do PlatãoVAG - Compatível com todos os bancos brasileiros&quot;&gt;
    &lt;link href=&quot;https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Outfit:wght@400;600;800&amp;family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@500;700&amp;display=swap&quot; rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot;&gt;
    &lt;!-- QRCode.js - geração local sem depender de API externa --&gt;
    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/qrcodejs@1.0.0/qrcode.min.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
    &lt;style&gt;
        *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
        body {
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            background: #0a0e1a;
            color: #f0f0f5;
            min-height: 100vh;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
            padding: 20px;
            overflow-x: hidden;
        }
        /* Animated background */
        body::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            position: fixed;
            inset: 0;
            background: 
                radial-gradient(circle at 20% 30%, rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.08) 0%, transparent 50%),
                radial-gradient(circle at 80% 70%, rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.06) 0%, transparent 50%),
                radial-gradient(circle at 50% 50%, rgba(249, 191, 36, 0.04) 0%, transparent 60%);
            z-index: -1;
            animation: bgPulse 8s ease-in-out infinite alternate;
        }
        @keyframes bgPulse {
            0% { opacity: 0.7; }
            100% { opacity: 1; }
        }
        .pix-card {
            background: linear-gradient(145deg, #141928, #1a2035);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
            border-radius: 24px;
            padding: 40px 36px;
            max-width: 480px;
            width: 100%;
            box-shadow: 
                0 30px 80px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5),
                0 0 60px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.05),
                inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            text-align: center;
            position: relative;
            overflow: hidden;
        }
        .pix-card::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            position: absolute;
            top: 0;
            left: 0;
            right: 0;
            height: 2px;
            background: linear-gradient(90deg, transparent, #3b82f6, #a855f7, #fbbf24, transparent);
            animation: shimmer 3s ease-in-out infinite;
        }
        @keyframes shimmer {
            0%, 100% { opacity: 0.5; }
            50% { opacity: 1; }
        }
        /* Logo / Badge */
        .pix-badge {
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 10px;
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            border: 1px solid rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.2);
            padding: 8px 18px;
            border-radius: 50px;
            margin-bottom: 24px;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            color: #93c5fd;
            letter-spacing: 0.5px;
        }
        .pix-badge .pix-icon {
            width: 20px;
            height: 20px;
        }
        .pix-title {
            font-size: 1.8rem;
            font-weight: 800;
            margin-bottom: 6px;
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #60a5fa, #a78bfa);
            -webkit-background-clip: text;
            -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
            background-clip: text;
            letter-spacing: -0.5px;
        }
        .pix-subtitle {
            color: #6b7a99;
            font-size: 0.9rem;
            margin-bottom: 28px;
            line-height: 1.5;
        }
        /* QR Code Container */
        .qr-frame {
            background: white;
            padding: 20px;
            border-radius: 16px;
            display: inline-block;
            margin: 0 auto 24px;
            box-shadow: 
                0 10px 40px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3),
                0 0 20px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            position: relative;
            transition: transform 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
        }
        .qr-frame:hover {
            transform: scale(1.03);
            box-shadow: 
                0 15px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4),
                0 0 30px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.2);
        }
        .qr-frame #qrcode-canvas {
            display: block;
        }
        .qr-frame #qrcode-canvas img {
            display: block !important;
            border-radius: 4px;
        }
        /* Pix Logo overlay on QR */
        .qr-pix-logo {
            position: absolute;
            top: 50%;
            left: 50%;
            transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
            width: 38px;
            height: 38px;
            background: white;
            border-radius: 6px;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
            box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
        }
        .qr-pix-logo svg {
            width: 26px;
            height: 26px;
        }
        /* Info Section */
        .pix-info {
            background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05);
            border-radius: 12px;
            padding: 16px;
            margin-bottom: 20px;
        }
        .pix-info-row {
            display: flex;
            justify-content: space-between;
            align-items: center;
            padding: 8px 0;
        }
        .pix-info-row:not(:last-child) {
            border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
        }
        .pix-info-label {
            font-size: 0.8rem;
            color: #5a6a88;
            text-transform: uppercase;
            letter-spacing: 0.8px;
        }
        .pix-info-value {
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            font-weight: 600;
            color: #c4d0e9;
        }
        /* Copy Section */
        .copy-section {
            margin-top: 20px;
        }
        .copy-label {
            font-size: 0.75rem;
            color: #5a6a88;
            text-transform: uppercase;
            letter-spacing: 1px;
            margin-bottom: 8px;
        }
        .copy-field {
            display: flex;
            gap: 0;
            border-radius: 10px;
            overflow: hidden;
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
        }
        .copy-input {
            flex: 1;
            background: #0b1120;
            border: none;
            padding: 14px 12px;
            color: #fbbf24;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.65rem;
            text-overflow: ellipsis;
            outline: none;
            min-width: 0;
        }
        .copy-btn {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #3b82f6, #6366f1);
            border: none;
            padding: 14px 20px;
            color: white;
            font-weight: 700;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.3s ease;
            white-space: nowrap;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 6px;
        }
        .copy-btn:hover {
            filter: brightness(1.15);
        }
        .copy-btn.copied {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #22c55e, #16a34a);
        }
        /* Status Badge */
        .compat-badge {
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 6px;
            margin-top: 20px;
            padding: 6px 14px;
            background: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.1);
            border: 1px solid rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.2);
            border-radius: 50px;
            font-size: 0.75rem;
            color: #4ade80;
        }
        .compat-badge::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            width: 6px;
            height: 6px;
            background: #22c55e;
            border-radius: 50%;
            animation: pulse 2s infinite;
        }
        @keyframes pulse {
            0%, 100% { opacity: 1; box-shadow: 0 0 0 0 rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.4); }
            50% { opacity: 0.6; box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px rgba(34, 197, 94, 0); }
        }
        /* Bank Icons */
        .bank-strip {
            display: flex;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
            justify-content: center;
            gap: 8px;
            margin-top: 16px;
        }
        .bank-tag {
            background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
            padding: 4px 10px;
            border-radius: 6px;
            font-size: 0.7rem;
            color: #6b7a99;
            transition: all 0.2s;
        }
        .bank-tag:hover {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            border-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.3);
            color: #93c5fd;
        }
        /* Footer */
        .pix-footer {
            margin-top: 24px;
            font-size: 0.7rem;
            color: #3a4560;
            line-height: 1.6;
        }
        .pix-footer a {
            color: #6366f1;
            text-decoration: none;
        }
        /* Value selector */
        .value-section {
            margin-bottom: 20px;
        }
        .value-chips {
            display: flex;
            gap: 8px;
            justify-content: center;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
            margin-top: 8px;
        }
        .value-chip {
            background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
            padding: 8px 16px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: #94a3b8;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.2s;
            font-weight: 600;
        }
        .value-chip:hover, .value-chip.active {
            background: rgba(251, 191, 36, 0.15);
            border-color: #fbbf24;
            color: #fbbf24;
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }
        .custom-value-row {
            display: flex;
            gap: 8px;
            margin-top: 10px;
        }
        .custom-value-input {
            flex: 1;
            background: #0b1120;
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
            padding: 10px 12px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: white;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.9rem;
            outline: none;
        }
        .custom-value-input:focus {
            border-color: #fbbf24;
        }
        .custom-value-btn {
            background: #fbbf24;
            border: none;
            padding: 10px 16px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: #0a0e1a;
            font-weight: 700;
            cursor: pointer;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            transition: all 0.2s;
        }
        .custom-value-btn:hover {
            filter: brightness(1.1);
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }
        /* Mini copy button for Pix key */
        .pix-key-row {
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 8px;
        }
        .copy-key-btn {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.15);
            border: 1px solid rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.3);
            color: #93c5fd;
            padding: 4px 10px;
            border-radius: 6px;
            font-size: 0.65rem;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            font-weight: 600;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.2s;
            white-space: nowrap;
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 4px;
        }
        .copy-key-btn:hover {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.25);
            border-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5);
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }
        .copy-key-btn.key-copied {
            background: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.2);
            border-color: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.4);
            color: #4ade80;
        }
        @media (max-width: 500px) {
            .pix-card { padding: 28px 20px; }
            .pix-title { font-size: 1.5rem; }
        }
    &lt;/style&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;pix-card&quot;&gt;
    &lt;!-- Top Badge --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-badge&quot;&gt;
        &lt;svg class=&quot;pix-icon&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 512 512&quot; fill=&quot;currentColor&quot;&gt;
            &lt;path d=&quot;M410.3 231.7l-82.1-82.1c-16.6-16.6-43.5-16.6-60.1 0L186 231.7c-16.6 16.6-16.6 43.5 0 60.1l82.1 82.1c16.6 16.6 43.5 16.6 60.1 0l82.1-82.1c16.6-16.6 16.6-43.5 0-60.1zm-191.7 94L136.5 243.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l82.1-82.1c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l82.1 82.1c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-82.1 82.1c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0z&quot;/&gt;
        &lt;/svg&gt;
        PIX • PAGAMENTO INSTANTÂNEO
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Title --&gt;
    &lt;h1 class=&quot;pix-title&quot;&gt;Apoie o PlatãoVAG&lt;/h1&gt;
    &lt;p class=&quot;pix-subtitle&quot;&gt;Sua contribuição mantém o laboratório de química online e gratuito para todos.&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;!-- Value Selection --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;value-section&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-label&quot;&gt;Escolha um valor (opcional)&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;value-chips&quot;&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip active&quot; data-value=&quot;0&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 0)&quot;&gt;Livre&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;5&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 5)&quot;&gt;R$ 5&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;10&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 10)&quot;&gt;R$ 10&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;25&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 25)&quot;&gt;R$ 25&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;50&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 50)&quot;&gt;R$ 50&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;custom-value-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; class=&quot;custom-value-input&quot; id=&quot;custom-value&quot; placeholder=&quot;Outro valor (R$)&quot; min=&quot;0.01&quot; step=&quot;0.01&quot;&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;custom-value-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;applyCustomValue()&quot;&gt;Aplicar&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- QR Code --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;qr-frame&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div id=&quot;qrcode-canvas&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Receiver Info --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Recebedor&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot;&gt;Lauro Julio Dalcin&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Cidade&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot;&gt;Varginha - MG&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Chave Pix&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;pix-key-row&quot;&gt;
                &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot; id=&quot;pix-key-text&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.75rem;&quot;&gt;lauro1607@gmail.com&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;button class=&quot;copy-key-btn&quot; id=&quot;copy-key-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;copyPixKey()&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;svg width=&quot;12&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                    Copiar
                &lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Copy Section --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;copy-section&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-label&quot;&gt;Pix Copia e Cola&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-field&quot;&gt;
            &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; class=&quot;copy-input&quot; id=&quot;pix-payload-text&quot; readonly&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;copy-btn&quot; id=&quot;copy-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;copyPayload()&quot;&gt;
                &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
            &lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Compatibility Badge --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;compat-badge&quot;&gt;Compatível com todos os bancos&lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Bank Tags --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;bank-strip&quot;&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Nubank&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Itaú&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Bradesco&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;BB&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Caixa&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Santander&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Inter&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;C6&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;PicPay&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Mercado Pago&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;PagBank&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Footer --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-footer&quot;&gt;
        QR Code gerado conforme especificação EMVCo + BACEN&lt;br&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;https://plataovag.blogspot.com&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;plataovag.blogspot.com&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;script&gt;
    // =====================================================
    // GERADOR PIX EMVCo OFICIAL - ESPECIFICAÇÃO BACEN
    // Compatível com todos os bancos brasileiros
    // =====================================================
    const PIX_CONFIG = {
        key:  &quot;lauro1607@gmail.com&quot;,
        name: &quot;LAURO JULIO DALCIN&quot;,
        city: &quot;VARGINHA&quot;,
        txid: &quot;PlataoVAG&quot;
    };
    // --- TLV (Tag-Length-Value) builder ---
    function tlv(tag, value) {
        const len = value.length.toString().padStart(2, &#39;0&#39;);
        return tag + len + value;
    }
    // --- Gerador de payload EMVCo compliant ---
    function generatePixPayload(amount) {
        // ID 00 - Payload Format Indicator (fixo)
        const id00 = tlv(&quot;00&quot;, &quot;01&quot;);
        // ID 01 - Point of Initiation Method
        // &quot;11&quot; = QR estático (reutilizável), &quot;12&quot; = QR dinâmico (uso único)
        const id01 = tlv(&quot;01&quot;, amount &gt; 0 ? &quot;12&quot; : &quot;11&quot;);
        // ID 26 - Merchant Account Information (Pix)
        const gui = tlv(&quot;00&quot;, &quot;br.gov.bcb.pix&quot;);   // GUI obrigatório
        const chave = tlv(&quot;01&quot;, PIX_CONFIG.key);    // Chave Pix
        const id26 = tlv(&quot;26&quot;, gui + chave);
        // ID 52 - Merchant Category Code (0000 = não informado)
        const id52 = tlv(&quot;52&quot;, &quot;0000&quot;);
        // ID 53 - Transaction Currency (986 = BRL)
        const id53 = tlv(&quot;53&quot;, &quot;986&quot;);
        // ID 54 - Transaction Amount (opcional, somente se valor &gt; 0)
        let id54 = &quot;&quot;;
        if (amount &gt; 0) {
            id54 = tlv(&quot;54&quot;, amount.toFixed(2));
        }
        // ID 58 - Country Code
        const id58 = tlv(&quot;58&quot;, &quot;BR&quot;);
        // ID 59 - Merchant Name (máx 25 caracteres)
        const merchantName = PIX_CONFIG.name.substring(0, 25);
        const id59 = tlv(&quot;59&quot;, merchantName);
        // ID 60 - Merchant City (máx 15 caracteres)
        const merchantCity = PIX_CONFIG.city.substring(0, 15);
        const id60 = tlv(&quot;60&quot;, merchantCity);
        // ID 62 - Additional Data Field Template
        const txid = tlv(&quot;05&quot;, PIX_CONFIG.txid.substring(0, 25));
        const id62 = tlv(&quot;62&quot;, txid);
        // Concatenar tudo + placeholder CRC
        const payloadSemCRC = id00 + id01 + id26 + id52 + id53 + id54 + id58 + id59 + id60 + id62 + &quot;6304&quot;;
        // Calcular CRC16-CCITT
        const crc = crc16CCITT(payloadSemCRC);
        return payloadSemCRC + crc;
    }
    // --- CRC16 CCITT (polinômio 0x1021, init 0xFFFF) ---
    function crc16CCITT(str) {
        let crc = 0xFFFF;
        for (let i = 0; i &lt; str.length; i++) {
            crc ^= str.charCodeAt(i) &lt;&lt; 8;
            for (let j = 0; j &lt; 8; j++) {
                if ((crc &amp; 0x8000) !== 0) {
                    crc = ((crc &lt;&lt; 1) ^ 0x1021) &amp; 0xFFFF;
                } else {
                    crc = (crc &lt;&lt; 1) &amp; 0xFFFF;
                }
            }
        }
        return (crc &amp; 0xFFFF).toString(16).toUpperCase().padStart(4, &#39;0&#39;);
    }
    // --- State ---
    let currentAmount = 0;
    // --- Render QR + Payload ---
    function renderPix(amount) {
        currentAmount = amount;
        const payload = generatePixPayload(amount);
        // Atualizar campo de texto
        document.getElementById(&#39;pix-payload-text&#39;).value = payload;
        // Limpar QR anterior
        const qrContainer = document.getElementById(&#39;qrcode-canvas&#39;);
        qrContainer.innerHTML = &#39;&#39;;
        // Gerar novo QR Code localmente
        new QRCode(qrContainer, {
            text: payload,
            width: 220,
            height: 220,
            colorDark: &quot;#1a1a2e&quot;,
            colorLight: &quot;#ffffff&quot;,
            correctLevel: QRCode.CorrectLevel.M
        });
    }
    // --- Seleção de valor predefinido ---
    function selectValue(btn, value) {
        document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.value-chip&#39;).forEach(c =&gt; c.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;));
        btn.classList.add(&#39;active&#39;);
        document.getElementById(&#39;custom-value&#39;).value = &#39;&#39;;
        renderPix(value);
    }
    // --- Valor customizado ---
    function applyCustomValue() {
        const input = document.getElementById(&#39;custom-value&#39;);
        const val = parseFloat(input.value);
        if (val &gt; 0) {
            document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.value-chip&#39;).forEach(c =&gt; c.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;));
            renderPix(val);
        }
    }
    // --- Copiar payload ---
    function copyPayload() {
        const text = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-payload-text&#39;).value;
        const btn = document.getElementById(&#39;copy-btn&#39;);
        if (navigator.clipboard &amp;&amp; navigator.clipboard.writeText) {
            navigator.clipboard.writeText(text).then(() =&gt; {
                showCopied(btn);
            });
        } else {
            // Fallback
            const input = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-payload-text&#39;);
            input.select();
            input.setSelectionRange(0, 99999);
            document.execCommand(&#39;copy&#39;);
            showCopied(btn);
        }
    }
    function showCopied(btn) {
        btn.classList.add(&#39;copied&#39;);
        btn.innerHTML = `
            &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M20 6L9 17l-5-5&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
            Copiado!
        `;
        setTimeout(() =&gt; {
            btn.classList.remove(&#39;copied&#39;);
            btn.innerHTML = `
                &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
            `;
        }, 2000);
    }
    // --- Copiar chave Pix ---
    function copyPixKey() {
        const key = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-key-text&#39;).textContent;
        const btn = document.getElementById(&#39;copy-key-btn&#39;);
        if (navigator.clipboard &amp;&amp; navigator.clipboard.writeText) {
            navigator.clipboard.writeText(key).then(() =&gt; {
                showKeyCopied(btn);
            });
        } else {
            // Fallback
            const temp = document.createElement(&#39;textarea&#39;);
            temp.value = key;
            document.body.appendChild(temp);
            temp.select();
            document.execCommand(&#39;copy&#39;);
            document.body.removeChild(temp);
            showKeyCopied(btn);
        }
    }
    function showKeyCopied(btn) {
        btn.classList.add(&#39;key-copied&#39;);
        btn.innerHTML = `
            &lt;svg width=&quot;12&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M20 6L9 17l-5-5&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
            Copiado!
        `;
        setTimeout(() =&gt; {
            btn.classList.remove(&#39;key-copied&#39;);
            btn.innerHTML = `
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&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/8536920952660828346/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2026/05/colabore.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/8536920952660828346'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/8536920952660828346'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2026/05/colabore.html' title='Colabore'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-2303433108321790678</id><published>2026-05-06T18:02:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2026-05-07T10:09:57.469-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Tabela Periódica Calculadoras Químicas</title><content type='html'>&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html lang=&quot;pt-BR&quot;&gt;
&lt;head&gt;
    &lt;meta charset=&quot;UTF-8&quot;&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot; content=&quot;width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0&quot;&gt;
    &lt;title&gt;PlatãoVAG Lab - Central Química&lt;/title&gt;
    &lt;link href=&quot;https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Outfit:wght@400;600;800&amp;family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@500;700&amp;swap&quot; rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot;&gt;
    &lt;style&gt;
        #quimica-dashboard {
            --primary: #3b82f6; --primary-glow: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.4);
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        #quimica-dashboard * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
        .dash-header { text-align: center; margin-bottom: 30px; }
        .dash-header h1 { font-size: 2.5rem; font-weight: 800; color: var(--primary); }
        .dash-nav { display: flex; gap: 10px; margin-bottom: 25px; overflow-x: auto; padding-bottom: 5px; }
        .nav-btn {
            background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border); color: var(--text-dim);
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        .nav-btn.active { background: var(--primary); color: white; border-color: var(--primary); }
        .tab-pane { display: none; animation: fadeIn 0.4s ease; }
        .tab-pane.active { display: block; }
        @keyframes fadeIn { from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(10px); } to { opacity: 1; } }

        /* TABELA */
        .table-controls { background: rgba(0,0,0,0.2); border-radius: 12px; padding: 15px; margin-bottom: 20px; min-height: 120px; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 20px; border: 1px solid var(--border); }
        .info-box-sym { width: 80px; height: 80px; border-radius: 10px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; font-size: 2.5rem; font-weight: 800; color: white; }
        .periodic-wrapper { overflow-x: auto; padding: 10px 0; }
        .periodic-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(18, 55px); gap: 6px; min-width: 1050px; }
        .extra-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(15, 55px); gap: 6px; min-width: 1050px; margin-top: 25px; padding-left: calc(55px * 2 + 12px); }
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        /* CALCULADORAS */
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        .c-actinide { background: rgba(244, 63, 94, 0.2); color: #fb7185; border-color: #f43f5e; }
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&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;quimica-dashboard&quot;&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;dash-header&quot;&gt;&lt;h1&gt;PlatãoVAG Lab&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tabela Periódica &amp; Calculadoras&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;dash-nav&quot;&gt;
        &lt;button class=&quot;nav-btn active&quot; onclick=&quot;showTab(&#39;tab-periodic&#39;, this)&quot;&gt;Tabela Periódica&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;button class=&quot;nav-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;showTab(&#39;tab-molar&#39;, this)&quot;&gt;Massa Molar&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;button class=&quot;nav-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;showTab(&#39;tab-mol-conv&#39;, this)&quot;&gt;Conversor de Mol&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;button class=&quot;nav-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;showTab(&#39;tab-concentration&#39;, this)&quot;&gt;Concentração&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;button class=&quot;nav-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;showTab(&#39;tab-support&#39;, this)&quot; style=&quot;border-color: #fbbf24; color: #fbbf24;&quot;&gt;💛 Apoiar&lt;/button&gt;
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        &lt;div class=&quot;calc-card&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
            &lt;h2 style=&quot;color: #fbbf24;&quot;&gt;☕ Apoie o Projeto&lt;/h2&gt;
            &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 20px; color: var(--text-dim);&quot;&gt;Sua doação ajuda a manter o laboratório online!&lt;/p&gt;
            &lt;div style=&quot;background: white; padding: 15px; border-radius: 12px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 20px;&quot;&gt;
                &lt;img src=&quot;https://api.qrserver.com/v1/create-qr-code/?size=200x200&amp;data=lauro1607@gmail.com&quot; alt=&quot;Pix&quot;&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;input-box&quot;&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; value=&quot;lauro1607@gmail.com&quot; class=&quot;q-input&quot; readonly style=&quot;text-align: center; color: #fbbf24;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;div id=&quot;tab-periodic&quot; class=&quot;tab-pane active&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div id=&quot;info-panel&quot; class=&quot;table-controls&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%; color: var(--text-dim)&quot;&gt;Passe o mouse sobre um elemento.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;periodic-wrapper&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;main-periodic&quot; class=&quot;periodic-grid&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;extra-periodic&quot; class=&quot;extra-grid&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;div id=&quot;tab-molar&quot; class=&quot;tab-pane&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;calc-card&quot;&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Massa Molar&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; id=&quot;f-molar&quot; class=&quot;q-input&quot; placeholder=&quot;Ex: H2O&quot;&gt;&lt;button class=&quot;q-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;calcM()&quot;&gt;Calcular&lt;/button&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;r-molar&quot; class=&quot;q-res&quot;&gt;---&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;div id=&quot;tab-mol-conv&quot; class=&quot;tab-pane&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;calc-card&quot;&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Massa ↔ Mol&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;c-m&quot; class=&quot;q-input&quot; placeholder=&quot;Massa (g)&quot;&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;c-mm&quot; class=&quot;q-input&quot; placeholder=&quot;Massa Molar (g/mol)&quot;&gt;&lt;button class=&quot;q-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;convM()&quot;&gt;Converter&lt;/button&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;r-conv&quot; class=&quot;q-res&quot;&gt;---&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;div id=&quot;tab-concentration&quot; class=&quot;tab-pane&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;calc-card&quot;&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Molaridade (mol/L)&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;con-m&quot; class=&quot;q-input&quot; placeholder=&quot;Massa (g)&quot;&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;con-mm&quot; class=&quot;q-input&quot; placeholder=&quot;Massa Molar (g/mol)&quot;&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;con-v&quot; class=&quot;q-input&quot; placeholder=&quot;Volume (L)&quot;&gt;&lt;button class=&quot;q-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;calcC()&quot;&gt;Calcular&lt;/button&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;r-conc&quot; class=&quot;q-res&quot;&gt;---&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;

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        {n:107,s:&quot;Bh&quot;,name:&quot;Bóhrio&quot;,m:270,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:7,y:7},{n:108,s:&quot;Hs&quot;,name:&quot;Hássio&quot;,m:277,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:8,y:7},
        {n:109,s:&quot;Mt&quot;,name:&quot;Meitnério&quot;,m:278,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:9,y:7},{n:110,s:&quot;Ds&quot;,name:&quot;Darmstádio&quot;,m:281,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:10,y:7},
        {n:111,s:&quot;Rg&quot;,name:&quot;Roentgênio&quot;,m:282,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:11,y:7},{n:112,s:&quot;Cn&quot;,name:&quot;Copernício&quot;,m:285,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:12,y:7},
        {n:113,s:&quot;Nh&quot;,name:&quot;Nihônio&quot;,m:286,c:&quot;post-trans&quot;,x:13,y:7},{n:114,s:&quot;Fl&quot;,name:&quot;Fleróvio&quot;,m:289,c:&quot;post-trans&quot;,x:14,y:7},
        {n:115,s:&quot;Mc&quot;,name:&quot;Moscóvio&quot;,m:290,c:&quot;post-trans&quot;,x:15,y:7},{n:116,s:&quot;Lv&quot;,name:&quot;Livermório&quot;,m:293,c:&quot;post-trans&quot;,x:16,y:7},
        {n:117,s:&quot;Ts&quot;,name:&quot;Tenessino&quot;,m:294,c:&quot;halogen&quot;,x:17,y:7},{n:118,s:&quot;Og&quot;,name:&quot;Oganessônio&quot;,m:294,c:&quot;noble&quot;,x:18,y:7}
    ];
    const extras = [{n:57,s:&quot;La&quot;,name:&quot;Lantânio&quot;,m:138.9,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:1,y:1},{n:58,s:&quot;Ce&quot;,name:&quot;Cério&quot;,m:140.1,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:2,y:1},{n:59,s:&quot;Pr&quot;,name:&quot;Praseodímio&quot;,m:140.9,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:3,y:1},{n:60,s:&quot;Nd&quot;,name:&quot;Neodímio&quot;,m:144.2,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:4,y:1},{n:61,s:&quot;Pm&quot;,name:&quot;Promécio&quot;,m:145,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:5,y:1},{n:62,s:&quot;Sm&quot;,name:&quot;Samário&quot;,m:150.3,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:6,y:1},{n:63,s:&quot;Eu&quot;,name:&quot;Európio&quot;,m:151.9,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:7,y:1},{n:64,s:&quot;Gd&quot;,name:&quot;Gadolínio&quot;,m:157.2,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:8,y:1},{n:65,s:&quot;Tb&quot;,name:&quot;Térbio&quot;,m:158.9,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:9,y:1},{n:66,s:&quot;Dy&quot;,name:&quot;Disprósio&quot;,m:162.5,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:10,y:1},{n:67,s:&quot;Ho&quot;,name:&quot;Hólmio&quot;,m:164.9,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:11,y:1},{n:68,s:&quot;Er&quot;,name:&quot;Érbio&quot;,m:167.2,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:12,y:1},{n:69,s:&quot;Tm&quot;,name:&quot;Túlio&quot;,m:168.9,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:13,y:1},{n:70,s:&quot;Yb&quot;,name:&quot;Itérbio&quot;,m:173.0,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:14,y:1},{n:71,s:&quot;Lu&quot;,name:&quot;Lutécio&quot;,m:174.9,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:15,y:1},{n:89,s:&quot;Ac&quot;,name:&quot;Actínio&quot;,m:227,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:1,y:2},{n:90,s:&quot;Th&quot;,name:&quot;Tório&quot;,m:232.0,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:2,y:2},{n:91,s:&quot;Pa&quot;,name:&quot;Protactínio&quot;,m:231.0,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:3,y:2},{n:92,s:&quot;U&quot;,name:&quot;Urânio&quot;,m:238.0,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:4,y:2},{n:93,s:&quot;Np&quot;,name:&quot;Netúnio&quot;,m:237,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:5,y:2},{n:94,s:&quot;Pu&quot;,name:&quot;Plutônio&quot;,m:244,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:6,y:2},{n:95,s:&quot;Am&quot;,name:&quot;Amerício&quot;,m:243,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:7,y:2},{n:96,s:&quot;Cm&quot;,name:&quot;Cúrio&quot;,m:247,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:8,y:2},{n:97,s:&quot;Bk&quot;,name:&quot;Berquélio&quot;,m:247,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:9,y:2},{n:98,s:&quot;Cf&quot;,name:&quot;Califórnio&quot;,m:251,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:10,y:2},{n:99,s:&quot;Es&quot;,name:&quot;Einstênio&quot;,m:252,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:11,y:2},{n:100,s:&quot;Fm&quot;,name:&quot;Férmio&quot;,m:257,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:12,y:2},{n:101,s:&quot;Md&quot;,name:&quot;Mendelévio&quot;,m:258,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:13,y:2},{n:102,s:&quot;No&quot;,name:&quot;Nobélio&quot;,m:259,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:14,y:2},{n:103,s:&quot;Lr&quot;,name:&quot;Laurêncio&quot;,m:266,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:15,y:2}];
    const massMap = {}; [...elements, ...extras].forEach(e =&gt; massMap[e.s] = e.m);
    function showTab(id, b) { document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.tab-pane&#39;).forEach(p =&gt; p.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;)); document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.nav-btn&#39;).forEach(n =&gt; n.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;)); document.getElementById(id).classList.add(&#39;active&#39;); b.classList.add(&#39;active&#39;); }
    function render() { const m = document.getElementById(&#39;main-periodic&#39;), e = document.getElementById(&#39;extra-periodic&#39;); elements.forEach(el =&gt; m.appendChild(create(el))); extras.forEach(el =&gt; e.appendChild(create(el))); }
    function create(el) { const d = document.createElement(&#39;div&#39;); d.className = `element c-${el.c}`; d.style.gridColumn = el.x; d.style.gridRow = el.y; d.innerHTML = `&lt;span class=&quot;el-n&quot;&gt;${el.n}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;el-s&quot;&gt;${el.s}&lt;/span&gt;`; d.onmouseover = () =&gt; { document.getElementById(&#39;info-panel&#39;).innerHTML = `&lt;div class=&quot;info-box-sym c-${el.c}&quot;&gt;${el.s}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;info-box-data&quot;&gt;&lt;h3&gt;${el.name}&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;info-stats&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Z&lt;b&gt;${el.n}&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Massa&lt;b&gt;${el.m} u&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;`; }; return d; }
    function calcM() { const f = document.getElementById(&#39;f-molar&#39;).value.trim(); try { let ex = f; const p = /\(([^)]+)\)(\d+)/g; while(p.test(ex)) ex = ex.replace(p, (m, c, n) =&gt; c.repeat(n)); const re = /([A-Z][a-z]*)(\d*)/g; let m = 0, mt; while((mt = re.exec(ex)) !== null) { if(!massMap[mt[1]]) throw &quot;!&quot;; m += massMap[mt[1]] * (mt[2] ? parseInt(mt[2]) : 1); } document.getElementById(&#39;r-molar&#39;).innerHTML = `&lt;b&gt;${m.toFixed(3)}&lt;/b&gt; g/mol`; } catch(e) { document.getElementById(&#39;r-molar&#39;).innerHTML = &quot;Erro&quot;; } }
    function convM() { const m = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;c-m&#39;).value), mm = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;c-mm&#39;).value); if(m &amp;&amp; mm) document.getElementById(&#39;r-conv&#39;).innerHTML = `&lt;b&gt;${(m/mm).toFixed(4)}&lt;/b&gt; mol`; }
    function calcC() { const m = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;con-m&#39;).value), mm = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;con-mm&#39;).value), v = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;con-v&#39;).value); if(m &amp;&amp; mm &amp;&amp; v) document.getElementById(&#39;r-conc&#39;).innerHTML = `&lt;b&gt;${(m/(mm*v)).toFixed(4)}&lt;/b&gt; mol/L`; }
    render();
&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;/body&gt;
  &lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html lang=&quot;pt-BR&quot;&gt;
&lt;head&gt;
    &lt;meta charset=&quot;UTF-8&quot;&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot; content=&quot;width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0&quot;&gt;
    &lt;title&gt;QR Code Pix - PlatãoVAG&lt;/title&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;description&quot; content=&quot;QR Code Pix oficial do PlatãoVAG - Compatível com todos os bancos brasileiros&quot;&gt;
    &lt;link href=&quot;https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Outfit:wght@400;600;800&amp;family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@500;700&amp;display=swap&quot; rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot;&gt;
    &lt;!-- QRCode.js - geração local sem depender de API externa --&gt;
    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/qrcodejs@1.0.0/qrcode.min.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
    &lt;style&gt;
        *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }

        body {
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            background: #0a0e1a;
            color: #f0f0f5;
            min-height: 100vh;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
            padding: 20px;
            overflow-x: hidden;
        }

        /* Animated background */
        body::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            position: fixed;
            inset: 0;
            background: 
                radial-gradient(circle at 20% 30%, rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.08) 0%, transparent 50%),
                radial-gradient(circle at 80% 70%, rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.06) 0%, transparent 50%),
                radial-gradient(circle at 50% 50%, rgba(249, 191, 36, 0.04) 0%, transparent 60%);
            z-index: -1;
            animation: bgPulse 8s ease-in-out infinite alternate;
        }

        @keyframes bgPulse {
            0% { opacity: 0.7; }
            100% { opacity: 1; }
        }

        .pix-card {
            background: linear-gradient(145deg, #141928, #1a2035);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
            border-radius: 24px;
            padding: 40px 36px;
            max-width: 480px;
            width: 100%;
            box-shadow: 
                0 30px 80px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5),
                0 0 60px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.05),
                inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            text-align: center;
            position: relative;
            overflow: hidden;
        }

        .pix-card::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            position: absolute;
            top: 0;
            left: 0;
            right: 0;
            height: 2px;
            background: linear-gradient(90deg, transparent, #3b82f6, #a855f7, #fbbf24, transparent);
            animation: shimmer 3s ease-in-out infinite;
        }

        @keyframes shimmer {
            0%, 100% { opacity: 0.5; }
            50% { opacity: 1; }
        }

        /* Logo / Badge */
        .pix-badge {
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 10px;
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            border: 1px solid rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.2);
            padding: 8px 18px;
            border-radius: 50px;
            margin-bottom: 24px;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            color: #93c5fd;
            letter-spacing: 0.5px;
        }

        .pix-badge .pix-icon {
            width: 20px;
            height: 20px;
        }

        .pix-title {
            font-size: 1.8rem;
            font-weight: 800;
            margin-bottom: 6px;
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #60a5fa, #a78bfa);
            -webkit-background-clip: text;
            -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
            background-clip: text;
            letter-spacing: -0.5px;
        }

        .pix-subtitle {
            color: #6b7a99;
            font-size: 0.9rem;
            margin-bottom: 28px;
            line-height: 1.5;
        }

        /* QR Code Container */
        .qr-frame {
            background: white;
            padding: 20px;
            border-radius: 16px;
            display: inline-block;
            margin: 0 auto 24px;
            box-shadow: 
                0 10px 40px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3),
                0 0 20px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            position: relative;
            transition: transform 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
        }

        .qr-frame:hover {
            transform: scale(1.03);
            box-shadow: 
                0 15px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4),
                0 0 30px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.2);
        }

        .qr-frame #qrcode-canvas {
            display: block;
        }

        .qr-frame #qrcode-canvas img {
            display: block !important;
            border-radius: 4px;
        }

        /* Pix Logo overlay on QR */
        .qr-pix-logo {
            position: absolute;
            top: 50%;
            left: 50%;
            transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
            width: 38px;
            height: 38px;
            background: white;
            border-radius: 6px;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
            box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
        }

        .qr-pix-logo svg {
            width: 26px;
            height: 26px;
        }

        /* Info Section */
        .pix-info {
            background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05);
            border-radius: 12px;
            padding: 16px;
            margin-bottom: 20px;
        }

        .pix-info-row {
            display: flex;
            justify-content: space-between;
            align-items: center;
            padding: 8px 0;
        }

        .pix-info-row:not(:last-child) {
            border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
        }

        .pix-info-label {
            font-size: 0.8rem;
            color: #5a6a88;
            text-transform: uppercase;
            letter-spacing: 0.8px;
        }

        .pix-info-value {
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            font-weight: 600;
            color: #c4d0e9;
        }

        /* Copy Section */
        .copy-section {
            margin-top: 20px;
        }

        .copy-label {
            font-size: 0.75rem;
            color: #5a6a88;
            text-transform: uppercase;
            letter-spacing: 1px;
            margin-bottom: 8px;
        }

        .copy-field {
            display: flex;
            gap: 0;
            border-radius: 10px;
            overflow: hidden;
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
        }

        .copy-input {
            flex: 1;
            background: #0b1120;
            border: none;
            padding: 14px 12px;
            color: #fbbf24;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.65rem;
            text-overflow: ellipsis;
            outline: none;
            min-width: 0;
        }

        .copy-btn {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #3b82f6, #6366f1);
            border: none;
            padding: 14px 20px;
            color: white;
            font-weight: 700;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.3s ease;
            white-space: nowrap;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 6px;
        }

        .copy-btn:hover {
            filter: brightness(1.15);
        }

        .copy-btn.copied {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #22c55e, #16a34a);
        }

        /* Status Badge */
        .compat-badge {
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 6px;
            margin-top: 20px;
            padding: 6px 14px;
            background: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.1);
            border: 1px solid rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.2);
            border-radius: 50px;
            font-size: 0.75rem;
            color: #4ade80;
        }

        .compat-badge::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            width: 6px;
            height: 6px;
            background: #22c55e;
            border-radius: 50%;
            animation: pulse 2s infinite;
        }

        @keyframes pulse {
            0%, 100% { opacity: 1; box-shadow: 0 0 0 0 rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.4); }
            50% { opacity: 0.6; box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px rgba(34, 197, 94, 0); }
        }

        /* Bank Icons */
        .bank-strip {
            display: flex;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
            justify-content: center;
            gap: 8px;
            margin-top: 16px;
        }

        .bank-tag {
            background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
            padding: 4px 10px;
            border-radius: 6px;
            font-size: 0.7rem;
            color: #6b7a99;
            transition: all 0.2s;
        }

        .bank-tag:hover {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            border-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.3);
            color: #93c5fd;
        }

        /* Footer */
        .pix-footer {
            margin-top: 24px;
            font-size: 0.7rem;
            color: #3a4560;
            line-height: 1.6;
        }

        .pix-footer a {
            color: #6366f1;
            text-decoration: none;
        }

        /* Value selector */
        .value-section {
            margin-bottom: 20px;
        }

        .value-chips {
            display: flex;
            gap: 8px;
            justify-content: center;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
            margin-top: 8px;
        }

        .value-chip {
            background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
            padding: 8px 16px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: #94a3b8;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.2s;
            font-weight: 600;
        }

        .value-chip:hover, .value-chip.active {
            background: rgba(251, 191, 36, 0.15);
            border-color: #fbbf24;
            color: #fbbf24;
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }

        .custom-value-row {
            display: flex;
            gap: 8px;
            margin-top: 10px;
        }

        .custom-value-input {
            flex: 1;
            background: #0b1120;
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
            padding: 10px 12px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: white;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.9rem;
            outline: none;
        }

        .custom-value-input:focus {
            border-color: #fbbf24;
        }

        .custom-value-btn {
            background: #fbbf24;
            border: none;
            padding: 10px 16px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: #0a0e1a;
            font-weight: 700;
            cursor: pointer;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            transition: all 0.2s;
        }

        .custom-value-btn:hover {
            filter: brightness(1.1);
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }

        /* Mini copy button for Pix key */
        .pix-key-row {
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 8px;
        }

        .copy-key-btn {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.15);
            border: 1px solid rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.3);
            color: #93c5fd;
            padding: 4px 10px;
            border-radius: 6px;
            font-size: 0.65rem;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            font-weight: 600;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.2s;
            white-space: nowrap;
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 4px;
        }

        .copy-key-btn:hover {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.25);
            border-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5);
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }

        .copy-key-btn.key-copied {
            background: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.2);
            border-color: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.4);
            color: #4ade80;
        }

        @media (max-width: 500px) {
            .pix-card { padding: 28px 20px; }
            .pix-title { font-size: 1.5rem; }
        }
    &lt;/style&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;pix-card&quot;&gt;
    &lt;!-- Top Badge --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-badge&quot;&gt;
        &lt;svg class=&quot;pix-icon&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 512 512&quot; fill=&quot;currentColor&quot;&gt;
            &lt;path d=&quot;M410.3 231.7l-82.1-82.1c-16.6-16.6-43.5-16.6-60.1 0L186 231.7c-16.6 16.6-16.6 43.5 0 60.1l82.1 82.1c16.6 16.6 43.5 16.6 60.1 0l82.1-82.1c16.6-16.6 16.6-43.5 0-60.1zm-191.7 94L136.5 243.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l82.1-82.1c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l82.1 82.1c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-82.1 82.1c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0z&quot;/&gt;
        &lt;/svg&gt;
        PIX • PAGAMENTO INSTANTÂNEO
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Title --&gt;
    &lt;h1 class=&quot;pix-title&quot;&gt;Apoie o PlatãoVAG&lt;/h1&gt;
    &lt;p class=&quot;pix-subtitle&quot;&gt;Sua contribuição mantém o laboratório de química online e gratuito para todos.&lt;/p&gt;

    &lt;!-- Value Selection --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;value-section&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-label&quot;&gt;Escolha um valor (opcional)&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;value-chips&quot;&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip active&quot; data-value=&quot;0&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 0)&quot;&gt;Livre&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;5&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 5)&quot;&gt;R$ 5&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;10&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 10)&quot;&gt;R$ 10&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;25&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 25)&quot;&gt;R$ 25&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;50&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 50)&quot;&gt;R$ 50&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;custom-value-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; class=&quot;custom-value-input&quot; id=&quot;custom-value&quot; placeholder=&quot;Outro valor (R$)&quot; min=&quot;0.01&quot; step=&quot;0.01&quot;&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;custom-value-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;applyCustomValue()&quot;&gt;Aplicar&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- QR Code --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;qr-frame&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div id=&quot;qrcode-canvas&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Receiver Info --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Recebedor&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot;&gt;Lauro Julio Dalcin&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Cidade&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot;&gt;Varginha - MG&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Chave Pix&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;pix-key-row&quot;&gt;
                &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot; id=&quot;pix-key-text&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.75rem;&quot;&gt;lauro1607@gmail.com&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;button class=&quot;copy-key-btn&quot; id=&quot;copy-key-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;copyPixKey()&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;svg width=&quot;12&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                    Copiar
                &lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Copy Section --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;copy-section&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-label&quot;&gt;Pix Copia e Cola&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-field&quot;&gt;
            &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; class=&quot;copy-input&quot; id=&quot;pix-payload-text&quot; readonly&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;copy-btn&quot; id=&quot;copy-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;copyPayload()&quot;&gt;
                &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
            &lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Compatibility Badge --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;compat-badge&quot;&gt;Compatível com todos os bancos&lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Bank Tags --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;bank-strip&quot;&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Nubank&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Itaú&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Bradesco&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;BB&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Caixa&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Santander&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Inter&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;C6&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;PicPay&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Mercado Pago&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;PagBank&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Footer --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-footer&quot;&gt;
        QR Code gerado conforme especificação EMVCo + BACEN&lt;br&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;https://plataovag.blogspot.com&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;plataovag.blogspot.com&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;script&gt;
    // =====================================================
    // GERADOR PIX EMVCo OFICIAL - ESPECIFICAÇÃO BACEN
    // Compatível com todos os bancos brasileiros
    // =====================================================

    const PIX_CONFIG = {
        key:  &quot;lauro1607@gmail.com&quot;,
        name: &quot;LAURO JULIO DALCIN&quot;,
        city: &quot;VARGINHA&quot;,
        txid: &quot;PlataoVAG&quot;
    };

    // --- TLV (Tag-Length-Value) builder ---
    function tlv(tag, value) {
        const len = value.length.toString().padStart(2, &#39;0&#39;);
        return tag + len + value;
    }

    // --- Gerador de payload EMVCo compliant ---
    function generatePixPayload(amount) {
        // ID 00 - Payload Format Indicator (fixo)
        const id00 = tlv(&quot;00&quot;, &quot;01&quot;);

        // ID 01 - Point of Initiation Method
        // &quot;11&quot; = QR estático (reutilizável), &quot;12&quot; = QR dinâmico (uso único)
        const id01 = tlv(&quot;01&quot;, amount &gt; 0 ? &quot;12&quot; : &quot;11&quot;);

        // ID 26 - Merchant Account Information (Pix)
        const gui = tlv(&quot;00&quot;, &quot;br.gov.bcb.pix&quot;);   // GUI obrigatório
        const chave = tlv(&quot;01&quot;, PIX_CONFIG.key);    // Chave Pix
        const id26 = tlv(&quot;26&quot;, gui + chave);

        // ID 52 - Merchant Category Code (0000 = não informado)
        const id52 = tlv(&quot;52&quot;, &quot;0000&quot;);

        // ID 53 - Transaction Currency (986 = BRL)
        const id53 = tlv(&quot;53&quot;, &quot;986&quot;);

        // ID 54 - Transaction Amount (opcional, somente se valor &gt; 0)
        let id54 = &quot;&quot;;
        if (amount &gt; 0) {
            id54 = tlv(&quot;54&quot;, amount.toFixed(2));
        }

        // ID 58 - Country Code
        const id58 = tlv(&quot;58&quot;, &quot;BR&quot;);

        // ID 59 - Merchant Name (máx 25 caracteres)
        const merchantName = PIX_CONFIG.name.substring(0, 25);
        const id59 = tlv(&quot;59&quot;, merchantName);

        // ID 60 - Merchant City (máx 15 caracteres)
        const merchantCity = PIX_CONFIG.city.substring(0, 15);
        const id60 = tlv(&quot;60&quot;, merchantCity);

        // ID 62 - Additional Data Field Template
        const txid = tlv(&quot;05&quot;, PIX_CONFIG.txid.substring(0, 25));
        const id62 = tlv(&quot;62&quot;, txid);

        // Concatenar tudo + placeholder CRC
        const payloadSemCRC = id00 + id01 + id26 + id52 + id53 + id54 + id58 + id59 + id60 + id62 + &quot;6304&quot;;

        // Calcular CRC16-CCITT
        const crc = crc16CCITT(payloadSemCRC);

        return payloadSemCRC + crc;
    }

    // --- CRC16 CCITT (polinômio 0x1021, init 0xFFFF) ---
    function crc16CCITT(str) {
        let crc = 0xFFFF;
        for (let i = 0; i &lt; str.length; i++) {
            crc ^= str.charCodeAt(i) &lt;&lt; 8;
            for (let j = 0; j &lt; 8; j++) {
                if ((crc &amp; 0x8000) !== 0) {
                    crc = ((crc &lt;&lt; 1) ^ 0x1021) &amp; 0xFFFF;
                } else {
                    crc = (crc &lt;&lt; 1) &amp; 0xFFFF;
                }
            }
        }
        return (crc &amp; 0xFFFF).toString(16).toUpperCase().padStart(4, &#39;0&#39;);
    }

    // --- State ---
    let currentAmount = 0;

    // --- Render QR + Payload ---
    function renderPix(amount) {
        currentAmount = amount;
        const payload = generatePixPayload(amount);

        // Atualizar campo de texto
        document.getElementById(&#39;pix-payload-text&#39;).value = payload;

        // Limpar QR anterior
        const qrContainer = document.getElementById(&#39;qrcode-canvas&#39;);
        qrContainer.innerHTML = &#39;&#39;;

        // Gerar novo QR Code localmente
        new QRCode(qrContainer, {
            text: payload,
            width: 220,
            height: 220,
            colorDark: &quot;#1a1a2e&quot;,
            colorLight: &quot;#ffffff&quot;,
            correctLevel: QRCode.CorrectLevel.M
        });
    }

    // --- Seleção de valor predefinido ---
    function selectValue(btn, value) {
        document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.value-chip&#39;).forEach(c =&gt; c.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;));
        btn.classList.add(&#39;active&#39;);
        document.getElementById(&#39;custom-value&#39;).value = &#39;&#39;;
        renderPix(value);
    }

    // --- Valor customizado ---
    function applyCustomValue() {
        const input = document.getElementById(&#39;custom-value&#39;);
        const val = parseFloat(input.value);
        if (val &gt; 0) {
            document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.value-chip&#39;).forEach(c =&gt; c.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;));
            renderPix(val);
        }
    }

    // --- Copiar payload ---
    function copyPayload() {
        const text = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-payload-text&#39;).value;
        const btn = document.getElementById(&#39;copy-btn&#39;);

        if (navigator.clipboard &amp;&amp; navigator.clipboard.writeText) {
            navigator.clipboard.writeText(text).then(() =&gt; {
                showCopied(btn);
            });
        } else {
            // Fallback
            const input = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-payload-text&#39;);
            input.select();
            input.setSelectionRange(0, 99999);
            document.execCommand(&#39;copy&#39;);
            showCopied(btn);
        }
    }

    function showCopied(btn) {
        btn.classList.add(&#39;copied&#39;);
        btn.innerHTML = `
            &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M20 6L9 17l-5-5&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
            Copiado!
        `;
        setTimeout(() =&gt; {
            btn.classList.remove(&#39;copied&#39;);
            btn.innerHTML = `
                &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
            `;
        }, 2000);
    }

    // --- Copiar chave Pix ---
    function copyPixKey() {
        const key = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-key-text&#39;).textContent;
        const btn = document.getElementById(&#39;copy-key-btn&#39;);

        if (navigator.clipboard &amp;&amp; navigator.clipboard.writeText) {
            navigator.clipboard.writeText(key).then(() =&gt; {
                showKeyCopied(btn);
            });
        } else {
            // Fallback
            const temp = document.createElement(&#39;textarea&#39;);
            temp.value = key;
            document.body.appendChild(temp);
            temp.select();
            document.execCommand(&#39;copy&#39;);
            document.body.removeChild(temp);
            showKeyCopied(btn);
        }
    }

    function showKeyCopied(btn) {
        btn.classList.add(&#39;key-copied&#39;);
        btn.innerHTML = `
            &lt;svg width=&quot;12&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M20 6L9 17l-5-5&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
            Copiado!
        `;
        setTimeout(() =&gt; {
            btn.classList.remove(&#39;key-copied&#39;);
            btn.innerHTML = `
                &lt;svg width=&quot;12&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
            `;
        }, 2000);
    }

    // --- Enter na caixa de valor customizado ---
    document.getElementById(&#39;custom-value&#39;).addEventListener(&#39;keydown&#39;, function(e) {
        if (e.key === &#39;Enter&#39;) applyCustomValue();
    });

    // --- Inicializar ---
    renderPix(0);
&lt;/script&gt;

&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;

&lt;/html&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/2303433108321790678/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2026/05/tabela-periodica-calculadoras-quimicas.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/2303433108321790678'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/2303433108321790678'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2026/05/tabela-periodica-calculadoras-quimicas.html' title='Tabela Periódica Calculadoras Químicas'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-622646611534310691</id><published>2026-05-06T17:38:00.007-03:00</published><updated>2026-05-07T10:11:28.012-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Tabela Periódica e Calculadoras Químicas</title><content type='html'>&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html lang=&quot;pt-BR&quot;&gt;
&lt;head&gt;
    &lt;meta charset=&quot;UTF-8&quot;&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot; content=&quot;width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0&quot;&gt;
    &lt;title&gt;PlatãoVAG Lab - Central Química&lt;/title&gt;
    &lt;link href=&quot;https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Outfit:wght@400;600;800&amp;family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@500;700&amp;display=swap&quot; rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot;&gt;
    &lt;style&gt;
        /* TEMA E RESET */
        #quimica-dashboard {
            --primary: #3b82f6;
            --primary-glow: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.4);
            --bg: #0f172a;
            --surface: #1e293b;
            --text: #f8fafc;
            --text-dim: #94a3b8;
            --border: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            background: var(--bg);
            color: var(--text);
            padding: 20px;
            border-radius: 16px;
            max-width: 1200px;
            margin: 20px auto;
            box-shadow: 0 20px 50px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);
            line-height: 1.5;
        }

        #quimica-dashboard * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }

        .dash-header { text-align: center; margin-bottom: 30px; }
        .dash-header h1 { font-size: 2.5rem; font-weight: 800; color: var(--primary); letter-spacing: -1px; }

        /* NAVEGAÇÃO */
        .dash-nav { display: flex; gap: 10px; margin-bottom: 25px; overflow-x: auto; padding-bottom: 5px; }
        .nav-btn {
            background: var(--surface);
            border: 1px solid var(--border);
            color: var(--text-dim);
            padding: 12px 20px;
            border-radius: 10px;
            cursor: pointer;
            white-space: nowrap;
            font-weight: 600;
            transition: 0.3s;
        }
        .nav-btn.active { background: var(--primary); color: white; border-color: var(--primary); box-shadow: 0 5px 15px var(--primary-glow); }

        .tab-pane { display: none; animation: fadeIn 0.4s ease; }
        .tab-pane.active { display: block; }
        @keyframes fadeIn { from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(10px); } to { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); } }

        /* TABELA PERIODICA */
        .table-controls { background: rgba(0,0,0,0.2); border-radius: 12px; padding: 15px; margin-bottom: 20px; min-height: 120px; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 20px; border: 1px solid var(--border); }
        .info-box-sym { width: 80px; height: 80px; border-radius: 10px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; font-size: 2.5rem; font-weight: 800; color: white; }
        .info-stats { display: flex; gap: 20px; font-size: 0.9rem; color: var(--text-dim); }
        .info-stats b { color: var(--text); font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace; font-size: 1.1rem; display: block; }

        .periodic-wrapper { overflow-x: auto; padding: 10px 0; border-radius: 8px; }
        .periodic-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(18, 55px); gap: 6px; min-width: 1050px; }
        .extra-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(15, 55px); gap: 6px; min-width: 1050px; margin-top: 25px; padding-left: calc(55px * 2 + 12px); }

        .element {
            width: 55px; height: 55px; border-radius: 6px; background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border);
            display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; justify-content: center; cursor: pointer;
            position: relative; transition: 0.2s;
        }
        .element:hover { transform: scale(1.2); z-index: 10; box-shadow: 0 10px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.4); border-color: white; }
        .el-n { position: absolute; top: 2px; left: 4px; font-size: 9px; opacity: 0.6; }
        .el-s { font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: 800; }

        /* CALCULADORAS */
        .calc-card { background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 15px; padding: 25px; max-width: 600px; margin: 0 auto; }
        .calc-card h2 { font-size: 1.3rem; margin-bottom: 20px; color: var(--primary); }
        .input-box { margin-bottom: 15px; }
        .input-box label { display: block; font-size: 0.85rem; color: var(--text-dim); margin-bottom: 5px; }
        .q-input { width: 100%; background: #0b1120; border: 1px solid var(--border); padding: 12px; border-radius: 8px; color: white; font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace; }
        .q-btn { width: 100%; background: var(--primary); color: white; border: none; padding: 12px; border-radius: 8px; font-weight: 700; cursor: pointer; transition: 0.2s; }
        .q-res { margin-top: 20px; padding: 15px; background: rgba(0,0,0,0.2); border-radius: 8px; border: 1px dashed var(--border); text-align: center; }
        .q-res b { font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace; font-size: 1.4rem; color: var(--primary); }

        /* CORES CATEGORIAS */
        .c-nonmetal { background: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.2); color: #4ade80; border-color: #22c55e; }
        .c-alkali { background: rgba(239, 68, 68, 0.2); color: #f87171; border-color: #ef4444; }
        .c-alkaline { background: rgba(249, 115, 22, 0.2); color: #fb923c; border-color: #f97316; }
        .c-transition { background: rgba(234, 179, 8, 0.2); color: #facc15; border-color: #eab308; }
        .c-post-trans { background: rgba(14, 165, 233, 0.2); color: #38bdf8; border-color: #0ea5e9; }
        .c-metalloid { background: rgba(20, 184, 166, 0.2); color: #2dd4bf; border-color: #14b8a6; }
        .c-halogen { background: rgba(139, 92, 246, 0.2); color: #a78bfa; border-color: #8b5cf6; }
        .c-noble { background: rgba(217, 70, 239, 0.2); color: #e879f9; border-color: #d946ef; }
        .c-lanthanide { background: rgba(236, 72, 153, 0.2); color: #f472b6; border-color: #ec4899; }
        .c-actinide { background: rgba(244, 63, 94, 0.2); color: #fb7185; border-color: #f43f5e; }
    &lt;/style&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;quimica-dashboard&quot;&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;dash-header&quot;&gt;
        &lt;h1&gt;PlatãoVAG Lab&lt;/h1&gt;
        &lt;p&gt;Tabela Periódica &amp; Calculadoras Científicas&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;div class=&quot;dash-nav&quot;&gt;
        &lt;button class=&quot;nav-btn active&quot; onclick=&quot;showTab(&#39;tab-periodic&#39;, this)&quot;&gt;Tabela Periódica&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;button class=&quot;nav-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;showTab(&#39;tab-molar&#39;, this)&quot;&gt;Massa Molar&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;button class=&quot;nav-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;showTab(&#39;tab-mol-conv&#39;, this)&quot;&gt;Conversor de Mol&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;button class=&quot;nav-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;showTab(&#39;tab-concentration&#39;, this)&quot;&gt;Concentração&lt;/button&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- TABELA PERIODICA --&gt;
    &lt;div id=&quot;tab-periodic&quot; class=&quot;tab-pane active&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div id=&quot;info-panel&quot; class=&quot;table-controls&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%; color: var(--text-dim)&quot;&gt;Passe o mouse sobre um elemento.&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;periodic-wrapper&quot;&gt;
            &lt;div id=&quot;main-periodic&quot; class=&quot;periodic-grid&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;div id=&quot;extra-periodic&quot; class=&quot;extra-grid&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- MASSA MOLAR --&gt;
    &lt;div id=&quot;tab-molar&quot; class=&quot;tab-pane&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;calc-card&quot;&gt;
            &lt;h2&gt;Massa Molar&lt;/h2&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;input-box&quot;&gt;&lt;label&gt;Fórmula Química&lt;/label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; id=&quot;formula-molar&quot; class=&quot;q-input&quot; placeholder=&quot;Ex: H2O, Mg(OH)2&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;q-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;calcMolar()&quot;&gt;Calcular&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;div id=&quot;res-molar&quot; class=&quot;q-res&quot;&gt;---&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- CONVERSOR DE MOL --&gt;
    &lt;div id=&quot;tab-mol-conv&quot; class=&quot;tab-pane&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;calc-card&quot;&gt;
            &lt;h2&gt;Conversor de Mol&lt;/h2&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;input-box&quot;&gt;&lt;label&gt;Massa (g)&lt;/label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;mass-mol-m&quot; class=&quot;q-input&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;input-box&quot;&gt;&lt;label&gt;Massa Molar (g/mol)&lt;/label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;mass-mol-mm&quot; class=&quot;q-input&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;q-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;convToMol()&quot;&gt;Converter&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;div id=&quot;res-to-mol&quot; class=&quot;q-res&quot;&gt;---&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- CONCENTRAÇÃO --&gt;
    &lt;div id=&quot;tab-concentration&quot; class=&quot;tab-pane&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;calc-card&quot;&gt;
            &lt;h2&gt;Molaridade (mol/L)&lt;/h2&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;input-box&quot;&gt;&lt;label&gt;Massa do Soluto (g)&lt;/label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;conc-m&quot; class=&quot;q-input&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;input-box&quot;&gt;&lt;label&gt;Massa Molar (g/mol)&lt;/label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;conc-mm&quot; class=&quot;q-input&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;input-box&quot;&gt;&lt;label&gt;Volume (L)&lt;/label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;conc-v&quot; class=&quot;q-input&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;q-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;calcConc()&quot;&gt;Calcular&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;div id=&quot;res-conc&quot; class=&quot;q-res&quot;&gt;---&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;script&gt;
    const elements = [
        {n:1,s:&quot;H&quot;,name:&quot;Hidrogênio&quot;,m:1.008,c:&quot;nonmetal&quot;,x:1,y:1},{n:2,s:&quot;He&quot;,name:&quot;Hélio&quot;,m:4.0026,c:&quot;noble&quot;,x:18,y:1},
        {n:3,s:&quot;Li&quot;,name:&quot;Lítio&quot;,m:6.94,c:&quot;alkali&quot;,x:1,y:2},{n:4,s:&quot;Be&quot;,name:&quot;Berílio&quot;,m:9.0122,c:&quot;alkaline&quot;,x:2,y:2},
        {n:5,s:&quot;B&quot;,name:&quot;Boro&quot;,m:10.81,c:&quot;metalloid&quot;,x:13,y:2},{n:6,s:&quot;C&quot;,name:&quot;Carbono&quot;,m:12.011,c:&quot;nonmetal&quot;,x:14,y:2},
        {n:7,s:&quot;N&quot;,name:&quot;Nitrogênio&quot;,m:14.007,c:&quot;nonmetal&quot;,x:15,y:2},{n:8,s:&quot;O&quot;,name:&quot;Oxigênio&quot;,m:15.999,c:&quot;nonmetal&quot;,x:16,y:2},
        {n:9,s:&quot;F&quot;,name:&quot;Flúor&quot;,m:18.998,c:&quot;halogen&quot;,x:17,y:2},{n:10,s:&quot;Ne&quot;,name:&quot;Neônio&quot;,m:20.18,c:&quot;noble&quot;,x:18,y:2},
        {n:11,s:&quot;Na&quot;,name:&quot;Sódio&quot;,m:22.99,c:&quot;alkali&quot;,x:1,y:3},{n:12,s:&quot;Mg&quot;,name:&quot;Magnésio&quot;,m:24.305,c:&quot;alkaline&quot;,x:2,y:3},
        {n:13,s:&quot;Al&quot;,name:&quot;Alumínio&quot;,m:26.982,c:&quot;post-trans&quot;,x:13,y:3},{n:14,s:&quot;Si&quot;,name:&quot;Silício&quot;,m:28.085,c:&quot;metalloid&quot;,x:14,y:3},
        {n:15,s:&quot;P&quot;,name:&quot;Fósforo&quot;,m:30.974,c:&quot;nonmetal&quot;,x:15,y:3},{n:16,s:&quot;S&quot;,name:&quot;Enxofre&quot;,m:32.06,c:&quot;nonmetal&quot;,x:16,y:3},
        {n:17,s:&quot;Cl&quot;,name:&quot;Cloro&quot;,m:35.45,c:&quot;halogen&quot;,x:17,y:3},{n:18,s:&quot;Ar&quot;,name:&quot;Argônio&quot;,m:39.95,c:&quot;noble&quot;,x:18,y:3},
        {n:19,s:&quot;K&quot;,name:&quot;Potássio&quot;,m:39.098,c:&quot;alkali&quot;,x:1,y:4},{n:20,s:&quot;Ca&quot;,name:&quot;Cálcio&quot;,m:40.078,c:&quot;alkaline&quot;,x:2,y:4},
        {n:21,s:&quot;Sc&quot;,name:&quot;Escândio&quot;,m:44.956,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:3,y:4},{n:22,s:&quot;Ti&quot;,name:&quot;Titânio&quot;,m:47.867,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:4,y:4},
        {n:23,s:&quot;V&quot;,name:&quot;Vanádio&quot;,m:50.942,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:5,y:4},{n:24,s:&quot;Cr&quot;,name:&quot;Cromo&quot;,m:51.996,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:6,y:4},
        {n:25,s:&quot;Mn&quot;,name:&quot;Manganês&quot;,m:54.938,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:7,y:4},{n:26,s:&quot;Fe&quot;,name:&quot;Ferro&quot;,m:55.845,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:8,y:4},
        {n:27,s:&quot;Co&quot;,name:&quot;Cobalto&quot;,m:58.933,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:9,y:4},{n:28,s:&quot;Ni&quot;,name:&quot;Níquel&quot;,m:58.693,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:10,y:4},
        {n:29,s:&quot;Cu&quot;,name:&quot;Cobre&quot;,m:63.546,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:11,y:4},{n:30,s:&quot;Zn&quot;,name:&quot;Zinco&quot;,m:65.38,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:12,y:4},
        {n:31,s:&quot;Ga&quot;,name:&quot;Gálio&quot;,m:69.723,c:&quot;post-trans&quot;,x:13,y:4},{n:32,s:&quot;Ge&quot;,name:&quot;Germânio&quot;,m:72.63,c:&quot;metalloid&quot;,x:14,y:4},
        {n:33,s:&quot;As&quot;,name:&quot;Arsênio&quot;,m:74.922,c:&quot;metalloid&quot;,x:15,y:4},{n:34,s:&quot;Se&quot;,name:&quot;Selênio&quot;,m:78.971,c:&quot;nonmetal&quot;,x:16,y:4},
        {n:35,s:&quot;Br&quot;,name:&quot;Bromo&quot;,m:79.904,c:&quot;halogen&quot;,x:17,y:4},{n:36,s:&quot;Kr&quot;,name:&quot;Criptônio&quot;,m:83.798,c:&quot;noble&quot;,x:18,y:4},
        {n:37,s:&quot;Rb&quot;,name:&quot;Rubídio&quot;,m:85.468,c:&quot;alkali&quot;,x:1,y:5},{n:38,s:&quot;Sr&quot;,name:&quot;Estrôncio&quot;,m:87.62,c:&quot;alkaline&quot;,x:2,y:5},
        {n:39,s:&quot;Y&quot;,name:&quot;Ítrio&quot;,m:88.906,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:3,y:5},{n:40,s:&quot;Zr&quot;,name:&quot;Zircônio&quot;,m:91.224,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:4,y:5},
        {n:41,s:&quot;Nb&quot;,name:&quot;Nióbio&quot;,m:92.906,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:5,y:5},{n:42,s:&quot;Mo&quot;,name:&quot;Molibdênio&quot;,m:95.95,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:6,y:5},
        {n:43,s:&quot;Tc&quot;,name:&quot;Tecnécio&quot;,m:98,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:7,y:5},{n:44,s:&quot;Ru&quot;,name:&quot;Rutênio&quot;,m:101.07,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:8,y:5},
        {n:45,s:&quot;Rh&quot;,name:&quot;Ródio&quot;,m:102.91,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:9,y:5},{n:46,s:&quot;Pd&quot;,name:&quot;Paládio&quot;,m:106.42,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:10,y:5},
        {n:47,s:&quot;Ag&quot;,name:&quot;Prata&quot;,m:107.87,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:11,y:5},{n:48,s:&quot;Cd&quot;,name:&quot;Cádmio&quot;,m:112.41,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:12,y:5},
        {n:49,s:&quot;In&quot;,name:&quot;Índio&quot;,m:114.82,c:&quot;post-trans&quot;,x:13,y:5},{n:50,s:&quot;Sn&quot;,name:&quot;Estanho&quot;,m:118.71,c:&quot;post-trans&quot;,x:14,y:5},
        {n:51,s:&quot;Sb&quot;,name:&quot;Antimônio&quot;,m:121.76,c:&quot;metalloid&quot;,x:15,y:5},{n:52,s:&quot;Te&quot;,name:&quot;Telúrio&quot;,m:127.6,c:&quot;metalloid&quot;,x:16,y:5},
        {n:53,s:&quot;I&quot;,name:&quot;Iodo&quot;,m:126.9,c:&quot;halogen&quot;,x:17,y:5},{n:54,s:&quot;Xe&quot;,name:&quot;Xenônio&quot;,m:131.29,c:&quot;noble&quot;,x:18,y:5},
        {n:55,s:&quot;Cs&quot;,name:&quot;Césio&quot;,m:132.91,c:&quot;alkali&quot;,x:1,y:6},{n:56,s:&quot;Ba&quot;,name:&quot;Bário&quot;,m:137.33,c:&quot;alkaline&quot;,x:2,y:6},
        {n:72,s:&quot;Hf&quot;,name:&quot;Háfnio&quot;,m:178.49,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:4,y:6},{n:73,s:&quot;Ta&quot;,name:&quot;Tântalo&quot;,m:180.95,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:5,y:6},
        {n:74,s:&quot;W&quot;,name:&quot;Tungstênio&quot;,m:183.84,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:6,y:6},{n:75,s:&quot;Re&quot;,name:&quot;Rênio&quot;,m:186.21,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:7,y:6},
        {n:76,s:&quot;Os&quot;,name:&quot;Ósmio&quot;,m:190.23,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:8,y:6},{n:77,s:&quot;Ir&quot;,name:&quot;Irídio&quot;,m:192.22,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:9,y:6},
        {n:78,s:&quot;Pt&quot;,name:&quot;Platina&quot;,m:195.08,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:10,y:6},{n:79,s:&quot;Au&quot;,name:&quot;Ouro&quot;,m:196.97,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:11,y:6},
        {n:80,s:&quot;Hg&quot;,name:&quot;Mercúrio&quot;,m:200.59,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:12,y:6},{n:81,s:&quot;Tl&quot;,name:&quot;Tálio&quot;,m:204.38,c:&quot;post-trans&quot;,x:13,y:6},
        {n:82,s:&quot;Pb&quot;,name:&quot;Chumbo&quot;,m:207.2,c:&quot;post-trans&quot;,x:14,y:6},{n:83,s:&quot;Bi&quot;,name:&quot;Bismuto&quot;,m:208.98,c:&quot;post-trans&quot;,x:15,y:6},
        {n:84,s:&quot;Po&quot;,name:&quot;Polônio&quot;,m:209,c:&quot;metalloid&quot;,x:16,y:6},{n:85,s:&quot;At&quot;,name:&quot;Astato&quot;,m:210,c:&quot;halogen&quot;,x:17,y:6},
        {n:86,s:&quot;Rn&quot;,name:&quot;Radônio&quot;,m:222,c:&quot;noble&quot;,x:18,y:6},{n:87,s:&quot;Fr&quot;,name:&quot;Frâncio&quot;,m:223,c:&quot;alkali&quot;,x:1,y:7},
        {n:88,s:&quot;Ra&quot;,name:&quot;Rádio&quot;,m:226,c:&quot;alkaline&quot;,x:2,y:7},{n:104,s:&quot;Rf&quot;,name:&quot;Rutherfórdio&quot;,m:267,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:4,y:7},
        {n:105,s:&quot;Db&quot;,name:&quot;Dúbnio&quot;,m:268,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:5,y:7},{n:106,s:&quot;Sg&quot;,name:&quot;Seabórgio&quot;,m:269,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:6,y:7},
        {n:107,s:&quot;Bh&quot;,name:&quot;Bóhrio&quot;,m:270,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:7,y:7},{n:108,s:&quot;Hs&quot;,name:&quot;Hássio&quot;,m:277,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:8,y:7},
        {n:109,s:&quot;Mt&quot;,name:&quot;Meitnério&quot;,m:278,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:9,y:7},{n:110,s:&quot;Ds&quot;,name:&quot;Darmstádio&quot;,m:281,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:10,y:7},
        {n:111,s:&quot;Rg&quot;,name:&quot;Roentgênio&quot;,m:282,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:11,y:7},{n:112,s:&quot;Cn&quot;,name:&quot;Copernício&quot;,m:285,c:&quot;transition&quot;,x:12,y:7},
        {n:113,s:&quot;Nh&quot;,name:&quot;Nihônio&quot;,m:286,c:&quot;post-trans&quot;,x:13,y:7},{n:114,s:&quot;Fl&quot;,name:&quot;Fleróvio&quot;,m:289,c:&quot;post-trans&quot;,x:14,y:7},
        {n:115,s:&quot;Mc&quot;,name:&quot;Moscóvio&quot;,m:290,c:&quot;post-trans&quot;,x:15,y:7},{n:116,s:&quot;Lv&quot;,name:&quot;Livermório&quot;,m:293,c:&quot;post-trans&quot;,x:16,y:7},
        {n:117,s:&quot;Ts&quot;,name:&quot;Tenessino&quot;,m:294,c:&quot;halogen&quot;,x:17,y:7},{n:118,s:&quot;Og&quot;,name:&quot;Oganessônio&quot;,m:294,c:&quot;noble&quot;,x:18,y:7}
    ];

    const extras = [
        {n:57,s:&quot;La&quot;,name:&quot;Lantânio&quot;,m:138.9,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:1,y:1},{n:58,s:&quot;Ce&quot;,name:&quot;Cério&quot;,m:140.1,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:2,y:1},
        {n:59,s:&quot;Pr&quot;,name:&quot;Praseodímio&quot;,m:140.9,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:3,y:1},{n:60,s:&quot;Nd&quot;,name:&quot;Neodímio&quot;,m:144.2,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:4,y:1},
        {n:61,s:&quot;Pm&quot;,name:&quot;Promécio&quot;,m:145,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:5,y:1},{n:62,s:&quot;Sm&quot;,name:&quot;Samário&quot;,m:150.3,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:6,y:1},
        {n:63,s:&quot;Eu&quot;,name:&quot;Európio&quot;,m:151.9,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:7,y:1},{n:64,s:&quot;Gd&quot;,name:&quot;Gadolínio&quot;,m:157.2,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:8,y:1},
        {n:65,s:&quot;Tb&quot;,name:&quot;Térbio&quot;,m:158.9,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:9,y:1},{n:66,s:&quot;Dy&quot;,name:&quot;Disprósio&quot;,m:162.5,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:10,y:1},
        {n:67,s:&quot;Ho&quot;,name:&quot;Hólmio&quot;,m:164.9,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:11,y:1},{n:68,s:&quot;Er&quot;,name:&quot;Érbio&quot;,m:167.2,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:12,y:1},
        {n:69,s:&quot;Tm&quot;,name:&quot;Túlio&quot;,m:168.9,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:13,y:1},{n:70,s:&quot;Yb&quot;,name:&quot;Itérbio&quot;,m:173.0,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:14,y:1},{n:71,s:&quot;Lu&quot;,name:&quot;Lutécio&quot;,m:174.9,c:&quot;lanthanide&quot;,x:15,y:1},
        {n:89,s:&quot;Ac&quot;,name:&quot;Actínio&quot;,m:227,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:1,y:2},{n:90,s:&quot;Th&quot;,name:&quot;Tório&quot;,m:232.0,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:2,y:2},
        {n:91,s:&quot;Pa&quot;,name:&quot;Protactínio&quot;,m:231.0,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:3,y:2},{n:92,s:&quot;U&quot;,name:&quot;Urânio&quot;,m:238.0,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:4,y:2},
        {n:93,s:&quot;Np&quot;,name:&quot;Netúnio&quot;,m:237,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:5,y:2},{n:94,s:&quot;Pu&quot;,name:&quot;Plutônio&quot;,m:244,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:6,y:2},
        {n:95,s:&quot;Am&quot;,name:&quot;Amerício&quot;,m:243,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:7,y:2},{n:96,s:&quot;Cm&quot;,name:&quot;Cúrio&quot;,m:247,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:8,y:2},
        {n:97,s:&quot;Bk&quot;,name:&quot;Berquélio&quot;,m:247,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:9,y:2},{n:98,s:&quot;Cf&quot;,name:&quot;Califórnio&quot;,m:251,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:10,y:2},
        {n:99,s:&quot;Es&quot;,name:&quot;Einstênio&quot;,m:252,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:11,y:2},{n:100,s:&quot;Fm&quot;,name:&quot;Férmio&quot;,m:257,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:12,y:2},
        {n:101,s:&quot;Md&quot;,name:&quot;Mendelévio&quot;,m:258,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:13,y:2},{n:102,s:&quot;No&quot;,name:&quot;Nobélio&quot;,m:259,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:14,y:2},{n:103,s:&quot;Lr&quot;,name:&quot;Laurêncio&quot;,m:266,c:&quot;actinide&quot;,x:15,y:2}
    ];

    const massMap = {};
    [...elements, ...extras].forEach(e =&gt; massMap[e.s] = e.m);

    function showTab(id, btn) {
        document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.tab-pane&#39;).forEach(p =&gt; p.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;));
        document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.nav-btn&#39;).forEach(b =&gt; b.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;));
        document.getElementById(id).classList.add(&#39;active&#39;);
        btn.classList.add(&#39;active&#39;);
    }

    function renderTable() {
        const main = document.getElementById(&#39;main-periodic&#39;);
        const extra = document.getElementById(&#39;extra-periodic&#39;);
        elements.forEach(el =&gt; main.appendChild(createEl(el)));
        extras.forEach(el =&gt; extra.appendChild(createEl(el)));
    }

    function createEl(el) {
        const div = document.createElement(&#39;div&#39;);
        div.className = `element c-${el.c}`;
        div.style.gridColumn = el.x;
        div.style.gridRow = el.y;
        div.innerHTML = `&lt;span class=&quot;el-n&quot;&gt;${el.n}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;el-s&quot;&gt;${el.s}&lt;/span&gt;`;
        div.onmouseover = () =&gt; {
            document.getElementById(&#39;info-panel&#39;).innerHTML = `
                &lt;div class=&quot;info-box-sym c-${el.c}&quot;&gt;${el.s}&lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;div class=&quot;info-box-data&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;h3&gt;${el.name}&lt;/h3&gt;
                    &lt;div class=&quot;info-stats&quot;&gt;
                        &lt;span&gt;Z&lt;b&gt;${el.n}&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
                        &lt;span&gt;Massa&lt;b&gt;${el.m} u&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
                    &lt;/div&gt;
                &lt;/div&gt;`;
        };
        return div;
    }

    function calcMolar() {
        const f = document.getElementById(&#39;formula-molar&#39;).value.trim();
        try {
            let exp = f;
            const p = /\(([^)]+)\)(\d+)/g;
            while(p.test(exp)) exp = exp.replace(p, (m, c, n) =&gt; c.repeat(n));
            const re = /([A-Z][a-z]*)(\d*)/g;
            let m = 0, mt;
            while((mt = re.exec(exp)) !== null) {
                if(!massMap[mt[1]]) throw &quot;!&quot;;
                m += massMap[mt[1]] * (mt[2] ? parseInt(mt[2]) : 1);
            }
            document.getElementById(&#39;res-molar&#39;).innerHTML = `&lt;b&gt;${m.toFixed(3)}&lt;/b&gt; g/mol`;
        } catch(e) { document.getElementById(&#39;res-molar&#39;).innerHTML = &quot;Fórmula inválida&quot;; }
    }

    function convToMol() {
        const m = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;mass-mol-m&#39;).value);
        const mm = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;mass-mol-mm&#39;).value);
        if(m &amp;&amp; mm) document.getElementById(&#39;res-to-mol&#39;).innerHTML = `&lt;b&gt;${(m/mm).toFixed(4)}&lt;/b&gt; mol`;
    }

    function calcConc() {
        const m = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;conc-m&#39;).value);
        const mm = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;conc-mm&#39;).value);
        const v = parseFloat(document.getElementById(&#39;conc-v&#39;).value);
        if(m &amp;&amp; mm &amp;&amp; v) document.getElementById(&#39;res-conc&#39;).innerHTML = `&lt;b&gt;${(m/(mm*v)).toFixed(4)}&lt;/b&gt; mol/L`;
    }

    renderTable();
&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html lang=&quot;pt-BR&quot;&gt;
&lt;head&gt;
    &lt;meta charset=&quot;UTF-8&quot;&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot; content=&quot;width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0&quot;&gt;
    &lt;title&gt;QR Code Pix - PlatãoVAG&lt;/title&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;description&quot; content=&quot;QR Code Pix oficial do PlatãoVAG - Compatível com todos os bancos brasileiros&quot;&gt;
    &lt;link href=&quot;https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Outfit:wght@400;600;800&amp;family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@500;700&amp;display=swap&quot; rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot;&gt;
    &lt;!-- QRCode.js - geração local sem depender de API externa --&gt;
    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/qrcodejs@1.0.0/qrcode.min.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
    &lt;style&gt;
        *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }

        body {
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            background: #0a0e1a;
            color: #f0f0f5;
            min-height: 100vh;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
            padding: 20px;
            overflow-x: hidden;
        }

        /* Animated background */
        body::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            position: fixed;
            inset: 0;
            background: 
                radial-gradient(circle at 20% 30%, rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.08) 0%, transparent 50%),
                radial-gradient(circle at 80% 70%, rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.06) 0%, transparent 50%),
                radial-gradient(circle at 50% 50%, rgba(249, 191, 36, 0.04) 0%, transparent 60%);
            z-index: -1;
            animation: bgPulse 8s ease-in-out infinite alternate;
        }

        @keyframes bgPulse {
            0% { opacity: 0.7; }
            100% { opacity: 1; }
        }

        .pix-card {
            background: linear-gradient(145deg, #141928, #1a2035);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
            border-radius: 24px;
            padding: 40px 36px;
            max-width: 480px;
            width: 100%;
            box-shadow: 
                0 30px 80px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5),
                0 0 60px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.05),
                inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            text-align: center;
            position: relative;
            overflow: hidden;
        }

        .pix-card::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            position: absolute;
            top: 0;
            left: 0;
            right: 0;
            height: 2px;
            background: linear-gradient(90deg, transparent, #3b82f6, #a855f7, #fbbf24, transparent);
            animation: shimmer 3s ease-in-out infinite;
        }

        @keyframes shimmer {
            0%, 100% { opacity: 0.5; }
            50% { opacity: 1; }
        }

        /* Logo / Badge */
        .pix-badge {
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 10px;
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            border: 1px solid rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.2);
            padding: 8px 18px;
            border-radius: 50px;
            margin-bottom: 24px;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            color: #93c5fd;
            letter-spacing: 0.5px;
        }

        .pix-badge .pix-icon {
            width: 20px;
            height: 20px;
        }

        .pix-title {
            font-size: 1.8rem;
            font-weight: 800;
            margin-bottom: 6px;
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #60a5fa, #a78bfa);
            -webkit-background-clip: text;
            -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
            background-clip: text;
            letter-spacing: -0.5px;
        }

        .pix-subtitle {
            color: #6b7a99;
            font-size: 0.9rem;
            margin-bottom: 28px;
            line-height: 1.5;
        }

        /* QR Code Container */
        .qr-frame {
            background: white;
            padding: 20px;
            border-radius: 16px;
            display: inline-block;
            margin: 0 auto 24px;
            box-shadow: 
                0 10px 40px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3),
                0 0 20px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            position: relative;
            transition: transform 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
        }

        .qr-frame:hover {
            transform: scale(1.03);
            box-shadow: 
                0 15px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4),
                0 0 30px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.2);
        }

        .qr-frame #qrcode-canvas {
            display: block;
        }

        .qr-frame #qrcode-canvas img {
            display: block !important;
            border-radius: 4px;
        }

        /* Pix Logo overlay on QR */
        .qr-pix-logo {
            position: absolute;
            top: 50%;
            left: 50%;
            transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
            width: 38px;
            height: 38px;
            background: white;
            border-radius: 6px;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
            box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
        }

        .qr-pix-logo svg {
            width: 26px;
            height: 26px;
        }

        /* Info Section */
        .pix-info {
            background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05);
            border-radius: 12px;
            padding: 16px;
            margin-bottom: 20px;
        }

        .pix-info-row {
            display: flex;
            justify-content: space-between;
            align-items: center;
            padding: 8px 0;
        }

        .pix-info-row:not(:last-child) {
            border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
        }

        .pix-info-label {
            font-size: 0.8rem;
            color: #5a6a88;
            text-transform: uppercase;
            letter-spacing: 0.8px;
        }

        .pix-info-value {
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            font-weight: 600;
            color: #c4d0e9;
        }

        /* Copy Section */
        .copy-section {
            margin-top: 20px;
        }

        .copy-label {
            font-size: 0.75rem;
            color: #5a6a88;
            text-transform: uppercase;
            letter-spacing: 1px;
            margin-bottom: 8px;
        }

        .copy-field {
            display: flex;
            gap: 0;
            border-radius: 10px;
            overflow: hidden;
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
        }

        .copy-input {
            flex: 1;
            background: #0b1120;
            border: none;
            padding: 14px 12px;
            color: #fbbf24;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.65rem;
            text-overflow: ellipsis;
            outline: none;
            min-width: 0;
        }

        .copy-btn {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #3b82f6, #6366f1);
            border: none;
            padding: 14px 20px;
            color: white;
            font-weight: 700;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.3s ease;
            white-space: nowrap;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 6px;
        }

        .copy-btn:hover {
            filter: brightness(1.15);
        }

        .copy-btn.copied {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #22c55e, #16a34a);
        }

        /* Status Badge */
        .compat-badge {
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 6px;
            margin-top: 20px;
            padding: 6px 14px;
            background: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.1);
            border: 1px solid rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.2);
            border-radius: 50px;
            font-size: 0.75rem;
            color: #4ade80;
        }

        .compat-badge::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            width: 6px;
            height: 6px;
            background: #22c55e;
            border-radius: 50%;
            animation: pulse 2s infinite;
        }

        @keyframes pulse {
            0%, 100% { opacity: 1; box-shadow: 0 0 0 0 rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.4); }
            50% { opacity: 0.6; box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px rgba(34, 197, 94, 0); }
        }

        /* Bank Icons */
        .bank-strip {
            display: flex;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
            justify-content: center;
            gap: 8px;
            margin-top: 16px;
        }

        .bank-tag {
            background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
            padding: 4px 10px;
            border-radius: 6px;
            font-size: 0.7rem;
            color: #6b7a99;
            transition: all 0.2s;
        }

        .bank-tag:hover {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            border-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.3);
            color: #93c5fd;
        }

        /* Footer */
        .pix-footer {
            margin-top: 24px;
            font-size: 0.7rem;
            color: #3a4560;
            line-height: 1.6;
        }

        .pix-footer a {
            color: #6366f1;
            text-decoration: none;
        }

        /* Value selector */
        .value-section {
            margin-bottom: 20px;
        }

        .value-chips {
            display: flex;
            gap: 8px;
            justify-content: center;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
            margin-top: 8px;
        }

        .value-chip {
            background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
            padding: 8px 16px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: #94a3b8;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.2s;
            font-weight: 600;
        }

        .value-chip:hover, .value-chip.active {
            background: rgba(251, 191, 36, 0.15);
            border-color: #fbbf24;
            color: #fbbf24;
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }

        .custom-value-row {
            display: flex;
            gap: 8px;
            margin-top: 10px;
        }

        .custom-value-input {
            flex: 1;
            background: #0b1120;
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
            padding: 10px 12px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: white;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.9rem;
            outline: none;
        }

        .custom-value-input:focus {
            border-color: #fbbf24;
        }

        .custom-value-btn {
            background: #fbbf24;
            border: none;
            padding: 10px 16px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: #0a0e1a;
            font-weight: 700;
            cursor: pointer;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            transition: all 0.2s;
        }

        .custom-value-btn:hover {
            filter: brightness(1.1);
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }

        /* Mini copy button for Pix key */
        .pix-key-row {
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 8px;
        }

        .copy-key-btn {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.15);
            border: 1px solid rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.3);
            color: #93c5fd;
            padding: 4px 10px;
            border-radius: 6px;
            font-size: 0.65rem;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            font-weight: 600;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.2s;
            white-space: nowrap;
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 4px;
        }

        .copy-key-btn:hover {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.25);
            border-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5);
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }

        .copy-key-btn.key-copied {
            background: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.2);
            border-color: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.4);
            color: #4ade80;
        }

        @media (max-width: 500px) {
            .pix-card { padding: 28px 20px; }
            .pix-title { font-size: 1.5rem; }
        }
    &lt;/style&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;pix-card&quot;&gt;
    &lt;!-- Top Badge --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-badge&quot;&gt;
        &lt;svg class=&quot;pix-icon&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 512 512&quot; fill=&quot;currentColor&quot;&gt;
            &lt;path d=&quot;M410.3 231.7l-82.1-82.1c-16.6-16.6-43.5-16.6-60.1 0L186 231.7c-16.6 16.6-16.6 43.5 0 60.1l82.1 82.1c16.6 16.6 43.5 16.6 60.1 0l82.1-82.1c16.6-16.6 16.6-43.5 0-60.1zm-191.7 94L136.5 243.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l82.1-82.1c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l82.1 82.1c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-82.1 82.1c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0z&quot;/&gt;
        &lt;/svg&gt;
        PIX • PAGAMENTO INSTANTÂNEO
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Title --&gt;
    &lt;h1 class=&quot;pix-title&quot;&gt;Apoie o PlatãoVAG&lt;/h1&gt;
    &lt;p class=&quot;pix-subtitle&quot;&gt;Sua contribuição mantém o laboratório de química online e gratuito para todos.&lt;/p&gt;

    &lt;!-- Value Selection --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;value-section&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-label&quot;&gt;Escolha um valor (opcional)&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;value-chips&quot;&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip active&quot; data-value=&quot;0&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 0)&quot;&gt;Livre&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;5&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 5)&quot;&gt;R$ 5&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;10&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 10)&quot;&gt;R$ 10&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;25&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 25)&quot;&gt;R$ 25&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;50&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 50)&quot;&gt;R$ 50&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;custom-value-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; class=&quot;custom-value-input&quot; id=&quot;custom-value&quot; placeholder=&quot;Outro valor (R$)&quot; min=&quot;0.01&quot; step=&quot;0.01&quot;&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;custom-value-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;applyCustomValue()&quot;&gt;Aplicar&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- QR Code --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;qr-frame&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div id=&quot;qrcode-canvas&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Receiver Info --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Recebedor&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot;&gt;Lauro Julio Dalcin&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Cidade&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot;&gt;Varginha - MG&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Chave Pix&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;pix-key-row&quot;&gt;
                &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot; id=&quot;pix-key-text&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.75rem;&quot;&gt;lauro1607@gmail.com&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;button class=&quot;copy-key-btn&quot; id=&quot;copy-key-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;copyPixKey()&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;svg width=&quot;12&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                    Copiar
                &lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Copy Section --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;copy-section&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-label&quot;&gt;Pix Copia e Cola&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-field&quot;&gt;
            &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; class=&quot;copy-input&quot; id=&quot;pix-payload-text&quot; readonly&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;copy-btn&quot; id=&quot;copy-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;copyPayload()&quot;&gt;
                &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
            &lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Compatibility Badge --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;compat-badge&quot;&gt;Compatível com todos os bancos&lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Bank Tags --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;bank-strip&quot;&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Nubank&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Itaú&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Bradesco&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;BB&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Caixa&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Santander&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Inter&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;C6&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;PicPay&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Mercado Pago&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;PagBank&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Footer --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-footer&quot;&gt;
        QR Code gerado conforme especificação EMVCo + BACEN&lt;br&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;https://plataovag.blogspot.com&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;plataovag.blogspot.com&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;script&gt;
    // =====================================================
    // GERADOR PIX EMVCo OFICIAL - ESPECIFICAÇÃO BACEN
    // Compatível com todos os bancos brasileiros
    // =====================================================

    const PIX_CONFIG = {
        key:  &quot;lauro1607@gmail.com&quot;,
        name: &quot;LAURO JULIO DALCIN&quot;,
        city: &quot;VARGINHA&quot;,
        txid: &quot;PlataoVAG&quot;
    };

    // --- TLV (Tag-Length-Value) builder ---
    function tlv(tag, value) {
        const len = value.length.toString().padStart(2, &#39;0&#39;);
        return tag + len + value;
    }

    // --- Gerador de payload EMVCo compliant ---
    function generatePixPayload(amount) {
        // ID 00 - Payload Format Indicator (fixo)
        const id00 = tlv(&quot;00&quot;, &quot;01&quot;);

        // ID 01 - Point of Initiation Method
        // &quot;11&quot; = QR estático (reutilizável), &quot;12&quot; = QR dinâmico (uso único)
        const id01 = tlv(&quot;01&quot;, amount &gt; 0 ? &quot;12&quot; : &quot;11&quot;);

        // ID 26 - Merchant Account Information (Pix)
        const gui = tlv(&quot;00&quot;, &quot;br.gov.bcb.pix&quot;);   // GUI obrigatório
        const chave = tlv(&quot;01&quot;, PIX_CONFIG.key);    // Chave Pix
        const id26 = tlv(&quot;26&quot;, gui + chave);

        // ID 52 - Merchant Category Code (0000 = não informado)
        const id52 = tlv(&quot;52&quot;, &quot;0000&quot;);

        // ID 53 - Transaction Currency (986 = BRL)
        const id53 = tlv(&quot;53&quot;, &quot;986&quot;);

        // ID 54 - Transaction Amount (opcional, somente se valor &gt; 0)
        let id54 = &quot;&quot;;
        if (amount &gt; 0) {
            id54 = tlv(&quot;54&quot;, amount.toFixed(2));
        }

        // ID 58 - Country Code
        const id58 = tlv(&quot;58&quot;, &quot;BR&quot;);

        // ID 59 - Merchant Name (máx 25 caracteres)
        const merchantName = PIX_CONFIG.name.substring(0, 25);
        const id59 = tlv(&quot;59&quot;, merchantName);

        // ID 60 - Merchant City (máx 15 caracteres)
        const merchantCity = PIX_CONFIG.city.substring(0, 15);
        const id60 = tlv(&quot;60&quot;, merchantCity);

        // ID 62 - Additional Data Field Template
        const txid = tlv(&quot;05&quot;, PIX_CONFIG.txid.substring(0, 25));
        const id62 = tlv(&quot;62&quot;, txid);

        // Concatenar tudo + placeholder CRC
        const payloadSemCRC = id00 + id01 + id26 + id52 + id53 + id54 + id58 + id59 + id60 + id62 + &quot;6304&quot;;

        // Calcular CRC16-CCITT
        const crc = crc16CCITT(payloadSemCRC);

        return payloadSemCRC + crc;
    }

    // --- CRC16 CCITT (polinômio 0x1021, init 0xFFFF) ---
    function crc16CCITT(str) {
        let crc = 0xFFFF;
        for (let i = 0; i &lt; str.length; i++) {
            crc ^= str.charCodeAt(i) &lt;&lt; 8;
            for (let j = 0; j &lt; 8; j++) {
                if ((crc &amp; 0x8000) !== 0) {
                    crc = ((crc &lt;&lt; 1) ^ 0x1021) &amp; 0xFFFF;
                } else {
                    crc = (crc &lt;&lt; 1) &amp; 0xFFFF;
                }
            }
        }
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        // Gerar novo QR Code localmente
        new QRCode(qrContainer, {
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            width: 220,
            height: 220,
            colorDark: &quot;#1a1a2e&quot;,
            colorLight: &quot;#ffffff&quot;,
            correctLevel: QRCode.CorrectLevel.M
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    function showCopied(btn) {
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            Copiado!
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                &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
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    // --- Copiar chave Pix ---
    function copyPixKey() {
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        if (navigator.clipboard &amp;&amp; navigator.clipboard.writeText) {
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            Copiado!
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        setTimeout(() =&gt; {
            btn.classList.remove(&#39;key-copied&#39;);
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                &lt;svg width=&quot;12&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
            `;
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    // --- Enter na caixa de valor customizado ---
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    // --- Inicializar ---
    renderPix(0);
&lt;/script&gt;

&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;

&lt;/html&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/622646611534310691/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2026/05/tabela-periodica-e-calculadoras-quimicas.html#comment-form' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/622646611534310691'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/622646611534310691'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2026/05/tabela-periodica-e-calculadoras-quimicas.html' title='Tabela Periódica e Calculadoras Químicas'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-3884082004575840656</id><published>2026-05-06T14:16:00.005-03:00</published><updated>2026-05-15T15:30:36.242-03:00</updated><title type='text'>LJD QUÍMICA</title><content type='html'>&lt;!-- LJDQUÍMICA - VERSÃO FINAL COMPLETA (118 ELEMENTOS + 5 CALCULADORAS) --&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
* { box-sizing: border-box; }
.ljdquimica-main { font-family: &#39;Segoe UI&#39;, sans-serif; background: #1a1a2e; color: #fff; padding: 20px; border-radius: 20px; }
.ljdq-container { max-width: 1000px; margin: 0 auto; }
.ljdq-header { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea, #764ba2); padding: 30px; text-align: center; border-radius: 12px; margin-bottom: 20px; }
.tabs-nav { display: flex; gap: 8px; margin-bottom: 20px; flex-wrap: wrap; }
.tab-btn { background: rgba(102,126,234,0.2); border: 2px solid #667eea; color: #fff; padding: 10px 20px; border-radius: 8px; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; }
.tab-btn.active { background: #667eea; border-color: #ffd700; }
.tab-content { display: none; }
.tab-content.active { display: block; }
.ljdq-section { background: rgba(255,255,255,0.05); padding: 20px; border-radius: 12px; margin-bottom: 20px; border: 1px solid #667eea; }
.ljdq-section h2 { color: #ffd700; border-bottom: 1px solid #ffd700; padding-bottom: 10px; }
.calc-box { margin-bottom: 15px; }
.calc-input-group { margin-bottom: 10px; }
.calc-input-group input { width: 100%; padding: 10px; border-radius: 6px; border: none; margin-bottom: 5px; }
.calc-button { width: 100%; padding: 12px; background: #667eea; border: none; color: #fff; font-weight: bold; border-radius: 6px; cursor: pointer; }
.resultado { background: rgba(255,215,0,0.1); padding: 15px; border-radius: 6px; margin-top: 10px; color: #ffd700; display: none; border-left: 4px solid #ffd700; }
.tabela-periodica-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(18, 1fr); gap: 4px; overflow-x: auto; padding: 10px; background: rgba(0,0,0,0.2); border-radius: 8px; }
.el-card { background: #333; border: 1px solid #555; aspect-ratio: 1/1; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; justify-content: center; font-size: 0.7rem; cursor: pointer; border-radius: 4px; min-width: 40px; }
.el-card:hover { background: #ffd700; color: #000; transform: scale(1.2); z-index: 10; }
.el-card b { font-size: 1rem; }
/* Cores por tipo */
.nm { background: #4a5d23; } .ng { background: #62306d; } .ak { background: #914d1a; } .ae { background: #8e7a1d; } .md { background: #235d5a; } .hg { background: #7a2323; } .pt2 { background: #234d7a; } .tm2 { background: #3d3d3d; } .ln { background: #5d5d23; } .ac { background: #5d234a; }
&lt;/style&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;ljdquimica-main&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;ljdq-container&quot;&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;ljdq-header&quot;&gt;&lt;h1&gt;🧪 LJDQUÍMICA&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;Versão Completa 2024&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
    
    &lt;div class=&quot;tabs-nav&quot;&gt;
      &lt;button class=&quot;tab-btn active&quot; onclick=&quot;abrirAba(event, &#39;cals&#39;)&quot;&gt;📐 Calculadoras&lt;/button&gt;
      &lt;button class=&quot;tab-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;abrirAba(event, &#39;tabp&#39;)&quot;&gt;⚛️ Tabela Periódica&lt;/button&gt;
      &lt;button class=&quot;tab-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;abrirAba(event, &#39;educ&#39;)&quot;&gt;📚 Educação&lt;/button&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;div id=&quot;cals&quot; class=&quot;tab-content active&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div class=&quot;ljdq-section&quot;&gt;&lt;h2&gt;1. Massa Molar&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; id=&quot;formula&quot; placeholder=&quot;Ex: H2SO4&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; padding:10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;button class=&quot;calc-button&quot; onclick=&quot;cMM()&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:5px;&quot;&gt;Calcular&lt;/button&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;r-mm&quot; class=&quot;resultado&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
      &lt;div class=&quot;ljdq-section&quot;&gt;&lt;h2&gt;2. Conversor&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;q-conv&quot; placeholder=&quot;Valor&quot;&gt;&lt;button class=&quot;calc-button&quot; onclick=&quot;cCV()&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:5px;&quot;&gt;Converter g -&gt; mol (H2O)&lt;/button&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;r-cv&quot; class=&quot;resultado&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
      &lt;div class=&quot;ljdq-section&quot;&gt;&lt;h2&gt;3. Concentração&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;m-sol&quot; placeholder=&quot;Massa (g)&quot;&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;v-sol&quot; placeholder=&quot;Volume (L)&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:5px;&quot;&gt;&lt;button class=&quot;calc-button&quot; onclick=&quot;cCN()&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:5px;&quot;&gt;Calcular g/L&lt;/button&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;r-cn&quot; class=&quot;resultado&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
      &lt;div class=&quot;ljdq-section&quot;&gt;&lt;h2&gt;4. Diluição&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;c1&quot; placeholder=&quot;C1&quot;&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;v1&quot; placeholder=&quot;V1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:5px;&quot;&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;c2&quot; placeholder=&quot;C2&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:5px;&quot;&gt;&lt;button class=&quot;calc-button&quot; onclick=&quot;cDL()&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:5px;&quot;&gt;Calcular V2&lt;/button&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;r-dl&quot; class=&quot;resultado&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
      &lt;div class=&quot;ljdq-section&quot;&gt;&lt;h2&gt;5. pH&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;h-val&quot; placeholder=&quot;[H+]&quot;&gt;&lt;button class=&quot;calc-button&quot; onclick=&quot;cPH()&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:5px;&quot;&gt;Calcular pH&lt;/button&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;r-ph&quot; class=&quot;resultado&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;div id=&quot;tabp&quot; class=&quot;tab-content&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div class=&quot;ljdq-section&quot;&gt;&lt;h2&gt;⚛️ 118 Elementos Químicos&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tabela-periodica-grid&quot; id=&quot;grid&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;el-info&quot; class=&quot;resultado&quot; style=&quot;display:block; margin-top:15px;&quot;&gt;Clique em um elemento para detalhes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;div id=&quot;educ&quot; class=&quot;tab-content&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;ljdq-section&quot;&gt;&lt;h2&gt;📚 Conceitos&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Estude a matéria e suas transformações.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;script&gt;
const MA = {H:1.008,He:4.003,Li:6.94,Be:9.012,B:10.81,C:12.01,N:14.01,O:16,F:19,Ne:20.18,Na:22.99,Mg:24.31,Al:26.98,Si:28.09,P:30.97,S:32.06,Cl:35.45,Ar:39.95,K:39.1,Ca:40.08,Fe:55.85,Cu:63.55,Zn:65.39};
const EL = [
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];

function abrirAba(e,n){
  document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.tab-content&#39;).forEach(t=&gt;t.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;));
  document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.tab-btn&#39;).forEach(b=&gt;b.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;));
  document.getElementById(n).classList.add(&#39;active&#39;); e.currentTarget.classList.add(&#39;active&#39;);
}

function cMM(){
  let f=document.getElementById(&#39;formula&#39;).value; let m=0;
  f.match(/([A-Z][a-z]?)(\d*)/g).forEach(x=&gt;{
    let e=x.match(/[A-Z][a-z]?/)[0]; let q=parseInt(x.match(/\d+/)||1);
    if(MA[e]) m+=MA[e]*q;
  });
  let r=document.getElementById(&#39;r-mm&#39;); r.innerHTML=&quot;Massa Molar: &quot;+m.toFixed(3)+&quot; g/mol&quot;; r.style.display=&#39;block&#39;;
}

function cCV(){ let v=document.getElementById(&#39;q-conv&#39;).value; let r=document.getElementById(&#39;r-cv&#39;); r.innerHTML=(v/18.015).toFixed(4)+&quot; mol&quot;; r.style.display=&#39;block&#39;; }
function cCN(){ let m=document.getElementById(&#39;m-sol&#39;).value; let v=document.getElementById(&#39;v-sol&#39;).value; let r=document.getElementById(&#39;r-cn&#39;); r.innerHTML=(m/v).toFixed(2)+&quot; g/L&quot;; r.style.display=&#39;block&#39;; }
function cDL(){ let c1=document.getElementById(&#39;c1&#39;).value; let v1=document.getElementById(&#39;v1&#39;).value; let c2=document.getElementById(&#39;c2&#39;).value; let r=document.getElementById(&#39;r-dl&#39;); r.innerHTML=&quot;V2 = &quot;+((c1*v1)/c2).toFixed(3)+&quot; L&quot;; r.style.display=&#39;block&#39;; }
function cPH(){ let v=document.getElementById(&#39;h-val&#39;).value; let ph=-Math.log10(v); let r=document.getElementById(&#39;r-ph&#39;); r.innerHTML=&quot;pH = &quot;+ph.toFixed(2); r.style.display=&#39;block&#39;; }

window.onload = function(){
  const g=document.getElementById(&#39;grid&#39;);
  EL.forEach(e=&gt;{
    let d=document.createElement(&#39;div&#39;); d.className=&#39;el-card &#39;+e[2];
    d.style.gridColumn=e[3]; d.style.gridRow=e[4];
    d.innerHTML=&quot;&lt;small&gt;&quot;+e[0]+&quot;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;+e[1]+&quot;&lt;/b&gt;&quot;;
    d.onclick=()=&gt;{ document.getElementById(&#39;el-info&#39;).innerHTML=&quot;Elemento: &quot;+e[1]+&quot; | Atômico: &quot;+e[0]; };
    g.appendChild(d);
  });
};
&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/3884082004575840656/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2026/05/ljdquimica-educacao-cientifica.html#comment-form' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/3884082004575840656'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/3884082004575840656'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2026/05/ljdquimica-educacao-cientifica.html' title='LJD QUÍMICA'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-1452730012683091972</id><published>2026-05-05T15:42:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2026-05-07T10:13:47.839-03:00</updated><title type='text'>A Eplepsia</title><content type='html'>&lt;!-- BANNER CENTRALIZADO --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center; margin-bottom:25px;&quot;&gt;
  
  
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- TÍTULO PRINCIPAL --&gt;
&lt;h1 style=&quot;
    text-align:center;
    font-size:34px;
    font-weight:700;
    color:#1f4f7b;
    margin-top:10px;
    margin-bottom:20px;
&quot;&gt;
    Epilepsia – Revisão Científica Completa
&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;!-- SUBTÍTULO --&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;
    text-align:center;
    font-size:18px;
    color:#444;
    margin-bottom:40px;
&quot;&gt;
    Definição, causas, diagnóstico, tratamento e primeiros socorros.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- CONTEÚDO --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:18px; line-height:1.7; color:#222;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p&gt;
A &lt;strong&gt;epilepsia&lt;/strong&gt; é uma condição neurológica caracterizada por crises epilépticas recorrentes,
decorrentes de descargas elétricas anormais no cérebro. É uma das doenças neurológicas mais prevalentes no mundo.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 style=&quot;color:#1f4f7b; margin-top:40px;&quot;&gt;1. O que é Epilepsia&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Define-se epilepsia quando há:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Duas ou mais crises não provocadas;&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Ou uma crise com alto risco de recorrência.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h3 style=&quot;margin-top:25px;&quot;&gt;1.1 O que é uma crise epiléptica&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Convulsões;&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Alterações de consciência;&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Sensações estranhas (déjà-vu, cheiro, gosto, formigamento);&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Movimentos involuntários.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h2 style=&quot;color:#1f4f7b; margin-top:40px;&quot;&gt;2. Causas&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Traumatismo craniano;&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;AVC;&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Tumores;&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Infecções do SNC;&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Malformações cerebrais;&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Genética.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h2 style=&quot;color:#1f4f7b; margin-top:40px;&quot;&gt;3. Tipos de Crises&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;h3 style=&quot;margin-top:25px;&quot;&gt;3.1 Focais&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Com consciência preservada;&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Com alteração de consciência;&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Podem generalizar.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h3 style=&quot;margin-top:25px;&quot;&gt;3.2 Generalizadas&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Tônico-clônicas;&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Ausência;&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Mioclônicas.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h2 style=&quot;color:#1f4f7b; margin-top:40px;&quot;&gt;4. Diagnóstico&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;História clínica;&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;EEG;&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Ressonância magnética;&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Exames laboratoriais.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h2 style=&quot;color:#1f4f7b; margin-top:40px;&quot;&gt;5. Tratamento&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;h3 style=&quot;margin-top:25px;&quot;&gt;5.1 Medicamentos&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Base do tratamento. Cerca de 70% dos pacientes ficam livres de crises.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;
    background:#fff7d6;
    border-left:6px solid #f1c40f;
    padding:15px;
    margin:25px 0;
&quot;&gt;
    Nunca interromper a medicação sem orientação médica.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;h3 style=&quot;margin-top:25px;&quot;&gt;5.2 Cirurgia&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Indicada em epilepsia refratária.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3 style=&quot;margin-top:25px;&quot;&gt;5.3 Dieta Cetogênica&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Útil em epilepsias de difícil controle, especialmente em crianças.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3 style=&quot;margin-top:25px;&quot;&gt;5.4 Neuroestimulação&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Estimulação do nervo vago;&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Estimulação cerebral profunda.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h2 style=&quot;color:#1f4f7b; margin-top:40px;&quot;&gt;6. Primeiros Socorros&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;
    background:#fde2e0;
    border-left:6px solid #c0392b;
    padding:15px;
    margin:25px 0;
&quot;&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;Não fazer:&lt;/strong&gt;
    &lt;ul&gt;
        &lt;li&gt;Não colocar objetos na boca;&lt;/li&gt;
        &lt;li&gt;Não segurar a pessoa;&lt;/li&gt;
        &lt;li&gt;Não jogar água ou tentar acordar.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;
    background:#e6f7ec;
    border-left:6px solid #27ae60;
    padding:15px;
    margin:25px 0;
&quot;&gt;
    &lt;strong&gt;O que fazer:&lt;/strong&gt;
    &lt;ul&gt;
        &lt;li&gt;Proteger a cabeça;&lt;/li&gt;
        &lt;li&gt;Afastar objetos perigosos;&lt;/li&gt;
        &lt;li&gt;Virar de lado após a crise;&lt;/li&gt;
        &lt;li&gt;Observar o tempo.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top:40px; text-align:center; color:#666;&quot;&gt;
    Conteúdo informativo. Não substitui avaliação médica.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;script async src=&quot;https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-4080451304191952&quot;
     crossorigin=&quot;anonymous&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;

&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html lang=&quot;pt-BR&quot;&gt;
&lt;head&gt;
    &lt;meta charset=&quot;UTF-8&quot;&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot; content=&quot;width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0&quot;&gt;
    &lt;title&gt;QR Code Pix - PlatãoVAG&lt;/title&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;description&quot; content=&quot;QR Code Pix oficial do PlatãoVAG - Compatível com todos os bancos brasileiros&quot;&gt;
    &lt;link href=&quot;https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Outfit:wght@400;600;800&amp;family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@500;700&amp;display=swap&quot; rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot;&gt;
    &lt;!-- QRCode.js - geração local sem depender de API externa --&gt;
    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/qrcodejs@1.0.0/qrcode.min.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
    &lt;style&gt;
        *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }

        body {
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            background: #0a0e1a;
            color: #f0f0f5;
            min-height: 100vh;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
            padding: 20px;
            overflow-x: hidden;
        }

        /* Animated background */
        body::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            position: fixed;
            inset: 0;
            background: 
                radial-gradient(circle at 20% 30%, rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.08) 0%, transparent 50%),
                radial-gradient(circle at 80% 70%, rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.06) 0%, transparent 50%),
                radial-gradient(circle at 50% 50%, rgba(249, 191, 36, 0.04) 0%, transparent 60%);
            z-index: -1;
            animation: bgPulse 8s ease-in-out infinite alternate;
        }

        @keyframes bgPulse {
            0% { opacity: 0.7; }
            100% { opacity: 1; }
        }

        .pix-card {
            background: linear-gradient(145deg, #141928, #1a2035);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
            border-radius: 24px;
            padding: 40px 36px;
            max-width: 480px;
            width: 100%;
            box-shadow: 
                0 30px 80px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5),
                0 0 60px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.05),
                inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            text-align: center;
            position: relative;
            overflow: hidden;
        }

        .pix-card::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            position: absolute;
            top: 0;
            left: 0;
            right: 0;
            height: 2px;
            background: linear-gradient(90deg, transparent, #3b82f6, #a855f7, #fbbf24, transparent);
            animation: shimmer 3s ease-in-out infinite;
        }

        @keyframes shimmer {
            0%, 100% { opacity: 0.5; }
            50% { opacity: 1; }
        }

        /* Logo / Badge */
        .pix-badge {
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 10px;
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            border: 1px solid rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.2);
            padding: 8px 18px;
            border-radius: 50px;
            margin-bottom: 24px;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            color: #93c5fd;
            letter-spacing: 0.5px;
        }

        .pix-badge .pix-icon {
            width: 20px;
            height: 20px;
        }

        .pix-title {
            font-size: 1.8rem;
            font-weight: 800;
            margin-bottom: 6px;
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #60a5fa, #a78bfa);
            -webkit-background-clip: text;
            -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
            background-clip: text;
            letter-spacing: -0.5px;
        }

        .pix-subtitle {
            color: #6b7a99;
            font-size: 0.9rem;
            margin-bottom: 28px;
            line-height: 1.5;
        }

        /* QR Code Container */
        .qr-frame {
            background: white;
            padding: 20px;
            border-radius: 16px;
            display: inline-block;
            margin: 0 auto 24px;
            box-shadow: 
                0 10px 40px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3),
                0 0 20px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            position: relative;
            transition: transform 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
        }

        .qr-frame:hover {
            transform: scale(1.03);
            box-shadow: 
                0 15px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4),
                0 0 30px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.2);
        }

        .qr-frame #qrcode-canvas {
            display: block;
        }

        .qr-frame #qrcode-canvas img {
            display: block !important;
            border-radius: 4px;
        }

        /* Pix Logo overlay on QR */
        .qr-pix-logo {
            position: absolute;
            top: 50%;
            left: 50%;
            transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
            width: 38px;
            height: 38px;
            background: white;
            border-radius: 6px;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
            box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
        }

        .qr-pix-logo svg {
            width: 26px;
            height: 26px;
        }

        /* Info Section */
        .pix-info {
            background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05);
            border-radius: 12px;
            padding: 16px;
            margin-bottom: 20px;
        }

        .pix-info-row {
            display: flex;
            justify-content: space-between;
            align-items: center;
            padding: 8px 0;
        }

        .pix-info-row:not(:last-child) {
            border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
        }

        .pix-info-label {
            font-size: 0.8rem;
            color: #5a6a88;
            text-transform: uppercase;
            letter-spacing: 0.8px;
        }

        .pix-info-value {
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            font-weight: 600;
            color: #c4d0e9;
        }

        /* Copy Section */
        .copy-section {
            margin-top: 20px;
        }

        .copy-label {
            font-size: 0.75rem;
            color: #5a6a88;
            text-transform: uppercase;
            letter-spacing: 1px;
            margin-bottom: 8px;
        }

        .copy-field {
            display: flex;
            gap: 0;
            border-radius: 10px;
            overflow: hidden;
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
        }

        .copy-input {
            flex: 1;
            background: #0b1120;
            border: none;
            padding: 14px 12px;
            color: #fbbf24;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.65rem;
            text-overflow: ellipsis;
            outline: none;
            min-width: 0;
        }

        .copy-btn {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #3b82f6, #6366f1);
            border: none;
            padding: 14px 20px;
            color: white;
            font-weight: 700;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.3s ease;
            white-space: nowrap;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 6px;
        }

        .copy-btn:hover {
            filter: brightness(1.15);
        }

        .copy-btn.copied {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #22c55e, #16a34a);
        }

        /* Status Badge */
        .compat-badge {
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 6px;
            margin-top: 20px;
            padding: 6px 14px;
            background: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.1);
            border: 1px solid rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.2);
            border-radius: 50px;
            font-size: 0.75rem;
            color: #4ade80;
        }

        .compat-badge::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            width: 6px;
            height: 6px;
            background: #22c55e;
            border-radius: 50%;
            animation: pulse 2s infinite;
        }

        @keyframes pulse {
            0%, 100% { opacity: 1; box-shadow: 0 0 0 0 rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.4); }
            50% { opacity: 0.6; box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px rgba(34, 197, 94, 0); }
        }

        /* Bank Icons */
        .bank-strip {
            display: flex;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
            justify-content: center;
            gap: 8px;
            margin-top: 16px;
        }

        .bank-tag {
            background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
            padding: 4px 10px;
            border-radius: 6px;
            font-size: 0.7rem;
            color: #6b7a99;
            transition: all 0.2s;
        }

        .bank-tag:hover {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            border-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.3);
            color: #93c5fd;
        }

        /* Footer */
        .pix-footer {
            margin-top: 24px;
            font-size: 0.7rem;
            color: #3a4560;
            line-height: 1.6;
        }

        .pix-footer a {
            color: #6366f1;
            text-decoration: none;
        }

        /* Value selector */
        .value-section {
            margin-bottom: 20px;
        }

        .value-chips {
            display: flex;
            gap: 8px;
            justify-content: center;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
            margin-top: 8px;
        }

        .value-chip {
            background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
            padding: 8px 16px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: #94a3b8;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.2s;
            font-weight: 600;
        }

        .value-chip:hover, .value-chip.active {
            background: rgba(251, 191, 36, 0.15);
            border-color: #fbbf24;
            color: #fbbf24;
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }

        .custom-value-row {
            display: flex;
            gap: 8px;
            margin-top: 10px;
        }

        .custom-value-input {
            flex: 1;
            background: #0b1120;
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
            padding: 10px 12px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: white;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.9rem;
            outline: none;
        }

        .custom-value-input:focus {
            border-color: #fbbf24;
        }

        .custom-value-btn {
            background: #fbbf24;
            border: none;
            padding: 10px 16px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: #0a0e1a;
            font-weight: 700;
            cursor: pointer;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            transition: all 0.2s;
        }

        .custom-value-btn:hover {
            filter: brightness(1.1);
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }

        /* Mini copy button for Pix key */
        .pix-key-row {
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 8px;
        }

        .copy-key-btn {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.15);
            border: 1px solid rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.3);
            color: #93c5fd;
            padding: 4px 10px;
            border-radius: 6px;
            font-size: 0.65rem;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            font-weight: 600;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.2s;
            white-space: nowrap;
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 4px;
        }

        .copy-key-btn:hover {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.25);
            border-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5);
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }

        .copy-key-btn.key-copied {
            background: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.2);
            border-color: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.4);
            color: #4ade80;
        }

        @media (max-width: 500px) {
            .pix-card { padding: 28px 20px; }
            .pix-title { font-size: 1.5rem; }
        }
    &lt;/style&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;pix-card&quot;&gt;
    &lt;!-- Top Badge --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-badge&quot;&gt;
        &lt;svg class=&quot;pix-icon&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 512 512&quot; fill=&quot;currentColor&quot;&gt;
            &lt;path d=&quot;M410.3 231.7l-82.1-82.1c-16.6-16.6-43.5-16.6-60.1 0L186 231.7c-16.6 16.6-16.6 43.5 0 60.1l82.1 82.1c16.6 16.6 43.5 16.6 60.1 0l82.1-82.1c16.6-16.6 16.6-43.5 0-60.1zm-191.7 94L136.5 243.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l82.1-82.1c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l82.1 82.1c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-82.1 82.1c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0z&quot;/&gt;
        &lt;/svg&gt;
        PIX • PAGAMENTO INSTANTÂNEO
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Title --&gt;
    &lt;h1 class=&quot;pix-title&quot;&gt;Apoie o PlatãoVAG&lt;/h1&gt;
    &lt;p class=&quot;pix-subtitle&quot;&gt;Sua contribuição mantém o laboratório de química online e gratuito para todos.&lt;/p&gt;

    &lt;!-- Value Selection --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;value-section&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-label&quot;&gt;Escolha um valor (opcional)&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;value-chips&quot;&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip active&quot; data-value=&quot;0&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 0)&quot;&gt;Livre&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;5&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 5)&quot;&gt;R$ 5&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;10&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 10)&quot;&gt;R$ 10&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;25&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 25)&quot;&gt;R$ 25&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;50&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 50)&quot;&gt;R$ 50&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;custom-value-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; class=&quot;custom-value-input&quot; id=&quot;custom-value&quot; placeholder=&quot;Outro valor (R$)&quot; min=&quot;0.01&quot; step=&quot;0.01&quot;&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;custom-value-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;applyCustomValue()&quot;&gt;Aplicar&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- QR Code --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;qr-frame&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div id=&quot;qrcode-canvas&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Receiver Info --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Recebedor&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot;&gt;Lauro Julio Dalcin&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Cidade&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot;&gt;Varginha - MG&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Chave Pix&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;pix-key-row&quot;&gt;
                &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot; id=&quot;pix-key-text&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.75rem;&quot;&gt;lauro1607@gmail.com&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;button class=&quot;copy-key-btn&quot; id=&quot;copy-key-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;copyPixKey()&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;svg width=&quot;12&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                    Copiar
                &lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Copy Section --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;copy-section&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-label&quot;&gt;Pix Copia e Cola&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-field&quot;&gt;
            &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; class=&quot;copy-input&quot; id=&quot;pix-payload-text&quot; readonly&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;copy-btn&quot; id=&quot;copy-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;copyPayload()&quot;&gt;
                &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
            &lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Compatibility Badge --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;compat-badge&quot;&gt;Compatível com todos os bancos&lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Bank Tags --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;bank-strip&quot;&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Nubank&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Itaú&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Bradesco&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;BB&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Caixa&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Santander&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Inter&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;C6&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;PicPay&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Mercado Pago&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;PagBank&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

  
  
    &lt;!-- Footer --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-footer&quot;&gt;
        QR Code gerado conforme especificação EMVCo + BACEN&lt;br&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;https://plataovag.blogspot.com&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;plataovag.blogspot.com&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;script&gt;
    // =====================================================
    // GERADOR PIX EMVCo OFICIAL - ESPECIFICAÇÃO BACEN
    // Compatível com todos os bancos brasileiros
    // =====================================================

    const PIX_CONFIG = {
        key:  &quot;lauro1607@gmail.com&quot;,
        name: &quot;LAURO JULIO DALCIN&quot;,
        city: &quot;VARGINHA&quot;,
        txid: &quot;PlataoVAG&quot;
    };

    // --- TLV (Tag-Length-Value) builder ---
    function tlv(tag, value) {
        const len = value.length.toString().padStart(2, &#39;0&#39;);
        return tag + len + value;
    }

    // --- Gerador de payload EMVCo compliant ---
    function generatePixPayload(amount) {
        // ID 00 - Payload Format Indicator (fixo)
        const id00 = tlv(&quot;00&quot;, &quot;01&quot;);

        // ID 01 - Point of Initiation Method
        // &quot;11&quot; = QR estático (reutilizável), &quot;12&quot; = QR dinâmico (uso único)
        const id01 = tlv(&quot;01&quot;, amount &gt; 0 ? &quot;12&quot; : &quot;11&quot;);

        // ID 26 - Merchant Account Information (Pix)
        const gui = tlv(&quot;00&quot;, &quot;br.gov.bcb.pix&quot;);   // GUI obrigatório
        const chave = tlv(&quot;01&quot;, PIX_CONFIG.key);    // Chave Pix
        const id26 = tlv(&quot;26&quot;, gui + chave);

        // ID 52 - Merchant Category Code (0000 = não informado)
        const id52 = tlv(&quot;52&quot;, &quot;0000&quot;);

        // ID 53 - Transaction Currency (986 = BRL)
        const id53 = tlv(&quot;53&quot;, &quot;986&quot;);

        // ID 54 - Transaction Amount (opcional, somente se valor &gt; 0)
        let id54 = &quot;&quot;;
        if (amount &gt; 0) {
            id54 = tlv(&quot;54&quot;, amount.toFixed(2));
        }

        // ID 58 - Country Code
        const id58 = tlv(&quot;58&quot;, &quot;BR&quot;);

        // ID 59 - Merchant Name (máx 25 caracteres)
        const merchantName = PIX_CONFIG.name.substring(0, 25);
        const id59 = tlv(&quot;59&quot;, merchantName);

        // ID 60 - Merchant City (máx 15 caracteres)
        const merchantCity = PIX_CONFIG.city.substring(0, 15);
        const id60 = tlv(&quot;60&quot;, merchantCity);

        // ID 62 - Additional Data Field Template
        const txid = tlv(&quot;05&quot;, PIX_CONFIG.txid.substring(0, 25));
        const id62 = tlv(&quot;62&quot;, txid);

        // Concatenar tudo + placeholder CRC
        const payloadSemCRC = id00 + id01 + id26 + id52 + id53 + id54 + id58 + id59 + id60 + id62 + &quot;6304&quot;;

        // Calcular CRC16-CCITT
        const crc = crc16CCITT(payloadSemCRC);

        return payloadSemCRC + crc;
    }

    // --- CRC16 CCITT (polinômio 0x1021, init 0xFFFF) ---
    function crc16CCITT(str) {
        let crc = 0xFFFF;
        for (let i = 0; i &lt; str.length; i++) {
            crc ^= str.charCodeAt(i) &lt;&lt; 8;
            for (let j = 0; j &lt; 8; j++) {
                if ((crc &amp; 0x8000) !== 0) {
                    crc = ((crc &lt;&lt; 1) ^ 0x1021) &amp; 0xFFFF;
                } else {
                    crc = (crc &lt;&lt; 1) &amp; 0xFFFF;
                }
            }
        }
        return (crc &amp; 0xFFFF).toString(16).toUpperCase().padStart(4, &#39;0&#39;);
    }

    // --- State ---
    let currentAmount = 0;

    // --- Render QR + Payload ---
    function renderPix(amount) {
        currentAmount = amount;
        const payload = generatePixPayload(amount);

        // Atualizar campo de texto
        document.getElementById(&#39;pix-payload-text&#39;).value = payload;

        // Limpar QR anterior
        const qrContainer = document.getElementById(&#39;qrcode-canvas&#39;);
        qrContainer.innerHTML = &#39;&#39;;

        // Gerar novo QR Code localmente
        new QRCode(qrContainer, {
            text: payload,
            width: 220,
            height: 220,
            colorDark: &quot;#1a1a2e&quot;,
            colorLight: &quot;#ffffff&quot;,
            correctLevel: QRCode.CorrectLevel.M
        });
    }

    // --- Seleção de valor predefinido ---
    function selectValue(btn, value) {
        document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.value-chip&#39;).forEach(c =&gt; c.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;));
        btn.classList.add(&#39;active&#39;);
        document.getElementById(&#39;custom-value&#39;).value = &#39;&#39;;
        renderPix(value);
    }

    // --- Valor customizado ---
    function applyCustomValue() {
        const input = document.getElementById(&#39;custom-value&#39;);
        const val = parseFloat(input.value);
        if (val &gt; 0) {
            document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.value-chip&#39;).forEach(c =&gt; c.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;));
            renderPix(val);
        }
    }

    // --- Copiar payload ---
    function copyPayload() {
        const text = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-payload-text&#39;).value;
        const btn = document.getElementById(&#39;copy-btn&#39;);

        if (navigator.clipboard &amp;&amp; navigator.clipboard.writeText) {
            navigator.clipboard.writeText(text).then(() =&gt; {
                showCopied(btn);
            });
        } else {
            // Fallback
            const input = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-payload-text&#39;);
            input.select();
            input.setSelectionRange(0, 99999);
            document.execCommand(&#39;copy&#39;);
            showCopied(btn);
        }
    }

    function showCopied(btn) {
        btn.classList.add(&#39;copied&#39;);
        btn.innerHTML = `
            &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M20 6L9 17l-5-5&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
            Copiado!
        `;
        setTimeout(() =&gt; {
            btn.classList.remove(&#39;copied&#39;);
            btn.innerHTML = `
                &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
            `;
        }, 2000);
    }

    // --- Copiar chave Pix ---
    function copyPixKey() {
        const key = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-key-text&#39;).textContent;
        const btn = document.getElementById(&#39;copy-key-btn&#39;);

        if (navigator.clipboard &amp;&amp; navigator.clipboard.writeText) {
            navigator.clipboard.writeText(key).then(() =&gt; {
                showKeyCopied(btn);
            });
        } else {
            // Fallback
            const temp = document.createElement(&#39;textarea&#39;);
            temp.value = key;
            document.body.appendChild(temp);
            temp.select();
            document.execCommand(&#39;copy&#39;);
            document.body.removeChild(temp);
            showKeyCopied(btn);
        }
    }

    function showKeyCopied(btn) {
        btn.classList.add(&#39;key-copied&#39;);
        btn.innerHTML = `
            &lt;svg width=&quot;12&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M20 6L9 17l-5-5&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
            Copiado!
        `;
        setTimeout(() =&gt; {
            btn.classList.remove(&#39;key-copied&#39;);
            btn.innerHTML = `
                &lt;svg width=&quot;12&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
            `;
        }, 2000);
    }

    // --- Enter na caixa de valor customizado ---
    document.getElementById(&#39;custom-value&#39;).addEventListener(&#39;keydown&#39;, function(e) {
        if (e.key === &#39;Enter&#39;) applyCustomValue();
    });

    // --- Inicializar ---
    renderPix(0);
&lt;/script&gt;

&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/1452730012683091972/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2026/05/a-eplepsia.html#comment-form' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/1452730012683091972'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/1452730012683091972'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2026/05/a-eplepsia.html' title='A Eplepsia'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-6064941879739686649</id><published>2026-05-04T17:21:00.004-03:00</published><updated>2026-05-07T14:09:36.166-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Química; Matéria e Energia</title><content type='html'>&lt;article&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;Química 1: Conceitos Fundamentais da Matéria&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p&gt;
A Química é uma ciência essencial para compreender o mundo à nossa volta. Ela estuda os materiais naturais e sintéticos, bem como as transformações que eles podem sofrer. Neste conteúdo, você encontrará os principais conceitos introdutórios da Química 1.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;O que é Química?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
A &lt;strong&gt;Química&lt;/strong&gt; é a ciência que estuda os materiais naturais ou sintéticos e as transformações que eles podem sofrer.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Matéria e Energia&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Matéria&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
Matéria é tudo aquilo que tem &lt;strong&gt;massa&lt;/strong&gt; e ocupa &lt;strong&gt;lugar no espaço&lt;/strong&gt;.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Exemplo:&lt;/strong&gt; madeira.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Corpo&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
É uma porção limitada da matéria.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Exemplo:&lt;/strong&gt; uma tábua de madeira.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Objeto&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
É todo corpo útil ao ser humano.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Exemplo:&lt;/strong&gt; uma cadeira de madeira.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Energia&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
Energia é a capacidade de realizar trabalho ou provocar transformações.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Exemplo:&lt;/strong&gt; trovão (energia acústica).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Observação:&lt;/strong&gt; Matéria e energia não podem ser criadas nem destruídas, apenas transformadas.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Sistemas Químicos&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Sistema&lt;/strong&gt; é uma porção limitada da matéria escolhida para estudo.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sistema aberto:&lt;/strong&gt; troca matéria com o meio. Exemplo: frasco de perfume aberto.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sistema fechado:&lt;/strong&gt; não troca matéria com o meio. Exemplo: uma lâmpada.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sistema isolado:&lt;/strong&gt; não troca nem matéria nem energia. Exemplo aproximado: garrafa térmica.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Vizinhança ou meio ambiente&lt;/strong&gt; é tudo aquilo que está fora do sistema em estudo.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Classificação da Matéria&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Substâncias&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
Substâncias são as diferentes espécies de matéria.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Substância simples:&lt;/strong&gt; formada por um único elemento químico. Ex.: H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Substância composta:&lt;/strong&gt; formada por dois ou mais elementos químicos. Ex.: H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Substância pura:&lt;/strong&gt; formada por partículas quimicamente iguais.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Alotropia&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;
A &lt;strong&gt;alotropia&lt;/strong&gt; é a propriedade que um mesmo elemento químico possui de formar duas ou mais substâncias simples diferentes.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Exemplos:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Oxigênio (O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) e Ozônio (O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) – diferem pela atomicidade.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Diamante e grafite – diferem pela estrutura cristalina.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Fósforo branco e fósforo vermelho.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Importante:&lt;/strong&gt; A alotropia ocorre apenas com substâncias simples.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Fenômenos Físicos e Químicos&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Fenômeno físico&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
Ocorre sem formação de novas substâncias.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Fusão do gelo&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Evaporação do álcool&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Dilatação dos corpos&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Fenômeno químico&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
Ocorre com formação de novas substâncias, sendo também chamado de reação química.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Combustão do álcool&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Ferrugem do ferro&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Respiração&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Equações Químicas&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;
As reações químicas são representadas por equações químicas que mostram reagentes e produtos.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Exemplo:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;C + O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; → CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Propriedades Gerais da Matéria&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;
Toda matéria apresenta propriedades comuns, chamadas propriedades gerais:
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Inércia&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Massa&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Volume&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Impenetrabilidade&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Compressibilidade&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Elasticidade&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Divisibilidade&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Descontinuidade&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Estados Físicos da Matéria&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sólido:&lt;/strong&gt; forma e volume definidos.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Líquido:&lt;/strong&gt; forma variável e volume definido.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gasoso:&lt;/strong&gt; forma e volume variáveis.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Mudanças de Estado Físico&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Fusão&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Solidificação&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Vaporização&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Condensação&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Sublimação&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Misturas&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;
Mistura é a reunião de duas ou mais substâncias sem formação de nova substância.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Homogêneas:&lt;/strong&gt; uma única fase.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Heterogêneas:&lt;/strong&gt; duas ou mais fases.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Substâncias Puras&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;
Substâncias puras possuem pontos de fusão e ebulição definidos e constantes.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Substâncias simples:&lt;/strong&gt; formadas por um único elemento químico.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Substâncias compostas:&lt;/strong&gt; formadas por dois ou mais elementos químicos.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Conclusão&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;
Os conceitos apresentados neste conteúdo formam a base do estudo da Química. Compreendê-los é essencial para avançar em temas mais complexos e entender fenômenos do cotidiano.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/article&gt;&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html lang=&quot;pt-BR&quot;&gt;
&lt;head&gt;
    &lt;meta charset=&quot;UTF-8&quot;&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot; content=&quot;width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0&quot;&gt;
    &lt;title&gt;QR Code Pix - PlatãoVAG&lt;/title&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;description&quot; content=&quot;QR Code Pix oficial do PlatãoVAG - Compatível com todos os bancos brasileiros&quot;&gt;
    &lt;link href=&quot;https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Outfit:wght@400;600;800&amp;family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@500;700&amp;display=swap&quot; rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot;&gt;
    &lt;!-- QRCode.js - geração local sem depender de API externa --&gt;
    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/qrcodejs@1.0.0/qrcode.min.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
    &lt;style&gt;
        *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
        body {
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            background: #0a0e1a;
            color: #f0f0f5;
            min-height: 100vh;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
            padding: 20px;
            overflow-x: hidden;
        }
        /* Animated background */
        body::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            position: fixed;
            inset: 0;
            background: 
                radial-gradient(circle at 20% 30%, rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.08) 0%, transparent 50%),
                radial-gradient(circle at 80% 70%, rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.06) 0%, transparent 50%),
                radial-gradient(circle at 50% 50%, rgba(249, 191, 36, 0.04) 0%, transparent 60%);
            z-index: -1;
            animation: bgPulse 8s ease-in-out infinite alternate;
        }
        @keyframes bgPulse {
            0% { opacity: 0.7; }
            100% { opacity: 1; }
        }
        .pix-card {
            background: linear-gradient(145deg, #141928, #1a2035);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
            border-radius: 24px;
            padding: 40px 36px;
            max-width: 480px;
            width: 100%;
            box-shadow: 
                0 30px 80px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5),
                0 0 60px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.05),
                inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            text-align: center;
            position: relative;
            overflow: hidden;
        }
        .pix-card::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            position: absolute;
            top: 0;
            left: 0;
            right: 0;
            height: 2px;
            background: linear-gradient(90deg, transparent, #3b82f6, #a855f7, #fbbf24, transparent);
            animation: shimmer 3s ease-in-out infinite;
        }
        @keyframes shimmer {
            0%, 100% { opacity: 0.5; }
            50% { opacity: 1; }
        }
        /* Logo / Badge */
        .pix-badge {
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 10px;
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            border: 1px solid rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.2);
            padding: 8px 18px;
            border-radius: 50px;
            margin-bottom: 24px;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            color: #93c5fd;
            letter-spacing: 0.5px;
        }
        .pix-badge .pix-icon {
            width: 20px;
            height: 20px;
        }
        .pix-title {
            font-size: 1.8rem;
            font-weight: 800;
            margin-bottom: 6px;
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #60a5fa, #a78bfa);
            -webkit-background-clip: text;
            -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
            background-clip: text;
            letter-spacing: -0.5px;
        }
        .pix-subtitle {
            color: #6b7a99;
            font-size: 0.9rem;
            margin-bottom: 28px;
            line-height: 1.5;
        }
        /* QR Code Container */
        .qr-frame {
            background: white;
            padding: 20px;
            border-radius: 16px;
            display: inline-block;
            margin: 0 auto 24px;
            box-shadow: 
                0 10px 40px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3),
                0 0 20px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            position: relative;
            transition: transform 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
        }
        .qr-frame:hover {
            transform: scale(1.03);
            box-shadow: 
                0 15px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4),
                0 0 30px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.2);
        }
        .qr-frame #qrcode-canvas {
            display: block;
        }
        .qr-frame #qrcode-canvas img {
            display: block !important;
            border-radius: 4px;
        }
        /* Pix Logo overlay on QR */
        .qr-pix-logo {
            position: absolute;
            top: 50%;
            left: 50%;
            transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
            width: 38px;
            height: 38px;
            background: white;
            border-radius: 6px;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
            box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
        }
        .qr-pix-logo svg {
            width: 26px;
            height: 26px;
        }
        /* Info Section */
        .pix-info {
            background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05);
            border-radius: 12px;
            padding: 16px;
            margin-bottom: 20px;
        }
        .pix-info-row {
            display: flex;
            justify-content: space-between;
            align-items: center;
            padding: 8px 0;
        }
        .pix-info-row:not(:last-child) {
            border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
        }
        .pix-info-label {
            font-size: 0.8rem;
            color: #5a6a88;
            text-transform: uppercase;
            letter-spacing: 0.8px;
        }
        .pix-info-value {
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            font-weight: 600;
            color: #c4d0e9;
        }
        /* Copy Section */
        .copy-section {
            margin-top: 20px;
        }
        .copy-label {
            font-size: 0.75rem;
            color: #5a6a88;
            text-transform: uppercase;
            letter-spacing: 1px;
            margin-bottom: 8px;
        }
        .copy-field {
            display: flex;
            gap: 0;
            border-radius: 10px;
            overflow: hidden;
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
        }
        .copy-input {
            flex: 1;
            background: #0b1120;
            border: none;
            padding: 14px 12px;
            color: #fbbf24;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.65rem;
            text-overflow: ellipsis;
            outline: none;
            min-width: 0;
        }
        .copy-btn {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #3b82f6, #6366f1);
            border: none;
            padding: 14px 20px;
            color: white;
            font-weight: 700;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.3s ease;
            white-space: nowrap;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 6px;
        }
        .copy-btn:hover {
            filter: brightness(1.15);
        }
        .copy-btn.copied {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #22c55e, #16a34a);
        }
        /* Status Badge */
        .compat-badge {
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 6px;
            margin-top: 20px;
            padding: 6px 14px;
            background: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.1);
            border: 1px solid rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.2);
            border-radius: 50px;
            font-size: 0.75rem;
            color: #4ade80;
        }
        .compat-badge::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            width: 6px;
            height: 6px;
            background: #22c55e;
            border-radius: 50%;
            animation: pulse 2s infinite;
        }
        @keyframes pulse {
            0%, 100% { opacity: 1; box-shadow: 0 0 0 0 rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.4); }
            50% { opacity: 0.6; box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px rgba(34, 197, 94, 0); }
        }
        /* Bank Icons */
        .bank-strip {
            display: flex;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
            justify-content: center;
            gap: 8px;
            margin-top: 16px;
        }
        .bank-tag {
            background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
            padding: 4px 10px;
            border-radius: 6px;
            font-size: 0.7rem;
            color: #6b7a99;
            transition: all 0.2s;
        }
        .bank-tag:hover {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            border-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.3);
            color: #93c5fd;
        }
        /* Footer */
        .pix-footer {
            margin-top: 24px;
            font-size: 0.7rem;
            color: #3a4560;
            line-height: 1.6;
        }
        .pix-footer a {
            color: #6366f1;
            text-decoration: none;
        }
        /* Value selector */
        .value-section {
            margin-bottom: 20px;
        }
        .value-chips {
            display: flex;
            gap: 8px;
            justify-content: center;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
            margin-top: 8px;
        }
        .value-chip {
            background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
            padding: 8px 16px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: #94a3b8;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.2s;
            font-weight: 600;
        }
        .value-chip:hover, .value-chip.active {
            background: rgba(251, 191, 36, 0.15);
            border-color: #fbbf24;
            color: #fbbf24;
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }
        .custom-value-row {
            display: flex;
            gap: 8px;
            margin-top: 10px;
        }
        .custom-value-input {
            flex: 1;
            background: #0b1120;
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
            padding: 10px 12px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: white;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.9rem;
            outline: none;
        }
        .custom-value-input:focus {
            border-color: #fbbf24;
        }
        .custom-value-btn {
            background: #fbbf24;
            border: none;
            padding: 10px 16px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: #0a0e1a;
            font-weight: 700;
            cursor: pointer;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            transition: all 0.2s;
        }
        .custom-value-btn:hover {
            filter: brightness(1.1);
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }
        /* Mini copy button for Pix key */
        .pix-key-row {
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 8px;
        }
        .copy-key-btn {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.15);
            border: 1px solid rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.3);
            color: #93c5fd;
            padding: 4px 10px;
            border-radius: 6px;
            font-size: 0.65rem;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            font-weight: 600;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.2s;
            white-space: nowrap;
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 4px;
        }
        .copy-key-btn:hover {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.25);
            border-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5);
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }
        .copy-key-btn.key-copied {
            background: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.2);
            border-color: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.4);
            color: #4ade80;
        }
        @media (max-width: 500px) {
            .pix-card { padding: 28px 20px; }
            .pix-title { font-size: 1.5rem; }
        }
    &lt;/style&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;pix-card&quot;&gt;
    &lt;!-- Top Badge --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-badge&quot;&gt;
        &lt;svg class=&quot;pix-icon&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 512 512&quot; fill=&quot;currentColor&quot;&gt;
            &lt;path d=&quot;M410.3 231.7l-82.1-82.1c-16.6-16.6-43.5-16.6-60.1 0L186 231.7c-16.6 16.6-16.6 43.5 0 60.1l82.1 82.1c16.6 16.6 43.5 16.6 60.1 0l82.1-82.1c16.6-16.6 16.6-43.5 0-60.1zm-191.7 94L136.5 243.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l82.1-82.1c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l82.1 82.1c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-82.1 82.1c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0z&quot;/&gt;
        &lt;/svg&gt;
        PIX • PAGAMENTO INSTANTÂNEO
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Title --&gt;
    &lt;h1 class=&quot;pix-title&quot;&gt;Apoie o PlatãoVAG&lt;/h1&gt;
    &lt;p class=&quot;pix-subtitle&quot;&gt;Sua contribuição mantém o laboratório de química online e gratuito para todos.&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;!-- Value Selection --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;value-section&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-label&quot;&gt;Escolha um valor (opcional)&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;value-chips&quot;&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip active&quot; data-value=&quot;0&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 0)&quot;&gt;Livre&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;5&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 5)&quot;&gt;R$ 5&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;10&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 10)&quot;&gt;R$ 10&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;25&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 25)&quot;&gt;R$ 25&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;50&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 50)&quot;&gt;R$ 50&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;custom-value-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; class=&quot;custom-value-input&quot; id=&quot;custom-value&quot; placeholder=&quot;Outro valor (R$)&quot; min=&quot;0.01&quot; step=&quot;0.01&quot;&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;custom-value-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;applyCustomValue()&quot;&gt;Aplicar&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- QR Code --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;qr-frame&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div id=&quot;qrcode-canvas&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Receiver Info --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Recebedor&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot;&gt;Lauro Julio Dalcin&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Cidade&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot;&gt;Varginha - MG&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Chave Pix&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;pix-key-row&quot;&gt;
                &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot; id=&quot;pix-key-text&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.75rem;&quot;&gt;lauro1607@gmail.com&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;button class=&quot;copy-key-btn&quot; id=&quot;copy-key-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;copyPixKey()&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;svg width=&quot;12&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                    Copiar
                &lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Copy Section --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;copy-section&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-label&quot;&gt;Pix Copia e Cola&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-field&quot;&gt;
            &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; class=&quot;copy-input&quot; id=&quot;pix-payload-text&quot; readonly&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;copy-btn&quot; id=&quot;copy-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;copyPayload()&quot;&gt;
                &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
            &lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Compatibility Badge --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;compat-badge&quot;&gt;Compatível com todos os bancos&lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Bank Tags --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;bank-strip&quot;&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Nubank&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Itaú&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Bradesco&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;BB&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Caixa&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Santander&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Inter&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;C6&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;PicPay&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Mercado Pago&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;PagBank&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Footer --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-footer&quot;&gt;
        QR Code gerado conforme especificação EMVCo + BACEN&lt;br&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;https://plataovag.blogspot.com&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;plataovag.blogspot.com&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;script&gt;
    // =====================================================
    // GERADOR PIX EMVCo OFICIAL - ESPECIFICAÇÃO BACEN
    // Compatível com todos os bancos brasileiros
    // =====================================================
    const PIX_CONFIG = {
        key:  &quot;lauro1607@gmail.com&quot;,
        name: &quot;LAURO JULIO DALCIN&quot;,
        city: &quot;VARGINHA&quot;,
        txid: &quot;PlataoVAG&quot;
    };
    // --- TLV (Tag-Length-Value) builder ---
    function tlv(tag, value) {
        const len = value.length.toString().padStart(2, &#39;0&#39;);
        return tag + len + value;
    }
    // --- Gerador de payload EMVCo compliant ---
    function generatePixPayload(amount) {
        // ID 00 - Payload Format Indicator (fixo)
        const id00 = tlv(&quot;00&quot;, &quot;01&quot;);
        // ID 01 - Point of Initiation Method
        // &quot;11&quot; = QR estático (reutilizável), &quot;12&quot; = QR dinâmico (uso único)
        const id01 = tlv(&quot;01&quot;, amount &gt; 0 ? &quot;12&quot; : &quot;11&quot;);
        // ID 26 - Merchant Account Information (Pix)
        const gui = tlv(&quot;00&quot;, &quot;br.gov.bcb.pix&quot;);   // GUI obrigatório
        const chave = tlv(&quot;01&quot;, PIX_CONFIG.key);    // Chave Pix
        const id26 = tlv(&quot;26&quot;, gui + chave);
        // ID 52 - Merchant Category Code (0000 = não informado)
        const id52 = tlv(&quot;52&quot;, &quot;0000&quot;);
        // ID 53 - Transaction Currency (986 = BRL)
        const id53 = tlv(&quot;53&quot;, &quot;986&quot;);
        // ID 54 - Transaction Amount (opcional, somente se valor &gt; 0)
        let id54 = &quot;&quot;;
        if (amount &gt; 0) {
            id54 = tlv(&quot;54&quot;, amount.toFixed(2));
        }
        // ID 58 - Country Code
        const id58 = tlv(&quot;58&quot;, &quot;BR&quot;);
        // ID 59 - Merchant Name (máx 25 caracteres)
        const merchantName = PIX_CONFIG.name.substring(0, 25);
        const id59 = tlv(&quot;59&quot;, merchantName);
        // ID 60 - Merchant City (máx 15 caracteres)
        const merchantCity = PIX_CONFIG.city.substring(0, 15);
        const id60 = tlv(&quot;60&quot;, merchantCity);
        // ID 62 - Additional Data Field Template
        const txid = tlv(&quot;05&quot;, PIX_CONFIG.txid.substring(0, 25));
        const id62 = tlv(&quot;62&quot;, txid);
        // Concatenar tudo + placeholder CRC
        const payloadSemCRC = id00 + id01 + id26 + id52 + id53 + id54 + id58 + id59 + id60 + id62 + &quot;6304&quot;;
        // Calcular CRC16-CCITT
        const crc = crc16CCITT(payloadSemCRC);
        return payloadSemCRC + crc;
    }
    // --- CRC16 CCITT (polinômio 0x1021, init 0xFFFF) ---
    function crc16CCITT(str) {
        let crc = 0xFFFF;
        for (let i = 0; i &lt; str.length; i++) {
            crc ^= str.charCodeAt(i) &lt;&lt; 8;
            for (let j = 0; j &lt; 8; j++) {
                if ((crc &amp; 0x8000) !== 0) {
                    crc = ((crc &lt;&lt; 1) ^ 0x1021) &amp; 0xFFFF;
                } else {
                    crc = (crc &lt;&lt; 1) &amp; 0xFFFF;
                }
            }
        }
        return (crc &amp; 0xFFFF).toString(16).toUpperCase().padStart(4, &#39;0&#39;);
    }
    // --- State ---
    let currentAmount = 0;
    // --- Render QR + Payload ---
    function renderPix(amount) {
        currentAmount = amount;
        const payload = generatePixPayload(amount);
        // Atualizar campo de texto
        document.getElementById(&#39;pix-payload-text&#39;).value = payload;
        // Limpar QR anterior
        const qrContainer = document.getElementById(&#39;qrcode-canvas&#39;);
        qrContainer.innerHTML = &#39;&#39;;
        // Gerar novo QR Code localmente
        new QRCode(qrContainer, {
            text: payload,
            width: 220,
            height: 220,
            colorDark: &quot;#1a1a2e&quot;,
            colorLight: &quot;#ffffff&quot;,
            correctLevel: QRCode.CorrectLevel.M
        });
    }
    // --- Seleção de valor predefinido ---
    function selectValue(btn, value) {
        document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.value-chip&#39;).forEach(c =&gt; c.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;));
        btn.classList.add(&#39;active&#39;);
        document.getElementById(&#39;custom-value&#39;).value = &#39;&#39;;
        renderPix(value);
    }
    // --- Valor customizado ---
    function applyCustomValue() {
        const input = document.getElementById(&#39;custom-value&#39;);
        const val = parseFloat(input.value);
        if (val &gt; 0) {
            document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.value-chip&#39;).forEach(c =&gt; c.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;));
            renderPix(val);
        }
    }
    // --- Copiar payload ---
    function copyPayload() {
        const text = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-payload-text&#39;).value;
        const btn = document.getElementById(&#39;copy-btn&#39;);
        if (navigator.clipboard &amp;&amp; navigator.clipboard.writeText) {
            navigator.clipboard.writeText(text).then(() =&gt; {
                showCopied(btn);
            });
        } else {
            // Fallback
            const input = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-payload-text&#39;);
            input.select();
            input.setSelectionRange(0, 99999);
            document.execCommand(&#39;copy&#39;);
            showCopied(btn);
        }
    }
    function showCopied(btn) {
        btn.classList.add(&#39;copied&#39;);
        btn.innerHTML = `
            &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M20 6L9 17l-5-5&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
            Copiado!
        `;
        setTimeout(() =&gt; {
            btn.classList.remove(&#39;copied&#39;);
            btn.innerHTML = `
                &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
            `;
        }, 2000);
    }
    // --- Copiar chave Pix ---
    function copyPixKey() {
        const key = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-key-text&#39;).textContent;
        const btn = document.getElementById(&#39;copy-key-btn&#39;);
        if (navigator.clipboard &amp;&amp; navigator.clipboard.writeText) {
            navigator.clipboard.writeText(key).then(() =&gt; {
                showKeyCopied(btn);
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&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/6064941879739686649/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2026/05/quimica-materia-e-energia.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/6064941879739686649'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/6064941879739686649'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2026/05/quimica-materia-e-energia.html' title='Química; Matéria e Energia'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-6924546221241903655</id><published>2018-12-09T10:17:00.004-02:00</published><updated>2026-05-17T10:50:00.738-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="química"/><title type='text'>LIGAÇÕES QUÍMICAS</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;article-header&quot; style=&quot;display: table; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: 750px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h1 class=&quot;title entry-title&quot; itemprop=&quot;name&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; display: table-cell; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 40px 0px 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 670px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.plataovag.blogspot.com/&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;&quot;&gt;Ligações Químicas&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;blog-admin&quot; style=&quot;display: inline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;edit&quot; href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=24877854&amp;amp;postID=6968523758533389883&amp;amp;from=pencil&quot; style=&quot;background-image: url(&amp;quot;data:image/png; background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat; color: #333333; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 21px; opacity: 0.8; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; top: 3px; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; width: 21px;&quot; target=&quot;_self&quot; title=&quot;Edit&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
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As ligações químicas são uniões estabelecidas entre átomos para formarem as moléculas, que constituem a estrutura básica de uma substância ou composto. Na Natureza existem aproximadamente uma centena de elementos químicos. Os átomos destes elementos químicos ao se unirem formam a grande diversidade de substâncias químicas.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2877/2572/1600/ATOMO.2.png&quot; style=&quot;color: #009eb8; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2877/2572/320/ATOMO.2.png&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-image: url(&amp;quot;data:image/png; border: 9px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: auto; margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 8px; position: relative;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
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Configuração Eletrônica de Íon&lt;/div&gt;
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Íons: são formados a partir de átomos por ganho ou perda de elétrons. Sendo que isto ocorre sempre na camada de valência (camada mais externa do átomo).&lt;/div&gt;
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“Íon é qualquer partícula carregada eletricamente”.&lt;/div&gt;
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Cátions: são íons positivos. São formados a partir de átomos pela perda de elétrons. Ex : o átomo de sódio “Na” possui número atômico (Z=11), origina o cátion sódio pela perda de 1 elétron.&lt;/div&gt;
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Ânions: são íons negativos. São formados por átomos que ganham elétrons que irão se acomodar em sua camada de valência. Ex: átomo de enxofre &quot;S&quot; possui número atômico (Z=16),logo precisará receber 2 eletrons para ficar estável.&lt;/div&gt;
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Resumindo:&lt;/div&gt;
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Átomo: o número de prótons é igual ao número de elétrons.&lt;/div&gt;
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Íon: o número de prótons é diferente do número de elétrons.&lt;/div&gt;
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Cátion: íon positivo. O número de prótons é maior que o número de elétrons.&lt;/div&gt;
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Ânion: íon negativo. O número de prótons é menor que o número de elétrons.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Teoria do Octeto: Um grande número de elementos adquire estabilidade eletrônica quando seus átomos apresentam oito elétrons na sua camada mais externa. Existem excessões para essa teoria como o Hidrogênio (H) e o Hélio (He), onde ambos se estabilizam com dois elétrons na última camada, ainda temos o caso do átomo de carbono que é tetravalente (pode realizar quatro ligações) , além dele todos os átomos que pertencem a família de número 14 da tabela períodica (antes conhecida como família IVA) são tetravalentes e sendo assim encontram-se no eixo central dessa regra (Octeto), nesses casos os átomos optão (por assim dizer) por fazerem 4 ligações sigmas (ligações simples) entre diferentes átomos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ligações Iônicas ou Eletrovalentes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Na ligação iônica há a formação de íons devido a transferência de elétrons de um átomo para o outro. Normalmente, nesta ligação, existe um elemento que tende a ceder elétrons (metal - cátion), e outro que tende a receber elétrons (não metal - ânion).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Obs: A ligação iônica é a única em que ocorre a transferência de elétrons.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Exemplo. As camadas eletrônicas do Sódio e do Cloro fica do seguinte modo:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Na Z=11 - K=2 L=8 M=1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Cl Z=17 - K=2 L=8 M=7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;O sódio possui 1 elétron na última camada. Basta perder este elétron para que ele fique estável com 8 elétrons na 2ª camada L.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;O cloro possui 7 elétrons na sua última camada M. É bem mais fácil ele receber 1 elétron e ficar estável do que perder 7 elétrons para ficar estável, sendo isto o que acontece.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Agora tudo está perfeito. O sódio quer doar 1 elétron e o cloro quer receber 1 elétron. Eles se aproximam e o sódio doa seu elétron que está em excesso e o cloro o recebe. Veja o esquema abaixo:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXnF-hPCKiWmapGNQGCxQ4i2VujwKk4fTp2Nc4-MGTu1JHjKa710xho0Dc1rMoKh0MoOgve95qntVYcv_oXfcvfb1XEkxI7m8OLXHjWBo25d5aaUwOUCHF-jhzbu36bHgT7iFP0w/s1600/177px-NaCl_li.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;color: #009eb8; display: inline; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXnF-hPCKiWmapGNQGCxQ4i2VujwKk4fTp2Nc4-MGTu1JHjKa710xho0Dc1rMoKh0MoOgve95qntVYcv_oXfcvfb1XEkxI7m8OLXHjWBo25d5aaUwOUCHF-jhzbu36bHgT7iFP0w/s1600/177px-NaCl_li.png&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-image: url(&amp;quot;data:image/png; border: 9px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: auto; margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 8px; position: relative;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #cccccc;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;strike&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strike&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Podemos perceber, então, o seguinte: átomos (metais) que possuem 1, 2 ou 3 elétrons em sua camada de valência tendem a perderem estes eletrons para os átomos (não-metais)que possuem 5, 6 ou 7 elétrons em sua camada de valência.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ligações Covalentes ou Moleculares&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ligação covalente ou molecular é aquela onde os átomos possuem a tendência de compartilhar os elétrons de sua camada de valência, ou seja, de sua camada mais instável. Neste tipo de ligação não há a formação de íons, pois as estruturas formadas são eletronicamente neutras.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;As Ligações Covalentes se classificam em Polares, Apolares e Dativas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKBDdCEOQfROE7VHIM2vOiPmO6B1DZl320znevp1DFRrlxJpYNdNa44Y9-cVv-Qmu26waV72FmpYFBSCGOEcKo2qw3NdoTUTIqVNsh2z5XWsQhqxl_ewdg2FqfH9edqlcU9GciGQ/s1600/229px-H2O_lc.svg.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;color: #009eb8; display: inline; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKBDdCEOQfROE7VHIM2vOiPmO6B1DZl320znevp1DFRrlxJpYNdNa44Y9-cVv-Qmu26waV72FmpYFBSCGOEcKo2qw3NdoTUTIqVNsh2z5XWsQhqxl_ewdg2FqfH9edqlcU9GciGQ/s1600/229px-H2O_lc.svg.png&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-image: url(&amp;quot;data:image/png; border: 9px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: auto; margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 8px; position: relative;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ligação covalente polar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;É aquela que constitui um dipolo elétrico. Forma-se quando as eletronegatividades dos elementos ligados são diferentes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ligação covalente apolar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;É aquela que não constitui dipolo elétrico. Neste caso, as eletronegatividades dos átomos ligados são iguais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ligações Covalentes Dativa ou Coordenada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Este tipo de ligação ocorre quando os átomos envolvidos já atingiram a estabilidade com os oito ou dois elétrons na camada de valência. Sendo assim eles cedem seus atómos disponíveis,como se fosse um empréstimo para satisfazer a necessidade de oito eletróns do elemento ao qual está se ligando.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Eletronegatividade de um elemento é uma medida da sua capacidade de atrair os elétrons das ligações covalentes das quais ele participa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Quanto maior for a capacidade de um átomo de atrair os elétrons das ligações covalentes das quais ele participa, maior será a sua eletronegatividade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ligação metálica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;É aquela onde os elétrons das últimas camadas dos átomos do metal saltam e passam a se movimentar livremente entre os átomos criando uma força de atração entre os átomos do metal, neste caso, não há perda de elétrons.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Assim a Ligação metálica é constituída pelos elétrons livres que ficam entre os cátions dos metais (modelo do gás eletrônico ou do mar de elétrons). Os metais são constituídos por seus cátions mergulhados em um mar de elétrons.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;É também na ligação metálica que se explica a condutividade elétrica, a maleabilidade, a ductilidade e outras propriedades dos metais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5KoXMytlwkYxvhEcuvYaGeIuXDEUe3keHIT2iNnxBpLma-Rxv6S4DzIc_Tyuudh7g5fVLEKGIM3FTnuf6dtj6KL9VLds6SZXYr4HFFAuZOC-3yw9nNLZOKog755aMzZBgN0NENQ/s1600-h/iMaUyl.gif&quot; style=&quot;color: #009eb8; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5057269047029569154&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5KoXMytlwkYxvhEcuvYaGeIuXDEUe3keHIT2iNnxBpLma-Rxv6S4DzIc_Tyuudh7g5fVLEKGIM3FTnuf6dtj6KL9VLds6SZXYr4HFFAuZOC-3yw9nNLZOKog755aMzZBgN0NENQ/s320/iMaUyl.gif&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-image: url(&amp;quot;data:image/png; border: 9px none; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; float: left; height: auto; margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 8px; position: relative;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Boa-Semana à Todos!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Lauro Julio Dalcin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html lang=&quot;pt-BR&quot;&gt;
&lt;head&gt;
    &lt;meta charset=&quot;UTF-8&quot;&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot; content=&quot;width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0&quot;&gt;
    &lt;title&gt;QR Code Pix - PlatãoVAG&lt;/title&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;description&quot; content=&quot;QR Code Pix oficial do PlatãoVAG - Compatível com todos os bancos brasileiros&quot;&gt;
    &lt;link href=&quot;https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Outfit:wght@400;600;800&amp;family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@500;700&amp;display=swap&quot; rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot;&gt;
    &lt;!-- QRCode.js - geração local sem depender de API externa --&gt;
    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/qrcodejs@1.0.0/qrcode.min.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
    &lt;style&gt;
        *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }

        body {
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            background: #0a0e1a;
            color: #f0f0f5;
            min-height: 100vh;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
            padding: 20px;
            overflow-x: hidden;
        }

        /* Animated background */
        body::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            position: fixed;
            inset: 0;
            background: 
                radial-gradient(circle at 20% 30%, rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.08) 0%, transparent 50%),
                radial-gradient(circle at 80% 70%, rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.06) 0%, transparent 50%),
                radial-gradient(circle at 50% 50%, rgba(249, 191, 36, 0.04) 0%, transparent 60%);
            z-index: -1;
            animation: bgPulse 8s ease-in-out infinite alternate;
        }

        @keyframes bgPulse {
            0% { opacity: 0.7; }
            100% { opacity: 1; }
        }

        .pix-card {
            background: linear-gradient(145deg, #141928, #1a2035);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
            border-radius: 24px;
            padding: 40px 36px;
            max-width: 480px;
            width: 100%;
            box-shadow: 
                0 30px 80px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5),
                0 0 60px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.05),
                inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            text-align: center;
            position: relative;
            overflow: hidden;
        }

        .pix-card::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            position: absolute;
            top: 0;
            left: 0;
            right: 0;
            height: 2px;
            background: linear-gradient(90deg, transparent, #3b82f6, #a855f7, #fbbf24, transparent);
            animation: shimmer 3s ease-in-out infinite;
        }

        @keyframes shimmer {
            0%, 100% { opacity: 0.5; }
            50% { opacity: 1; }
        }

        /* Logo / Badge */
        .pix-badge {
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 10px;
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            border: 1px solid rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.2);
            padding: 8px 18px;
            border-radius: 50px;
            margin-bottom: 24px;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            color: #93c5fd;
            letter-spacing: 0.5px;
        }

        .pix-badge .pix-icon {
            width: 20px;
            height: 20px;
        }

        .pix-title {
            font-size: 1.8rem;
            font-weight: 800;
            margin-bottom: 6px;
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #60a5fa, #a78bfa);
            -webkit-background-clip: text;
            -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
            background-clip: text;
            letter-spacing: -0.5px;
        }

        .pix-subtitle {
            color: #6b7a99;
            font-size: 0.9rem;
            margin-bottom: 28px;
            line-height: 1.5;
        }

        /* QR Code Container */
        .qr-frame {
            background: white;
            padding: 20px;
            border-radius: 16px;
            display: inline-block;
            margin: 0 auto 24px;
            box-shadow: 
                0 10px 40px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3),
                0 0 20px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            position: relative;
            transition: transform 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
        }

        .qr-frame:hover {
            transform: scale(1.03);
            box-shadow: 
                0 15px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4),
                0 0 30px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.2);
        }

        .qr-frame #qrcode-canvas {
            display: block;
        }

        .qr-frame #qrcode-canvas img {
            display: block !important;
            border-radius: 4px;
        }

        /* Pix Logo overlay on QR */
        .qr-pix-logo {
            position: absolute;
            top: 50%;
            left: 50%;
            transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
            width: 38px;
            height: 38px;
            background: white;
            border-radius: 6px;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
            box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
        }

        .qr-pix-logo svg {
            width: 26px;
            height: 26px;
        }

        /* Info Section */
        .pix-info {
            background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05);
            border-radius: 12px;
            padding: 16px;
            margin-bottom: 20px;
        }

        .pix-info-row {
            display: flex;
            justify-content: space-between;
            align-items: center;
            padding: 8px 0;
        }

        .pix-info-row:not(:last-child) {
            border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
        }

        .pix-info-label {
            font-size: 0.8rem;
            color: #5a6a88;
            text-transform: uppercase;
            letter-spacing: 0.8px;
        }

        .pix-info-value {
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            font-weight: 600;
            color: #c4d0e9;
        }

        /* Copy Section */
        .copy-section {
            margin-top: 20px;
        }

        .copy-label {
            font-size: 0.75rem;
            color: #5a6a88;
            text-transform: uppercase;
            letter-spacing: 1px;
            margin-bottom: 8px;
        }

        .copy-field {
            display: flex;
            gap: 0;
            border-radius: 10px;
            overflow: hidden;
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
        }

        .copy-input {
            flex: 1;
            background: #0b1120;
            border: none;
            padding: 14px 12px;
            color: #fbbf24;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.65rem;
            text-overflow: ellipsis;
            outline: none;
            min-width: 0;
        }

        .copy-btn {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #3b82f6, #6366f1);
            border: none;
            padding: 14px 20px;
            color: white;
            font-weight: 700;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.3s ease;
            white-space: nowrap;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 6px;
        }

        .copy-btn:hover {
            filter: brightness(1.15);
        }

        .copy-btn.copied {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #22c55e, #16a34a);
        }

        /* Status Badge */
        .compat-badge {
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 6px;
            margin-top: 20px;
            padding: 6px 14px;
            background: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.1);
            border: 1px solid rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.2);
            border-radius: 50px;
            font-size: 0.75rem;
            color: #4ade80;
        }

        .compat-badge::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            width: 6px;
            height: 6px;
            background: #22c55e;
            border-radius: 50%;
            animation: pulse 2s infinite;
        }

        @keyframes pulse {
            0%, 100% { opacity: 1; box-shadow: 0 0 0 0 rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.4); }
            50% { opacity: 0.6; box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px rgba(34, 197, 94, 0); }
        }

        /* Bank Icons */
        .bank-strip {
            display: flex;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
            justify-content: center;
            gap: 8px;
            margin-top: 16px;
        }

        .bank-tag {
            background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
            padding: 4px 10px;
            border-radius: 6px;
            font-size: 0.7rem;
            color: #6b7a99;
            transition: all 0.2s;
        }

        .bank-tag:hover {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            border-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.3);
            color: #93c5fd;
        }

        /* Footer */
        .pix-footer {
            margin-top: 24px;
            font-size: 0.7rem;
            color: #3a4560;
            line-height: 1.6;
        }

        .pix-footer a {
            color: #6366f1;
            text-decoration: none;
        }

        /* Value selector */
        .value-section {
            margin-bottom: 20px;
        }

        .value-chips {
            display: flex;
            gap: 8px;
            justify-content: center;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
            margin-top: 8px;
        }

        .value-chip {
            background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
            padding: 8px 16px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: #94a3b8;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.2s;
            font-weight: 600;
        }

        .value-chip:hover, .value-chip.active {
            background: rgba(251, 191, 36, 0.15);
            border-color: #fbbf24;
            color: #fbbf24;
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }

        .custom-value-row {
            display: flex;
            gap: 8px;
            margin-top: 10px;
        }

        .custom-value-input {
            flex: 1;
            background: #0b1120;
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
            padding: 10px 12px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: white;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.9rem;
            outline: none;
        }

        .custom-value-input:focus {
            border-color: #fbbf24;
        }

        .custom-value-btn {
            background: #fbbf24;
            border: none;
            padding: 10px 16px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: #0a0e1a;
            font-weight: 700;
            cursor: pointer;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            transition: all 0.2s;
        }

        .custom-value-btn:hover {
            filter: brightness(1.1);
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }

        /* Mini copy button for Pix key */
        .pix-key-row {
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 8px;
        }

        .copy-key-btn {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.15);
            border: 1px solid rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.3);
            color: #93c5fd;
            padding: 4px 10px;
            border-radius: 6px;
            font-size: 0.65rem;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            font-weight: 600;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.2s;
            white-space: nowrap;
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 4px;
        }

        .copy-key-btn:hover {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.25);
            border-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5);
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }

        .copy-key-btn.key-copied {
            background: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.2);
            border-color: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.4);
            color: #4ade80;
        }

        @media (max-width: 500px) {
            .pix-card { padding: 28px 20px; }
            .pix-title { font-size: 1.5rem; }
        }
    &lt;/style&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;pix-card&quot;&gt;
    &lt;!-- Top Badge --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-badge&quot;&gt;
        &lt;svg class=&quot;pix-icon&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 512 512&quot; fill=&quot;currentColor&quot;&gt;
            &lt;path d=&quot;M410.3 231.7l-82.1-82.1c-16.6-16.6-43.5-16.6-60.1 0L186 231.7c-16.6 16.6-16.6 43.5 0 60.1l82.1 82.1c16.6 16.6 43.5 16.6 60.1 0l82.1-82.1c16.6-16.6 16.6-43.5 0-60.1zm-191.7 94L136.5 243.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l82.1-82.1c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l82.1 82.1c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-82.1 82.1c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0z&quot;/&gt;
        &lt;/svg&gt;
        PIX • PAGAMENTO INSTANTÂNEO
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Title --&gt;
    &lt;h1 class=&quot;pix-title&quot;&gt;Apoie o PlatãoVAG&lt;/h1&gt;
    &lt;p class=&quot;pix-subtitle&quot;&gt;Sua contribuição mantém o laboratório de química online e gratuito para todos.&lt;/p&gt;

    &lt;!-- Value Selection --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;value-section&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-label&quot;&gt;Escolha um valor (opcional)&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;value-chips&quot;&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip active&quot; data-value=&quot;0&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 0)&quot;&gt;Livre&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;5&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 5)&quot;&gt;R$ 5&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;10&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 10)&quot;&gt;R$ 10&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;25&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 25)&quot;&gt;R$ 25&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;50&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 50)&quot;&gt;R$ 50&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;custom-value-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; class=&quot;custom-value-input&quot; id=&quot;custom-value&quot; placeholder=&quot;Outro valor (R$)&quot; min=&quot;0.01&quot; step=&quot;0.01&quot;&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;custom-value-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;applyCustomValue()&quot;&gt;Aplicar&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- QR Code --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;qr-frame&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div id=&quot;qrcode-canvas&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Receiver Info --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Recebedor&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot;&gt;Lauro Julio Dalcin&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Cidade&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot;&gt;Varginha - MG&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Chave Pix&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;pix-key-row&quot;&gt;
                &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot; id=&quot;pix-key-text&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.75rem;&quot;&gt;lauro1607@gmail.com&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;button class=&quot;copy-key-btn&quot; id=&quot;copy-key-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;copyPixKey()&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;svg width=&quot;12&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                    Copiar
                &lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Copy Section --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;copy-section&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-label&quot;&gt;Pix Copia e Cola&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-field&quot;&gt;
            &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; class=&quot;copy-input&quot; id=&quot;pix-payload-text&quot; readonly&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;copy-btn&quot; id=&quot;copy-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;copyPayload()&quot;&gt;
                &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
            &lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Compatibility Badge --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;compat-badge&quot;&gt;Compatível com todos os bancos&lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Bank Tags --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;bank-strip&quot;&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Nubank&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Itaú&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Bradesco&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;BB&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Caixa&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Santander&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Inter&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;C6&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;PicPay&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Mercado Pago&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;PagBank&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;

    &lt;!-- Footer --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-footer&quot;&gt;
        QR Code gerado conforme especificação EMVCo + BACEN&lt;br&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;https://plataovag.blogspot.com&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;plataovag.blogspot.com&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;script&gt;
    // =====================================================
    // GERADOR PIX EMVCo OFICIAL - ESPECIFICAÇÃO BACEN
    // Compatível com todos os bancos brasileiros
    // =====================================================

    const PIX_CONFIG = {
        key:  &quot;lauro1607@gmail.com&quot;,
        name: &quot;LAURO JULIO DALCIN&quot;,
        city: &quot;VARGINHA&quot;,
        txid: &quot;PlataoVAG&quot;
    };

    // --- TLV (Tag-Length-Value) builder ---
    function tlv(tag, value) {
        const len = value.length.toString().padStart(2, &#39;0&#39;);
        return tag + len + value;
    }

    // --- Gerador de payload EMVCo compliant ---
    function generatePixPayload(amount) {
        // ID 00 - Payload Format Indicator (fixo)
        const id00 = tlv(&quot;00&quot;, &quot;01&quot;);

        // ID 01 - Point of Initiation Method
        // &quot;11&quot; = QR estático (reutilizável), &quot;12&quot; = QR dinâmico (uso único)
        const id01 = tlv(&quot;01&quot;, amount &gt; 0 ? &quot;12&quot; : &quot;11&quot;);

        // ID 26 - Merchant Account Information (Pix)
        const gui = tlv(&quot;00&quot;, &quot;br.gov.bcb.pix&quot;);   // GUI obrigatório
        const chave = tlv(&quot;01&quot;, PIX_CONFIG.key);    // Chave Pix
        const id26 = tlv(&quot;26&quot;, gui + chave);

        // ID 52 - Merchant Category Code (0000 = não informado)
        const id52 = tlv(&quot;52&quot;, &quot;0000&quot;);

        // ID 53 - Transaction Currency (986 = BRL)
        const id53 = tlv(&quot;53&quot;, &quot;986&quot;);

        // ID 54 - Transaction Amount (opcional, somente se valor &gt; 0)
        let id54 = &quot;&quot;;
        if (amount &gt; 0) {
            id54 = tlv(&quot;54&quot;, amount.toFixed(2));
        }

        // ID 58 - Country Code
        const id58 = tlv(&quot;58&quot;, &quot;BR&quot;);

        // ID 59 - Merchant Name (máx 25 caracteres)
        const merchantName = PIX_CONFIG.name.substring(0, 25);
        const id59 = tlv(&quot;59&quot;, merchantName);

        // ID 60 - Merchant City (máx 15 caracteres)
        const merchantCity = PIX_CONFIG.city.substring(0, 15);
        const id60 = tlv(&quot;60&quot;, merchantCity);

        // ID 62 - Additional Data Field Template
        const txid = tlv(&quot;05&quot;, PIX_CONFIG.txid.substring(0, 25));
        const id62 = tlv(&quot;62&quot;, txid);

        // Concatenar tudo + placeholder CRC
        const payloadSemCRC = id00 + id01 + id26 + id52 + id53 + id54 + id58 + id59 + id60 + id62 + &quot;6304&quot;;

        // Calcular CRC16-CCITT
        const crc = crc16CCITT(payloadSemCRC);

        return payloadSemCRC + crc;
    }

    // --- CRC16 CCITT (polinômio 0x1021, init 0xFFFF) ---
    function crc16CCITT(str) {
        let crc = 0xFFFF;
        for (let i = 0; i &lt; str.length; i++) {
            crc ^= str.charCodeAt(i) &lt;&lt; 8;
            for (let j = 0; j &lt; 8; j++) {
                if ((crc &amp; 0x8000) !== 0) {
                    crc = ((crc &lt;&lt; 1) ^ 0x1021) &amp; 0xFFFF;
                } else {
                    crc = (crc &lt;&lt; 1) &amp; 0xFFFF;
                }
            }
        }
        return (crc &amp; 0xFFFF).toString(16).toUpperCase().padStart(4, &#39;0&#39;);
    }

    // --- State ---
    let currentAmount = 0;

    // --- Render QR + Payload ---
    function renderPix(amount) {
        currentAmount = amount;
        const payload = generatePixPayload(amount);

        // Atualizar campo de texto
        document.getElementById(&#39;pix-payload-text&#39;).value = payload;

        // Limpar QR anterior
        const qrContainer = document.getElementById(&#39;qrcode-canvas&#39;);
        qrContainer.innerHTML = &#39;&#39;;

        // Gerar novo QR Code localmente
        new QRCode(qrContainer, {
            text: payload,
            width: 220,
            height: 220,
            colorDark: &quot;#1a1a2e&quot;,
            colorLight: &quot;#ffffff&quot;,
            correctLevel: QRCode.CorrectLevel.M
        });
    }

    // --- Seleção de valor predefinido ---
    function selectValue(btn, value) {
        document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.value-chip&#39;).forEach(c =&gt; c.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;));
        btn.classList.add(&#39;active&#39;);
        document.getElementById(&#39;custom-value&#39;).value = &#39;&#39;;
        renderPix(value);
    }

    // --- Valor customizado ---
    function applyCustomValue() {
        const input = document.getElementById(&#39;custom-value&#39;);
        const val = parseFloat(input.value);
        if (val &gt; 0) {
            document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.value-chip&#39;).forEach(c =&gt; c.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;));
            renderPix(val);
        }
    }

    // --- Copiar payload ---
    function copyPayload() {
        const text = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-payload-text&#39;).value;
        const btn = document.getElementById(&#39;copy-btn&#39;);

        if (navigator.clipboard &amp;&amp; navigator.clipboard.writeText) {
            navigator.clipboard.writeText(text).then(() =&gt; {
                showCopied(btn);
            });
        } else {
            // Fallback
            const input = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-payload-text&#39;);
            input.select();
            input.setSelectionRange(0, 99999);
            document.execCommand(&#39;copy&#39;);
            showCopied(btn);
        }
    }

    function showCopied(btn) {
        btn.classList.add(&#39;copied&#39;);
        btn.innerHTML = `
            &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M20 6L9 17l-5-5&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
            Copiado!
        `;
        setTimeout(() =&gt; {
            btn.classList.remove(&#39;copied&#39;);
            btn.innerHTML = `
                &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
            `;
        }, 2000);
    }

    // --- Copiar chave Pix ---
    function copyPixKey() {
        const key = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-key-text&#39;).textContent;
        const btn = document.getElementById(&#39;copy-key-btn&#39;);

        if (navigator.clipboard &amp;&amp; navigator.clipboard.writeText) {
            navigator.clipboard.writeText(key).then(() =&gt; {
                showKeyCopied(btn);
            });
        } else {
            // Fallback
            const temp = document.createElement(&#39;textarea&#39;);
            temp.value = key;
            document.body.appendChild(temp);
            temp.select();
            document.execCommand(&#39;copy&#39;);
            document.body.removeChild(temp);
            showKeyCopied(btn);
        }
    }

    function showKeyCopied(btn) {
        btn.classList.add(&#39;key-copied&#39;);
        btn.innerHTML = `
            &lt;svg width=&quot;12&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M20 6L9 17l-5-5&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
            Copiado!
        `;
        setTimeout(() =&gt; {
            btn.classList.remove(&#39;key-copied&#39;);
            btn.innerHTML = `
                &lt;svg width=&quot;12&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
            `;
        }, 2000);
    }

    // --- Enter na caixa de valor customizado ---
    document.getElementById(&#39;custom-value&#39;).addEventListener(&#39;keydown&#39;, function(e) {
        if (e.key === &#39;Enter&#39;) applyCustomValue();
    });

    // --- Inicializar ---
    renderPix(0);
&lt;/script&gt;

&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/6924546221241903655/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2018/12/ligacoes-quimicas.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/6924546221241903655'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/6924546221241903655'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2018/12/ligacoes-quimicas.html' title='LIGAÇÕES QUÍMICAS'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXnF-hPCKiWmapGNQGCxQ4i2VujwKk4fTp2Nc4-MGTu1JHjKa710xho0Dc1rMoKh0MoOgve95qntVYcv_oXfcvfb1XEkxI7m8OLXHjWBo25d5aaUwOUCHF-jhzbu36bHgT7iFP0w/s72-c/177px-NaCl_li.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-6500580336432046098</id><published>2018-12-09T10:15:00.005-02:00</published><updated>2026-05-07T14:10:24.675-03:00</updated><title type='text'>MODELOS ATÔMICOS</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Modelo de Thomson&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp13I6Kv762oDug4Wd2PmJNXmwNnIJIxmA3Qjkf4TPZhILkxwXr6T1QQJfXp9qynC-bo5kRJ9xT8DEqueERvI4T13jamda2nqCjtsY_k7ERfk5cTQPxgytABe__nf-5pyMPEnRJw/s1600/thomson31.jpg&quot; style=&quot;color: #009eb8; display: inline; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;182&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp13I6Kv762oDug4Wd2PmJNXmwNnIJIxmA3Qjkf4TPZhILkxwXr6T1QQJfXp9qynC-bo5kRJ9xT8DEqueERvI4T13jamda2nqCjtsY_k7ERfk5cTQPxgytABe__nf-5pyMPEnRJw/s400/thomson31.jpg&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-image: url(&amp;quot;data:image/png; border: 9px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: auto; margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 8px; position: relative;&quot; width=&quot;165&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Em 1897, o físico inglês J.J. Thomson demonstrou que os raios catódicos poderiam ser interpretados como um feixe de partículas carregadas que foram chamadas de elétrons. A atribuição de carga negativa aos elétrons foi arbitrária.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Thomson concluiu que o elétron deveria ser um componente de toda matéria, pois observou que a relação q/m para os raios catódicos tinha o mesmo valor, qualquer que fosse o gás colocado na ampola de vidro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Em 1898, Thomson apresentou o seu modelo atômico: uma esfera de carga positiva na qual os elétrons, de carga negativa, estão distribuídos mais ou menos uniformemente. A carga positiva está distribuída, homogeneamente, por toda a esfera.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Modelo nuclear (Rutherford)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Em 1911, Lord Rutherford e colaboradores (Geiger e Marsden) bombardearam uma lâmina metálica delgada com um feixe de partículas alfa, e observaram que atravessava a lâmina metálica sem sofrer desvio na sua trajetória (para cada 10.000 partículas alfa que atravessam sem desviar, uma era desviada).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Para explicar a experiência, Rutherford concluiu que o átomo não era uma bolinha maciça. Admitiu uma parte central positiva muito pequena mas de grande massa (&quot;o núcleo&quot;) e uma parte envolvente negativa e relativamente enorme (&quot;a eletrosfera ou coroa&quot;). Se o átomo tivesse o tamanho do Estádio do Morumbi, o núcleo seria o tamanho de uma azeitona.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Surgiu assim o modelo nuclear do átomo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;O modelo de Rutherford é o modelo planetário do átomo, no qual os elétrons descrevem um movimento circular ao redor do núcleo, assim como os planetas se movem ao redor do sol.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicTwlEAyyx_wj5Ti-dujoC-cRfGcNN1JNLpnMi7Wp59VQErfn_tgZjeTOPoFswybdbYRaFKcTGpSklKjxKxTUlDWAMPmX_ir_yDWuWSqctW7bCuwYJwgEHd8MivVtEQyF01eca8Q/s1600/ModelodeRutherford.jpg&quot; style=&quot;color: #009eb8; display: inline; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;253&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicTwlEAyyx_wj5Ti-dujoC-cRfGcNN1JNLpnMi7Wp59VQErfn_tgZjeTOPoFswybdbYRaFKcTGpSklKjxKxTUlDWAMPmX_ir_yDWuWSqctW7bCuwYJwgEHd8MivVtEQyF01eca8Q/s400/ModelodeRutherford.jpg&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-image: url(&amp;quot;data:image/png; border: 9px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: auto; margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 8px; position: relative;&quot; width=&quot;304&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Modelo de Bohr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;O modelo planetário de Rutherford apresenta duas falhas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;•Uma carga negativa, colocada em movimento ao redor de uma carga positiva estacionária, adquire movimento espiralado em sua direção acabando por colidir com ela.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;•Essa carga em movimento perde energia, emitindo radiação. Ora, o átomo no seu estado normal não emite radiação.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Em 1913, o físico dinamarquês Niels Bohr expôs uma idéia que modificou o modelo planetário do átomo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2877/2572/1600/eletrosfera1.jpg&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; color: #009eb8; display: inline; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2877/2572/320/eletrosfera1.jpg&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-image: url(&amp;quot;data:image/png; border: 9px none; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; float: left; height: auto; margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 8px; position: relative; text-align: justify;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;•Um elétron num átomo só pode ter certas energias específicas, e cada uma destas energias corresponde a uma órbita particular. Quanto maior a energia do elétron, mais afastada do núcleo se localiza a sua órbita.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;•Se o elétron receber energia ele pula para uma órbita mais afastada do núcleo. Por irradiação de energia, o elétron pode cair numa órbita mais próxima do núcleo. No entanto, o elétron não pode cair abaixo de sua órbita normal estável.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Mais tarde, Sommerfeld postulou a existência de órbitas não só circulares mas elípticas também.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Modelo orbital&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Sabe-se hoje que é impossível determinar a órbita (trajetória) de um elétron. Pode-se determinar a probabilidade relativa de encontrar o elétron numa certa região ao redor do núcleo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Imaginando uma pessoa munida de uma lanterna em um quarto escuro. Essa pessoa move-se ao acaso pelo quarto e de tempo em tempo ela acende e apaga a lanterna. Em um papel milimetrado vamos marcar a posição da pessoa. Quando a lanterna acende sabe-se onde a pessoa estava, mas não onde está agora. O papel milimetrado ficaria com o aspecto dado na figura ao lado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Em outras palavras, é impossível determinar a trajetória de um elétron num átomo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Surge então o modelo orbital.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Orbital&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;É a região de máxima probabilidade de encontrar o elétron.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Orbital é a região onde o elétron gasta a maior parte do seu tempo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Diagrama de Pauling&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Sendo que:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;o subnível s comporta no máximo 2 elétrons,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;o subnível p comporta no máximo 6 elétrons,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;o subnível d comporta no máximo 10 elétrons, e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;o subnível f comporta no máximo 14 elétrons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; face=&quot;arial, helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Boa-Semana a todos!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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            &lt;/svg&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;jso-cursor-trail-shape&quot; style=&quot;display: none; left: 55px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 248px;&quot;&gt;
            &lt;svg height=&quot;12&quot; viewbox=&quot;0 0 239 240&quot; width=&quot;12&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot;&gt;
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            &lt;/svg&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;jso-cursor-trail-shape&quot; style=&quot;display: none; left: 49px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 246px;&quot;&gt;
            &lt;svg height=&quot;15&quot; viewbox=&quot;0 0 336 336&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot;&gt;
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            &lt;/svg&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;jso-cursor-trail-shape&quot; style=&quot;display: none; left: 49px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 242px;&quot;&gt;
            &lt;svg height=&quot;15&quot; viewbox=&quot;0 0 268 268&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot;&gt;
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            &lt;/svg&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;jso-cursor-trail-shape&quot; style=&quot;display: none; left: 44px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 239px;&quot;&gt;
            &lt;svg height=&quot;25&quot; viewbox=&quot;0 0 336 336&quot; width=&quot;25&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;jso-cursor-trail-shape&quot; style=&quot;display: none; left: 31px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 233px;&quot;&gt;
            &lt;svg height=&quot;35&quot; viewbox=&quot;0 0 336 336&quot; width=&quot;35&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;jso-cursor-trail-shape&quot; style=&quot;display: none; left: 28px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 230px;&quot;&gt;
            &lt;svg height=&quot;25&quot; viewbox=&quot;0 0 336 336&quot; width=&quot;25&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot;&gt;
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            &lt;/svg&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;jso-cursor-trail-shape&quot; style=&quot;display: none; left: 25px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 223px;&quot;&gt;
            &lt;svg height=&quot;15&quot; viewbox=&quot;0 0 268 268&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot;&gt;
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            &lt;/svg&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;jso-cursor-trail-shape&quot; style=&quot;display: none; left: 27px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 217px;&quot;&gt;
            &lt;svg height=&quot;35&quot; viewbox=&quot;0 0 336 336&quot; width=&quot;35&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;jso-cursor-trail-shape&quot; style=&quot;display: none; left: 27px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 208px;&quot;&gt;
            &lt;svg height=&quot;10&quot; viewbox=&quot;0 0 336 336&quot; width=&quot;10&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;jso-cursor-trail-shape&quot; style=&quot;display: none; left: 31px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 206px;&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;jso-cursor-trail-shape&quot; style=&quot;display: none; left: 99px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 163px;&quot;&gt;
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            &lt;/svg&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html lang=&quot;pt-BR&quot;&gt;
&lt;head&gt;
    &lt;meta charset=&quot;UTF-8&quot;&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot; content=&quot;width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0&quot;&gt;
    &lt;title&gt;QR Code Pix - PlatãoVAG&lt;/title&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;description&quot; content=&quot;QR Code Pix oficial do PlatãoVAG - Compatível com todos os bancos brasileiros&quot;&gt;
    &lt;link href=&quot;https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Outfit:wght@400;600;800&amp;family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@500;700&amp;display=swap&quot; rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot;&gt;
    &lt;!-- QRCode.js - geração local sem depender de API externa --&gt;
    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/qrcodejs@1.0.0/qrcode.min.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
    &lt;style&gt;
        *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
        body {
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            background: #0a0e1a;
            color: #f0f0f5;
            min-height: 100vh;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
            padding: 20px;
            overflow-x: hidden;
        }
        /* Animated background */
        body::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            position: fixed;
            inset: 0;
            background: 
                radial-gradient(circle at 20% 30%, rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.08) 0%, transparent 50%),
                radial-gradient(circle at 80% 70%, rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.06) 0%, transparent 50%),
                radial-gradient(circle at 50% 50%, rgba(249, 191, 36, 0.04) 0%, transparent 60%);
            z-index: -1;
            animation: bgPulse 8s ease-in-out infinite alternate;
        }
        @keyframes bgPulse {
            0% { opacity: 0.7; }
            100% { opacity: 1; }
        }
        .pix-card {
            background: linear-gradient(145deg, #141928, #1a2035);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
            border-radius: 24px;
            padding: 40px 36px;
            max-width: 480px;
            width: 100%;
            box-shadow: 
                0 30px 80px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5),
                0 0 60px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.05),
                inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            text-align: center;
            position: relative;
            overflow: hidden;
        }
        .pix-card::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            position: absolute;
            top: 0;
            left: 0;
            right: 0;
            height: 2px;
            background: linear-gradient(90deg, transparent, #3b82f6, #a855f7, #fbbf24, transparent);
            animation: shimmer 3s ease-in-out infinite;
        }
        @keyframes shimmer {
            0%, 100% { opacity: 0.5; }
            50% { opacity: 1; }
        }
        /* Logo / Badge */
        .pix-badge {
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 10px;
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            border: 1px solid rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.2);
            padding: 8px 18px;
            border-radius: 50px;
            margin-bottom: 24px;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            color: #93c5fd;
            letter-spacing: 0.5px;
        }
        .pix-badge .pix-icon {
            width: 20px;
            height: 20px;
        }
        .pix-title {
            font-size: 1.8rem;
            font-weight: 800;
            margin-bottom: 6px;
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #60a5fa, #a78bfa);
            -webkit-background-clip: text;
            -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
            background-clip: text;
            letter-spacing: -0.5px;
        }
        .pix-subtitle {
            color: #6b7a99;
            font-size: 0.9rem;
            margin-bottom: 28px;
            line-height: 1.5;
        }
        /* QR Code Container */
        .qr-frame {
            background: white;
            padding: 20px;
            border-radius: 16px;
            display: inline-block;
            margin: 0 auto 24px;
            box-shadow: 
                0 10px 40px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3),
                0 0 20px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            position: relative;
            transition: transform 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
        }
        .qr-frame:hover {
            transform: scale(1.03);
            box-shadow: 
                0 15px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4),
                0 0 30px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.2);
        }
        .qr-frame #qrcode-canvas {
            display: block;
        }
        .qr-frame #qrcode-canvas img {
            display: block !important;
            border-radius: 4px;
        }
        /* Pix Logo overlay on QR */
        .qr-pix-logo {
            position: absolute;
            top: 50%;
            left: 50%;
            transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
            width: 38px;
            height: 38px;
            background: white;
            border-radius: 6px;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
            box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
        }
        .qr-pix-logo svg {
            width: 26px;
            height: 26px;
        }
        /* Info Section */
        .pix-info {
            background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05);
            border-radius: 12px;
            padding: 16px;
            margin-bottom: 20px;
        }
        .pix-info-row {
            display: flex;
            justify-content: space-between;
            align-items: center;
            padding: 8px 0;
        }
        .pix-info-row:not(:last-child) {
            border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
        }
        .pix-info-label {
            font-size: 0.8rem;
            color: #5a6a88;
            text-transform: uppercase;
            letter-spacing: 0.8px;
        }
        .pix-info-value {
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            font-weight: 600;
            color: #c4d0e9;
        }
        /* Copy Section */
        .copy-section {
            margin-top: 20px;
        }
        .copy-label {
            font-size: 0.75rem;
            color: #5a6a88;
            text-transform: uppercase;
            letter-spacing: 1px;
            margin-bottom: 8px;
        }
        .copy-field {
            display: flex;
            gap: 0;
            border-radius: 10px;
            overflow: hidden;
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
        }
        .copy-input {
            flex: 1;
            background: #0b1120;
            border: none;
            padding: 14px 12px;
            color: #fbbf24;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.65rem;
            text-overflow: ellipsis;
            outline: none;
            min-width: 0;
        }
        .copy-btn {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #3b82f6, #6366f1);
            border: none;
            padding: 14px 20px;
            color: white;
            font-weight: 700;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.3s ease;
            white-space: nowrap;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 6px;
        }
        .copy-btn:hover {
            filter: brightness(1.15);
        }
        .copy-btn.copied {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #22c55e, #16a34a);
        }
        /* Status Badge */
        .compat-badge {
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 6px;
            margin-top: 20px;
            padding: 6px 14px;
            background: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.1);
            border: 1px solid rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.2);
            border-radius: 50px;
            font-size: 0.75rem;
            color: #4ade80;
        }
        .compat-badge::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            width: 6px;
            height: 6px;
            background: #22c55e;
            border-radius: 50%;
            animation: pulse 2s infinite;
        }
        @keyframes pulse {
            0%, 100% { opacity: 1; box-shadow: 0 0 0 0 rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.4); }
            50% { opacity: 0.6; box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px rgba(34, 197, 94, 0); }
        }
        /* Bank Icons */
        .bank-strip {
            display: flex;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
            justify-content: center;
            gap: 8px;
            margin-top: 16px;
        }
        .bank-tag {
            background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
            padding: 4px 10px;
            border-radius: 6px;
            font-size: 0.7rem;
            color: #6b7a99;
            transition: all 0.2s;
        }
        .bank-tag:hover {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            border-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.3);
            color: #93c5fd;
        }
        /* Footer */
        .pix-footer {
            margin-top: 24px;
            font-size: 0.7rem;
            color: #3a4560;
            line-height: 1.6;
        }
        .pix-footer a {
            color: #6366f1;
            text-decoration: none;
        }
        /* Value selector */
        .value-section {
            margin-bottom: 20px;
        }
        .value-chips {
            display: flex;
            gap: 8px;
            justify-content: center;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
            margin-top: 8px;
        }
        .value-chip {
            background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
            padding: 8px 16px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: #94a3b8;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.2s;
            font-weight: 600;
        }
        .value-chip:hover, .value-chip.active {
            background: rgba(251, 191, 36, 0.15);
            border-color: #fbbf24;
            color: #fbbf24;
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }
        .custom-value-row {
            display: flex;
            gap: 8px;
            margin-top: 10px;
        }
        .custom-value-input {
            flex: 1;
            background: #0b1120;
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
            padding: 10px 12px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: white;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.9rem;
            outline: none;
        }
        .custom-value-input:focus {
            border-color: #fbbf24;
        }
        .custom-value-btn {
            background: #fbbf24;
            border: none;
            padding: 10px 16px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: #0a0e1a;
            font-weight: 700;
            cursor: pointer;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            transition: all 0.2s;
        }
        .custom-value-btn:hover {
            filter: brightness(1.1);
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }
        /* Mini copy button for Pix key */
        .pix-key-row {
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 8px;
        }
        .copy-key-btn {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.15);
            border: 1px solid rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.3);
            color: #93c5fd;
            padding: 4px 10px;
            border-radius: 6px;
            font-size: 0.65rem;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            font-weight: 600;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.2s;
            white-space: nowrap;
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 4px;
        }
        .copy-key-btn:hover {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.25);
            border-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5);
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }
        .copy-key-btn.key-copied {
            background: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.2);
            border-color: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.4);
            color: #4ade80;
        }
        @media (max-width: 500px) {
            .pix-card { padding: 28px 20px; }
            .pix-title { font-size: 1.5rem; }
        }
    &lt;/style&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;pix-card&quot;&gt;
    &lt;!-- Top Badge --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-badge&quot;&gt;
        &lt;svg class=&quot;pix-icon&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 512 512&quot; fill=&quot;currentColor&quot;&gt;
            &lt;path d=&quot;M410.3 231.7l-82.1-82.1c-16.6-16.6-43.5-16.6-60.1 0L186 231.7c-16.6 16.6-16.6 43.5 0 60.1l82.1 82.1c16.6 16.6 43.5 16.6 60.1 0l82.1-82.1c16.6-16.6 16.6-43.5 0-60.1zm-191.7 94L136.5 243.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l82.1-82.1c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l82.1 82.1c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-82.1 82.1c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0z&quot;/&gt;
        &lt;/svg&gt;
        PIX • PAGAMENTO INSTANTÂNEO
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Title --&gt;
    &lt;h1 class=&quot;pix-title&quot;&gt;Apoie o PlatãoVAG&lt;/h1&gt;
    &lt;p class=&quot;pix-subtitle&quot;&gt;Sua contribuição mantém o laboratório de química online e gratuito para todos.&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;!-- Value Selection --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;value-section&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-label&quot;&gt;Escolha um valor (opcional)&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;value-chips&quot;&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip active&quot; data-value=&quot;0&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 0)&quot;&gt;Livre&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;5&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 5)&quot;&gt;R$ 5&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;10&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 10)&quot;&gt;R$ 10&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;25&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 25)&quot;&gt;R$ 25&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;50&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 50)&quot;&gt;R$ 50&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;custom-value-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; class=&quot;custom-value-input&quot; id=&quot;custom-value&quot; placeholder=&quot;Outro valor (R$)&quot; min=&quot;0.01&quot; step=&quot;0.01&quot;&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;custom-value-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;applyCustomValue()&quot;&gt;Aplicar&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- QR Code --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;qr-frame&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div id=&quot;qrcode-canvas&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Receiver Info --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Recebedor&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot;&gt;Lauro Julio Dalcin&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Cidade&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot;&gt;Varginha - MG&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Chave Pix&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;pix-key-row&quot;&gt;
                &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot; id=&quot;pix-key-text&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.75rem;&quot;&gt;lauro1607@gmail.com&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;button class=&quot;copy-key-btn&quot; id=&quot;copy-key-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;copyPixKey()&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;svg width=&quot;12&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                    Copiar
                &lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Copy Section --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;copy-section&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-label&quot;&gt;Pix Copia e Cola&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-field&quot;&gt;
            &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; class=&quot;copy-input&quot; id=&quot;pix-payload-text&quot; readonly&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;copy-btn&quot; id=&quot;copy-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;copyPayload()&quot;&gt;
                &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
            &lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Compatibility Badge --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;compat-badge&quot;&gt;Compatível com todos os bancos&lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Bank Tags --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;bank-strip&quot;&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Nubank&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Itaú&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Bradesco&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;BB&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Caixa&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Santander&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Inter&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;C6&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;PicPay&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Mercado Pago&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;PagBank&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Footer --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-footer&quot;&gt;
        QR Code gerado conforme especificação EMVCo + BACEN&lt;br&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;https://plataovag.blogspot.com&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;plataovag.blogspot.com&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;script&gt;
    // =====================================================
    // GERADOR PIX EMVCo OFICIAL - ESPECIFICAÇÃO BACEN
    // Compatível com todos os bancos brasileiros
    // =====================================================
    const PIX_CONFIG = {
        key:  &quot;lauro1607@gmail.com&quot;,
        name: &quot;LAURO JULIO DALCIN&quot;,
        city: &quot;VARGINHA&quot;,
        txid: &quot;PlataoVAG&quot;
    };
    // --- TLV (Tag-Length-Value) builder ---
    function tlv(tag, value) {
        const len = value.length.toString().padStart(2, &#39;0&#39;);
        return tag + len + value;
    }
    // --- Gerador de payload EMVCo compliant ---
    function generatePixPayload(amount) {
        // ID 00 - Payload Format Indicator (fixo)
        const id00 = tlv(&quot;00&quot;, &quot;01&quot;);
        // ID 01 - Point of Initiation Method
        // &quot;11&quot; = QR estático (reutilizável), &quot;12&quot; = QR dinâmico (uso único)
        const id01 = tlv(&quot;01&quot;, amount &gt; 0 ? &quot;12&quot; : &quot;11&quot;);
        // ID 26 - Merchant Account Information (Pix)
        const gui = tlv(&quot;00&quot;, &quot;br.gov.bcb.pix&quot;);   // GUI obrigatório
        const chave = tlv(&quot;01&quot;, PIX_CONFIG.key);    // Chave Pix
        const id26 = tlv(&quot;26&quot;, gui + chave);
        // ID 52 - Merchant Category Code (0000 = não informado)
        const id52 = tlv(&quot;52&quot;, &quot;0000&quot;);
        // ID 53 - Transaction Currency (986 = BRL)
        const id53 = tlv(&quot;53&quot;, &quot;986&quot;);
        // ID 54 - Transaction Amount (opcional, somente se valor &gt; 0)
        let id54 = &quot;&quot;;
        if (amount &gt; 0) {
            id54 = tlv(&quot;54&quot;, amount.toFixed(2));
        }
        // ID 58 - Country Code
        const id58 = tlv(&quot;58&quot;, &quot;BR&quot;);
        // ID 59 - Merchant Name (máx 25 caracteres)
        const merchantName = PIX_CONFIG.name.substring(0, 25);
        const id59 = tlv(&quot;59&quot;, merchantName);
        // ID 60 - Merchant City (máx 15 caracteres)
        const merchantCity = PIX_CONFIG.city.substring(0, 15);
        const id60 = tlv(&quot;60&quot;, merchantCity);
        // ID 62 - Additional Data Field Template
        const txid = tlv(&quot;05&quot;, PIX_CONFIG.txid.substring(0, 25));
        const id62 = tlv(&quot;62&quot;, txid);
        // Concatenar tudo + placeholder CRC
        const payloadSemCRC = id00 + id01 + id26 + id52 + id53 + id54 + id58 + id59 + id60 + id62 + &quot;6304&quot;;
        // Calcular CRC16-CCITT
        const crc = crc16CCITT(payloadSemCRC);
        return payloadSemCRC + crc;
    }
    // --- CRC16 CCITT (polinômio 0x1021, init 0xFFFF) ---
    function crc16CCITT(str) {
        let crc = 0xFFFF;
        for (let i = 0; i &lt; str.length; i++) {
            crc ^= str.charCodeAt(i) &lt;&lt; 8;
            for (let j = 0; j &lt; 8; j++) {
                if ((crc &amp; 0x8000) !== 0) {
                    crc = ((crc &lt;&lt; 1) ^ 0x1021) &amp; 0xFFFF;
                } else {
                    crc = (crc &lt;&lt; 1) &amp; 0xFFFF;
                }
            }
        }
        return (crc &amp; 0xFFFF).toString(16).toUpperCase().padStart(4, &#39;0&#39;);
    }
    // --- State ---
    let currentAmount = 0;
    // --- Render QR + Payload ---
    function renderPix(amount) {
        currentAmount = amount;
        const payload = generatePixPayload(amount);
        // Atualizar campo de texto
        document.getElementById(&#39;pix-payload-text&#39;).value = payload;
        // Limpar QR anterior
        const qrContainer = document.getElementById(&#39;qrcode-canvas&#39;);
        qrContainer.innerHTML = &#39;&#39;;
        // Gerar novo QR Code localmente
        new QRCode(qrContainer, {
            text: payload,
            width: 220,
            height: 220,
            colorDark: &quot;#1a1a2e&quot;,
            colorLight: &quot;#ffffff&quot;,
            correctLevel: QRCode.CorrectLevel.M
        });
    }
    // --- Seleção de valor predefinido ---
    function selectValue(btn, value) {
        document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.value-chip&#39;).forEach(c =&gt; c.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;));
        btn.classList.add(&#39;active&#39;);
        document.getElementById(&#39;custom-value&#39;).value = &#39;&#39;;
        renderPix(value);
    }
    // --- Valor customizado ---
    function applyCustomValue() {
        const input = document.getElementById(&#39;custom-value&#39;);
        const val = parseFloat(input.value);
        if (val &gt; 0) {
            document.querySelectorAll(&#39;.value-chip&#39;).forEach(c =&gt; c.classList.remove(&#39;active&#39;));
            renderPix(val);
        }
    }
    // --- Copiar payload ---
    function copyPayload() {
        const text = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-payload-text&#39;).value;
        const btn = document.getElementById(&#39;copy-btn&#39;);
        if (navigator.clipboard &amp;&amp; navigator.clipboard.writeText) {
            navigator.clipboard.writeText(text).then(() =&gt; {
                showCopied(btn);
            });
        } else {
            // Fallback
            const input = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-payload-text&#39;);
            input.select();
            input.setSelectionRange(0, 99999);
            document.execCommand(&#39;copy&#39;);
            showCopied(btn);
        }
    }
    function showCopied(btn) {
        btn.classList.add(&#39;copied&#39;);
        btn.innerHTML = `
            &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M20 6L9 17l-5-5&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
            Copiado!
        `;
        setTimeout(() =&gt; {
            btn.classList.remove(&#39;copied&#39;);
            btn.innerHTML = `
                &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
            `;
        }, 2000);
    }
    // --- Copiar chave Pix ---
    function copyPixKey() {
        const key = document.getElementById(&#39;pix-key-text&#39;).textContent;
        const btn = document.getElementById(&#39;copy-key-btn&#39;);
        if (navigator.clipboard &amp;&amp; navigator.clipboard.writeText) {
            navigator.clipboard.writeText(key).then(() =&gt; {
                showKeyCopied(btn);
            });
        } else {
            // Fallback
            const temp = document.createElement(&#39;textarea&#39;);
            temp.value = key;
            document.body.appendChild(temp);
            temp.select();
            document.execCommand(&#39;copy&#39;);
            document.body.removeChild(temp);
            showKeyCopied(btn);
        }
    }
    function showKeyCopied(btn) {
        btn.classList.add(&#39;key-copied&#39;);
        btn.innerHTML = `
            &lt;svg width=&quot;12&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M20 6L9 17l-5-5&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
            Copiado!
        `;
        setTimeout(() =&gt; {
            btn.classList.remove(&#39;key-copied&#39;);
            btn.innerHTML = `
                &lt;svg width=&quot;12&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
            `;
        }, 2000);
    }
    // --- Enter na caixa de valor customizado ---
    document.getElementById(&#39;custom-value&#39;).addEventListener(&#39;keydown&#39;, function(e) {
        if (e.key === &#39;Enter&#39;) applyCustomValue();
    });
    // --- Inicializar ---
    renderPix(0);
&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/6500580336432046098/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2018/12/modelos-atomicos.html#comment-form' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/6500580336432046098'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/6500580336432046098'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2018/12/modelos-atomicos.html' title='MODELOS ATÔMICOS'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp13I6Kv762oDug4Wd2PmJNXmwNnIJIxmA3Qjkf4TPZhILkxwXr6T1QQJfXp9qynC-bo5kRJ9xT8DEqueERvI4T13jamda2nqCjtsY_k7ERfk5cTQPxgytABe__nf-5pyMPEnRJw/s72-c/thomson31.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-3456517541523870660</id><published>2018-12-09T00:09:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2026-05-07T14:11:29.008-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Moléculas e Compostos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;clearfix&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Moléculas&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Uma ligação covalente é formada quando dois átomos compartilham elétrons. Em uma ligação covalente, a estabilidade vem da atração eletrostática entre os núcleos atômicos carregados positivamente e os elétrons negativamente carregados compartilhados entre eles.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-image-widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;fixed-to-responsive svg-image&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 300px; max-width: 700px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 294.875px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;Um único átomo de hidrogênio neutro é mostrado à esquerda; uma molécula de hidrogênio, H2, é mostrada à direita.&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;https://ka-perseus-images.s3.amazonaws.com/05a6dc6da313e24f2f29849b3c8cba5da17e9730.svg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; height: 294.875px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;perseus-sr-only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px , 0px , 0px , 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;perseus-sr-only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px , 0px , 0px , 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;Um único átomo de hidrogênio neutro é mostrado à esquerda; uma molécula de hidrogênio, H2, é mostrada à direita.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;perseus-sr-only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px , 0px , 0px , 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-image-caption&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin: 16px auto 42px; max-width: 455px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Um átomo neutro de hidrogênio, mostrado à esquerda, contém um elétron. Dois átomos de hidrogênio podem se combinar através da doação de cada um de seus elétrons para formar uma ligação covalente, representada à direita pela área onde as nuvens cinzas em torno de cada átomo de hidrogênio se sobrepõe. Na ligação covalente, os elétrons são compartilhados entre os dois átomos de hidrogênio. Quando a ligação covalente é formada, não temos mais dois átomos individuais de hidrogênio, mas sim uma única molécula de hidrogênio — H&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;_2&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.451108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Fonte:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond#/media/File:Covalent_bond_hydrogen.svg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #7d00ad; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #7d00ad; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;CC BY-SA 3.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Quando os átomos se combinam para compartilhar ligações covalentes, o conjunto resultante de átomos é chamado de molécula. Sendo assim, podemos dizer que uma molécula é a unidade mais simples de um composto covalente. Como veremos agora, há diversas maneiras diferentes de representar e desenhar moléculas.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-inline&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;container_1l9up1z&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline !important; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative !important; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;content_1yvaw3p&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative !important; transition: margin-top 0.1s ease 0s !important; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;_2&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.451108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; 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padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; 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font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Representando moléculas: fórmulas químicas&lt;/h2&gt;
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As fórmulas químicas, às vezes chamadas também de fórmulas moleculares, são a forma mais simples de representar as moléculas. Em uma fórmula química, usamos os símbolos da tabela periódica para indicar quais átomos estão presentes, e usamos subscritos para indicar quantos átomos de cada elemento existem na molécula. Por exemplo, uma única molécula de NH&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;_\purpleC{3}&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.451108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #aa87ff; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, amônia, contém um átomo de nitrogênio e três átomos de hidrogênio. Por outro lado, uma única molécula de N&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;_\blueD{2}&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.451108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #11accd; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;H&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;_\redD{4}&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.451108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #e84d39; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, hidrazina, contém dois átomos de nitrogênio e quatro átomos de hidrogênio.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Verificação de conceito:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;A fórmula química para o ácido acético, um ácido comum encontrado no vinagre, é C&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;_2&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.451108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;H&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;_4&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.451108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;_2&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.451108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Quantos átomos de oxigênio existem em três moléculas de ácido acético?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-inline&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;container_1l9up1z&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline !important; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative !important; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;content_1yvaw3p-o_O-contentExpanded_6hebxw&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 5px solid rgb(204, 204, 204) !important; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; font: inherit; height: auto; margin-bottom: 14px !important; margin-left: -23px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 14px !important; overflow: visible; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 23px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative !important; transition: margin-top 0.1s ease 0s !important; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;&quot;&gt;Resposta:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Como podemos observar a partir da fórmula química, C&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;_2&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.451108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;H&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;_4&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.451108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;_2&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.451108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, existem dois átomos de oxigênio em uma molécula de ácido acético. Logo, em três moléculas de ácido acético, existirão&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;3\times \blueD{2}=6&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.72777em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.08333em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord rule&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px solid; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0.222222em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mbin&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord rule&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px solid; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0.222222em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #11accd; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord rule&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px solid; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0.277778em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrel&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord rule&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px solid; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0.277778em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;átomos de oxigênio.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Conforme você for continuando o seu estudo da química, você descobrirá que, às vezes, os químicos escrevem fórmulas moleculares de maneiras diferentes. Por exemplo, como acabamos de ver, a fórmula química para o ácido acético é C&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;_2&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.451108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;H&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;_4&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.451108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;_2&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.451108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; porém, a veremos constantemente escrita como CH&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;_3&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.451108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;COOH. O motivo deste segundo tipo de fórmula é que a ordem na qual os átomos são escritos ajuda a mostrar a estrutura da molécula de ácido acético—o que é chamado às vezes de fórmula estrutural condensada. Sendo assim, podemos pensar na fórmula CH&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;_3&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.451108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;COOH como sendo algo entre uma fórmula química e uma fórmula estrutural, que veremos a seguir.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;clearfix&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Representação de moléculas – fórmulas estruturais&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
As fórmulas químicas nos dizem apenas quantos átomos de cada elemento estão presentes em uma molécula, mas as fórmulas estruturais também nos dão informações sobre como os átomos estão ligados no espaço. Nas fórmulas estruturais, nós, de fato, desenhamos as ligações covalentes entre os átomos. Na última seção, nós vimos a fórmula química da amônia, que é NH&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;_3&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.451108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Agora, vejamos a sua fórmula estrutural:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;fixed-to-responsive zoomable svg-image&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 702px; max-width: 1806px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 267.422px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;Duas fórmulas estruturais da amônia.&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;https://ka-perseus-images.s3.amazonaws.com/418aa650c9cbe92c4ea3792543312190a8b332b2.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; height: 267.422px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;perseus-sr-only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px , 0px , 0px , 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;perseus-sr-only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px , 0px , 0px , 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;Duas fórmulas estruturais da amônia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;perseus-sr-only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px , 0px , 0px , 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-image-caption&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin: 16px auto 42px; max-width: 455px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Duas fórmulas estruturais para a amônia, NH&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;_3&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.451108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. A fórmula à esquerda fornece somente uma aproximação bidimensional da estrutura molecular, enquanto a fórmula à direita mostra a orientação dos átomos no espaço usando traços entrando no plano da página e cunhas saindo do plano da página. Os dois pontos sobre o nitrogênio na fórmula à direita indicam um par de elétrons livres. Fonte: Imagem à esquerda,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.physique-appliquee.net/banque_images/picture.php?/1199&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #7d00ad; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Physique Applique&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #7d00ad; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;CC BY-NC-SA 4.0&lt;/a&gt;; Imagem à direita,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ammonia-2D.svg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #7d00ad; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #7d00ad; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;CC BY-SA 3.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
De ambas as fórmulas estruturais, podemos ver que o átomo central de nitrogênio compartilha uma única ligação covalente com cada átomo de hidrogênio. Lembre-se, porém, que átomos e moléculas, assim como tudo no universo, existem em três dimensões—eles têm comprimento, largura e espessura. Na fórmula estrutural à esquerda, nós estamos vendo apenas uma aproximação bidimensional desta molécula. Na fórmula estrutural mais detalhada à direita, contudo, nós temos uma&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;linha tracejada&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;para indicar que o átomo de hidrogênio mais à direita está localizado&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;atrás&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;do plano da tela, enquanto que a&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;linha mais grossa&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;indica que o átomo central de hidrogênio está&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;à frente&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;do plano da tela. Os dois pontos acima do nitrogênio indicam um par de elétrons livres, que não estão envolvidos em nenhuma ligação covalente. Discutiremos a importância desses elétrons no final desta seção. Para ajudar a mostrar esta estrutura tridimensional de forma mais exata, podemos contar com os&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;modelos de espaço preenchido&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;ou ainda com os&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;modelos de bolas e varetas&lt;/em&gt;. Consideremos ambos os modelos para o NH&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;_3&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.451108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;Modelo de espaço preenchido e modelo de bolas e varetas da amônia.&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;https://ka-perseus-images.s3.amazonaws.com/e69acd6966cf0003fc948afc91323bf4c9012eef.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; height: 296.734px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;perseus-sr-only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px , 0px , 0px , 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;perseus-sr-only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px , 0px , 0px , 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;Modelo de espaço preenchido e modelo de bolas e varetas da amônia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;perseus-sr-only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px , 0px , 0px , 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin: 16px auto 42px; max-width: 455px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Um modelo de espaço preenchido, à esquerda, e um modelo de bolas e varetas, à direita, para a amônia, NH&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;_3&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.451108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px -2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Átomos de nitrogênio são mostrados em azul, e átomos de hidrogênio, em branco. Crédito da imagem: esquerda,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia#/media/File:Ammonia-3D-vdW.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #7d00ad; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;; direita,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia#/media/File:Ammonia-3D-balls-A.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #7d00ad; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #7d00ad; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;domínio público&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
A imagem à esquerda mostra o modelo de espaço preenchido para a amônia. O átomo de nitrogênio é ilustrado como a esfera central azul maior, e os três átomos de hidrogênio são ilustrados como as esferas brancas menores nas laterais, que formam uma espécie de tripé. A geometria geral da molécula é uma pirâmide contendo o nitrogênio e no vértice e uma base triangular formada pelos três átomos de hidrogênio. Como você aprenderá ao estudar formas e geometrias moleculares, este tipo de arranjo é conhecido como&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;trigonal piramidal.&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;A principal vantagem do modelo de espaço preenchido é que ele nos dá uma ideia dos tamanhos relativos dos diferentes átomos—nitrogênio possui um raio atômico maior que o hidrogênio.&lt;/div&gt;
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A imagem da direita mostra o modelo de bolas e varetas da amônia. Como você já deve imaginar, as bolas representam os átomos, e as varetas que ligam as bolas representam as ligações covalentes compartilhadas entre os átomos. A vantagem desse tipo de modelo é que conseguimos ver as ligações covalentes, o que também nos permite ver com mais facilidade a geometria da molécula.&lt;/div&gt;
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Toda geometria molecular está relacionada à repulsão elétron-elétron. Não se esqueça que em modelos de espaço preenchido, e nos modelos de bolinhas e traços, nós apenas mostramos as ligações químicas, e não os pares de elétrons livres. No caso da amônia, há um par de elétrons livres no topo de um átomo de nitrogênio central que não está representado nos modelos tridimensionais— mas está representado no modelo estrutural dimensional, através de setas e traços. Esses elétrons e os elétrons ao redor de cada átomo de hidrogênio se repelem, empurrando os átomos de hidrogênio para baixo e para longe, formando um tripé, ou uma figura piramidal de três lados.&lt;/div&gt;
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Íons e formação iônica&lt;/h2&gt;
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Agora que já entendemos as ligações covalentes, podemos começar a discutir o outro importante tipo de ligação química—a ligação iônica. Ao contrário da ligação covalente, na qual os átomos compartilham os elétrons entre si, uma ligação iônica é formada quando dois íons de cargas opostas se atraem. Para ilustrar isso melhor, primeiro precisamos examinar a estrutura e formação dos íons.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Lembre-se de que os átomos neutros têm um número&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;igual&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;de prótons e elétrons. O resultado disso é que a carga total positiva dos prótons cancela, de maneira exata, a carga total negativa dos elétrons, de modo que o próprio átomo fica com uma carga geral, ou carga líquida, igual a zero.&lt;/div&gt;
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Entretanto, se um átomo ganha ou perde elétrons, o equilíbrio entre prótons e elétrons é interrompido, e o átomo se torna um íon – uma espécie com carga líquida. Primeiro, vamos analisar o que acontece quando um átomo neutro perde um elétron:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;Oxidação do sódio.&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;https://ka-perseus-images.s3.amazonaws.com/0c30c6146d2dce3404af2768d666875002c5bb09.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; height: 295.078px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;perseus-sr-only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px , 0px , 0px , 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;Oxidação do sódio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin: 16px auto 42px; max-width: 455px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Um átomo de sódio neutro, Na, perde um elétron para formar um cátion, Na&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;^+&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mbin mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Crédito da imagem:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/introduction-to-chemistry-general-organic-and-biological/s06-ionic-bonding-and-simple-ionic.html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #7d00ad; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Introduction to Chemistry: General, Organic, and Biological&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #7d00ad; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;CC BY-NC-SA 3.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Na imagem acima, vemos um átomo neutro de sódio,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;\text{Na}&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.68333em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.68333em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord text&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Na&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, perdendo um elétron. O resultado é que o íon sódio,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;\text{Na}^+&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.844561em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.844561em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord text&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Na&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.844561em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.13623em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mbin mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, tem&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;11&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;prótons, mas apenas&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;10&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;elétrons. Sendo assim, o íon sódio tem uma carga líquida de&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;+&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.58333em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.66666em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.08333em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;1&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, tornando-se um&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;cátion&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;– um íon positivamente carregado.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Agora vamos ver como é a formação de um ânion – um íon com carga líquida negativa.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-image-widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;fixed-to-responsive zoomable svg-image&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 802px; max-width: 2007px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 274.922px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;Redução de cloro em cloreto.&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;https://ka-perseus-images.s3.amazonaws.com/7e1f774d6eb3083d360307f8b5ab58a471cc6a33.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; height: 274.922px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;perseus-sr-only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px , 0px , 0px , 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;perseus-sr-only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px , 0px , 0px , 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;Redução de cloro em cloreto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;perseus-sr-only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px , 0px , 0px , 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-image-caption&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin: 16px auto 42px; max-width: 455px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Um átomo de cloro neutro, Cl, ganha um elétron para formar um ânion, Cl&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;^-&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mbin mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Crédito da imagem:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/introduction-to-chemistry-general-organic-and-biological/s06-ionic-bonding-and-simple-ionic.html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #7d00ad; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Introduction to Chemistry: General, Organic, and Biological&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #7d00ad; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;CC BY-NC-SA 3.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Nesta imagem, vemos o processo oposto daquilo que vimos com o átomo de sódio. Neste caso, um átomo neutro de cloro,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;\text{Cl}&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.69444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.69444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord text&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Cl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, está ganhando um elétron. O resultado é que o íon cloreto recém-formado,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;\text{Cl}^-&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.855671em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.855671em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord text&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Cl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.855671em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.14734em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mbin mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, tem&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;17&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;prótons, e&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;18&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;elétrons. Uma vez que os elétrons têm carga&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;-&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.58333em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.66666em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.08333em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;1&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, a carga líquida do íon cloreto com o elétron extra é&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;-&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.58333em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.66666em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.08333em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;1&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.64444em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Ele tornou-se um&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;ânion&lt;/strong&gt;, ou um íon negativamente carregado.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Observação:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Quando átomos neutros recebem um ou mais elétrons para formar ânions, eles geralmente são nomeados utilizando-se o sufixo&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;-eto&lt;/em&gt;. Por exemplo, Cl&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;^-&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mbin mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;é cloreto, Br&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;^-&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mbin mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;é brometo, N&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;^{3-}&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.814108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.814108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.814108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;é nitreto, etc.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;clearfix&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Ligações iônicas&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Na última seção, nós vimos separadamente como o sódio pode perder um elétron para formar o cátion Na&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;^+&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mbin mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;e como o cloro pode ganhar um elétron para formar o ânion Cl&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;^-&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mbin mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Na realidade, entretanto, esse processo todo pode ocorrer em um passo só, quando o sódio dá o seu elétron para o cloro! Podemos ilustrar isso da seguinte forma:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-image-widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;fixed-to-responsive zoomable svg-image&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 176px; max-width: 800px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 151.359px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;Oxidação e redução do sódio e do cloro.&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;https://ka-perseus-images.s3.amazonaws.com/f5f23abfd0f2680b255b367dd260524613a69f1a.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; height: 151.359px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;perseus-sr-only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px , 0px , 0px , 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;perseus-sr-only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px , 0px , 0px , 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;Oxidação e redução do sódio e do cloro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;perseus-sr-only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px , 0px , 0px , 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-image-caption&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin: 16px auto 42px; max-width: 455px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Sódio doa seu elétron para o cloro para formar Na&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;^+&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mbin mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;e Cl&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;^-&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mbin mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Fonte:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://cnx.org/resources/f5f23abfd0f2680b255b367dd260524613a69f1a/Figure_02_01_10.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #7d00ad; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Boundless Learning&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #7d00ad; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;CC BY-SA 4.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Aqui, nós podemos ver como um elétron é transferido do sódio para o cloro para que se formem os íons Na&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;^+&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mbin mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;e Cl&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;^~-&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.58333em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.66666em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.08333em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.363em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mspace mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Uma vez que esses íons estejam formados, há uma atração eletrostática forte entre eles, o que leva à formação de uma ligação iônica. Podemos ver que um dos maiores fatores de distinção entre ligações iônicas e ligações covalentes é que, nas ligações iônicas, os elétrons são&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;transferidos&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;completamente, enquanto que nas ligações covalentes, os elétrons são compartilhados.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-inline&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;container_1l9up1z&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline !important; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative !important; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;content_1yvaw3p-o_O-contentExpanded_6hebxw&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 5px solid rgb(204, 204, 204) !important; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; font: inherit; height: auto; margin-bottom: 14px !important; margin-left: -23px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 14px !important; overflow: visible; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 23px !important; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative !important; transition: margin-top 0.1s ease 0s !important; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Como você aprenderá em breve, o cloro é muito mais *&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;eletronegativo&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;do que o sódio. Isso significa que o cloro gosta de elétrons muito mais do que o sódio. O sódio, que tem pouquíssima eletronegatividade, fica feliz de doar o seu elétron para o cloro, que por sua vez, fica feliz em aceitá-lo.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Nota:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Conforme você for aprendendo mais sobre ligações, você perceberá que na verdade, a diferença entre ligações covalentes e iônicas não é tão simples, e que esses tipos de ligações são como dois extremos. Podemos pensar em uma ligação puramente iônica como tendo um compartilhamento desigual de elétrons, e já uma ligação puramente covalente tendo um compartilhamento perfeito de elétrons. Na realidade, entretanto, a maioria das ligações químicas se encaixa entre esses dois casos.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;clearfix&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, Helvetica, Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.1; margin: 48px 0px 16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Desenho de ligações iônicas&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Nós agora iremos considerar os diferentes modos de se desenhar ou representar as ligações iônicas. Continuaremos a trabalhar com o composto iônico mais comum—cloreto de sódio, ou melhor conhecido como sal de cozinha. Uma única ligação iônica no cloreto de sódio pode ser representada como:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-image-widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;fixed-to-responsive svg-image&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 142px; max-width: 336px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 336px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 141.984px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;Ligação iônica no cloreto de sódio.&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;https://ka-perseus-images.s3.amazonaws.com/5ea8232d69862ad00d65c8d625907b7e1b04172e.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; height: 141.984px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 336px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;perseus-sr-only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px , 0px , 0px , 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;perseus-sr-only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px , 0px , 0px , 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;Ligação iônica no cloreto de sódio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;perseus-sr-only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px , 0px , 0px , 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-image-caption&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin: 16px auto 42px; max-width: 455px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Um desenho estrutural mostrando uma ligação iônica entre um cátion sódio, Na&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;^+&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mbin mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, e um ânion cloreto, Cl&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;^-&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mbin mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Note que não há uma única reta conectando os dois íons, porque isso indicaria compartilhamento de elétrons em uma ligação covalente. Aqui, os elétrons foram transferidos completamente, e a ligação é puramente iônica. Figura:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://apchemrev.wikispaces.com/Lewis+Structures&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #7d00ad; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Wikispaces&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #7d00ad; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;CC BY-SA 3.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
O cátion sódio positivamente carregado e o ânion cloreto negativamente carregado gostam de se posicionar perto um do outro, devido à sua atração eletrostática mútua. Pelo fato de nenhum elétron ser compartilhado, nós não representamos uma ligação iônica com uma reta, como fazemos em ligações covalentes. Apenas reconhecemos que a atração existe devido aos sinais opostos nos íons.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
A imagem acima, no entanto, é somente um modelo. Na natureza, o cloreto de sódio não existe como um único cátion sódio ligado a um único ânion cloreto. Como mencionado antes, o cloreto de sódio é um sal de cozinha—e se nós pudéssemos usar um microscópio super potente que fosse capaz de examinar esse sal em nível atômico, veríamos algo semelhante à seguinte estrutura:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-image-widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;fixed-to-responsive zoomable svg-image&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; max-height: 749px; max-width: 1676px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 307.453px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;Imagem da estrutura cristalina do cloreto de sódio.&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;https://ka-perseus-images.s3.amazonaws.com/99e84686a2a3381cdbf8e264a8b94dd1a9c26f41.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; height: 307.453px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;perseus-sr-only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px , 0px , 0px , 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;perseus-sr-only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px , 0px , 0px , 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;Imagem da estrutura cristalina do cloreto de sódio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;perseus-sr-only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px , 0px , 0px , 0px); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-image-caption&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin: 16px auto 42px; max-width: 455px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Se examinássemos um cristal de cloreto de sódio em nível atômico, veríamos os íons de sódio e de cloro, posicionados de modo uniforme, lado a lado, no espaço. A estrutura organizada e estável, se dá devido à forte ligação entre Na&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;^+&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mbin mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;e Cl&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;^-&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mbin mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Figura:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/introduction-to-chemistry-general-organic-and-biological/s11-01-intermolecular-interactions.html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #7d00ad; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Introduction to Chemistry: General, Organic, and Biological&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #7d00ad; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;CC BY-NC-SA 3.0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; data-perseus-paragraph-index=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #21242c; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Podemos ver por essa imagem que os íons Na&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;^+&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mbin mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;e o Cl&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;^-&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-table; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mbin mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;se posicionam naturalmente lado a lado no espaço, graças às atrações eletrostáticas entre eles. Os íons então ficam seguros no mesmo lugar, por conta de suas fortes ligações iônicas. A estrutura acima é conhecida como estrutura de cristal, e o cloreto de sódio —como a maioria dos compostos iônicos— é um sólido cristalino. Você aprenderá mais sobre isso nas próximas lições envolvendo diferentes tipos de sólidos.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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Compostos covalentes vs. iônicos: moléculas vs. unidades-fórmula&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Agora que nós já discutimos o básico sobre ligações covalentes e iônicas, precisamos determinar algumas diferenças necessárias. Sabemos que um grupo de átomos unidos apenas por ligações covalentes é chamado de molécula. É preciso notar, no entanto, que a palavra molécula deveria ser usada apenas em referência a compostos covalentes. Em um composto iônico, como o cloreto de sódio, não existe algo como uma única molécula de cloreto de sódio, já que na realidade, cloreto de sódio é feito de vários íons sódio e cloreto, unidos em uma grande estrutura cristalina—como vimos na imagem anterior. Por isso, nos referimos à uma única parte de NaCl, não como molécula, mas como uma unidade-fórmula. Tenha em mente que uma unidade-fórmula, ao contrário de uma molécula, não existe na natureza - nos apenas nos referimos a ela por facilidade e conveniência.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;paragraph&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Verificação do conceito:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Que tipo de compostos são formados por moléculas — iônicos ou covalentes?&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20px;&quot;&gt;Resposta: Compostos covalentes são formados por moléculas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Conclusão&lt;/h2&gt;
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Todas as ligações químicas acontecem devido à atração eletrostática. Quando os átomos se combinam através de uma ligação química, eles formam compostos— estruturas únicas que possuem dois ou mais átomos. A composição básica de um composto pode ser indicada usando uma fórmula química. Uma fórmula química se utiliza de símbolos da tabela periódica para indicar os tipos de elementos presentes em um determinado composto, enquanto seus subscritos são usados para representar o número de cada tipo de elemento presente.&lt;/div&gt;
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Os compostos podem ser tanto covalentes quanto iônicos. Em compostos covalentes, os átomos formam ligações covalentes que consistem no compartilhamento de elétrons entre dois núcleos atômicos adjacentes. Um exemplo de composto covalente é a amônia. A fórmula química da âmonia é NH&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;_3&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.301108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.451108em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: -0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; 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display: block; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -2.55em; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 2.7em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mtight&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 2px;&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-row; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: table-cell; font: inherit; height: 0.15em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, e nos indica que em uma única molécula de amônia, existe um átomo de nitrogênio, e três de hidrogênio. A estrutura de um composto covalente pode ser representada através de modelos de espaço preenchido, como também por modelos de bolas e varetas.&lt;/div&gt;
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Em compostos iônicos, os elétrons são completamente transferidos de um átomo para o outro, de tal maneira que há formação de um cátion—íon carregado positivamente—e de um ânion—íon carregado negativamente. A forte atração eletrostática entre os cátions e ânions adjacentes é conhecida como ligação iônica. O exemplo mais comum de um composto iônico é o cloreto de sódio NaCl, mais conhecido como sal de cozinha. Ao contrário dos compostos covalentes, não existe uma molécula de um composto iônico. Isso porque na natureza, NaCl não existe em unidades individuais, e sim em estruturas cristalinas que são compostas por vários íons Na&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;false&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;katex_main&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;^+&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;katex-html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut bottom&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.771331em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; 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style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, alternados no espaço. A fórmula química do NaCl diz respeito à uma unidade-fórmula desse composto.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://pt.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/atomic-structure-and-properties/modal/a/paul-article-2&quot;&gt;https://pt.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/atomic-structure-and-properties/modal/a/paul-article-2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;head&gt;
    &lt;meta charset=&quot;UTF-8&quot;&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot; content=&quot;width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0&quot;&gt;
    &lt;title&gt;QR Code Pix - PlatãoVAG&lt;/title&gt;
    &lt;meta name=&quot;description&quot; content=&quot;QR Code Pix oficial do PlatãoVAG - Compatível com todos os bancos brasileiros&quot;&gt;
    &lt;link href=&quot;https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Outfit:wght@400;600;800&amp;family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@500;700&amp;display=swap&quot; rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot;&gt;
    &lt;!-- QRCode.js - geração local sem depender de API externa --&gt;
    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/qrcodejs@1.0.0/qrcode.min.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
    &lt;style&gt;
        *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
        body {
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            background: #0a0e1a;
            color: #f0f0f5;
            min-height: 100vh;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
            padding: 20px;
            overflow-x: hidden;
        }
        /* Animated background */
        body::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            position: fixed;
            inset: 0;
            background: 
                radial-gradient(circle at 20% 30%, rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.08) 0%, transparent 50%),
                radial-gradient(circle at 80% 70%, rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.06) 0%, transparent 50%),
                radial-gradient(circle at 50% 50%, rgba(249, 191, 36, 0.04) 0%, transparent 60%);
            z-index: -1;
            animation: bgPulse 8s ease-in-out infinite alternate;
        }
        @keyframes bgPulse {
            0% { opacity: 0.7; }
            100% { opacity: 1; }
        }
        .pix-card {
            background: linear-gradient(145deg, #141928, #1a2035);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
            border-radius: 24px;
            padding: 40px 36px;
            max-width: 480px;
            width: 100%;
            box-shadow: 
                0 30px 80px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5),
                0 0 60px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.05),
                inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            text-align: center;
            position: relative;
            overflow: hidden;
        }
        .pix-card::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            position: absolute;
            top: 0;
            left: 0;
            right: 0;
            height: 2px;
            background: linear-gradient(90deg, transparent, #3b82f6, #a855f7, #fbbf24, transparent);
            animation: shimmer 3s ease-in-out infinite;
        }
        @keyframes shimmer {
            0%, 100% { opacity: 0.5; }
            50% { opacity: 1; }
        }
        /* Logo / Badge */
        .pix-badge {
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 10px;
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            border: 1px solid rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.2);
            padding: 8px 18px;
            border-radius: 50px;
            margin-bottom: 24px;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            color: #93c5fd;
            letter-spacing: 0.5px;
        }
        .pix-badge .pix-icon {
            width: 20px;
            height: 20px;
        }
        .pix-title {
            font-size: 1.8rem;
            font-weight: 800;
            margin-bottom: 6px;
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #60a5fa, #a78bfa);
            -webkit-background-clip: text;
            -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
            background-clip: text;
            letter-spacing: -0.5px;
        }
        .pix-subtitle {
            color: #6b7a99;
            font-size: 0.9rem;
            margin-bottom: 28px;
            line-height: 1.5;
        }
        /* QR Code Container */
        .qr-frame {
            background: white;
            padding: 20px;
            border-radius: 16px;
            display: inline-block;
            margin: 0 auto 24px;
            box-shadow: 
                0 10px 40px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3),
                0 0 20px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            position: relative;
            transition: transform 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
        }
        .qr-frame:hover {
            transform: scale(1.03);
            box-shadow: 
                0 15px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4),
                0 0 30px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.2);
        }
        .qr-frame #qrcode-canvas {
            display: block;
        }
        .qr-frame #qrcode-canvas img {
            display: block !important;
            border-radius: 4px;
        }
        /* Pix Logo overlay on QR */
        .qr-pix-logo {
            position: absolute;
            top: 50%;
            left: 50%;
            transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
            width: 38px;
            height: 38px;
            background: white;
            border-radius: 6px;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
            box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
        }
        .qr-pix-logo svg {
            width: 26px;
            height: 26px;
        }
        /* Info Section */
        .pix-info {
            background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05);
            border-radius: 12px;
            padding: 16px;
            margin-bottom: 20px;
        }
        .pix-info-row {
            display: flex;
            justify-content: space-between;
            align-items: center;
            padding: 8px 0;
        }
        .pix-info-row:not(:last-child) {
            border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
        }
        .pix-info-label {
            font-size: 0.8rem;
            color: #5a6a88;
            text-transform: uppercase;
            letter-spacing: 0.8px;
        }
        .pix-info-value {
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            font-weight: 600;
            color: #c4d0e9;
        }
        /* Copy Section */
        .copy-section {
            margin-top: 20px;
        }
        .copy-label {
            font-size: 0.75rem;
            color: #5a6a88;
            text-transform: uppercase;
            letter-spacing: 1px;
            margin-bottom: 8px;
        }
        .copy-field {
            display: flex;
            gap: 0;
            border-radius: 10px;
            overflow: hidden;
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
        }
        .copy-input {
            flex: 1;
            background: #0b1120;
            border: none;
            padding: 14px 12px;
            color: #fbbf24;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.65rem;
            text-overflow: ellipsis;
            outline: none;
            min-width: 0;
        }
        .copy-btn {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #3b82f6, #6366f1);
            border: none;
            padding: 14px 20px;
            color: white;
            font-weight: 700;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.3s ease;
            white-space: nowrap;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 6px;
        }
        .copy-btn:hover {
            filter: brightness(1.15);
        }
        .copy-btn.copied {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #22c55e, #16a34a);
        }
        /* Status Badge */
        .compat-badge {
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 6px;
            margin-top: 20px;
            padding: 6px 14px;
            background: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.1);
            border: 1px solid rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.2);
            border-radius: 50px;
            font-size: 0.75rem;
            color: #4ade80;
        }
        .compat-badge::before {
            content: &#39;&#39;;
            width: 6px;
            height: 6px;
            background: #22c55e;
            border-radius: 50%;
            animation: pulse 2s infinite;
        }
        @keyframes pulse {
            0%, 100% { opacity: 1; box-shadow: 0 0 0 0 rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.4); }
            50% { opacity: 0.6; box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px rgba(34, 197, 94, 0); }
        }
        /* Bank Icons */
        .bank-strip {
            display: flex;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
            justify-content: center;
            gap: 8px;
            margin-top: 16px;
        }
        .bank-tag {
            background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
            padding: 4px 10px;
            border-radius: 6px;
            font-size: 0.7rem;
            color: #6b7a99;
            transition: all 0.2s;
        }
        .bank-tag:hover {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
            border-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.3);
            color: #93c5fd;
        }
        /* Footer */
        .pix-footer {
            margin-top: 24px;
            font-size: 0.7rem;
            color: #3a4560;
            line-height: 1.6;
        }
        .pix-footer a {
            color: #6366f1;
            text-decoration: none;
        }
        /* Value selector */
        .value-section {
            margin-bottom: 20px;
        }
        .value-chips {
            display: flex;
            gap: 8px;
            justify-content: center;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
            margin-top: 8px;
        }
        .value-chip {
            background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
            padding: 8px 16px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: #94a3b8;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.2s;
            font-weight: 600;
        }
        .value-chip:hover, .value-chip.active {
            background: rgba(251, 191, 36, 0.15);
            border-color: #fbbf24;
            color: #fbbf24;
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }
        .custom-value-row {
            display: flex;
            gap: 8px;
            margin-top: 10px;
        }
        .custom-value-input {
            flex: 1;
            background: #0b1120;
            border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
            padding: 10px 12px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: white;
            font-family: &#39;JetBrains Mono&#39;, monospace;
            font-size: 0.9rem;
            outline: none;
        }
        .custom-value-input:focus {
            border-color: #fbbf24;
        }
        .custom-value-btn {
            background: #fbbf24;
            border: none;
            padding: 10px 16px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            color: #0a0e1a;
            font-weight: 700;
            cursor: pointer;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            transition: all 0.2s;
        }
        .custom-value-btn:hover {
            filter: brightness(1.1);
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }
        /* Mini copy button for Pix key */
        .pix-key-row {
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 8px;
        }
        .copy-key-btn {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.15);
            border: 1px solid rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.3);
            color: #93c5fd;
            padding: 4px 10px;
            border-radius: 6px;
            font-size: 0.65rem;
            font-family: &#39;Outfit&#39;, sans-serif;
            font-weight: 600;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.2s;
            white-space: nowrap;
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 4px;
        }
        .copy-key-btn:hover {
            background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.25);
            border-color: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5);
            transform: translateY(-1px);
        }
        .copy-key-btn.key-copied {
            background: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.2);
            border-color: rgba(34, 197, 94, 0.4);
            color: #4ade80;
        }
        @media (max-width: 500px) {
            .pix-card { padding: 28px 20px; }
            .pix-title { font-size: 1.5rem; }
        }
    &lt;/style&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;pix-card&quot;&gt;
    &lt;!-- Top Badge --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-badge&quot;&gt;
        &lt;svg class=&quot;pix-icon&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 512 512&quot; fill=&quot;currentColor&quot;&gt;
            &lt;path d=&quot;M410.3 231.7l-82.1-82.1c-16.6-16.6-43.5-16.6-60.1 0L186 231.7c-16.6 16.6-16.6 43.5 0 60.1l82.1 82.1c16.6 16.6 43.5 16.6 60.1 0l82.1-82.1c16.6-16.6 16.6-43.5 0-60.1zm-191.7 94L136.5 243.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l82.1-82.1c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l82.1 82.1c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-82.1 82.1c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0z&quot;/&gt;
        &lt;/svg&gt;
        PIX • PAGAMENTO INSTANTÂNEO
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Title --&gt;
    &lt;h1 class=&quot;pix-title&quot;&gt;Apoie o PlatãoVAG&lt;/h1&gt;
    &lt;p class=&quot;pix-subtitle&quot;&gt;Sua contribuição mantém o laboratório de química online e gratuito para todos.&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;!-- Value Selection --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;value-section&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-label&quot;&gt;Escolha um valor (opcional)&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;value-chips&quot;&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip active&quot; data-value=&quot;0&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 0)&quot;&gt;Livre&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;5&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 5)&quot;&gt;R$ 5&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;10&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 10)&quot;&gt;R$ 10&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;25&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 25)&quot;&gt;R$ 25&lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;value-chip&quot; data-value=&quot;50&quot; onclick=&quot;selectValue(this, 50)&quot;&gt;R$ 50&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;custom-value-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; class=&quot;custom-value-input&quot; id=&quot;custom-value&quot; placeholder=&quot;Outro valor (R$)&quot; min=&quot;0.01&quot; step=&quot;0.01&quot;&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;custom-value-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;applyCustomValue()&quot;&gt;Aplicar&lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- QR Code --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;qr-frame&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div id=&quot;qrcode-canvas&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Receiver Info --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Recebedor&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot;&gt;Lauro Julio Dalcin&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Cidade&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot;&gt;Varginha - MG&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;pix-info-row&quot;&gt;
            &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-label&quot;&gt;Chave Pix&lt;/span&gt;
            &lt;div class=&quot;pix-key-row&quot;&gt;
                &lt;span class=&quot;pix-info-value&quot; id=&quot;pix-key-text&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.75rem;&quot;&gt;lauro1607@gmail.com&lt;/span&gt;
                &lt;button class=&quot;copy-key-btn&quot; id=&quot;copy-key-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;copyPixKey()&quot;&gt;
                    &lt;svg width=&quot;12&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                    Copiar
                &lt;/button&gt;
            &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Copy Section --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;copy-section&quot;&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-label&quot;&gt;Pix Copia e Cola&lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;div class=&quot;copy-field&quot;&gt;
            &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; class=&quot;copy-input&quot; id=&quot;pix-payload-text&quot; readonly&gt;
            &lt;button class=&quot;copy-btn&quot; id=&quot;copy-btn&quot; onclick=&quot;copyPayload()&quot;&gt;
                &lt;svg width=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; fill=&quot;none&quot; stroke=&quot;currentColor&quot; stroke-width=&quot;2&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot;&gt;&lt;rect x=&quot;9&quot; y=&quot;9&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; rx=&quot;2&quot; ry=&quot;2&quot;/&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M5 15H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v1&quot;/&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;
                Copiar
            &lt;/button&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Compatibility Badge --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;compat-badge&quot;&gt;Compatível com todos os bancos&lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Bank Tags --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;bank-strip&quot;&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Nubank&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Itaú&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Bradesco&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;BB&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Caixa&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Santander&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Inter&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;C6&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;PicPay&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;Mercado Pago&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span class=&quot;bank-tag&quot;&gt;PagBank&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
    &lt;!-- Footer --&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;pix-footer&quot;&gt;
        QR Code gerado conforme especificação EMVCo + BACEN&lt;br&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;https://plataovag.blogspot.com&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;plataovag.blogspot.com&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;script&gt;
    // =====================================================
    // GERADOR PIX EMVCo OFICIAL - ESPECIFICAÇÃO BACEN
    // Compatível com todos os bancos brasileiros
    // =====================================================
    const PIX_CONFIG = {
        key:  &quot;lauro1607@gmail.com&quot;,
        name: &quot;LAURO JULIO DALCIN&quot;,
        city: &quot;VARGINHA&quot;,
        txid: &quot;PlataoVAG&quot;
    };
    // --- TLV (Tag-Length-Value) builder ---
    function tlv(tag, value) {
        const len = value.length.toString().padStart(2, &#39;0&#39;);
        return tag + len + value;
    }
    // --- Gerador de payload EMVCo compliant ---
    function generatePixPayload(amount) {
        // ID 00 - Payload Format Indicator (fixo)
        const id00 = tlv(&quot;00&quot;, &quot;01&quot;);
        // ID 01 - Point of Initiation Method
        // &quot;11&quot; = QR estático (reutilizável), &quot;12&quot; = QR dinâmico (uso único)
        const id01 = tlv(&quot;01&quot;, amount &gt; 0 ? &quot;12&quot; : &quot;11&quot;);
        // ID 26 - Merchant Account Information (Pix)
        const gui = tlv(&quot;00&quot;, &quot;br.gov.bcb.pix&quot;);   // GUI obrigatório
        const chave = tlv(&quot;01&quot;, PIX_CONFIG.key);    // Chave Pix
        const id26 = tlv(&quot;26&quot;, gui + chave);
        // ID 52 - Merchant Category Code (0000 = não informado)
        const id52 = tlv(&quot;52&quot;, &quot;0000&quot;);
        // ID 53 - Transaction Currency (986 = BRL)
        const id53 = tlv(&quot;53&quot;, &quot;986&quot;);
        // ID 54 - Transaction Amount (opcional, somente se valor &gt; 0)
        let id54 = &quot;&quot;;
        if (amount &gt; 0) {
            id54 = tlv(&quot;54&quot;, amount.toFixed(2));
        }
        // ID 58 - Country Code
        const id58 = tlv(&quot;58&quot;, &quot;BR&quot;);
        // ID 59 - Merchant Name (máx 25 caracteres)
        const merchantName = PIX_CONFIG.name.substring(0, 25);
        const id59 = tlv(&quot;59&quot;, merchantName);
        // ID 60 - Merchant City (máx 15 caracteres)
        const merchantCity = PIX_CONFIG.city.substring(0, 15);
        const id60 = tlv(&quot;60&quot;, merchantCity);
        // ID 62 - Additional Data Field Template
        const txid = tlv(&quot;05&quot;, PIX_CONFIG.txid.substring(0, 25));
        const id62 = tlv(&quot;62&quot;, txid);
        // Concatenar tudo + placeholder CRC
        const payloadSemCRC = id00 + id01 + id26 + id52 + id53 + id54 + id58 + id59 + id60 + id62 + &quot;6304&quot;;
        // Calcular CRC16-CCITT
        const crc = crc16CCITT(payloadSemCRC);
        return payloadSemCRC + crc;
    }
    // --- CRC16 CCITT (polinômio 0x1021, init 0xFFFF) ---
    function crc16CCITT(str) {
        let crc = 0xFFFF;
        for (let i = 0; i &lt; str.length; i++) {
            crc ^= str.charCodeAt(i) &lt;&lt; 8;
            for (let j = 0; j &lt; 8; j++) {
                if ((crc &amp; 0x8000) !== 0) {
                    crc = ((crc &lt;&lt; 1) ^ 0x1021) &amp; 0xFFFF;
                } else {
                    crc = (crc &lt;&lt; 1) &amp; 0xFFFF;
                }
            }
        }
        return (crc &amp; 0xFFFF).toString(16).toUpperCase().padStart(4, &#39;0&#39;);
    }
    // --- State ---
    let currentAmount = 0;
    // --- Render QR + Payload ---
    function renderPix(amount) {
        currentAmount = amount;
        const payload = generatePixPayload(amount);
        // Atualizar campo de texto
        document.getElementById(&#39;pix-payload-text&#39;).value = payload;
        // Limpar QR anterior
        const qrContainer = document.getElementById(&#39;qrcode-canvas&#39;);
        qrContainer.innerHTML = &#39;&#39;;
        // Gerar novo QR Code localmente
        new QRCode(qrContainer, {
            text: payload,
            width: 220,
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&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/3456517541523870660/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2018/12/moleculas-e-ligacoes-quimicas.html#comment-form' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/3456517541523870660'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/3456517541523870660'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2018/12/moleculas-e-ligacoes-quimicas.html' title='Moléculas e Compostos'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-6748225894874376254</id><published>2018-06-11T16:24:00.003-03:00</published><updated>2026-05-04T13:32:58.550-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Porque o concreto Romano de 2 mil anos atrás é muito melhor  do que o que produzimos hoje</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://hypescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/concreto-romano2-838x559.jpeg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;attachment-large size-large wp-post-image&quot; data-wpex-post-id=&quot;175032&quot; height=&quot;427&quot; sizes=&quot;(max-width: 838px) 100vw, 838px&quot; src=&quot;https://hypescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/concreto-romano2-838x559.jpeg&quot; srcset=&quot;https://hypescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/concreto-romano2-838x559.jpeg 838w, https://hypescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/concreto-romano2-600x400.jpeg 600w, https://hypescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/concreto-romano2-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://hypescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/concreto-romano2-630x420.jpeg 630w, https://hypescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/concreto-romano2.jpeg 1600w&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-top: 30px; max-width: none; transition: 0.3s ease-out;&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;header class=&quot;content-header max&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; margin-top: 0px; position: relative; text-align: justify; width: 839px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;content-header__author&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; display: block; line-height: 1.16667rem; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://hypescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/concreto-romano2.jpeg&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #f26101; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease-out, background-color;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/header&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Um dos mais fascinantes mistérios da Roma Antiga é a impressionante longevidade de suas estruturas portuárias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Apesar de ser bombardeado por ondas do mar há 2.000 anos, o concreto romano segue firme e até se fortalece com o tempo, enquanto nossas misturas modernas corroem em meras décadas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Agora, os cientistas estão mais perto de descobrir a receita incrível por trás desse fenômeno.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 15px 0px 15px 45px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://hypescience.com/roma-antiga-e-o-segredo-do-concreto-indestrutivel/&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #f26101; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease-out, background-color;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Roma antiga e o segredo do “concreto indestrutível”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.83333rem; font-weight: normal; line-height: 2.16667rem; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Composição&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Pesquisadores liderados pela geóloga Marie Jackson, da Universidade de Utah, nos EUA, mapearam a estrutura cristalina de amostras de concreto romano coletado de vários portos ao longo da costa italiana, descobrindo com precisão como esse material antigo se solidifica ao longo do tempo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;aligncenter size-large wp-image-175031&quot; height=&quot;629&quot; sizes=&quot;(max-width: 838px) 100vw, 838px&quot; src=&quot;https://hypescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/concreto-romano-838x629.jpeg&quot; srcset=&quot;https://hypescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/concreto-romano-838x629.jpeg 838w, https://hypescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/concreto-romano-600x450.jpeg 600w, https://hypescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/concreto-romano-768x576.jpeg 768w&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; font-size: 18px; height: auto; margin: 15px auto; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-out;&quot; width=&quot;838&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;O concreto moderno é tipicamente feito com cimento, uma mistura de areia de sílica, pedra calcária, argila, giz e outros ingredientes fundidos. Pedaços de rocha e pedra são agregados a esta pasta. Esse “agregado” tem que ser inerte, porque qualquer reação química indesejada pode causar fissuras no concreto, levando a erosão e desmoronamento. É por isso que o concreto não tem a longevidade das rochas naturais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Mas não é assim que o concreto romano funciona. Ele é criado com cinzas vulcânicas, lima e água do mar, aproveitando uma reação química que os romanos podem ter observado em depósitos de cinzas vulcânicas naturalmente cimentadas, chamados de tufo ou pedra-pomes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A essa mistura, os romanos adicionavam mais rocha vulcânica como agregado, o que continuava a reagir com o material, tornando o cimento muito mais durável.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.83333rem; font-weight: normal; line-height: 2.16667rem; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;O segredo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Usando técnicas avançadas como microscopia eletrônica, micro difração de raios-X e espectroscopia Raman, os cientistas identificaram os grãos minerais produzidos no antigo concreto ao longo dos séculos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Os pesquisadores estavam particularmente interessados na presença de tobermorita de alumínio, um mineral à base de sílica resistente, muito raro e difícil de fazer no laboratório, mas abundante no concreto antigo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Na verdade, a tobermorita e um mineral relacionado chamado filipsita crescem no concreto romano graças à água do mar que desliza em torno dele, dissolvendo lentamente a cinza vulcânica e dando espaço para desenvolver uma estrutura reforçada a partir desses cristais interligados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;“Os romanos criaram um concreto parecido com uma rocha que prospera em troca química aberta com água do mar”, explica Jackson.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 15px 0px 15px 45px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://hypescience.com/cientistas-misturam-fungo-com-co2-para-criar-blocos-de-%E2%80%9Cconcreto%E2%80%9D/&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #f26101; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease-out, background-color;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Cientistas misturam fungo com CO2 para criar blocos de “concreto”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.83333rem; font-weight: normal; line-height: 2.16667rem; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Substitutos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Isso é exatamente o oposto do que acontece no concreto moderno, que se desgasta quando a água salgada lava os compostos que mantêm o material unido.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A concretização da forma como os romanos a faziam seria uma benção para a indústria moderna da construção, especialmente para estruturas costeiras, como pilares constantemente maltratados pelas ondas ou marés.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Só que, infelizmente, não existe nenhuma receita pronta perdida por aí. Logo, os cientistas ainda precisam trabalhar duro para tentar recriar o material antigo através de engenharia reversa, ou seja, com base no que aprendemos sobre suas propriedades químicas. Além disso, as fontes que os romanos usavam não são exatamente acessíveis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 18px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;“Os romanos tiveram sorte no tipo de material disponível que tinham para trabalhar”, afirma Jackson. “Nós não temos essas rochas em grande parte do mundo, então teria que haver substituições”. [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencealert.com/why-2-000-year-old-roman-concrete-is-so-much-better-than-what-we-produce-today&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #f26101; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease-out, background-color;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;ScienceAlert&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 18px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 18px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h1 class=&quot;title title--content&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: normal; line-height: 3.33333rem; margin: 15px 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;por&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://hypescience.com/author/nat/&quot; rel=&quot;author&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #f26101; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.83333rem;&quot; title=&quot;Posts de Natasha Romanzoti&quot;&gt;Natasha Romanzoti&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.83333rem;&quot;&gt;, em 4.07.2017&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 class=&quot;title title--content&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 3.33333rem; margin: 15px 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://hypescience.com/author/nat/&quot; rel=&quot;author&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #f26101; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.83333rem;&quot; title=&quot;Posts de Natasha Romanzoti&quot;&gt;https://hypescience.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 class=&quot;title title--content&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 3.33333rem; margin: 15px 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/6748225894874376254/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2018/06/porque-o-concreto-romano-de-2-mil-anos.html#comment-form' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/6748225894874376254'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/6748225894874376254'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2018/06/porque-o-concreto-romano-de-2-mil-anos.html' title='Porque o concreto Romano de 2 mil anos atrás é muito melhor  do que o que produzimos hoje'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-8907892831818386246</id><published>2018-06-11T16:05:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2026-05-04T13:32:58.550-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Sonda da NASA é acordada a mais de um bilhão  de quilômetros além de Plutão</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;content-header__author&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.83333rem; line-height: 1.16667rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;size-large wp-image-185203&quot; height=&quot;160&quot; sizes=&quot;(max-width: 838px) 100vw, 838px&quot; src=&quot;https://hypescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ultima-thule-838x419.jpg&quot; srcset=&quot;https://hypescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ultima-thule-838x419.jpg 838w, https://hypescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ultima-thule-600x300.jpg 600w, https://hypescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ultima-thule-768x384.jpg 768w&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; transition: 0.3s ease-out; width: 839px;&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Impressão artística do encontro de New Horizons com Ultima Thule&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A sonda New Horizons, da NASA, começou a se preparar para um sobrevoo histórico: em 31 de dezembro de 2018, ela estudará e fotografará um objeto misterioso chamado Ultima Thule.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Depois de passar por Plutão em julho de 2015, a sonda entrou em modo de hibernação desde o último 21 de dezembro, para preservar recursos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 15px 0px 15px 45px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://hypescience.com/novo-video-da-nasa-exibe-plutao-em-espetaculares-detalhes/&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #f26101; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease-out, background-color;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Vídeo: Plutão em espetaculares detalhes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Na semana passada, no entanto, ela foi acordada pela equipe de operações da missão, do Laboratório de Física Aplicada Johns Hopkins (EUA), conforme o programado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Agora, está se aproximando de Ultima Thule a uma taxa de mais de 1,2 milhões de quilômetros por dia. Quando ultrapassar o objeto no Ano Novo, a New Horizons deve nos fornecer informações vitais sobre como nosso sistema solar se tornou.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.83333rem; font-weight: normal; line-height: 2.16667rem; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Próximos passos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A sonda está a mais de 6 bilhões de quilômetros de distância da Terra, viajando através da faixa gelada de detritos do sistema solar chamada de Cinturão de Kuiper.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;“Nossa equipe já está mergulhada no planejamento e nas simulações de nosso próximo voo em Ultima Thule e está empolgada com o fato de a New Horizons estar de volta a um estado ativo”, disse o principal membro da missão, Alan Stern, do Southwest Research Institute em Boulder (EUA), em um comunicado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 15px 0px 15px 45px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://hypescience.com/new-horizons-plutao/]&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #f26101; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease-out, background-color;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;5 fatos impressionantes que aprendemos um ano após a visita a Plutão&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Nos próximos dois meses, a equipe irá testar comandos a bordo da sonda, atualizar sua memória, recuperar dados científicos sobre o Cinturão de Kuiper e completar uma série de verificações de sistemas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Após essas etapas iniciais, as operações de sobrevoo e observações distantes do Ultima Thule devem se iniciar no final de agosto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;wp-caption aligncenter&quot; id=&quot;attachment_185204&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-size: 18px; height: auto; margin: 15px auto; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; width: 848px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;size-large wp-image-185204&quot; height=&quot;657&quot; sizes=&quot;(max-width: 838px) 100vw, 838px&quot; src=&quot;https://hypescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ultima-thule-plutao-new-horizons-838x657.jpg&quot; srcset=&quot;https://hypescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ultima-thule-plutao-new-horizons-838x657.jpg 838w, https://hypescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ultima-thule-plutao-new-horizons-600x471.jpg 600w, https://hypescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ultima-thule-plutao-new-horizons-768x602.jpg 768w, https://hypescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ultima-thule-plutao-new-horizons.jpg 1200w&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 100%; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-out; width: 839px;&quot; width=&quot;838&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ilustração artística da passagem de New Horizons por Plutão em julho de 2015&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;h2 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.83333rem; font-weight: normal; line-height: 2.16667rem; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ultima Thule&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ultima Thule, oficialmente chamado de 2014 MU69, é um objeto transnetuniano localizado no Cinturão de Kuiper.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Seu apelido, de acordo com Stern, vem de uma frase nórdica que significa “além das fronteiras mais distantes”. De fato, se a missão for bem-sucedida, será um recorde: Ultima Thule se tornará o objeto mais longínquo já visitado pela humanidade, embora a New Horizons não seja a sonda espacial que já viajou mais longe – as Voyager 1 e 2 detêm esse título.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Os pesquisadores não têm certeza das dimensões exatas de Ultima Thule. No entanto, a NASA afirmou que ele parece ser uma rocha em forma de amendoim, e os cientistas suspeitam que ele tenha até 32 quilômetros de comprimento e 20 de largura.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.83333rem; font-weight: normal; line-height: 2.16667rem; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Cinturão de Kuiper e os segredos do sistema solar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A New Horizons pode manter seu recorde por décadas, já que nenhuma outra investigação está pronta para fazer uma jornada tão impressionante.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Levou cerca de nove anos de deslocamento a mais de 56.000 km/h para que ela chegasse a Plutão e ao Cinturão de Kuiper, uma região colossal além de Netuno que contém sobras congeladas e dispersas da formação do sistema solar. A zona também pode abrigar um planeta do tipo superterra ainda não descoberto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 15px 0px 15px 45px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://hypescience.com/melhor-foto-plutao/&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #f26101; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease-out, background-color;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Levou 9 anos e 5 bilhões de km para fazer esta foto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;“O Cinturão de Kuiper é realmente o equivalente a uma escavação arqueológica na história do nosso sistema solar”, disse Stern à rádio WBUR. “Como é muito distante e a luz do sol é muito fraca lá fora, as temperaturas são muito baixas – quase zero absoluto. Isso promove preservação de um material intocado”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Mal podemos esperar pelas revelações que a New Horizons deve nos apresentar.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;content-header__author&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.83333rem; line-height: 1.16667rem; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Por&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://hypescience.com/author/nat/&quot; rel=&quot;author&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #f26101; display: inline; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease-out, background-color;&quot; title=&quot;Posts de Natasha Romanzoti&quot;&gt;Natasha Romanzoti&lt;/a&gt;, em 11.06.2018&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;content-header__author&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue Light&amp;quot;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.16667rem; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.3333px;&quot;&gt;https://hypescience.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/8907892831818386246/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2018/06/sonda-da-nasa-e-acordada-mais-de-um.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/8907892831818386246'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/8907892831818386246'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2018/06/sonda-da-nasa-e-acordada-mais-de-um.html' title='Sonda da NASA é acordada a mais de um bilhão  de quilômetros além de Plutão'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-7652775669900228371</id><published>2017-08-23T05:51:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2026-05-04T13:32:58.550-03:00</updated><title type='text'> Carros Voadores podem ser uma realidade até 2020 veja os veículos do futuro</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;h1 class=&quot;post-title&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;roboto slab&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.333em; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A indústria automobilística definitivamente decidiu investir em tecnologia. Depois dos carros autônomos, as montadoras querem criar modelos voadores.&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;post-container&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-sizing: border-box; padding-bottom: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 1em;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: #555555; font-family: &amp;quot;open sans&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;Veja também:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #555555; font-family: &amp;quot;open sans&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://olhardigital.com.br/noticia/fundador-do-google-promete-carros-voadores-no-mercado-ate-o-final-do-ano/67781&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://olhardigital.com.br/noticia/fundador-do-google-promete-carros-voadores-no-mercado-ate-o-final-do-ano/67781&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: #555555; font-family: &amp;quot;open sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;Fundador do Google promete veículos voadores no mercado até o final do ano&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #555555; font-family: &amp;quot;open sans&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://olhardigital.com.br/noticia/fundador-do-google-promete-carros-voadores-no-mercado-ate-o-final-do-ano/67781&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://olhardigital.com.br/noticia/mais-um-prototipo-de-carro-voador-comeca-a-ser-testado-na-alemanha/67752&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: #555555; font-family: &amp;quot;open sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;Mais um protótipo de carro voador começa a ser testado na Alemanha&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://olhardigital.com.br/noticia/uber-esta-se-preparando-para-trabalhar-com-carros-voadores/67362&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: #555555; font-family: &amp;quot;open sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;Uber se prepara para trabalhar com carros voadores&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://cache.olhardigital.com.br/uploads/acervo_imagens/2017/04/20170421111901_660_420.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Recentemente, a Toyota declarou que os carros voadores serão uma realidade até 2020 e entrou na corrida futurística anunciando seu investimento em um projeto do tipo. Mas a empresa não é a única que está apostando nessa tecnologia. Veja uma lista, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.businessinsider.com/flying-cars-companies-2020-2017-6?utm_source=feedly&amp;amp;utm_medium=webfeeds/#passengers-can-simply-enter-their-desired-location-and-it-will-fly-on-its-own-the-company-has-said-a-production-version-will-be-ready-by-2025-16&quot;&gt;elaborada&lt;/a&gt; pelo Business Insider, das companhias que estão desenvolvendo carros voadores:&lt;/div&gt;
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Kitty Hawk&lt;/div&gt;
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O Kitty Hawk Flyer é um projeto de carro voador apoiado pelo cofundador do Google Larry Page. O veículo pesa 220 quilos e conta com oito rotores para voar; no entanto, só é capaz de voar sobre a água, em uma velocidade de 40 km/h. A empresa está oferecendo um desconto de US$ 2.000 para aqueles que pagarem US$ 100 para entrar na lista de espera.&lt;/div&gt;
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eVolo&lt;/div&gt;
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No início de abril, a empresa alemã eVolo anunciou que vai usar a sua aeronave VTOL (Vertical Take-Off and Landing, ou “Decolagem e Aterrissagem Vertical”, em tradução livre) para oferecer serviço de táxi em 2018. O modelo, chamado o Volocopter 2X, tem 18 rotores, seis baterias e acomoda duas pessoas. Porém, ele é capaz de voar por 17 minutos antes de precisar reabastecer por 40 minutos usando um carregador rápido.&lt;/div&gt;
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Airbus&lt;/div&gt;
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A empresa está desenvolvendo um VTOL autônomo capaz de transportar um único passageiro ou carga. A aeronave elétrica terá oito rotores e poderá atingir uma altitude de cerca de 300 metros; os primeiros testes devem acontecer no final de 2017. &lt;/div&gt;
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A Airbus também está projetando um sistema de táxi voador, chamado CityAirbus, que teria múltiplas hélices e se assemelha a um pequeno drone.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img src=&quot;https://img1.olhardigital.uol.com.br/uploads/acervo_imagens/2017/06/20170605133045.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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EHang&lt;/div&gt;
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A empresa chinesa planeja iniciar sua operação de serviço de táxi via drone a partir de julho em Dubai. O dispositivo é capaz de transportar 220 quilos, a uma velocidade de 100 km/h e altura de mais de 3.000 metros.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img src=&quot;https://img1.olhardigital.uol.com.br/uploads/acervo_imagens/2017/06/20170605133147.jpg&quot; /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
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Terrafugia&lt;/div&gt;
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A Terrafugia está construindo um carro que pode decolar, voar e aterrissar sozinho, apesar de o passageiro ter a opção de controlar o veículo. O dispositivo tem uma autonomia de 152 km e a previsão é de estar pronto em 2025.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img src=&quot;https://img1.olhardigital.uol.com.br/uploads/acervo_imagens/2017/06/20170605133305.jpg&quot; /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
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AeroMobil&lt;/div&gt;
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A empresa eslovaca AeroMobil já está aceitando pré-encomendas para o seu carro voador de US$ 1 milhão. O veículo, que pode entrar em “modo voo” em três minutos, não é um VTOL e precisa de uma pista para decolar. &lt;/div&gt;
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Como avião, ele atinge uma velocidade máxima de 360 km/h, enquanto que na forma de carro atinge 160 km/h. O modelo estará disponível em 2020, mas o usuário precisará de uma licença de piloto para usar o veículo.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img src=&quot;https://img1.olhardigital.uol.com.br/uploads/acervo_imagens/2017/06/20170605133412.jpg&quot; /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
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Toyota&lt;/div&gt;
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Por último, temos a Toyota. A montadora investiu US$ 386 mil na startup Cartivator para construir o carro voador, chamado Sky Drive. O primeiro voo de teste está planejado para 2019, mas o objetivo final é usar o veículo para acender a tocha olímpica no Japão em 2020. &lt;/div&gt;
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A diferença desse para os demais veículos é que a maioria das empresas está construindo aeronaves que podem decolar verticalmente como um helicóptero, mas que são incapazes de rodar nas estradas normais.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img src=&quot;https://img1.olhardigital.uol.com.br/uploads/acervo_imagens/2017/06/20170605133538.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Mais um protótipo de carro voador começa a ser testado na Alemanha&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;img src=&quot;https://cache.olhardigital.com.br/uploads/acervo_imagens/2017/04/20170421111901_660_420.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A ficção-científica previu que, até o início do segundo milênio, a humanidade já estaria circulando por aí em carros voadores. A promessa ainda não se cumpriu, mas não faltam empresas pelo mundo testando fazer o sonho virar realidade.&lt;br /&gt;
Já noticiamos aqui no Olhar Digital diversos protótipos de carros voadores, e, nesta semana, mais um começou a ser testado na Alemanha. Trata-se do Lilium Jet, um veículo capaz de carregar cinco pessoas e percorrer até 320 quilômetros com uma carga de bateria.&lt;br /&gt;
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Veja também:&lt;a href=&quot;https://olhardigital.com.br/noticia/uber-esta-se-preparando-para-trabalhar-com-carros-voadores/67362&quot;&gt;Uber se prepara para trabalhar com carros voadores&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://olhardigital.com.br/pro/noticia/airbus-mostra-carro-voador-autonomo-e-modular/66666&quot;&gt;Airbus mostra carro voador, autônomo e modular&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://olhardigital.com.br/noticia/primeiro-carro-voador-comercial-comeca-a-ser-vendido/66273&quot;&gt;Primeiro carro voador comercial começa a ser vendido&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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O carro pode decolar verticalmente e também pousar para se locomover no chão. São 36 propulsores sob as asas que operam a base de eletricidade, e não combustível. Lilium, a empresa que fabricou o protótipo, diz que o objetivo é fazê-lo voar a até 300 quilômetros por hora.&lt;br /&gt;
Por enquanto, porém, os testes estão apenas começando. Segundo Daniel Wiegand, presidente da empresa que produz o Lilium Jet, pode se levar anos até que o carro voador esteja pronto para fabricação em massa. Mas o teste realizado esta semana na Alemanha ao menos indica que a companhia está no caminho certo.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/7652775669900228371/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2017/08/carros-voadores-podem-ser-uma-realidade.html#comment-form' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/7652775669900228371'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/7652775669900228371'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2017/08/carros-voadores-podem-ser-uma-realidade.html' title=' Carros Voadores podem ser uma realidade até 2020 veja os veículos do futuro'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-4994175757398267253</id><published>2017-08-21T10:53:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2026-05-04T13:32:58.550-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Ufologia é ciência?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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Ufologia é ciência?&lt;/div&gt;
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Boa parte dos estudos sobre óvnis carece de rigor científico ou está impregnada de forte misticismo. A culpa é também dos cientistas, que evitam pisar nesse campo minado para não colocar em risco sua reputação&lt;/div&gt;
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Leandro Steiw&lt;/div&gt;
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Em novembro de 1977, o primeiro-ministro de Granada, Eric Matthew Gairy, sugeriu a criação de uma agência na Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) para coordenar os estudos mundiais sobre o fenômeno óvni. A proposta foi adiante e, um ano depois, foi constituído um grupo de trabalho, formado, entre outros, pelos astrofísicos Josef Allen Hynek e Jacques Vallée, pelo engenheiro Claude Poher e pelo astronauta Leroy Gordon Cooper Jr. Pela primeira vez na curta história da ufologia, objetos voadores não-identificados seriam estudados com o aval de uma instituição digna de crédito no mundo todo. Mas os Estados Unidos não gostaram muito da idéia e avisaram que não financiariam qualquer investigação oficial sobre óvnis. Sem o apoio e a grana da maior economia do planeta, a idéia foi engavetada. E ficou uma pergunta no ar: se a ONU tomasse a frente desses estudos, a ufologia seria levada mais a sério?&lt;/div&gt;
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O estudo de óvnis é um campo minado, no qual os cientistas evitam pisar para não explodir a própria reputação. A maioria dos acadêmicos considera a ufologia uma pseudociência, ou seja, um trabalho destituído do rigor da metodologia científica. Para piorar, dezenas de charlatões tomaram conta das pesquisas ufológicas, com a intenção de explorar a boa-fé das pessoas. Mas há cientistas, com formação acadêmica e reconhecimento público, que adotaram a ufologia como sua especialidade. Como identificar quem é quem no meio desse balaio de gatos?&lt;/div&gt;
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Primeiro, é preciso entender o conceito. A ufologia investiga o fenômeno óvni – qualquer objeto visto no céu que não possa ser identificado ao primeiro olhar. A hipótese extraterrestre é apenas uma das possibilidades a serem investigadas. “Este é o principal problema da ufologia: a maioria dos próprios ufólogos”, diz Rogério Chola, ombudsman da revista UFO. “Eles são os responsáveis por perpetuar os paradigmas de que óvni é o mesmo que nave extraterrestre.”&lt;/div&gt;
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Esqueça os preconceitos&lt;/div&gt;
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Os óvnis realmente existem. Pode ser um avião passando entre as nuvens, uma estrela brilhante, um meteoro, um satélite artificial, um balão meteorológico, pássaros. Pode ser um punhado de coisas banais que normalmente não tomariam a sua atenção, mas que, por terem aparecido em condições desfavoráveis – escuridão, neblina, distância –, não puderam ser identificadas de imediato. Os pilotos de aviões comerciais e militares freqüentemente encontram objetos desconhecidos no céu e relatam como óvnis. O papel dos ufólogos é este: buscar uma explicação para os fenômenos. “Se nenhuma dessas hipóteses explicar ou reproduzir o fenômeno, então o objeto continua sendo um óvni. Claro que a hipótese extraterrestre deve ser a última a ser considerada e, caso o óvni preencha certos requisitos, poderá ser enquadrado como um artefato de origem desconhecida da tecnologia humana e da natureza do planeta Terra. Ir além disso é especular sem argumentos convincentes”, afirma Chola.&lt;/div&gt;
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As teorias&lt;/div&gt;
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Atualmente, há quatro teorias sobre o fenômeno óvni. A primeira apela para o racional: óvni é algum tipo de aeronave avançada, secreta ou experimental de fabricação humana, desconhecida ou mal reconhecida pelo observador. A segunda é a mais polêmica: se nenhum fenômeno natural ou tecnologia terrestre servir de explicação, trata-se de uma espaçonave alienígena. A terceira teoria aponta para hipóteses psicossociais e psicopatológicas: quem vê um óvni sofre de algum distúrbio. E a quarta escola apóia-se na religião, no ocultismo e no sobrenatural – os óvnis são mensagens divinas ou diabólicas. Pobre do ufólogo quando as hipóteses de uma tendência misturam-se às de outra. “A ufologia extrapolou os seus limites ao enveredar por caminhos místicos e transcendentais, passando a estudar vida extraterrestre, canalizações de mensagens extraterrestres, contatos telepáticos e entidades de outras dimensões, entre outros, o que a rigor não compete a ela estudar”, diz Chola.&lt;/div&gt;
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Mas a responsabilidade não é só dos ufólogos. Como a ciência abdicou do direito de estudar os óvnis, diversas histórias permanecem sem resposta e adubam a já fértil imaginação do homem. Um dos poucos cientistas que tentaram encontrar uma explicação para o fenômeno óvni foi o astrofísico americano Josef Allen Hynek (1910-1986), fundador do Centro para Estudos Ufológicos e conselheiro do Projeto Blue Book (leia mais na página 22). Nos anos 50, Hynek era cético sobre óvnis e acreditava que as descrições eram feitas por testemunhas que não haviam sido capazes de identificar objetos naturais ou de fabricação humana. Depois de ler dezenas de papéis, porém, ele encontrou relatos de gente instruída – como astrônomos, pilotos, oficiais de polícia e militares – que mereciam um mínimo de crédito. Hynek conversou com físicos que também contaram ter visto objetos voadores impossíveis de explicar à luz dos conhecimentos atuais da ciência. Ele então abandonou o ceticismo, encarou a ufologia como profissão, aplicou a metodologia científica nas pesquisas e foi um dos personagens da frustrada tentativa de abrir a agência coordenadora na ONU.&lt;/div&gt;
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No entanto, aos poucos, Hynek se tornou um crítico da explicação extraterrestre. Em 1976, ele afirmou: “Tenho apoiado cada vez menos a idéia de que os óvnis são espaçonaves de outros mundos. Há tantas coisas se opondo a essa teoria. Para mim, parece ridículo que superinteligências viajariam grandes distâncias para fazer coisas relativamente estúpidas, como parar carros, coletar amostras de solo e assustar pessoas”. No final da vida, ele estava convencido de que os “discos voadores” tinham mais a ver com fenômenos psíquicos do que com veículos alienígenas.&lt;/div&gt;
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Seja como for, a hipótese extraterrestre vem perdendo das outras teorias por falta de provas físicas. Em 60 anos, nenhum dos milhares de humanos que alegam ter contatado ETs conseguiu apresentar um único objeto comprovadamente de origem extraterrena. O mais famoso ufólogo do século 21, o americano cético Philip Klass, oferece 10 mil dólares a qualquer vítima de abdução que registrar queixa no FBI e deixar a polícia federal americana averiguar o caso. Se for verdade, o denunciante ganha a grana. Se for mentira, será multado em 10 mil dólares e preso por cinco anos. Até hoje, ninguém topou o desafio. H&lt;/div&gt;
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“O principal problema da ufologia hoje é a maioria dos próprios ufólogos. Eles são os responsáveis por perpetuar os paradigmas de que óvni é sinônimo de nave extraterrestre”&lt;/div&gt;
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Rogério Chola, ombudsman da revista ufo&lt;/div&gt;
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“Parece ridículo que superinteligências viajariam grandes distâncias para fazer coisas relativamente estúpidas, como parar carros, coletar amostras e solo e assustar pessoas”&lt;/div&gt;
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Josef Allen Hynek, astrofísico americano&lt;/div&gt;
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Fonte : Revista Super Interessante&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/4994175757398267253/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2017/08/ufologia-e-ciencia.html#comment-form' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/4994175757398267253'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/4994175757398267253'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2017/08/ufologia-e-ciencia.html' title='Ufologia é ciência?'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-2492916579074468464</id><published>2017-08-20T01:28:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2026-05-04T13:32:58.550-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Uso de antibióticos pode facilitar infecções intestinais</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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Um estudo feito pela Universidade de Medicina da Virgínia (EUA) mostrou que o uso de antibiótico faz com que um tipo de célula imune que habita o intestino perca sua efetividade na luta contra infecções e enfraquece a barreira intestinal contra invasores.&lt;/div&gt;
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“Essa célula desempenha um importante papel na linha de frente da imunidade quando o corpo é invadido por algum agente infeccioso”, disse o pesquisador Koji Watanabe. “Nós descobrimos que o antibiótico interrompe os micróbios naturais do intestino, evitando que isso aconteça de forma apropriada e deixando o intestino suscetível a infecções severas”.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1JtlrGaor6nMqrEbkTbImCE-AYdVao6AH3_J1s-IkAc1LAErGU7jOVpIKXnYIhC2tPselXXB_sgsS6lxv7sx2RCN8SqhzUhfAe2NwD2AteLDmPOPf59J90AQjC3X_K1X2ThEZ8Q/s1600/remedio-para-infeccao-urinaria_19525_l.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;427&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1JtlrGaor6nMqrEbkTbImCE-AYdVao6AH3_J1s-IkAc1LAErGU7jOVpIKXnYIhC2tPselXXB_sgsS6lxv7sx2RCN8SqhzUhfAe2NwD2AteLDmPOPf59J90AQjC3X_K1X2ThEZ8Q/s640/remedio-para-infeccao-urinaria_19525_l.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Publicado no periódico científico PLOS Pathogens, o estudo procurou entender o papel da microbiota intestinal na colite amebiana, uma infecção grave de parasitas, comum em países em desenvolvimento. Os pesquisadores analisaram amostras de fezes de crianças de Bangladesh e determinaram que aquelas com infecções mais severas tinham menos diversidade de bactérias no intestino.&lt;/div&gt;
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Isso porque, segundo o estudo, o uso de antibióticos em crianças é muito comum em países com média e baixa renda. Por fim, os cientistas usaram um rato de laboratório para analisar como a queda da flora intestinal pode piorar os casos de infecções. Eles descobriram que os antibióticos interferiram na microbiota intestinal dos ratos, diminuindo a atividade das células imunes, importantes na proteção do organismo.&lt;/div&gt;
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Fonte: UOL&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/2492916579074468464/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2017/08/um-estudo-feito-pela-universidade-de.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/2492916579074468464'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/2492916579074468464'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2017/08/um-estudo-feito-pela-universidade-de.html' title='Uso de antibióticos pode facilitar infecções intestinais'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1JtlrGaor6nMqrEbkTbImCE-AYdVao6AH3_J1s-IkAc1LAErGU7jOVpIKXnYIhC2tPselXXB_sgsS6lxv7sx2RCN8SqhzUhfAe2NwD2AteLDmPOPf59J90AQjC3X_K1X2ThEZ8Q/s72-c/remedio-para-infeccao-urinaria_19525_l.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-410407580025388020</id><published>2011-09-23T13:34:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2026-05-04T13:32:58.550-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Descoberta que contradiz teoria de Einstein intriga cientistas</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Cientistas estão intrigados pelos resultados obtidos por cientistas do Centro Europeu de Investigação Nuclear (Cern, na sigla em francês), em Genebra, que afirmaram ter descoberto partículas subatômicas capazes de viajar mais rápido do que a velocidade da luz.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Neutrinos enviados por via subterrânea das instalações de Cern para o de Gran Sasso, a 732 km de distância, pareceram chegar ao seu destino frações de segundo mais cedo que a teoria de um século de física faria supor.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;As conclusões do experimento, que serão disponibilizadas na internet, serão cuidadosamente analisadas por outros cientistas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Um dos pilares da física atual – tal e qual descrita por Albert Einstein em sua teoria da relatividade – é que a velocidade da luz é o limite a que um corpo pode viajar. Milhares de experimentos já foram realizados a fim de medi-la com mais e mais precisão.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Até então nunca havia sido possível encontrar uma partícula capaz de exceder a velocidade da luz.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&quot;Tentamos encontrar todas as explicações possíveis para esse fenômeno. Queríamos encontrar erros – erros triviais, erros mais complicados, efeitos indesejados – e não encontramos&quot;, disse à BBC um dos autores do estudo, Antonio Ereditato, ressaltando a cautela do grupo em relação às próprias conclusões.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&quot;Quando você não encontra nada, conclui, &#39;Bom, agora sou obrigado a disponibilizar e pedir à comunidade (científica internacional) que analise isto&#39;.&quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Partículas aceleradas&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Já se sabe que os neutrinos viajam a velocidades próximas da da luz. Essas partículas existem em diversas variedades, e experimentos recentes observaram que são capazes de mudar de um tipo para outro.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;No projeto de Antonio Ereditato, Opera Collaboration, os cientistas preparam um único feixe de um tipo de neutrinos, de múon, e os envia do laboratório de Cern, em Genebra, na Suíça, para o de Gran Sasso, na Itália, para observar quantos se transformam em outro tipo de neutrino, de tau.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ao longo dos experimentos, a equipe percebeu que as partículas chegavam ao seu destino final alguns bilionésimos de segundo abaixo do tempo que a luz levaria para percorrer a mesma distância.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A medição foi repetida 15 mil vezes, alcançando um nível de significância estatística que, nos círculos científicos, pode ser classificada como uma descoberta formal.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Entretanto, os cientistas entendem que erros sistemáticos, oriundos, por exemplo, das condições em que o experimento foi realizado ou da calibração dos instrumentos, poderia levar a uma falsa conclusão a respeito da superação da velocidade da luz.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&quot;Meu sonho é que outro experimento independente chegue à mesma conclusão – nesse caso eu me sentiria aliviado&quot;, disse o cientista.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&quot;Não estamos afirmando nada, pedimos a ajuda da comunidade para entender esses resultados malucos – porque eles são malucos. As consequências podem ser muito sérias.&quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/410407580025388020/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2011/09/descoberta-que-contradiz-teoria-de.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/410407580025388020'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/410407580025388020'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2011/09/descoberta-que-contradiz-teoria-de.html' title='Descoberta que contradiz teoria de Einstein intriga cientistas'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-5910716784591308212</id><published>2011-08-12T23:38:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2026-05-04T13:32:58.550-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cancer"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Leucemia"/><title type='text'>Cientistas criam tratamento promissor contra leucemia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #4a4a4a; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Sucesso no tratamento de três pacientes indica que terapia poderá substituir transplante de medula óssea no futuro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAPuuupWIosuvBOLJdI4culDnspueJgpD95zQTEUH879du4KRHqXMoLK0sJ0e9uPqzUDxTB_1NGsywEw4vkK5Kp6ymJV0LsFk15iBFrs5-zX0YocK4-7kY1e97_0XVspo4h771Bw/s1600/linfocito-celula-t-20110810-size-598.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;225&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAPuuupWIosuvBOLJdI4culDnspueJgpD95zQTEUH879du4KRHqXMoLK0sJ0e9uPqzUDxTB_1NGsywEw4vkK5Kp6ymJV0LsFk15iBFrs5-zX0YocK4-7kY1e97_0XVspo4h771Bw/s400/linfocito-celula-t-20110810-size-598.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f0f0ee; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 15px;&quot;&gt;Os linfócitos T são células de defesa que protegem o nosso organismo de invasores como bactérias e vírus. Quando ocorre uma leucemia, estas células se multiplicam desordenadamente e se tornam cancerosas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A modificação genética das células T, tipo de glóbulos brancos que integram o sistema imunológico, demonstrou ser eficaz contra a leucemia linfocítica crônica, a forma mais comum de câncer do sangue, segundo estudo experimental publicado nesta quarta-feira.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Segundo cientistas da Escola de Medicina da Universidade da Pensilvânia (leste dos Estados Unidos), esse tratamento permitiu que a doença recuasse no prazo de um ano em dois dos três pacientes pesquisados que sofriam de leucemia em estágio avançado.&amp;nbsp;O terceiro sofreu uma recorrência da doença depois de quatro meses, mas de forma atenuada.&amp;nbsp;Essa terapia poderia ser aplicada também em outros cânceres, como o de pulmão, de ovário e o melanoma, afirmaram os cientistas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Como é o tratamento —&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;O tratamento consistiu em eliminar as células T nos pacientes doentes. Em seguida, os pesquisadores injetaram nos pacientes as mesmas células, já modificadas geneticamente para que atacassem seletivamente as células cancerosas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&quot;Em três semanas, os tumores foram destruídos com uma eficácia nunca vista até agora&quot;, disse o doutor Carl June, professor de patologia no Centro Oncológico Abramson da Universidade da Pensilvânia, autor principal desse trabalho, publicado nas revistas&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;New England Journal of Medicine&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;e&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Science Translational Medicine&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&quot;Foi muito mais eficaz do que esperávamos&quot;, disse o cientista, destacando que as células T modificadas geneticamente, as quais chamou de &quot;assassinas em série&quot;, destruíram 910 gramas de tumor em cada paciente.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Segundo os autores do estudo, os resultados desse teste clínico piloto contrastam fortemente com os tratamentos existentes para esse tipo de leucemia.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Esses três pacientes tinham poucas chances de tratamento. Outra alternativa era um transplante de medula óssea, um procedimento que requer uma longa hospitalização e tem risco de mortalidade de 20%.&amp;nbsp;Além disso, o transplante não oferece mais do que 50% de chances de recuperação.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/5910716784591308212/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2011/08/cientistas-criam-tratamento-promissor.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/5910716784591308212'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/5910716784591308212'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2011/08/cientistas-criam-tratamento-promissor.html' title='Cientistas criam tratamento promissor contra leucemia'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAPuuupWIosuvBOLJdI4culDnspueJgpD95zQTEUH879du4KRHqXMoLK0sJ0e9uPqzUDxTB_1NGsywEw4vkK5Kp6ymJV0LsFk15iBFrs5-zX0YocK4-7kY1e97_0XVspo4h771Bw/s72-c/linfocito-celula-t-20110810-size-598.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-717626912823111833</id><published>2011-08-10T13:25:00.007-03:00</published><updated>2026-05-04T13:32:58.550-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="astrologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="astronomia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ciência"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="marte"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="química"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vida extraterrestre"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vidas em outros mundos"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vidas em outros planetas"/><title type='text'>Cientista afirma ter encontrado sinais de vida extraterrestre em meteorito</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #4a4a4a; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Artigo passará por revisão de 100 especialistas e mais de 5.000 cientistas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #4a4a4a; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-EEFIGWHJmqRmikGc7NFgfOvNlfW0ceqmFt8kxrtDPKyVGGzT7EQ57ODD7eCBxD5hNItncpHPUt1N3PUaWh1231IugUrpqWu09ajpANpRbaEljmuCC-Y5FINTV19LuOypYg7RWw/s1600/filamento-20110306-size-598.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-EEFIGWHJmqRmikGc7NFgfOvNlfW0ceqmFt8kxrtDPKyVGGzT7EQ57ODD7eCBxD5hNItncpHPUt1N3PUaWh1231IugUrpqWu09ajpANpRbaEljmuCC-Y5FINTV19LuOypYg7RWw/s320/filamento-20110306-size-598.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f0f0ee;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11px;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;andidato a alienígena: a imagem mostra o filamento encontrado por Richard Hoover dentro do meteorito.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Segundo a análise feita em um microscópio eletrônico, presença de compostos orgânicos podem indicar que&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;se trata de uma bactéria fossilizada&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #b2b2b0; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;(Journal of cosmology)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O pesquisador Richard Hoover, coordenador de um grupo de astrobiologia da Nasa, anunciou ter encontrado fósseis de vida extraterrestre em fragmentos de meteoritos. A descoberta está relatada em um artigo publicado no periódico&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Journal of Cosmology&lt;/em&gt;, com acesso online livre. Segundo a revista, foram convidados 100 especialistas e 5.000 cientistas&amp;nbsp;para revisar o artigo&amp;nbsp;&quot;por causa da natureza controversa da descoberta&quot;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O&amp;nbsp;anúncio cria expectativa na comunidade científica porque&amp;nbsp;Hoover é um bem reputado cientista da Nasa e trabalha há muitos anos analisando material contido em meteoritos.&amp;nbsp;Ele estudou fragmentos de vários tipos de meteoritos condritos carbonáceos, que podem conter níveis importantes de água e material orgânico.&amp;nbsp;Nos fragmentos ele alega ter encontrado formas com aspecto de bactéria, que acredita terem se originado fora da Terra e não após a queda do meteorito no planeta.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;info-img-articles&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: both; float: left; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;author&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #aaaaaa; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; width: 210px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Journal of cosmology&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Prima do E.T: a bactéria Titanospirillum velox, que pode viver em ambientes hostis à vida&quot; class=&quot;quimby_search_image&quot; height=&quot;124&quot; src=&quot;http://veja.abril.com.br/assets/pictures/31319/bacteria-titanospirillum-velox-20110306-size-220.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;Prima do E.T: a bactéria Titanospirillum velox, que pode viver em ambientes hostis à vida&quot; width=&quot;220&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;gray&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f0f0ee; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: black; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px; width: 210px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Prima do E.T: a bactéria&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Titanospirillum velox&lt;/em&gt;, que pode viver em ambientes hostis à vida&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O principal argumento de Hoover é que os filamentos fossilizados possuem os mesmos compostos orgânicos, como carbono e enxofre, localizados nas mesmas posições de uma bactéria gigante&amp;nbsp;terrestre, a&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Titanospirillum velox&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;Trata-se de&amp;nbsp;uma bactéria extremófila, ou seja, que vive em ambientes bastante hostis à vida. Boa parte da pesquisa da Nasa sobre astrobiologia se baseia no estudo das formas de vida extremófilas, as principais candidatas a serem encontradas em outros planetas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&quot;Estas bactérias fossilizadas não são contaminantes terrestres (bactérias terrestres que possam ter contaminado o meteorito). São restos fossilizados de organismos vivos que existiram em corpos celestes similares aos deste meteoro, como cometas e luas&quot;, afirmou Hoover.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Confirmação -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Estudos afirmando que os meteoritos podem conter micróbios extraterrestres não são novos e já despertaram grandes debates sobre como poderia existir vida no espaço e como e onde a vida poderia ter se originado no universo. Vários outros meteoritos encontrados pela Nasa continham traços do que poderia ser vida extraterrestre, mas nunca houve confirmação.&amp;nbsp;Em dezembro do ano passado, a Nasa anunciou a descoberta de uma&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://veja.abril.com.br/noticia/ciencia/nasa-descobre-bacteria-que-se-alimenta-de-arsenio&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #dca80b; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;bactéria terrestre que se comporta como extraterrestre&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/717626912823111833/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2011/08/cientista-afirma-ter-encontrado-sinais.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/717626912823111833'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/717626912823111833'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2011/08/cientista-afirma-ter-encontrado-sinais.html' title='Cientista afirma ter encontrado sinais de vida extraterrestre em meteorito'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-EEFIGWHJmqRmikGc7NFgfOvNlfW0ceqmFt8kxrtDPKyVGGzT7EQ57ODD7eCBxD5hNItncpHPUt1N3PUaWh1231IugUrpqWu09ajpANpRbaEljmuCC-Y5FINTV19LuOypYg7RWw/s72-c/filamento-20110306-size-598.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-7980387357389275103</id><published>2011-08-06T14:42:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2026-05-04T13:32:58.550-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ciência"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="células tronco"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="esperma"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="espermatozoides"/><title type='text'>Cientistas japoneses criam espermatozóides a partir de células-tronco</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGOk5kuQlfxfNAnhB5vO02YWgr5hJjeliapkqQIiDLrRnDwEHqEpOnJfdvoF9-TLVby2aI6u9GIVZdc5xQ0AdY-6YEk_K2Es6k_QLtwo7U7n10yAxz82u4OYan5so8BkPf51zdKw/s1600/ALeqM5gZZMmvmEyIC3AKouJ5uWPrWvynkw.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGOk5kuQlfxfNAnhB5vO02YWgr5hJjeliapkqQIiDLrRnDwEHqEpOnJfdvoF9-TLVby2aI6u9GIVZdc5xQ0AdY-6YEk_K2Es6k_QLtwo7U7n10yAxz82u4OYan5so8BkPf51zdKw/s1600/ALeqM5gZZMmvmEyIC3AKouJ5uWPrWvynkw.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;WASHINGTON — Cientistas japoneses anunciaram nesta sexta-feira que conseguiram criar pela primeira vez espermatozóides funcionais a partir de células-tronco embrionárias de um rato, um avanço que poderá ajudar a combater a infertilidade masculina no futuro.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Os espermatozóides foram utilizados para fecundar óvulos e o resultado gerou &quot;filhotes saudáveis, que cresceram e se tornaram ratos machos e fêmeas adultos plenamente férteis&quot;, explicou o estudo, realizado pelos especialistas japoneses e publicado na edição online da revista americana especializada Cell.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Esta tecnologia não poderá ser utilizada em seres humanos antes de uma década, explicou a equipe de cientistas da Universidade de Quioto.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;No entanto, a experiência é animadora porque faz cair por terra aquilo que constituía um dos principais obstáculos da biologia: transformar células embrionárias em precursores de esperma, denominadas células germinativas primordiais, que poderão depois produzir espermatozóides saudáveis.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&quot;Trata-se do primeiro estudo a relatar uma geração de células germinais plenamente funcionais a partir de células (tronco embrionárias)&quot;, reforçou o autor de estudo, Mitinori Saitou, professor do Departamento de Autonomia e Biologia Celular da Universidade de Quioto, em um e-mail enviado à AFP.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Os cientistas utilizaram em sua experiência ratos incapazes de produzir esperma normal e injetaram neles células-tronco derivadas de células germinais primordiais ou CPG.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Estas CPG &quot;produziram esperma de aspecto normal, que em seguida foi utilizado para fecundar óvulos com sucesso&quot;, comentou o estudo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A equipe de cientistas continuará a trabalhar nesta técnica e nos efeitos observados nas gerações sucessivas de ratos machos e fêmeas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/7980387357389275103/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2011/08/cientistas-japoneses-criam.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/7980387357389275103'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/7980387357389275103'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2011/08/cientistas-japoneses-criam.html' title='Cientistas japoneses criam espermatozóides a partir de células-tronco'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGOk5kuQlfxfNAnhB5vO02YWgr5hJjeliapkqQIiDLrRnDwEHqEpOnJfdvoF9-TLVby2aI6u9GIVZdc5xQ0AdY-6YEk_K2Es6k_QLtwo7U7n10yAxz82u4OYan5so8BkPf51zdKw/s72-c/ALeqM5gZZMmvmEyIC3AKouJ5uWPrWvynkw.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-7625832907961284225</id><published>2011-08-05T17:44:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2026-05-04T13:32:58.550-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="espaço"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="marte"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="NASA"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vidas em outros planetas"/><title type='text'>A Nasa anunciou hoje que pode ter encontrado os primeiros indícios da existência de água líquida em Marte.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto-noticia&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwF-6Fwrw2dLaK6qIy-zX_LZhYg2VLhUnoZTRfMi5QOM59_LY2kZq_k_fY4WWHSpSaxs2zZqXzu9tLIzMFRbZl9IZ8F3Bprc4xDh0IMe5TkveH0slBmI-NiJh-PPCDIPXHxdoG7g/s1600/agua-marte-salgada-20110804180214.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;235&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwF-6Fwrw2dLaK6qIy-zX_LZhYg2VLhUnoZTRfMi5QOM59_LY2kZq_k_fY4WWHSpSaxs2zZqXzu9tLIzMFRbZl9IZ8F3Bprc4xDh0IMe5TkveH0slBmI-NiJh-PPCDIPXHxdoG7g/s320/agua-marte-salgada-20110804180214.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.02em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O achado seria tão salgado quanto os oceanos terrestres, e reforçaria ainda mais a posição do planeta vermelho como futura colônia de exploração humana.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.02em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Em um trabalho publicado na Science, Alfred McEwen, da Universidade do Arizona, descreve curiosas formações sazonais que aparecem em algumas encostas marcianas. McEwan é o principal pesquisador da High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE), a câmera super-potente que fotografa o planeta a bordo da nave Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.02em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.02em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;As novas imagens&amp;nbsp; revelaram possíveis fluxos de água, que aparecem somente durantes os meses mais quentes de Marte. As marcas escuras, em formas de dedos, se estendem abaixo de alguns barrancos do final da primavera ao verão, mas somem durante o inverno, somente para retornar no ano seguinte.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.02em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.02em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ao longo dos anos, essas mesmas marcas vêm se repetindo em latitudes médias do hemisfério sul do planeta. Em alguns locais, são mais de mil marcas individuais que variam de 0,5 a centenas de metros de comprimento. Entre todas as hipóteses possíveis, a que melhor explica o fenômeno é o fluxo de água levemente salgada.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.02em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.02em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O sal diminui a temperatura de congelamento da água, por isso, mesmo locais abaixo da terra conseguiriam sustentar água líquida no verão. A água pura, por outro lado, congelaria nas temperaturas observadas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.02em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.02em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A cor escura seria explicada pelo fato de a água salgada rearranjar os grãos do solo ou mudar a espessura da superfície, fazendo material de outra cor aparecer. Como essas regiões retornariam a sua cor natural no inverno, no entanto, ainda permanece um mistério&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.02em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.02em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A tese vai de acordo com outras descobertas em Marte. Gelo, por exemplo, já foi encontrado em latitudes maiores; depósitos de sal no planeta também sugerem que, um dia, Marte teve água salgada em abundância, como a Terra.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.02em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.02em; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A possibilidade de água líquida é bastante interessante para os planos da Nasa de enviar uma missão tripulada a Marte. Em comunicado, o administrador da agência, Charles Bolden, reforça a tese, dizendo que o trabalho reafirma a posição do planeta como um importante destino para exploração humana no futuro.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ads.abril.com.br/RealMedia/ads/click_lx.ads/infoexame/plantao/2128938387/Bottom/AbrilDefault/default/empty.gif/75767477436b345a665649414154514d&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #006699; font-family: arial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;&quot; target=&quot;_top&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;quimby_search_image&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://ads.abril.com.br/RealMedia/ads/adstream_lx.ads/infoexame/plantao/2128938387/Bottom/AbrilDefault/default/empty.gif/75767477436b345a665649414154514d&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-width: initial; font-family: arial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/7625832907961284225/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2011/08/nasa-anunciou-hoje-que-pode-ter.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/7625832907961284225'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/7625832907961284225'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2011/08/nasa-anunciou-hoje-que-pode-ter.html' title='A Nasa anunciou hoje que pode ter encontrado os primeiros indícios da existência de água líquida em Marte.'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwF-6Fwrw2dLaK6qIy-zX_LZhYg2VLhUnoZTRfMi5QOM59_LY2kZq_k_fY4WWHSpSaxs2zZqXzu9tLIzMFRbZl9IZ8F3Bprc4xDh0IMe5TkveH0slBmI-NiJh-PPCDIPXHxdoG7g/s72-c/agua-marte-salgada-20110804180214.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-2823574247208065892</id><published>2011-08-03T12:46:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2026-05-04T13:32:58.550-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="astronomia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ciência"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="elemento químico"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="estrelas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="exploração planetária"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="NASA"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="planetas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="química"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vida extraterrestre"/><title type='text'>Oxigénio que se respira detectado pela primeira vez no espaço</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O telescópio espacial Herschel confirmou pela primeira vez a existência de moléculas de oxigénio no espaço, as mesmas que os seres vivos utilizam para respirar. A substância foi detectada numa nuvem de poeira que também é um berço de estrelas, perto da constelação de Orion.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;280&quot; src=&quot;http://imagens.publico.pt/imagens.aspx/349620?tp=UH&amp;amp;db=IMAGENS&amp;amp;w=350&amp;amp;t=1312389454,85938&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
O oxigénio foi encontrado na nuvem estelar junto da constelação de Orion (ESA)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O oxigénio é o terceiro elemento mais comum no universo, a seguir ao hidrogénio e ao hélio. As estimativas feitas pelos cientistas esperavam que existisse uma certa quantidade da versão molecular no espaço – o conhecido O2 é composto por dois átomos de oxigénio ligados e é essencial para vida na Terra, onde é produzido durante a fotossíntese das plantas. Mas no espaço, só se tinha encontrado oxigénio atómico e outras moléculas que tinham este elemento.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;“O oxigénio é um gás descoberto em 1770, mas levou-nos mais do que 230 anos para finalmente podermos dizer com certeza que esta molécula simples existe no espaço”, disse em comunicado o cientista Paul Goldsmith, responsável pelo projecto do telescópio de Herschel, do Laboratório de Jet Propulsion, Califórnia, EUA. A descoberta vai ser publicada na revista Astrophysical Journal.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A descoberta da molécula foi feita através de um detector de raios infra-vermelhos, do telescópio espacial, direccionado para as nuvens de gás que envolvem estrelas no inicio de vida. A luz das estrelas atravessa este gás e é lida pelo detector, se há oxigénio este é detectado em certos comprimentos de onda.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Mas apesar da descoberta, a quantidade encontrada foi de uma molécula de O2 por um milhão de moléculas de hidrogénio, dez vezes menos do que o que era esperado. Uma possibilidade avançada pelos especialistas é que os átomos de oxigénio congelam e transformam-se em pequenos grãos de pó que depois se convertem em água congelada. Este oxigénio deixa de ser detectado.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Teoricamente, este pó gelado pode voltar a derreter e a evaporar, dando lugar a vapor de água que por sua vez pode originar de novo moléculas de oxigénio. Esta descoberta “explica onde é que parte do oxigénio está escondido”, disse Goldsmith. “Mas ainda não descobrimos grandes quantidades de oxigénio, e ainda não compreendemos o que é que tem de especial estas regiões. O universo ainda guarda muitos mistérios.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Fonte:&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.publico.pt/Ci%C3%AAncias/oxigenio-que-se-respira-detectado-pela-primeira-vez-no-espaco_1505886&quot;&gt;http://www.publico.pt/Ci%C3%AAncias/oxigenio-que-se-respira-detectado-pela-primeira-vez-no-espaco_1505886&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/2823574247208065892/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2011/08/oxigenio-que-se-respira-detectado-pela.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/2823574247208065892'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/2823574247208065892'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2011/08/oxigenio-que-se-respira-detectado-pela.html' title='Oxigénio que se respira detectado pela primeira vez no espaço'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-4460466661017120851</id><published>2011-07-30T15:45:00.006-03:00</published><updated>2026-05-04T13:32:58.550-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="catapora"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="doenças"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="doenças infecciosas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pele"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="varicela"/><title type='text'>Catapora ou Varicela</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;O que é a catapora ou varicela?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A catapora, nome popular da varicela, é uma doença infecciosa causada pelo vírus varicela-zoster, o qual ocasiona lesões na pele em forma de bolhas, coceiras, cansaço e febre.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Casos típicos da catapora&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
As lesões na pele aparecem geralmente primeiro no tronco e face, mas podem se espalhar pode corpo todo causando entre 250 e 500 bolhas que coçam em pessoas não vacinadas. Antes da vacina contra varicela, a maioria dos casos de catapora ocorria em pessoa com menos de 15 anos de idade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Transmissão da catapora&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A catapora é altamente infecciosa e a transmissão é de pessoa para pessoa pelo contato direto ou através do ar quando uma pessoa infectada tosse ou espirra. Uma pessoa com catapora pode transmitir a doença de 1 a 2 dias depois do aparecimento das lesões antes que todas a bolhas formem casca. Leva de 10 a 21 dias depois da exposição para a pessoa desenvolver os sintomas da catapora.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pessoas vacinadas podem ter catapora?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Sim. Em torno de 15-20% das pessoas que receberam uma dose da vacina ainda podem contrair catapora em caso de exposição ao vírus, porém a doença será moderada. Pessoas vacinadas que contraem catapora geralmente têm menos de 50 lesões de pele, as quais parecem mais picadas de mosquito do que as bolhas típicas da varicela.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sintomas da catapora&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Em crianças não vacinadas geralmente a catapora causa doença que dura de 5 a 10 dias. Crianças geralmente perdem de 5 a 6 dias de escola devido à catapora e os sintomas incluem febre alta, coceira severa, lesões na pele desconfortáveis, desidratação e dor de cabeça. Adicionalmente, em torno de 1 para cada 10 crianças não vacinadas que contraem a doença têm complicações sérias o suficiente para receber atendimento médico. Essas complicações incluem lesões de pele infectadas, outras infecções, desidratação decorrente de vômito ou diarréia, ou ainda condições mais sérias como pneumonia e encefalite.&lt;br /&gt;
Em crianças vacinadas, a catapora é geralmente moderada, produzindo como sintomas apenas algumas manchas vermelhas. Porém, em torno de 25-30% das crianças vacinadas que contraem catapora desenvolvem sintomas tão sérios quanto os das crianças não vacinadas.&lt;br /&gt;
Certos grupos de pessoas têm maior probabilidade de desenvolver forma mais grave da catapora com sérias complicações. Esses grupos incluem adultos, bebês, adolescentes e pessoas com sistema imunológico enfraquecido.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Complicações sérias decorrentes da catapora&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
As complicações sérias decorrentes da catapora incluem infecções bacterianas, as quais envolvem muitos locais do corpo incluindo pele, tecidos sob a pele, ossos, pulmões (pneumonia), articulações e sangue. Outras complicações sérias são decorrentes diretamente da infecção com o vírus varicela-zoster e incluem pneumonia viral, problemas de sangramento, e infecção do cérebro (encefalite).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Uma pessoa saudável que contrai catapora pode morrer em decorrência dessa doença?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Sim. Muitas das mortes e complicações decorrentes da catapora ocorrem em adultos e crianças que eram saudáveis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Prevenção da catapora&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A prevenção da catapora é através da vacina. A vacinação com 2 doses de vacina para varicela previne a doença na maioria das pessoas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Pode-se contrair catapora mais de uma vez?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Sim, porém isso é incomum. Para a maioria das pessoas, uma infecção parece conferir imunidade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/4460466661017120851/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2011/07/catapora-ou-varicela.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/4460466661017120851'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/4460466661017120851'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2011/07/catapora-ou-varicela.html' title='Catapora ou Varicela'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-384793474615969167</id><published>2011-07-30T15:32:00.005-03:00</published><updated>2026-05-04T13:32:58.551-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="doenças"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="doenças infecciosas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="hanseníase"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="lepra"/><title type='text'>Lepra ou hanseníase</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Características clínicas da lepra ou hanseníase&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;A lepra, ou hanseníase, é uma doença infecciosa que afeta a pele e nervos periféricos, mas tem uma ampla gama de possíveis manifestações clínicas. Pacientes são classificados como tendo hanseníase paucibacilar ou multibacilar.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.youtube.com/embed/5c0CI8MdAkg?feature=player_embedded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;A hanseníase paucibacilar é mais leve e é caracterizada por uma ou mais manchas claras na pele. A hanseníase multibacilar é associada a lesões simétricas na pele, nódulos, placas e freqüentemente afeta a mucosa nasal resultando em congestão nasal e sangramento pelo nariz.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Agente infeccioso da lepra&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;O agente infeccioso da lepra é o bacilo&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Mycobacterium leprae, que se multiplica bem devagar e manifesta-se principalmente na pele, nervos e membranas mucosas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Incidência da lepra&lt;/b&gt;Em 2002 o número de novos casos de hanseníase detectados no mundo foi de 763 mil. A Organização Mundial da Saúde relacionou Brasil,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Madagascar, Moçambique, Tanzânia e Nepal como tendo 90% dos casos de lepra.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Seqüelas da lepra&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;Em todo o mundo de 1 a 2 milhões de pessoas ficam permanentemente incapacitadas devido à hanseníase.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Transmissão da lepra&lt;/b&gt;Embora o modo de transmissão da lepra ainda permaneça incerto, a maioria dos pesquisadores acha que o Mycobacterium leprae é geralmente transmitido de pessoa para pessoa através de gotículas da respiração. As pessoas com maior risco de contrair lepra são aquelas com contato próximo a pacientes com a doença ativa e sem tratamento, especialmente a hanseníase multibacilar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/384793474615969167/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2011/07/lepra-ou-hanseniase.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/384793474615969167'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/384793474615969167'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2011/07/lepra-ou-hanseniase.html' title='Lepra ou hanseníase'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24877854.post-5222408972318511496</id><published>2011-07-25T22:17:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2026-05-04T13:32:58.551-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="espaço"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ovni hoje"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ovnis"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="água"/><title type='text'>Cientístas dizem ter encontrado a maior quantidade de água já registrada no universo</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #444444; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;entry&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ovnihoje.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/water-300x225.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;alignright size-medium wp-image-6339&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;http://ovnihoje.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/water-300x225.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; height: auto; margin-top: 5px; max-width: 576px;&quot; title=&quot;water&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;De acordo com o site&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://g1.globo.com/ciencia-e-saude/noticia/2011/07/cientistas-encontram-maior-quantidade-de-agua-do-universo.html&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0000; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;g1.com&lt;/a&gt;, astrônomos descobriram a maior quantidade de água já registrada no Universo. &amp;nbsp;Toda esta água está à uma distância de mais de 12 bilhões de anos-luz da Terra e a quantidade de água equivale a 140 trilhões de vezes todo o volume de água nos oceanos de nosso planeta.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A água em questão se encontra na forma de vapor, ao redor de um quasar chamado APM 08279+5255.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Para quem não está familiarizado com termos astronômicos, um quasar é o núcleo de uma galáxia, confinado num espaço pequeno, em relação à sua massa, que abriga um buraco negro.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Essa é mais uma notícia que vem dar respaldo à possibilidade de vida em outros lugares do universo. Obviamente, a vida, tal como a conhecemos, não teria chance de existir neste quasar, por razões óbvias. &amp;nbsp;Contudo, com toda esta água sendo “fabricada” &amp;nbsp;no universo, fica muito fácil chegar-se à conclusão de que possa existir uma gama de planetas em outros ambientes do universo que sejam mais propícios a abrigar a vida…&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;tal como a conhecemos&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Colaboração:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Josemir&lt;br /&gt;
SE VOCÊ NÃO ACESSOU NOSSA PÁGINA PRINCIPAL, ESTÁ PERDENDO UM UNIVERSO DE INFORMAÇÕES:&lt;a href=&quot;http://ovnihoje.com/&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0000; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; text-decoration: none;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; title=&quot;ovnihoje&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;OVNIHOJE.COM&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe scrolling=&quot;no&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allowTransparency=&quot;true&quot; src=&quot;http://www.deezer.com/br/plugins/player?autoplay=false&amp;playlist=true&amp;width=700&amp;height=240&amp;cover=true&amp;type=playlist&amp;id=499108073&amp;title=&amp;app_id=undefined&quot; width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/feeds/5222408972318511496/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2011/07/cientistas-dizem-ter-encontrado-maior.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/5222408972318511496'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/24877854/posts/default/5222408972318511496'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://plataovag.blogspot.com/2011/07/cientistas-dizem-ter-encontrado-maior.html' title='Cientístas dizem ter encontrado a maior quantidade de água já registrada no universo'/><author><name>plataovag.blogspot.com</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15929345909017921942</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>