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/><category term="FMI" /><category term="classe media" /><category term="Stan Fischer" /><category term="costo bail out" /><category term="peter diamond" /><category term="TFP" /><category term="nobel economia" /><category term="Abi" /><category term="bancarotta" /><category term="baobab" /><category term="oecd" /><category term="The Economist" /><category term="obesity" /><category term="Sims" /><category term="Tremonti" /><category term="sorpasso" /><category term="Fiat" /><category term="washington post" /><category term="haircut" /><category term="governatore" /><category term="early warnings" /><category term="crisi politica" /><category term="Marchionne" /><category term="ristrutturazione" /><category term="Energia Nucleare" /><category term="terrorism" /><category term="FT" /><category term="Germany" /><category term="tagli di bilancio" /><category term="referendum 12 13 giugno" /><category term="reddito disponibile" /><category term="maturità" /><category term="tool kit" /><category term="wage rigidity" /><category term="Grecia" /><category term="Moltiplicatore della Spesa" /><category term="social mibility" /><category term="US" /><category term="deficit pubblico" /><category term="data" /><category term="money" /><title>Back-Of-The-Envelope Economics</title><subtitle type="html">Il Blog di Paolo Manasse</subtitle><link rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/" /><link rel="next" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false&amp;v=2" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><generator version="7.00" uri="http://www.blogger.com">Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>459</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><atom10:link xmlns:atom10="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/blogspot/XMijC" /><feedburner:info uri="blogspot/xmijc" /><atom10:link xmlns:atom10="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" rel="hub" href="http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/" /><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;CEUCQngzeip7ImA9WhRUFE4.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-4832210423226817871</id><published>2012-01-24T20:11:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2012-01-24T20:11:03.682+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-24T20:11:03.682+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Fiscal Monitor" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="IMF" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="; Italy" /><title>Too Tight For Comfort</title><content type="html">
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/lll_wlYJeEcFUnkbDB6nl3vth5E/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/lll_wlYJeEcFUnkbDB6nl3vth5E/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
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says the &lt;a href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fm/2012/update/01/pdf/0112.pdf"&gt;IMF's Fiscal Monitor&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; (about the fiscal policy stance in 2012 for advanced economies).&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-4832210423226817871?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/LGhqZ7EnpCU" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/4832210423226817871/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/too-tight-for-comfort.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/4832210423226817871?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/4832210423226817871?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/LGhqZ7EnpCU/too-tight-for-comfort.html" title="Too Tight For Comfort" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-q7KEKVJ4qvY/Tx8BrdhGDqI/AAAAAAAAB-Q/c7pz6vvVvo8/s72-c/IMF_f3.jpg" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/too-tight-for-comfort.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;D0MHRng5eip7ImA9WhRUFE8.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-8282505255224178727</id><published>2012-01-24T17:49:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2012-01-24T18:17:17.622+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-24T18:17:17.622+01:00</app:edited><title>Sui Sotto Segretari..</title><content type="html">
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/-eU2bYvKXoRkSha_5TQ5gekWqDo/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/-eU2bYvKXoRkSha_5TQ5gekWqDo/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/-eU2bYvKXoRkSha_5TQ5gekWqDo/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/-eU2bYvKXoRkSha_5TQ5gekWqDo/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2011/11/sotto-i-sottosegretari.html"&gt;mi sa che ci avevo azzeccato&lt;/a&gt; (su&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcGWrmHMdrk"&gt;Martone in particolare)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-8282505255224178727?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/gLk71SGT9gw" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/8282505255224178727/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/sui-sotto-segretari.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/8282505255224178727?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/8282505255224178727?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/gLk71SGT9gw/sui-sotto-segretari.html" title="Sui Sotto Segretari.." /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/sui-sotto-segretari.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DkMFSHcyeSp7ImA9WhRUFEw.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-8360167104546004457</id><published>2012-01-24T15:10:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2012-01-24T15:13:39.991+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-24T15:13:39.991+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Economics" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Lambertini" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Bologna" /><title>Congratulations Luca!</title><content type="html">
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/TpiWtFxjWaG23xHLQZGIwtZ5oqI/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/TpiWtFxjWaG23xHLQZGIwtZ5oqI/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/TpiWtFxjWaG23xHLQZGIwtZ5oqI/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/TpiWtFxjWaG23xHLQZGIwtZ5oqI/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CsjPpDLERQM/Tx67J8zxsmI/AAAAAAAAB-I/Wu_72x5cU1Q/s1600/lambert.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="400" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CsjPpDLERQM/Tx67J8zxsmI/AAAAAAAAB-I/Wu_72x5cU1Q/s400/lambert.JPG" width="300" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Luca in the Ballot (photo pm)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
Today &lt;a href="https://www2.dse.unibo.it/dsa/profile.php?id=47"&gt;Luca Lambertini&lt;/a&gt; has been elected a the new Director of the &lt;a href="http://www.eng.dse.unibo.it/DSEEN/Department/AboutUs/default.htm"&gt;Economics Department&lt;/a&gt; at the University of Bologna, Italy's largest (and top) department for economics  research. Luca is a good friend and, more importantly, an excellent academic specializing in Game Theory and Industrial Economics. Congratulations Luca!&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-8360167104546004457?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/xfMK3UjBNIs" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/8360167104546004457/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/congratulations-luca.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/8360167104546004457?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/8360167104546004457?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/xfMK3UjBNIs/congratulations-luca.html" title="Congratulations Luca!" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CsjPpDLERQM/Tx67J8zxsmI/AAAAAAAAB-I/Wu_72x5cU1Q/s72-c/lambert.JPG" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/congratulations-luca.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;C0MFQnw8cCp7ImA9WhRUFE8.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-4835262258995464854</id><published>2012-01-24T13:01:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2012-01-24T17:10:13.278+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-24T17:10:13.278+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="classe media" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="distribuzione del reddito" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="disuguaglianza" /><title>DIBATTITO sulla Classe Media</title><content type="html">
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/Nhzjf-bhPHpHUTq7zJ33uCHUm3I/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/Nhzjf-bhPHpHUTq7zJ33uCHUm3I/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/Nhzjf-bhPHpHUTq7zJ33uCHUm3I/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/Nhzjf-bhPHpHUTq7zJ33uCHUm3I/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Ecco il dibattito sulla "scomparsa del ceto medio" registrato ieri nella trasmissione Il bene Comune su Studio 1 TV. L'evidenza empirica su cui è basato il mio intervento si trova&lt;a href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/la-sparizione-della-classe-media.html"&gt; qui&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/ztSp-sfhM5A" width="560"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-4835262258995464854?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/ZQkjPh0jse8" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/4835262258995464854/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/il-bene-comune-e-la-classe-media.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/4835262258995464854?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/4835262258995464854?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/ZQkjPh0jse8/il-bene-comune-e-la-classe-media.html" title="DIBATTITO sulla Classe Media" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://img.youtube.com/vi/ztSp-sfhM5A/default.jpg" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/il-bene-comune-e-la-classe-media.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;D0MGQnwyfSp7ImA9WhRUFE8.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-4115750504718202258</id><published>2012-01-21T23:31:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2012-01-24T18:17:03.295+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-24T18:17:03.295+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="classe media" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="diseguaglianza" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Italia" /><title>E' sparita la classe media?</title><content type="html">
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/kqA0J5BtoS1Rc_nGlGl9KZb1MyQ/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/kqA0J5BtoS1Rc_nGlGl9KZb1MyQ/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/kqA0J5BtoS1Rc_nGlGl9KZb1MyQ/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/kqA0J5BtoS1Rc_nGlGl9KZb1MyQ/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;(questo post descrive l'evidenza empirica discussa in un dibattito su &lt;a href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/il-bene-comune-e-la-classe-media.html"&gt;Studio 1 TV&lt;/a&gt; )&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt; "La miseria dei molti e la ricchezza dei pochi. La rovina che si diffonde
 e il privilegio che invece si addensa in quella super elite che si 
nutre di politica e finanza. Sembra di essere tornati &lt;b&gt;indietro di un secolo&lt;/b&gt; quando la classe media ancora non esisteva. Ma il guaio è che al 
contrario stiamo andando verso quel naufragio in cui sarà proprio la 
classe media a scomparire&amp;nbsp; ."&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XF5Wq9vhebk/Tx00VASZVxI/AAAAAAAAB84/50bise2qTKM/s1600/fig1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="226" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XF5Wq9vhebk/Tx00VASZVxI/AAAAAAAAB84/50bise2qTKM/s320/fig1.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Questo brano, tratto da un recente post di Pino&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href="http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2012/01/21/la-nebbia-sulla-miseria-e-il-lusso-degli-altri/185462/"&gt;Corrias&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; , &lt;/i&gt;riflette l'opinione comune che negli ultimi quindici anni siano drammaticamente&amp;nbsp; aumentate le disuguaglianze e sia sparita&amp;nbsp; la classe media, in larga misura schiacciata nella povertà. Questa visione, come troppo spesso accade ai commenti di cose economiche, prescinde completamente dall'evidenza empirica (si vedano le Indagini sui bilancio delle famiglie della Banca d'Italia). Non c'è dubbio che l'Italia sia uno dei paesi occidentali dove più ampie sono le disuguaglianze di reddito e, cosa ancor più grave, dove &lt;a href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/italia-societa-feudale.html"&gt;minore è la mobilità sociale&lt;/a&gt; . Le diseguaglianze si sono prima ridotte con l'autunno caldo (1969) e la scala mobile (1975), poi sono aumentate dopo la crisi del 1992-93, per poi rimanere sostanzialmente stabili nell'ultimo decennio. (si veda &lt;a href="http://www.bancaditalia.it/interventi/altri_int/2009/Audizione_Brandolini_210409.pdf"&gt;Brandolini&lt;/a&gt;, 2009).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jLS-pFZbjAE/Tx0-AF5uQQI/AAAAAAAAB9I/lZDY-KHRd8w/s1600/fig6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jBZUqF2-Bfk/Tx069xzmzBI/AAAAAAAAB9A/YMF-OopbAHI/s1600/fig5.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="221" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jBZUqF2-Bfk/Tx069xzmzBI/AAAAAAAAB9A/YMF-OopbAHI/s320/fig5.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
- La distribuzione del reddito tra i fattori produttivi, &lt;b&gt;lavoro e capitale&lt;/b&gt; (fig 1) è rimasta relativamente stabile dal dopoguerra al giorno d'oggi. La quota del reddito da lavoro nel settore privato, al netto del valore degli affitti, dal picco del 1975 (75%) si è ridotta fino alla fine degli anni novanta (raggiungendo circa il 67% del valore aggiunto) è poi risalita progressivamente nell'ultimo decennio (fino al 70% circa). &lt;br /&gt;
- L'indice di Gini della &lt;b&gt;diseguaglianza&lt;/b&gt; (fig 5) del reddito disponibile mostra che le disuguaglianze si sono ridotte notevolmente con le spinte egalitarie degli&amp;nbsp; anni settanta, ma tra il '91-93 si è avuto un forte aumento. L'indice da allora è rimasto stabile.&lt;br /&gt;
- La percentuale di reddito ottenuto dal &lt;b&gt;20% più ricco&lt;/b&gt; della popolazione, ridottasi in grande misura sensibilmente tra 1973 e 1992, è tornata ad aumentare dal 1992 al 1997, fino circa al 43% del totale, per poi stabilizzarsi. Simmetricamente i maggiori progressi sono stati quelli del &lt;b&gt;20% più povero&lt;/b&gt; della popolazione, la cui quota&amp;nbsp; è cresciuta fino ai primi anni&amp;nbsp; novanta per poi stabilizzarsi successivamente intorno al 7% del totale. La &lt;b&gt;classe media a&lt;/b&gt;ppare sostanzialmente stabile.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;
- Si è verificata però una forte redistribuzione &lt;b&gt;all'interno della classe media &lt;/b&gt;(fig 8): operai, impiegati,&amp;nbsp; insegnanti e inoccupati si sono impoveriti, lavoratori autonomi, dirigenti e pensionati hanno migliorato la loro situazione.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jLS-pFZbjAE/Tx0-AF5uQQI/AAAAAAAAB9I/lZDY-KHRd8w/s1600/fig6.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jLS-pFZbjAE/Tx0-AF5uQQI/AAAAAAAAB9I/lZDY-KHRd8w/s320/fig6.jpg" width="232" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-alC8ZSRbYWw/Tx1FsZ9La-I/AAAAAAAAB9Q/uAywaTBUjtE/s1600/fig8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="207" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-alC8ZSRbYWw/Tx1FsZ9La-I/AAAAAAAAB9Q/uAywaTBUjtE/s320/fig8.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp; - con la crisi (2007-2009) anche i lavoratori autonomi hanno perso, cosi come i nucei familiari in cui è giovane (meno di 40 anni) o di età compresa tra i 40 e 64 anni.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-4115750504718202258?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/zhCOfI-mEUc" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/4115750504718202258/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/la-sparizione-della-classe-media.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/4115750504718202258?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/4115750504718202258?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/zhCOfI-mEUc/la-sparizione-della-classe-media.html" title="E' sparita la classe media?" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XF5Wq9vhebk/Tx00VASZVxI/AAAAAAAAB84/50bise2qTKM/s72-c/fig1.jpg" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/la-sparizione-della-classe-media.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DkMGSHg4cSp7ImA9WhRUEEQ.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-7857949972421549521</id><published>2012-01-20T17:17:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2012-01-20T22:20:29.639+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-20T22:20:29.639+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Monti" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="crescita" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Liberalizzazioni" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Italia" /><title>Le Liberalizzazioni di Monti e la Crescita</title><content type="html">
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&lt;a href="http://www.marlerblog.com/uploads/image/road_map.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="233" src="http://www.marlerblog.com/uploads/image/road_map.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;"&gt;(da&lt;a href="http://www.linkiesta.it/liberalizzazioni-Monti-banche-fondazioni"&gt; Linkiesta &lt;/a&gt;20 gennaio 2011) Il principale, e più sorprendente, successo del &lt;b&gt;governo
Monti&lt;/b&gt; fino ad ora, è stato quello di riuscire a far approvare in Parlamento
due misure strutturali “drastiche” come la riforma delle pensioni e la nuova
imposta sulla prima casa, senza in pratica incorrere in alcuna significativa
opposizione, né da parte dei sindacati né da parte delle forze politiche (con
l'eccezione della Lega). Un ruolo decisivo ha giocato il fatto che i sacrifici
siano stati ripartiti in modo "universale", che non vi sia stato cioè, come in
passato, accanimento su categorie particolari (i dipendenti pubblici, i commercianti)
"garantite" da questo o quello schieramento politico. Per questa
ragione anche le cosiddette riforme strutturali avranno esito positivo solo se
seguiranno la stessa strada: è l'idea del "&lt;b&gt;disarmo multilaterale&lt;/b&gt;"
evocata dal presidente del Consiglio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;"&gt;EFFETTI DELLE RIFORME PRO CONCORRENZA &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;"&gt;Ciò premesso, è utile chiedersi quali siano le riforme
strutturali - autostrade, servizi pubblici locali (trasporti, elettricità, gas,
acqua), banche, assicurazioni, commercio, ordini professionali - che possono
maggiormente stimolare&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;la &lt;b&gt;crescita economica&lt;/b&gt;, e dunque sulle
quali si dovrebbe concentrare l'attenzione di governo e Parlamento. La
questione è tutt'altro che semplice.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;"&gt;Intanto non è detto che la &lt;b&gt;dimensione&lt;/b&gt; del
settore, in termini ad esempio di volume d'affari o di occupati, rappresenti
necessariamente un buon indicatore dell'efficacia delle misure.&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;Un
settore potrebbe essere sottodimensionato (le farmacie) proprio perché le
barriere alla concorrenza ne limitano l'accesso garantendo rendite di posizione
agli insider. Inoltre le riforme pro-concorrenza adottate in un settore spesso
sortiscono effetti a catena che si ripercuotono anche su altri mercati.
L'esperienza delle liberalizzazioni adottate nei&lt;a href="http://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp2770.html"&gt; paesi Ocse &lt;/a&gt;negli
ultimi venti anni suggerisce che le riforme&amp;nbsp;nel mercato dei beni e dei
servizi contribuiscono &lt;a href="http://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp2770.html"&gt;ad
accrescere l'occupazione&lt;/a&gt;, non solo facilitando l'ingresso di nuove imprese,
ma anche attenuando gli effetti distorsivi delle rigidità nel mercato del
lavoro e rendendo più probabili successive riforme anche in tale mercato.
Inoltre, queste riforme producono effetti positivi sia sulla crescita della
produttività del settore liberalizzato sia, "&lt;a href="http://ideas.repec.org/p/hal/wpaper/halshs-00504161.html"&gt;a cascata&lt;/a&gt;",
su quella dei settori collegati, per esempio quelli di cui sono fornitori (si
pensi all’energia che costituisce un importante input in molteplici settori produttivi).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;"&gt;QUALI SETTORI?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;"&gt;Una &lt;a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1635231"&gt;recente
ricerca&lt;/a&gt; di economisti del &lt;b&gt;Fondo monetario internazionale&lt;/b&gt; ha preso in
considerazione gli effetti delle riforme strutturali effettuate negli ultimi
trent'anni in novanta paesi sulla crescita del reddito pro-capite. Il lavoro
esamina le riforme pro-concorrenza in vari settori: commercio internazionale,
elettricità e telecomunicazioni, agricoltura, transazioni finanziarie con
l'estero, settore bancario, mercati azionari e obbligazionari. Il principale
risultato è che paesi a diverso grado di sviluppo beneficiano in modo diverso
dalle liberalizzazioni nei vari settori. Nei paesi a livello medio-basso di
sviluppo (economico e delle istituzioni politiche), i maggiori effetti sulla
crescita provengono dalle misure di liberalizzazione adottate in agricoltura,
nelle transazioni legate al commercio internazionale, dalle misure volte a
rimuovere i vincoli amministrativi sul credito bancario. La crescita nei paesi
più sviluppati, invece, oltre che dalla rimozione dei vincoli finanziari
connessi al commercio internazionale, è aiutata soprattutto dalle misure che
favoriscono lo sviluppo del &lt;b&gt;mercato azionario e obbligazionario&lt;/b&gt;, come la
qualità della supervisione e regolazione dei mercati, e l'accesso dei capitali
stranieri.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;"&gt;UNA ROAD MAP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: 11pt;"&gt;Ecco dunque una semplice &lt;i&gt;road map&lt;/i&gt; per il
governo: bene le riforme in cantiere su oneri amministrativi per le imprese,
sconti, tutela dei consumatori, ordini professionali, farmacie, taxi, servizi
pubblici locali, poste e trasporti, ma la chiave per far ripartire il paese
verosimilmente passa per un mercato dei capitali in grado di promuovere lo
sviluppo delle imprese. Dunque, nel &lt;b&gt;sistema bancario&lt;/b&gt;, si deve porre fine
all’&lt;a href="http://www.lavoce.info/articoli/-finanza/pagina1002790.html"&gt;abbraccio
mortale&lt;/a&gt; tra fondazioni bancarie e banche, il maggiore ostacolo alla
contendibilità di quest’ultime e cavallo di troia per le ingerenze della
politica; si devono superare i “&lt;b&gt;salotti buoni&lt;/b&gt;” della finanza con
maggiore rigore contro le partecipazioni incrociate, sia quelle tra banche, che
le portano a colludere, e quelle tra banche e grandi imprese (debitrici), che
dirottano il credito dalle piccole alle grandi imprese. Si deve porre fine, in
sede europea, alla segmentazione normativa del &lt;b&gt;mercato assicurativo&lt;/b&gt; che
ne limita fortemente la concorrenza.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-7857949972421549521?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/8VATK0sz-Tg" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/7857949972421549521/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/una-road-map-per-le-liberalizzazioni.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/7857949972421549521?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/7857949972421549521?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/8VATK0sz-Tg/una-road-map-per-le-liberalizzazioni.html" title="Le Liberalizzazioni di Monti e la Crescita" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/una-road-map-per-le-liberalizzazioni.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DEcNQnwyeSp7ImA9WhRUEEo.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-2677631269978704406</id><published>2012-01-20T17:14:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2012-01-20T17:14:53.291+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-20T17:14:53.291+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Monti" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Liberalizations" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="; Italy" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="growth" /><title>Will Monti’s Liberalizations Jump Start Italy’s Growth?</title><content type="html">
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&lt;a href="http://www.marlerblog.com/uploads/image/road_map.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="233" src="http://www.marlerblog.com/uploads/image/road_map.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
The main and most surprising success of the Monti government   so far was the ability to push through Parliament two structural and "drastic" measures, the pension reform and the new property tax.  without incurring any significant opposition from the unions or from political parties(with the exception of the Northern League).  To a large extent this was due to the fact that sacrifices were distributed “universally", i.e. that there they were not targeted to particular groups (civil servants, small entrepreneurs) "guaranteed" by this or that political party. Today the government will approve a comprehensive package of liberalization which would also apply “universally”. These include reducing administrative burdens for companies, more freedom for shops (discounts and opening times), consumer protection and collective action, reforms of professional associations and their tariffs, liberalization measures for pharmacies, taxis, gas stations, local public transport and services, postal services and railways. It’s a good start. However the question is: will they succeed in jump starting Italy’s growth rate?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
PRO COMPETITION EFFECTS OF REFORMS&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The issue is far from simple. The size of the sector liberalized, although clearly relevant, does not necessarily represent a good indicator of the effectiveness of the measures. A particular market may be undersized (pharmacies) precisely because barriers to competition limit the access and ensure rents to insiders. In addition, the pro-competitive reforms adopted in a sector often show chain effects on other markets. The experience of liberalizations adopted in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp2770.html"&gt;OECD countries&lt;/a&gt; over the past twenty years suggests that reforms in the market for goods and services contribute to increasing employment, not only by facilitating the entry of new firms, but also by reducing the distortions  in the labor market,  and making  labor market reforms more  likely. Moreover, the positive effects on productivity growth in the liberalized sector often spill over on &lt;a href="http://ideas.repec.org/p/hal/wpaper/halshs-00504161.html"&gt;down-stream sectors&lt;/a&gt; (think of energy, an important input in many industries).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Which sectors?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A &lt;a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1635231"&gt;recent study &lt;/a&gt;by economists at the International Monetary Fund looks at the effects of structural reforms over the last thirty years in ninety countries on the rate of growth of income per capita. The paper examines pro-competitive reforms in various sectors: international trade, electricity and telecommunications, agriculture, financial transactions with foreign countries, banking, and stock and bond markets. The main result is that countries at different stages of development, economic and political, benefit from liberalization in different sectors. In countries at intermediate level of development, the major effects on the growth come from the liberalization measures taken in agriculture, in transactions related to international trade, from removals of administrative constraints on bank lending. The growth rate in more developed countries, particularly benefits from measures that foster the development of the stock and bond markets, such as improving the quality of supervision and regulation of markets, and facilitating the access of foreign capital.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A SIMPLE ROAD MAP&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here is a simple road map for the government: it's fine with current liberalizations in the pipe line, but the key to restart the country growth rate is likely be in the ability of financial markets to promote business development. Thus, within the banking system, it is crucial to achieve a separation between banks and their semi-public (control) shareholders, the “banking foundations”, which constitute the greatest obstacle to banks’ contestability, and the “Trojan horse” for political interferences. Also a more rigorous discipline is needed against cross-ownership, both among banks, which leads them to collude, and between banks and large corporations (often banks' debtor), which diverts credit from small to large companies. Finally, in the insurance market, a more harmonized legislation should be promoted so as to end market segmentation.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-2677631269978704406?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/xSgQu2bcyFY" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/2677631269978704406/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/will-montis-liberalizations-jump-start.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/2677631269978704406?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/2677631269978704406?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/xSgQu2bcyFY/will-montis-liberalizations-jump-start.html" title="Will Monti’s Liberalizations Jump Start Italy’s Growth?" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/will-montis-liberalizations-jump-start.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;A04HSHoyfip7ImA9WhRVF0k.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-4803865288418790938</id><published>2012-01-16T22:38:00.002+01:00</published><updated>2012-01-16T22:38:59.496+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-16T22:38:59.496+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="italy" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="inequality" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="generational mobility" /><title>Italy, A Feudal Society</title><content type="html">
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&lt;a href="http://milescorak.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/figure-21.png?w=497&amp;amp;h=360" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://milescorak.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/figure-21.png?w=497&amp;amp;h=360" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
When it comes to inequality, we usually consider the differences in disposable income (or wealth) among citizens at a given time. But one thing to live in a society where there&amp;nbsp; are inequalities, but also opportunities to climb&amp;nbsp; the social ladder. In these circumstances a degree of inequality can be positive,&amp;nbsp; as it provides incentives to improve. Another is to live in a society where the privileges persist from one generation to the next, and the possibility to move up in society are nonexistent: a "feudal" society, where only the rich have access to better schools and jobs. The picture below comes from an interesting&lt;a href="http://milescorak.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/inequality-from-generation-to-generation-the-united-states-in-comparison-v2.pdf"&gt; paper&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; of Miles Korak. The horizontal axis shows the Gini inequality index, and the y-axis shows an index of the persistence in income between the generations. This index reflects by how much the incomes of sons reflects the income&amp;nbsp; of the fathers, and therefore higher levels of the index indicate &lt;i&gt;less &lt;/i&gt;social mobility. The figure shows that social mobility is larger in countries where the inequalities are lower. The more egalitarian countries, the Nordic countries, Japan and Germany, are also those with higher social mobility. The most unequal, Peru, South Africa, are also those where the income of sons reflects more (over 70%) that of the fathers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Italy has an unenviable record: among industrialized countries is second only to U.S. in terms of inequality, and only to Slovenia in terms of&amp;nbsp; generational mobility. Inequalities between rich and poor are both among the highest and the chances to improve (if you start at the bottom) or worsen (if we start at the top) are among the lowest. The worst possible combination.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-4803865288418790938?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/vx75Mk9Vx2w" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/4803865288418790938/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/italy-feudal-society.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/4803865288418790938?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/4803865288418790938?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/vx75Mk9Vx2w/italy-feudal-society.html" title="Italy, A Feudal Society" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/italy-feudal-society.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DEMGQH0yfip7ImA9WhRVF0g.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-7974736100189805060</id><published>2012-01-16T22:01:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2012-01-17T00:27:01.396+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-17T00:27:01.396+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="diseguaglianz" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="mobilità generazionale" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Italia" /><title>Italia, società feudale</title><content type="html">
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&lt;a href="http://milescorak.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/figure-21.png?w=497&amp;amp;h=360" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://milescorak.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/figure-21.png?w=497&amp;amp;h=360" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
Quando si parla di diseguaglianza ci si riferisce solitamente alle differenze di reddito disponibile (o di ricchezza) tra i cittadini in un certo momento. Ma un conto è vivere in una società diseguale in cui esistono per tutti opportunità di migliorare la propria situazione, e dunque un certo grado di diseguaglianza può essere utile, poichè fornisce incentivi a migliorarsi. Un conto invece è vivere in una società in cui i privilegi persistono da una generazioni all'altra e le possibilità di salire i gradini della società sono inesistenti, una società "feudale" in cui &lt;a href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/licei-una-iberalizzazione-costo-zero.html"&gt;solo i ricchi accedono alle scuole migliori&lt;/a&gt; e possono aspirare ai lavori meglio pagati. Da un bel &lt;a href="http://milescorak.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/inequality-from-generation-to-generation-the-united-states-in-comparison-v2.pdf"&gt;lavoro&lt;/a&gt; di Miles Korak è tratta la figura sopra. Questa riporta sull'asse delle ascisse l'indice&amp;nbsp; di disuguaglianza di Gini, mentre sull'asse delle ordinate viene riportata una misura della &lt;i&gt;persistenza&lt;/i&gt; nei redditi tra le generazioni. Questo indice misura di quanto il reddito dei figli rifletta quello dei padri, e dunque livelli più elevati indica una &lt;i&gt;minore&lt;/i&gt; mobilità sociale.&amp;nbsp; La figura mostra che la mobilità sociale è maggiore dove le diseguaglianze sono inferiori. I paesi maggiormente egalitari, paesi Nordici, il Giappone e la Germania, sono anche quelli dove più elevatata la mobilità sociale; i&amp;nbsp; più diseguali, Perù, Sud Africa, sono anche quelli dove il reddito dei figli riflette di più (oltre il 70%) quello dei padri.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
L'Italia ha un poco invidiabile primato: tra i paesi industrializzati è seconda ai soli Stati Uniti quanto a diseguaglianze, e solo alla Slovenia quanto a scarsa mobilità generazionale. Le diseguaglianze tra poveri e ricchi sono contemporaneamente tra le più elevate e le possibilità di migliorare (se si parte in basso) o peggiorare (se si parte in alto) sono tra le più basse. La peggior combinazione possibile.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-7974736100189805060?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/fC7NtDmLCNM" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/7974736100189805060/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/italia-societa-feudale.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/7974736100189805060?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/7974736100189805060?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/fC7NtDmLCNM/italia-societa-feudale.html" title="Italia, società feudale" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/italia-societa-feudale.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DEAHQ3w5fSp7ImA9WhRUE0g.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-2656598135026729520</id><published>2012-01-14T13:48:00.003+01:00</published><updated>2012-01-23T23:12:12.225+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-23T23:12:12.225+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="scula" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="licei" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="open day" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="riforme strutturali" /><title>Licei: Una Liberalizzazione a costo zero</title><content type="html">
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&lt;a href="http://www.scuolazoo.com/be/file/19ab71e59655d0ba9e029ca02a4f3a4f.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://www.scuolazoo.com/be/file/19ab71e59655d0ba9e029ca02a4f3a4f.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Si stanno tenendo in questo giorni gli "open day" di licei e istituti d'istruzione secondaria. In base al principio di autonomia gestionale, molti di questi licei hanno adottato come criterio di ammissione quello della residenza. In caso di un numero di domande superiore al numero di posti disponibili la precedenza viene data a quanti risiedono vicino alla scuola. Il risultato è che solo&amp;nbsp; i figli dei ricchi, intelligenti o imbecilli che siano, hanno accesso ai livelli di istruzione (&lt;i&gt;gratuita&lt;/i&gt;) migliore, solo perchè i genitori possono permettersi di abitare nei quartieri piu chic dove ci sono le scuole migliori (ad esempio, i licei classici Manzoni e Parini a Milano). I figli dei poveri, intelligenti o imbecilli che siano, ne sono esclusi perchè abitano in periferia. Questo criterio è allo stesso tempo inefficiente e classista, e credo abbia conseguenze nefaste sulla &lt;a href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/italia-societa-feudale.html"&gt;mobilità sociale&lt;/a&gt;, oramai praticamente nulla in Italia. Eppure sarebbe facile stabilire test di ammissione e criteri basati sul merito anche per i licei, come avviene per le università. Ecco una semplice riforma a costo zero per il nuovo Ministro dell'Istruzione (basterebbe probabilmente una circolare ministeriale)!&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-2656598135026729520?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/_sm2CS9iOSo" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/2656598135026729520/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/licei-una-iberalizzazione-costo-zero.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/2656598135026729520?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/2656598135026729520?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/_sm2CS9iOSo/licei-una-iberalizzazione-costo-zero.html" title="Licei: Una Liberalizzazione a costo zero" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/licei-una-iberalizzazione-costo-zero.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DEYMQH4_eip7ImA9WhRVE0U.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-5388620465907823406</id><published>2012-01-12T16:04:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2012-01-12T17:36:21.042+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-12T17:36:21.042+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Global Economy" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Economist Survey" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="US" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Europe" /><title>A Brighter Future? A Global Poll</title><content type="html">
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Dk1biNqfuVA/Tw7PHOMZEUI/AAAAAAAAB8c/NTx6mN3POYc/s1600/dukas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="344" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Dk1biNqfuVA/Tw7PHOMZEUI/AAAAAAAAB8c/NTx6mN3POYc/s400/dukas.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Table 1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
Dukascopy, a Swiss Forex Bank, runs&amp;nbsp; a monthly Survey on Global and Regional Economic Developments by asking a panel of&amp;nbsp; international "experts" and researchers (including myself) based in several Universities around the world (*),&amp;nbsp; how they see developments in EU, US&amp;amp;Canada and Asia. Numbers below 0.5 mean negative outlooks (0 being the worse) and above 0.5 mean poitive outlooks (1 being the best).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Relatively to the November Poll, the overall index on the current outlook improved slightly (from .38 to .43), thanks to more optimistic assesments 
of the US , with EU and Asia almost unchanged.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The panel see the global economy staying in the current&amp;nbsp; "moderately negative" situation (Table 1) for at least 6 months, and to improving gradually over the next 3 years. Yet things are quite different across different areas. The&amp;nbsp; dim situation in EU is perceived to worsen in the next 6 months and to remain quite (but not as) bad over the next 3 years. The forecasts' standard deviation is the lowest for EU, indicating relatively little disagreemnt over this scenario. Asia is doing fine according to experts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
There are two interesting features in the Polls results. The first is that the experts' forecasts&amp;nbsp; qualitatively agree with the IMF scenario presented in the latest World Economic Outlook. The second is that the forecasts seem to&amp;nbsp; reflect a "pessimistic bias" to to "foreign (i.e. non local) experts" (see Table 2). It turns out that Europeanss are consididerably less bearish on the EU economy than non Europeans, and a similarly Americans more bullish than non Americans on the Noth American economy).&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-c_Dvvnuyg1g/Tw7rlCF-s7I/AAAAAAAAB8s/DLr8nG_mmQ0/s1600/dukas2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="81" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-c_Dvvnuyg1g/Tw7rlCF-s7I/AAAAAAAAB8s/DLr8nG_mmQ0/s640/dukas2.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Table 2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Let's hope that we locals know better..&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*) Australian National University, Cornell University, Deakin University, Dublin City University, Edinburgh Napier University, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Manchester Business School, Monash University, Nanjing University, Natioonal University of Singapore, New York University, Saint Louis University, Santa Clara University, Singapore Management University, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, University of Colorado, University of Western Ontario, University of Connecticut, University of Pennsylvania, University of Arizona, University of Minnesota, University of Oregon, University of Groningen, University of Mannheim, University of Lugano, University of Bologna, University of New South Wales, University of Sydney, University of London, Uppsala University.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-5388620465907823406?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/hPxL0wTn16g" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/5388620465907823406/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/brighter-future-global-poll.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/5388620465907823406?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/5388620465907823406?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/hPxL0wTn16g/brighter-future-global-poll.html" title="A Brighter Future? A Global Poll" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Dk1biNqfuVA/Tw7PHOMZEUI/AAAAAAAAB8c/NTx6mN3POYc/s72-c/dukas.jpg" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/brighter-future-global-poll.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;C0UFQng9eSp7ImA9WhRVEkw.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-4534410084069535150</id><published>2012-01-10T14:49:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2012-01-10T17:00:13.661+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-10T17:00:13.661+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Romania" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Berlusconi" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="italy" /><title>Berlusconi explained to Romanians</title><content type="html">
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&lt;span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"&gt;&lt;span title="Premierul Monti a anunţat noi măsuri de liberalizare şi susţinere a concurenţei în sectoare cheie ale economiei şi industriei, pentru a întări creşterea economică."&gt;(Interview to Matei Dobrovie, of&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"&gt;&lt;span title="Premierul Monti a anunţat noi măsuri de liberalizare şi susţinere a concurenţei în sectoare cheie ale economiei şi industriei, pentru a întări creşterea economică."&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.adevarul.ro/international/foreign_policy/europa_fp/si-a-pierdut-Italia-competitivitatea-economica_0_624537760.html"&gt;Adevarul,&lt;/a&gt; Romenia. "How Italy lost its economic competitveness" , 9/1/2012 Google translation) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"&gt;&lt;span title="Premierul Monti a anunţat noi măsuri de liberalizare şi susţinere a concurenţei în sectoare cheie ale economiei şi industriei, pentru a întări creşterea economică."&gt;PM
 Monti announced new measures to support the liberalization and 
competition in key sectors of the economy and industry to enhance 
economic growth. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Italia a pierdut competiţia high-tech cu SUA, Japonia, China şi India şi pierde şi din cauză că puterea lobby-urilor pe plan intern este foarte mare şi în multe domenii nu prea există competiţie."&gt;Italy
 has lost high-tech competition with the U.S., Japan, China and India 
and is short of steam because domestic lobbies are powerful and hinder competition in many areas 
of the economy. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Monopolurile din domenii precum cel al serviciilor creează mari obstacole pentru firmele mici, spune economistul italian Paolo Manasse într-un interviu pentru FP România."&gt;Monopolies
 in areas such as services create major obstacles for small firms, says 
Paolo Manasse, an Italian economist in an interview for FP Romania.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span title="Ce mai ţine Italia în G8?"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span title="Ce mai ţine Italia în G8?"&gt;What keeps Italy in the G8? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Care sunt slăbiciunile structurale şi punctele forte ale economiei sale?"&gt;What are the structural weaknesses and strengths of its economy?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span title="După cum ştiţi Italia este cea de-a treia putere economică din lume din punctul de vedere al PIB-ului."&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"&gt;&lt;span title="După cum ştiţi Italia este cea de-a treia putere economică din lume din punctul de vedere al PIB-ului."&gt;As you know Italy is the seventh economic power in the world in terms of GDP. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Acest lucru se datorează unei tradiţii industriale solide într-o serie de domenii precum industria automobilă, de camioane şi mecanica."&gt;This is due to a strong industrial tradition in a number of areas such as car industry, truck and mechanics. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="În aceste sectoare, Italia este unul dintre principalii exportatori."&gt;In these sectors, Italy is one of the leading exporters. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Italienii sunt buni şi la textile şi fashion, dar chiar dacă acestea sunt sectoare foarte cunoscute nu sunt atât de importante precum industria automobilă, a componentelor, a utilajelor agricole."&gt;The
 Italians are good and the textile and fashion industry, but even if they are 
well-known sectors theys are not as important as the car industry, components, 
agricultural machinery. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Acesta este sectorul cel mai mare pentru export."&gt;This is the largest export sector. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Şi apoi avem puncte forte mai fancy precum design-ul şi turismul, dar şi industria farmaceutică şi chimică."&gt;And then we have strengths in fashin , design and tourism, as well as pharmaceutical and chemical industry. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Exportăm mult în Europa, mai ales în Franţa şi Germania, dar şi în SUA."&gt;We export more to Europe, especially France and Germany, but also in the U.S. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Înainte eram tari şi în alte sectoare hi-tech."&gt;Before Italy had had important other hi-tech sectors. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Aveam o industrie IT puternică...Olivetti era un lider în această industrie."&gt;It had a strong IT industry, Olivetti was a leader in the industry. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Produceam şi avioane civile pentru export, dar în ultimii 20 de ani nu am fost capabili să concurăm cu SUA şi Japonia, aşa că am pierdut acest avantaj comparativ."&gt;We
 manufacture and export civil aircraft, but in the last 20 years Italy 
was not able to compete with the U.S and Japan, so it lost this 
comparative advantage.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Aceasta este originea problemelor noastre din prezent: faptul că n-am fost capabili să ţinem pasul cu competiţia în sectoarele high-tech."&gt;This is the origin of our problems today: the fact that Italy was not able to keep up with competition in high-tech sectors. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Am suferit de pe urma competiţiei făcute de India şi China, care au devenit foarte puternice în această producţie standardizată de automobile, de maşini de spălat."&gt;It
 suffered from the competition from India and China, which became 
very strong in the standardized&amp;nbsp; productions such as cars, washing machines.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"&gt;&lt;span title="Am suferit de pe urma competiţiei făcute de India şi China, care au devenit foarte puternice în această producţie standardizată de automobile, de maşini de spălat."&gt;The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Economia italiană şi-a pierdut competitivitatea şi din cauza creşterii costurilor de producţie."&gt;Italian economy has lost competitiveness because of rising production costs. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Ea se baza pe multiple IMM-uri care în anii '60 şi '70 erau un atu pentru că modelul industrial era foarte flexibil şi capabil să se adapteze la condiţii schimbătoare."&gt;It
 was based on multiple SMEs in the 60s and 70s when this 
industrial model was &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"&gt;&lt;span title="Ea se baza pe multiple IMM-uri care în anii '60 şi '70 erau un atu pentru că modelul industrial era foarte flexibil şi capabil să se adapteze la condiţii schimbătoare."&gt;an asset for it was &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"&gt;&lt;span title="Ea se baza pe multiple IMM-uri care în anii '60 şi '70 erau un atu pentru că modelul industrial era foarte flexibil şi capabil să se adapteze la condiţii schimbătoare."&gt;very flexible and able to adapt to changing 
conditions. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Apoi odată cu noile tehnologii moderne şi avansate, a fost nevoie de investiţii mari iar costurile fixe pentru producţia la scară largă au crescut, astfel încât industria bazată pe IMM-uri a devenit o limitare."&gt;Then
 with new and advanced technologies, it took large investment and fixed 
costs as production scale increased, so that an industry based on SMEs has 
become a limitation. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Problema acestor întreprinderi este că le este greu să crească şi să fie competitive într-o economie globalizată."&gt;The problem is that these companies find it difficult to grow and be competitive in a globalized economy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Apoi am avut o problemă politică cu gestionarea aparatului de stat."&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"&gt;&lt;span title="Apoi am avut o problemă politică cu gestionarea aparatului de stat."&gt;Then Italy had a problem with the fiscal policy. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="La sfârşitul anilor '70, începutul anilor '80, Italia a început să cumuleze o mare datorie, trecând de la 60% din PIB la 120% în 10 ani."&gt;In the late '70s, early '80s, Italy began to accumulate a large debt, moving from 60% to 120% of GDP in 10 years. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Atunci a apărut ideea aceasta de a combate recesiunea prin expansiune financiară."&gt;Then the idea was to fight the recession through financial expansion. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Apoi la sfârşitul anilor '90 au existat tentative parţial reuşite de a reduce datoria publică pentru a intra în zona euro."&gt;Then in the late 90s there were partially successful attempts to reduce public debt to enter the euro area. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Între 1995 şi 2000 a avut loc o consolidare fiscală iar rata datoriei publice a fost redusă la 100% din PIB."&gt;Between 1995 and 2000 there wasa fiscal consolidation and public debt ratio was reduced to 100% of GDP.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Dar odată cu venirea la putere a primului cabinet Berlusconi şi odată intraţi în eurozonă, disciplina fiscală a fost relaxată iar datoria a crescut din nou şi a atins iar nivelul de 120% din PIB."&gt;But
 with the arrival of the first Berlusconi cabinet and once Italy entered the
 eurozone, fiscal discipline was relaxed and the debt increased again 
and reached 120% of GDP. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Odată cu declanşarea crizei datoriilor suverane în SUA şi în Europa, acest nivel mare al datoriei a devenit o sursă de vulnerabilitate pentru că investitorii străini au început să se teamă de un scenariu grec."&gt;With
 the debt crisis in the U.S. and Europe, this high level of debt 
has become a source of vulnerability as&amp;nbsp; foreign investors began to fear 
the Greek scenario.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"&gt;&lt;span title="Odată cu declanşarea crizei datoriilor suverane în SUA şi în Europa, acest nivel mare al datoriei a devenit o sursă de vulnerabilitate pentru că investitorii străini au început să se teamă de un scenariu grec."&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span title="Care e dimensiunea economică a berlusconismului?"&gt;What is the economic dimension of "Berlusconism"?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span title="Am avut patru guverne Berlusconi din 1994 încoace şi este clar că în mandatele lui datoria per capita a crescut mai rapid decât în perioadele de guvernare de stânga."&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"&gt;&lt;span title="Am avut patru guverne Berlusconi din 1994 încoace şi este clar că în mandatele lui datoria per capita a crescut mai rapid decât în perioadele de guvernare de stânga."&gt;We
 had four governments since 1994 Berlusconi and it is clear that the debt per capita has grown faster than in these periods than during the left-wing governments. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Principala problemă este însă că Berlusconi a fost ales pe baza promisiunilor sale că va reforma ţara, că va reduce birocraţia, că va liberaliza piaţa de bunuri şi cea a serviciilor, că va reduce taxele şi cheltuielile publice, că va reduce implicarea statului în economie,"&gt;The
 main problem is that Berlusconi was elected based on promises that he 
will reform the country, that he will reduce bureaucracy, will 
liberalize the market of goods and services, that&amp;nbsp; will reduce taxes and 
public spending,&amp;nbsp; that will reduce the state involvement in the economy, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="lucruri pe care oamenii şi le-au dorit."&gt;things that people wanted &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Iar acum nivelul taxelor, ca procent din PIB, e mai mare ca oricând în jur de 44% iar nivelul cheltuielilor publice se ridică la un record peste 45% din PIB."&gt;And
 now the tax revenues&amp;nbsp; as a percentage of GDP, is greater than ever about 44% and 
the level of public spending amounts to a record 45% of GDP. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Nu a avut loc nicio liberalizare."&gt;There had been no liberalization. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Să nu mai vorbim de corupţie şi de evaziune fiscală."&gt;Not to mention corruption and tax evasion. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Mai ales bogaţii nu-şi plătesc taxele către stat."&gt;Especially the rich do not pay taxes. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Berlusconi a promis mult, dar nu sa ţinut de promisiuni."&gt;Berlusconi has promised much, but kept none of his promises.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Acum avem un paradox: după o guvernare de centru-dreapta avem mai multă birocraţie şi mai mult stat, mai multe taxe şi o datorie mai mare."&gt;Now we have a paradox: after a center-right government we have more bureaucracy and more state, more taxes and more debt. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Pe lângă asta berlusconismul a dăunat cultural societăţii italiene."&gt;Besides, Berlusconism damaged Italian society culturally. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Un guvern liberal sau conservator ar fi pus accent pe ideea de meritocraţie, competiţie astfel încât cei care sunt capabili, dar nu sunt bogaţi, să reuşească şi ei."&gt;Liberal
 or Conservative government should put emphasis on the idea of 
​​meritocracy, competition so that those who are able, but not rich, can succeed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Dar pentru Berlusconi meritul na contat niciodată."&gt;But with Berlusconi merit never mattered. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Chiar şi oamenii săi şi ia ales doar pe bază de loialitate faţă de el."&gt;Even his choices of the people to work with were&amp;nbsp; only based to loyalty to him. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="A trimis femei frumoase în parlament."&gt;He sent beautiful women in Parliament. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Mesajul pe care la transmis întregii ţări, şi prin televiziunile pe care le deţine, a fost că ce contează este loialitatea faţă de şef."&gt;The message presented to the entire country, particularly thropugh his televisions, was that what matters is loyalty to the boss. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Au devenit faimoşi şi vedete tot felul de oameni lipsiţi de orice merite.Mesajul transmis societăţii a fost: Nu contează că munceşti din greu, că eşti capabil, ci relaţiile pe care le ai."&gt;All sort of people &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"&gt;&lt;span title="Au devenit faimoşi şi vedete tot felul de oameni lipsiţi de orice merite.Mesajul transmis societăţii a fost: Nu contează că munceşti din greu, că eşti capabil, ci relaţiile pe care le ai."&gt;without any merit became famous. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"&gt;&lt;span title="Au devenit faimoşi şi vedete tot felul de oameni lipsiţi de orice merite.Mesajul transmis societăţii a fost: Nu contează că munceşti din greu, că eşti capabil, ci relaţiile pe care le ai."&gt;The message sent to firms and workers was: It does not matter if you work hard, you are 
able, what matters is&amp;nbsp; the connections you have. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="O să fie nevoie de câţiva ani pentru a schimba această mentalitate în societatea italiană."&gt;You'll need several years to change this mentality in Italian society.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span title="Sunt măsurile de austeritate suficiente pentru a reduce uriaşa datorie a Italiei sau va fi Italia următoarea Grecie?"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span title="Sunt măsurile de austeritate suficiente pentru a reduce uriaşa datorie a Italiei sau va fi Italia următoarea Grecie?"&gt;Are the Austerity measures sufficient to reduce the huge debt , or will be Italy be the next Greece?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span title="Depinde de reacţia pieţelor la aceste măsuri."&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"&gt;&lt;span title="Depinde de reacţia pieţelor la aceste măsuri."&gt;It depends on market reaction to these measures. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Deocamdată reacţia este pozitivă."&gt;So far the reaction is positive. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Şi chiar înainte ca Monti să preia guvernarea, bugetul nostru era aproape echilibrat, dacă nu luăm în calcul dobânzile."&gt;And even before Monti was appointed to government, our budget was almost balanced, if we esclude interest payments. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Mă refer la balanţa primară, diferenţa dintre cheltuielile guvernamentale (care nu includeau dobânzile) şi veniturile din taxe."&gt;I refer to the primary balance, the difference between government spending (not including interest) and income taxes. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Întregul deficit fiscal se datora dobânzilor acumulate la datoria veche."&gt;Thr entire fiscal deficit is due to accrued interest on old debt. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Şi poţi să creşti taxele, să reduci cheltuielile publice, dar nu poţi să scapi de datorie imediat."&gt;And you can raise taxes, reduce public expenditure, but can not get rid of debt immediately. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Este nevoie de timp mai ales pentru că la o datorie aşa mare de 120% din PIB orice creştere a ratei dobânzii poate avea consecinţe serioase."&gt;It
 takes time, particularly because with so large a debt,&amp;nbsp; 120% of GDP, any 
increase in interest rates may have serious consequences.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Din vară, odată cu scandalurile în care a fost implicat Berlusconi, opoziţia înâmpinată chiar din partea unora din propria majoritate, investitorii s-au speriat iar rata dobânzii la bondurile italiene cu o durată de maturitate de 5 ani a crescut de la 2,5%"&gt;In
 the summer, when scandals Berlusconi erupted has been involved, and facing opposition from within its majority, investors were scared and the 
interest rate on Italian bonds with a duration of 5 years maturity 
increased from 2.5% &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="la 7%."&gt;to 7%. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="O astfel de creştere îţi poate arunca în aer deficitul pentru că te îndatorezi tot mai mult pentru a plăti dobânda."&gt;Such an increase can you blow up the deficit for incurring debt to pay more and more interest. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="A fost o criză de încredere în capacitatea sistemului politic de a reduce datoria mare."&gt;It was a crisis of confidence in the political system's ability to reduce high debt.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Acum speranţa este că măsurile lui Monti vor fi aprobate de Parlament, ceea ce ar da un important semnal politic..."&gt;Now the hope is that Monti's measures will be approved by Parliament, which would give an important political signal ... &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Lucrurile s-ar putea schimba atunci şi pentru acelaşi motiv pentru care dobânda a crescut de la 2% la 7% - încrederea, ea ar putea să scadă."&gt;Things may change when and for the same reason that interest has increased from 2% to 7% - confidence, it could decrease. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Italia nu este Grecia."&gt;Italy is not Greece. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Fundamentele ei economice sunt ok spre diferenţă de Grecia care avea la un moment dat un deficit de 20%, calculat ca diferenţă dintre încasări şi cheltuieli."&gt;Its
 economic fundamentals are ok, while Greece deficit at one 
time reached&amp;nbsp; 20% of GDP. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Noi suntem aproape de un deficit zero."&gt;We are close to a zero deficit. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Problema noastră este legată de dobânda pe care o plătim."&gt;Our problem is related to the interest payments.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Dacă vrem să convingem pieţele că sunt em serioşi în legătură cu reducerea datoriei, avem nevoie de nişte ajustări fiscale şi asta a făcut Monti."&gt;If we want to convince markets that are serious about reducing EM debt, we need some tax adjustments and so did Monti. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Desigur există pericolul ca economia să intre în recesiune, iar veniturile să scadă în timp ce cheltuielile pentru ajutoare de şomaj vor creşte."&gt;Of
 course there is a danger that the economy into recession and revenues 
to fall while unemployment benefits sand pending will increase. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Recesiunea nu face decât să înrăutăţească deficitul iar atunci poţi intra într-o spirală ca şi Grecia."&gt;The recession will only worsen the deficit, and then you get into a spiral as Greece.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Dar cred că planul fiscal al lui Monti este destul de bun pentru că nu va duce Italia într-o recesiune majoră."&gt;But I think Monti's fiscal plan is good enough that it will not lead Italy into a major recession. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Sunt optimist pentru că deşi vor exista nişte creşteri de taxe, vom asista la o reducere a cheltuielilor bugetare care n-au avut loc în perioada Berlusconi-Tremonti."&gt;I
 am optimistic because although there will be some tax increases, we see
 a reduction in expenditures that have not occurred during the 
Berlusconi-Tremonti. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Nu doar funcţionarii publici şi mai ales alegătorii stângii vor fi pedepsiţi, ci un număr mare de oameni de la stânga şi de la dreapta."&gt;Not only public employees and especially left-voters will be be required to tighten up, but a large number of people both of left and right. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Sunt afectaţi şi proprietarii de case, aşa că costurile sunt împărţite mai echitabil şi aceasta este condiţia sine qua non pentru ca italienii să accepte sacrificiile."&gt;Homeowners
 are also affected, so the costs are shared more equitably, and that is the 
condition sine qua non for the Italians to accept sacrifices.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span title="Contează faptul că Italia este o partidocraţie în explicarea crizelor economice recurente pe care le traversează ţara ?"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span title="Contează faptul că Italia este o partidocraţie în explicarea crizelor economice recurente pe care le traversează ţara ?"&gt;What is the reason for the current economic crisis in Italy?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span title="Are mai mult de a face cu ciclul de business."&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"&gt;&lt;span title="Are mai mult de a face cu ciclul de business."&gt;This has more to do with the business cycle. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Fiind o economie foarte deschisă, Italia se resimte ca urmare a încetinirii economice mondiale iar exporturile ei suferă atunci când pieţele sale externe nu se extind."&gt;Being
 a very open economy, Italy is felt as a result of global economic 
slowdown and exports suffer when they do not expand its foreign markets.
 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Problema este că lipsa de creştere a productivităţii în ultimii ani."&gt;The problem is that lack of productivity growth in recent years. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Acest lucru se datorează faptului că în Italia puterea lobby-urilor este foarte mare şi în multe domenii nu prea există competiţie."&gt;This is because the power of lobbies in Italy is very high and in many areas there is little competition. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Există monopoluri în domeniul serviciilor."&gt;There are monopolies in services. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Multe servicii sunt publice."&gt;Many public services are closed to competition. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="O parte a pieţei muncii nu este deloc flexibilă."&gt;Some segments of the labor market are&amp;nbsp; not flexible. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Există oligopoluri, care limitează accesul."&gt;There are oligopolies, which limited access. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Firmele mici au dificultăţi să intre pe aceste pieţe."&gt;Small businesses have difficulty entering these markets. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Sectorul bancar nu este competitiv."&gt;The banking sector is not competitive. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="E foarte greu pentru firmele tinere să aibă acces la finanţe, la credite şi să crească."&gt;It is very difficult for young companies to access finance, credit and grow.Many &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Toate companiile mari care blochează intrarea în anumite domenii."&gt;big companies block entry into certain areas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Există bariere şi în unele profesii precum cea de avocat."&gt;There are barriers in many professions such as lawyers. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Dacă nu eşti un insider nu ai acces chiar dacă eşti bun."&gt;If you are an outsider you do not have access even if you're good.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"&gt;&lt;span title="Dacă nu eşti un insider nu ai acces chiar dacă eşti bun."&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Paolo Manasse este profesor de economie la Universitatea Bologna."&gt;Paolo Manasse is a professor of economics at Bologna University.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-4534410084069535150?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/HqJqEiCvMT8" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/4534410084069535150/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/berlusconi-explained-to-romanians.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/4534410084069535150?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/4534410084069535150?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/HqJqEiCvMT8/berlusconi-explained-to-romanians.html" title="Berlusconi explained to Romanians" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/berlusconi-explained-to-romanians.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;CEcHSXc8fip7ImA9WhRWGEQ.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-7345764497760866735</id><published>2012-01-06T14:38:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2012-01-07T00:20:38.976+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-07T00:20:38.976+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Manasse" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Monti" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="tesi di laurea" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="calderoli" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Bocconi" /><title>Monti, il cotechino e la mia tesi</title><content type="html">
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/yFq3kj91T9w0EmgnaBFLG4HeLlA/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/yFq3kj91T9w0EmgnaBFLG4HeLlA/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/yFq3kj91T9w0EmgnaBFLG4HeLlA/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/yFq3kj91T9w0EmgnaBFLG4HeLlA/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Ho sempre apprezzato lo humour "British" di Mario Monti, ben esemplificata nel prezioso &lt;a href="http://t.co/015NWiua"&gt;comunicato stampa&amp;nbsp; &lt;/a&gt;con in quale il Primo Ministro ha&amp;nbsp; messo in ridicolo l'interrogazione di Calderoli (aka "porcellum") sulla presunta "festa a spese dei contribuenti", facendogli fare, potremmo dire di questi tempi, la figura del "cotechino".&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.notiziediprato.it/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/cotechino-lenticchie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="219" src="http://www.notiziediprato.it/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/cotechino-lenticchie.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Ne feci le spese anch'io, tanti anni fa durante il mio esame di laurea al DES della Bocconi. Accadde all'inizio della discussione della tesi ("Disavanzo pubblico e dinamica del tasso di cambio", relatore Fabrizio Onida, correlatori Franco Bruni e Mario Monti). Molto emozionato, misi i lucidi con le equazioni sul proiettore, esordendo con un improvvido "Spero di riuscire ad essere chiaro". Naturalmente avevo messo i lucidi al contrario, cosicchè il Prof Monti, scatenando l'ilarità dei presenti, mi interruppe con garbo : "Forse potrebbe riuscirci più facilmente se girasse i lucidi nel verso giusto.."&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-7345764497760866735?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/vZPV0fn5LkM" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/7345764497760866735/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/monti-il-cotechino-e-la-mia-tesi.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/7345764497760866735?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/7345764497760866735?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/vZPV0fn5LkM/monti-il-cotechino-e-la-mia-tesi.html" title="Monti, il cotechino e la mia tesi" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/monti-il-cotechino-e-la-mia-tesi.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;C0YFSHc8fSp7ImA9WhRWF0o.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-3041134713474961735</id><published>2012-01-05T14:45:00.002+01:00</published><updated>2012-01-05T14:45:19.975+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-05T14:45:19.975+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="bambina cinese" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="rapina a roma" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Joy" /><title>In Onore della Piccola Joy, Una Bambina Italiana</title><content type="html">
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/MOJGNM2V3f6bLqimaZvixcUl1ro/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/MOJGNM2V3f6bLqimaZvixcUl1ro/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/MOJGNM2V3f6bLqimaZvixcUl1ro/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/MOJGNM2V3f6bLqimaZvixcUl1ro/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.comune.seravezza.lucca.it/files/u4/lutto.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.comune.seravezza.lucca.it/files/u4/lutto.gif" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Aveva circa 6 mesi la piccola Joy, la bimba figlia di commercianti cinesi uccisa&amp;nbsp; ieri col padre in una sanguinosa rapina a Roma. Una bambina cinese, si è detto. Una bambina italiana, dico io. E' questa l'occasione perché il nostro Parlamento abbia un sussulto di dignità, e approvi, come auspicato dal Presidente della Repubblica, la cittadinanza per tutti coloro che sono&amp;nbsp; nati nel nostro Paese (lo &lt;i&gt;ius solis&lt;/i&gt;). E'&amp;nbsp; questione di civiltà.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-3041134713474961735?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/g7joTaMiac4" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/3041134713474961735/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/in-onore-della-piccola-joy-una-bambina.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/3041134713474961735?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/3041134713474961735?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/g7joTaMiac4/in-onore-della-piccola-joy-una-bambina.html" title="In Onore della Piccola Joy, Una Bambina Italiana" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/in-onore-della-piccola-joy-una-bambina.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;CEEFQ38_fyp7ImA9WhRWF0g.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-3262124852447270457</id><published>2012-01-05T09:35:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2012-01-05T09:36:52.147+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-05T09:36:52.147+01:00</app:edited><title>Monti e la Madre di tutte le riforme</title><content type="html">
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/kq-l6LZv59SaqI_QRzBzoXVDZcg/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/kq-l6LZv59SaqI_QRzBzoXVDZcg/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/kq-l6LZv59SaqI_QRzBzoXVDZcg/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/kq-l6LZv59SaqI_QRzBzoXVDZcg/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://downshiftingbaby.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/il-quarto-stato-missarianna-deviantart-com.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="273" src="http://downshiftingbaby.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/il-quarto-stato-missarianna-deviantart-com.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(da&lt;a href="http://www.linkiesta.it/licenziamenti-salari"&gt; Linkiesta&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp; 4/1/2011)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lmibstccvoE/TwVgGO1iRMI/AAAAAAAAB8U/6o_LfdSIoMo/s1600/Flexibility_color.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Se Mario Monti sarà ricordato come il salvatore d'Italia (dal default) o più semplicemente come un ben intenzionato professore di economia, dipenderà in gran parte dal successo della "Fase2". Nella "Fase 1", il governo si è posto l’obiettivo di adottare riforme "strutturali" volte a contenere in modo permanente il deficit di bilancio. La riforma delle pensioni e le misure fiscali anti-evasione s’inseriscono in questa logica. Il compito di "Fase 2" sarà molto più difficile: stimolare la crescita economica dopo quindici anni di stagnazione. Purtroppo un fallimento qui disintegrerà tutti benefici "Fase 1", poiché, a meno di un rimbalzo dell’economia reale, i tassi d’interesse non si ridurranno e si aprirà la strada che porta alla ristrutturazione del debito. La "madre di tutte le riforme" in Italia è la riforma del mercato del lavoro, un mercato “duale” in cui convivono lavoratori garantiti (in termini di diritti pensionistici, di sussidi di disoccupazione, di protezione dai licenziamenti, di assenze per malattia e maternità) con lavoratori (“precari”) sprovvisti di qualsiasi tutela. Ci sono almeno due aspetti politicamente "incandescenti" delle proposte di riforma sul tavolo. Il primo è la normativa di tutela dell'occupazione, in cui l’obiettivo delle riforme è di passare da un sistema che tutela i posti di lavoro (anche se obsoleti) a uno che sostenga il reddito dei lavoratori durante periodi di disoccupazione. Il secondo aspetto è la proposta di riformare il sistema di contrattazione salariale, sia prevedendo un contratto unico in cui le tutele aumentino nel tempo, sia decentrando la contrattazione in modo che i salari riflettano di più la produttività del lavoro a livello di stabilimento.&lt;br /&gt;
In quest’articolo sostengo due punti. Il primo è che la riforma della legislazione sulla protezione dell'occupazione (vale a dire meno vincoli di assunzione e al licenziamento per i lavoratori più protetti) è una riforma da cui ci si deve aspettare l'aumento della produttività del lavoro (che è esattamente l’obiettivo della “fase 2”), mentre non è detto che l'occupazione aumenti, almeno nel breve periodo. Il secondo punto è che se la riforma è introdotta nel corso di una recessione, allora l'unico modo in cui il governo può evitare un aumento potenzialmente dirompente della disoccupazione è di riformare anche il sistema salariale. Per sviluppare questi due punti mi servirò di un semplice “modello” (si veda il grafico in Appendice per un’esposizione più tecnica.) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Protezione dell’Occupazione &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Consideriamo un mondo in cui le imprese appartengano a due settori produttivi (A e B) e producono beni omogenei impiegando lavoro. Le imprese impiegano tanti più lavoratori quanto minore è il salario in termini reali. In ogni periodo ci sono shock produttività nelle imprese, legati al funzionamento degli impianti o all’impegno dei lavoratori, in modo che, per semplificare, quando la domanda di lavoro è alta nel settore A è bassa nel settore B, e viceversa. Con salari perfettamente flessibili e senza costi di assunzione/licenziamento (mercato flessibile) c'è sempre la piena occupazione, poiché i lavoratori possono velocemente passare dal settore a bassa produttività, che ne richiede meno, a quello a elevata produttività, che ne domanda di più. Possiamo paragonare questa situazione con quella in cui i costi di assunzione /licenziamento sono così alti che l'occupazione è congelata nei due settori (supponiamo anche che il salario reale sia rigidamente fissato dalla contrattazione nazionale). Supponiamo che inizialmente la maggior parte dei lavoratori sia impiegata nel settore A, quello che all’inizio presenta elevata produttività.  Uno shock negativo colpisce il settore A, riducendo la produttività e la domanda di lavoro, e uno positivo colpisce B, dove accade il contrario. Se i lavoratori impiegati nel settore A non possono spostarsi nel settore B, allora nell’economia si produrrà meno output rispetto al mercato flessibile, poiché troppi lavoratori rimangono impiegati nel settore a bassa produttività e troppo pochi in quello a elevata produttività. Si noti che il livello di occupazione, rispetto al “mercato flessibile”, è uguale, ma la rigidità del mercato del lavoro implica una perdita di produzione, reddito  e di produttività. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Riforma e Recessione&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Supponiamo ora che la riforma del regime di tutela dell’impiego sia fatte durante una recessione, quando la domanda di lavoro è bassa in entrambi i settori. Se i salari possono aggiustarsi, la diminuzione del salario reale assicura che le imprese assumano tutti i lavoratori disponibili. Tuttavia, se concediamo alle imprese la possibilità di licenziare/assumere senza costi ma il salario reale non si aggiusta per riflettere la minor produttività, le imprese con lavoratori in eccesso ne approfitteranno per licenziare senza che le altre imprese abbiano alcun incentivo ad assumere. La disoccupazione aumenterà. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Conclusioni&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/b&gt;Questo esercizio suggerisce che se il professor Monti vuole raccogliere i frutti di produttività derivanti dalla riforma della legislazione sulla protezione dell'impiego, dovrà allo stesso tempo mettere in atto una riforma del sistema di contrattazione salariale: altrimenti si verificherà un forte aumento della disoccupazione, che oltre a minacciare la coesione sociale, produrrà inevitabilmente una marcia indietro sulla riforma del lavoro e, con esso,  il fallimento della “Fase2” (e dell’Italia). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Appendice&lt;/b&gt; (si veda la Figura 1) &lt;br /&gt;
Consideriamo un mondo in cui le imprese appartengono a due settori produttivi (A e B) e producono beni omogenei impiegando lavoro.  La domanda di lavoro delle imprese A (B) è misurato dall’origine a sinistra OA (destra OB), ed è descritta da una scheda di domanda inclinata negativamente, in cui il numero di &lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lmibstccvoE/TwVgGO1iRMI/AAAAAAAAB8U/6o_LfdSIoMo/s1600/Flexibility_color.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lmibstccvoE/TwVgGO1iRMI/AAAAAAAAB8U/6o_LfdSIoMo/s1600/Flexibility_color.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;impiegati dipende negativamente dal salario reale. Le dimensioni della scatola è l'offerta di lavoro. Ogni periodo ci sono shock “idiosincratici” di produttività (alta, bassa H, L), in modo che quando la domanda di lavoro è alta nel settore A è bassa in B. Con salari (w) perfettamente flessibili e senza costi di assunzione /licenziamento c'è sempre la piena occupazione, poiché i lavoratori possono passare dal settore a bassa produttività a quello ad alta produttività. Quando la produttività è alta nel settore A e bassa in B, OA - L1 lavoratori sono impiegati nel settore A, e le restanti L1-OB sono impiegati in B (l'economia è al punto 1). Quando invece la produttività è bassa in A e alta in B siamo nel punto 2. Ora, paragoniamo questa situazione di “mercato flessibile” con quella in cui costi di assunzione/licenziamento sono così alti che l'occupazione è congelata nel punto 1 (supponiamo che e il salario reale sia fisso). Inizialmente siamo al punto 1, e uno shock negativo colpisce il settore A e uno positivo colpisce B. Che cosa succede? OA - L1 lavoratori sono congelati in A, mentre le imprese di B non possono assumere lavoratori oltre L1-OB. I lavoratori impiegati in A saranno allora pagati più della loro produttività (e le imprese di A potrebbero chiudere), mentre i lavoratori impiegati nel settore B saranno pagati meno della loro produttività. Ancora più importante, meno output e reddito sarà prodotto nell'economia, poiché troppi (troppo pochi) lavoratori sono impiegati settore a bassa (alta) produttività. Il livello di occupazione resta è inalterato rispetto al caso “flessibile”, ma la rigidità del mercato del lavoro implica una perdita di produzione, reddito e    produttività pari all'area del triangolo B2H.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-3262124852447270457?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/V7ugfnnoI_o" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/3262124852447270457/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/monti-e-la-madre-di-tutte-le-riforme.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/3262124852447270457?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/3262124852447270457?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/V7ugfnnoI_o/monti-e-la-madre-di-tutte-le-riforme.html" title="Monti e la Madre di tutte le riforme" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lmibstccvoE/TwVgGO1iRMI/AAAAAAAAB8U/6o_LfdSIoMo/s72-c/Flexibility_color.jpg" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/monti-e-la-madre-di-tutte-le-riforme.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;A0QNQXg4cCp7ImA9WhRWFk0.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-6665538361380202387</id><published>2012-01-03T11:36:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2012-01-03T17:49:50.638+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-03T17:49:50.638+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="euro" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="compleanno" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Pizza di fango" /><title>L'Euro e la Pizza di Fango del Camerun</title><content type="html">
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/GRk03j8kEjkYxGU2UwhEIIjEthA/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/GRk03j8kEjkYxGU2UwhEIIjEthA/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/GRk03j8kEjkYxGU2UwhEIIjEthA/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/GRk03j8kEjkYxGU2UwhEIIjEthA/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://27.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_laynxdtvY01qcx3bjo1_500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="299" src="http://27.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_laynxdtvY01qcx3bjo1_500.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Ho partecipato ieri ad una trasmissione (SkyTg24) il cui tema era il il decennale dell'introduzione dell'Euro. Che naturalmente aveva tutte le colpe del mondo. Ecco quattro delle sciocchezze più diffuse, emerse anche nella trasmissione (alle quali rispondo qui, non essendo riuscito a farlo li)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;per colpa dell'euro sono aumentati i prezzi&lt;/b&gt;.Ehi, i prezzi cambiano se cambiano le condizioni di domanda o quelle di offerta. L'Euro ha visto la collusione di settori non competitivi (commercio, servizi pubblici etc) nell'aumentare i prezzi: a questi va attribuita la responsabilità. I prezzi dei settori liberalizzati e concorrenziali (tariffe aeree) sono calati un sacco. In moltissimi paesi europei l'Euro non è coinciso con un aumento dei prezzi.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;inflazione "reale" maggiore di quella misurata dall'Istat&lt;/b&gt;. Se aumentano i prezzi dei beni non durevoli (alimentari) e calano quelli dei beni durevoli (computer), comprati una volta ogni 5 anni ad esempio,&amp;nbsp; l'indice Istat correttamente mostra aumenti inferiori rispetto all'inflazione percepita, che si basa sulle spese quotidiane.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;è colpa del governo che non ha fatto i controlli.&lt;/b&gt; Do you remember Mr Prezzo? In una economia di mercato i prezzi non si controllano. La colpa del governo è di non aver promosso la concorrenza. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;la colpa è della moneta da 1 Euro&lt;/b&gt;, se ci fosse stata un banconota al suo posto, i prezzi non sarebbero aumentarti così. Qualcuno è mai stato in quei paesi ad es.Africani, dove per comprare un sacchetto di caramelle ci vogliono fior di bigliettoni a 9 zeri? Lì sì che i prezzi corrono.. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
vedi qui
&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/z0IBPLI1xHs" width="420"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-6665538361380202387?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/1mUYBxmMz5g" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/6665538361380202387/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/leuro-e-la-pizza-di-fango-del-camerun.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/6665538361380202387?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/6665538361380202387?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/1mUYBxmMz5g/leuro-e-la-pizza-di-fango-del-camerun.html" title="L'Euro e la Pizza di Fango del Camerun" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://img.youtube.com/vi/z0IBPLI1xHs/default.jpg" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/leuro-e-la-pizza-di-fango-del-camerun.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;Dk8GRn8yeSp7ImA9WhRWFUU.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-5614196200027841675</id><published>2012-01-02T17:44:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2012-01-03T11:00:27.191+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-03T11:00:27.191+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Global Crisis" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="euro" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Banking Crisis" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ecb" /><title>Debating the Euro Crisis on The RealNewsNetwork</title><content type="html">
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/8Mkp3SRXBSOdsfHNSCfq7AOEUgs/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/8Mkp3SRXBSOdsfHNSCfq7AOEUgs/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/8Mkp3SRXBSOdsfHNSCfq7AOEUgs/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/8Mkp3SRXBSOdsfHNSCfq7AOEUgs/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Discussing the Euro Crisis and the Dangers of A Global Recession on The Real News Network from Washington DC
&lt;object classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0" width="460" height="278"&gt;&lt;param name="width" value="460"/&gt;&lt;param name="height" value="278"/&gt;&lt;param name="allowfullscreen" value="true"/&gt;&lt;param name="src" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/hWUGeYKFIKo&amp;fs=1&amp;rel=1&amp;showsearch=0" /&gt;&lt;embed type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/hWUGeYKFIKo&amp;fs=1&amp;hl=en&amp;showsearch=0" width="460" height="278"  allowfullscreen="true"&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;a href="http://therealnews.com/"&gt;More at The Real News&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-5614196200027841675?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/v6W8cRfXQUo" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/5614196200027841675/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/debating-euro-crisis-on-trnn.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/5614196200027841675?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/5614196200027841675?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/v6W8cRfXQUo/debating-euro-crisis-on-trnn.html" title="Debating the Euro Crisis on The RealNewsNetwork" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2012/01/debating-euro-crisis-on-trnn.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DkEMRHY4cSp7ImA9WhRWE0g.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-756609703947688694</id><published>2011-12-31T19:03:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2011-12-31T19:04:45.839+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-12-31T19:04:45.839+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="italy" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="happy new year" /><title>Happy New Year..</title><content type="html">
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/_suUs80NfCKceAR41cfUHEZpR2s/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/_suUs80NfCKceAR41cfUHEZpR2s/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/_suUs80NfCKceAR41cfUHEZpR2s/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/_suUs80NfCKceAR41cfUHEZpR2s/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.gardalake.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/fireworks-9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="480" src="http://www.gardalake.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/fireworks-9.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
..to all the readers of this blog, which has just entered it's third year of life.&lt;br /&gt;
Best,&lt;br /&gt;
pm&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-756609703947688694?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/DAbanrR1IEM" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/756609703947688694/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2011/12/happy-new-year.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/756609703947688694?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/756609703947688694?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/DAbanrR1IEM/happy-new-year.html" title="Happy New Year.." /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2011/12/happy-new-year.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DkQHR3s_fSp7ImA9WhRWEko.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-2611208853381047958</id><published>2011-12-30T19:16:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2011-12-30T20:45:36.545+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-12-30T20:45:36.545+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Monti" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="short Term Bond" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Market Confidence" /><title>The Confidence is now on Short Term</title><content type="html">
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/PL072MdXPxn-pOQ7DC1Moc0bgQ4/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/PL072MdXPxn-pOQ7DC1Moc0bgQ4/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/PL072MdXPxn-pOQ7DC1Moc0bgQ4/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/PL072MdXPxn-pOQ7DC1Moc0bgQ4/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://pliki.biurofestiwalowe.pl/news/o/2_1874_rzeczpospolita-on-jenny-holzer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="161" src="http://pliki.biurofestiwalowe.pl/news/o/2_1874_rzeczpospolita-on-jenny-holzer.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Here is a (Google) translation of my interview with Anna&amp;nbsp; Słojewska of Polish &lt;a href="http://www.rp.pl/artykul/784544.html"&gt;Rzeczpospolita&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
-------------&lt;br /&gt;
Paolo Manasse, Professor of Economics, University of Bologna&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One day investors are fightingto buy the Italian short-term securities, but they do not want to buy another 10-year bonds. How to evaluate the market today in Italy?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paolo Manasse: &lt;i&gt;Market signals are clear. Prime Minister Mario Monti obtained the confidence&amp;nbsp; from investors in the short term. But when it comes to the consequences of his actions in the long term, the picture is still unclear. Coming weeks will show whether the Prime Minister structural&amp;nbsp; key reforms of the second phase of his economic plan. If he succeeds, the market will gain confidence in Italy.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The profitability of 10-year bonds fluctuates all the time around 7 percent. This is the level at which the insolvency numerous other countries in the euro area took place. Some argue that Italy will not tolerate these levels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;PM: The ability to service obligations depends on three factors. The first is the nominal yield of securities - this is now very high. The second is inflation, which, should it increase may offsets the negative effects of high yields. The risks associated to high inflation is now limited at the current policies of the European Central Bank. Finally, it depends on economic growth. The larger the GDP, the smaller is the burden of debt reltive to GDP. The rate of growth now depends on what the measures the Italian government will take and the success of the reforms of Prime Minister Monti.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-2611208853381047958?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/snRfvaMRkz8" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/2611208853381047958/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2011/12/confidence-is-now-on-short-term.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/2611208853381047958?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/2611208853381047958?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/snRfvaMRkz8/confidence-is-now-on-short-term.html" title="The Confidence is now on Short Term" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2011/12/confidence-is-now-on-short-term.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;AkUNRHo8eSp7ImA9WhRWEks.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-4748090899658119434</id><published>2011-12-30T19:04:00.003+01:00</published><updated>2011-12-30T19:04:55.471+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-12-30T19:04:55.471+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Monti" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Phase 2" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Paolo Manasse" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="El Pais" /><title>From El Pais</title><content type="html">
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/4aH9rkkvlIFcywuNbhkssrUXU-g/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/4aH9rkkvlIFcywuNbhkssrUXU-g/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/4aH9rkkvlIFcywuNbhkssrUXU-g/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/4aH9rkkvlIFcywuNbhkssrUXU-g/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.enricoletta.it/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/el_pais.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="235" src="http://www.enricoletta.it/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/el_pais.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
An interesting&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/28/actualidad/1325104655_477325.html"&gt; article&lt;/a&gt; (in Spanish) on Monti 's Phase 2 in El Pais,&amp;nbsp; mentionioning my contribution with Giulio Trigilia on the &lt;a href="http://www.lavoce.info/articoli/pagina1002696.html"&gt;lavoce&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-4748090899658119434?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/hNPAupAM4cM" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/4748090899658119434/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2011/12/from-el-pais.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/4748090899658119434?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/4748090899658119434?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/hNPAupAM4cM/from-el-pais.html" title="From El Pais" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2011/12/from-el-pais.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;C0IEQns-eSp7ImA9WhRWFko.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-8137692060292046505</id><published>2011-12-27T18:55:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2012-01-04T11:05:03.551+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2012-01-04T11:05:03.551+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Monti" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Labor Market Reform" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="wage rigidity" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="italy" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Employment protection legislation" /><title>Monti and the "Mother of All Reforms"</title><content type="html">
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/LhpaTZ3SQRktTl9AJ4Pe1VODY-w/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/LhpaTZ3SQRktTl9AJ4Pe1VODY-w/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/LhpaTZ3SQRktTl9AJ4Pe1VODY-w/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/LhpaTZ3SQRktTl9AJ4Pe1VODY-w/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://downshiftingbaby.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/il-quarto-stato-missarianna-deviantart-com.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="273" src="http://downshiftingbaby.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/il-quarto-stato-missarianna-deviantart-com.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
(wonkish)&lt;br /&gt;
Whether Mario Monti will be remembered as Italy’s savior (from default) or as just another well-meaning economics professor,&amp;nbsp; will largely depend on the government's "Phase2". In "Phase 1", the government aimed at adopting "structural" reforms that would durably curb the budget deficit. The pension reform, the property tax&amp;nbsp; and and the anti tax-evasion measures were the prominent means to this end&amp;nbsp; (see&lt;a href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2011/12/mario-montis-last-bet.html"&gt; here&lt;/a&gt;). The task for "Phase 2" will be much harder: to spur economic growth after 15 years of stagnation. A failure here will disintegrate the benefits from "Phase 1"and prompt the country into default. The "mother of all reforms" in Italy is the reform of the labor market, where largely protected (in terms of pension rights, of unemployment benefits, maternity leave, employment protection) workers, mostly senior and blue collar in industry and public sector, coexist with totally unguaranteed&amp;nbsp; workers, mostly young/females employed in services. There are at least two politically "hot" issues here: the first is the employment protection legislation, where reformers want to move&amp;nbsp; from a system&amp;nbsp; protecting (obsolete) jobs to one that would assist workers&amp;nbsp; during unemployment spells (the&amp;nbsp; so-called "flexicurity"); the second is the adoption of a more decentralized wage-bargaining system where wages reflect productivity more closely, possibly at the plant level.&lt;br /&gt;
This colums makes the following&amp;nbsp; points. The first is that &lt;b&gt;reforming the employment protection legislation &lt;/b&gt;(i.e less constraints on hirings and firings) &lt;b&gt;is about increasing labor productivity and output&lt;/b&gt; (which is exactly the reason why Monti should do it), and &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; about increasing employment. The second is that if &lt;b&gt;employment protections are reduced during a recession, then the only way the government can avoid a potentially disruptive rise in unemployment is to reform the wage bargaining system at the same time &lt;/b&gt;(so that wages can adjust downward). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Let's consider the simple framework of Figure 1, where firms belong to two sectors (A, in blue,&amp;nbsp; 
and B in red);&amp;nbsp; they produce and sell an homogeneous output by employing labor (which is homogeneous and mobile across firms). 
The labor demand of firms A (B) is measured from O&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp; (O&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;B&lt;/span&gt; ) to the right (left) on the x-axis. The size of the box is the labor supply. Every period, in "normal times",&amp;nbsp; there are idiosyncratic productivity shocks (high, H or low, L) in each sector, so that when labor demand is high in sector&amp;nbsp; A (schedule &lt;a href="http://www.codecogs.com/eqnedit.php?latex=L_%7BA%7D%5E%7BH%7D" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img src="http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?L_%7BA%7D%5E%7BH%7D" title="L_{A}^{H}" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; ),&amp;nbsp; it is low in firms B and viceversa. With perfectly flexible wages (w) and no hiring/firing costs, there is always full employment, as workers move from the low to the high productivity sector. When productivity is high in sector A and low in B, O&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;A &lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;- L1 workers are employed in sector A, and the remaining&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; L1 -&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;are employed in B, so the economy is at point 1. When the sectors' situation is reversed, workers move from A to B firms, to point 2. Now compare this situation with one where firing/ hiring cost are so high that employment cannot adiust (and the real wage is fixed at w). Initially we are at point 1, a negative shock hits sector A and a positive one hits B. If &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;A &lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;- L1 workers are forzen in A, sector B cannot expand employment above&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;L1 -&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;B.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Hemce, workers in sector A will be paid &lt;i&gt;more&lt;/i&gt; than their marginal product (and firms in A may go bust) while workers in B will be paid &lt;i&gt;less&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;More crucially, less output would be produced in the economy, since too few (many) workers are employed in the high (low) productivity sector. &lt;i&gt;Employment is unaffected&lt;/i&gt;, but &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;the labor market rigidity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; delivers a &lt;i&gt;loss in output, productivity and real incomes &lt;/i&gt;that is&amp;nbsp; equal the area of the triangle B2H. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-P08kdMcON_M/TvuA2vVEMBI/AAAAAAAAB8I/U3TfFudbkwE/s1600/Flexibility_color.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-P08kdMcON_M/TvuA2vVEMBI/AAAAAAAAB8I/U3TfFudbkwE/s1600/Flexibility_color.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Now suppose that the reform of the employment protection legislation is enacted during a "recession", when the labor demand is low in&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt; both&lt;/i&gt; sectors. If wages could adjust,&amp;nbsp; the economy would move from the initial point 1 to point H where&amp;nbsp; the real wage falls so to ensure that the labor force is fully employed. However, if firms can freely fire/hire &lt;i&gt;but the real wage does&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; adjust (partial reform), &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;firms in sector A will shed L1-L2 workers and employ only O&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;A &lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;- L2 workers, and firms in B will still employ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;L1 - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;, so that the L2-L1 workers fired in sector A will become unemployed.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
This exercise suggests that if&amp;nbsp; Monti wants to reap the producitvity gains of a reform in the employment protection legislation,&amp;nbsp; during the present recession, he must simultaneously enact a reform of the wage bargaining system: a partial reform will otherwise raise unemployment,&amp;nbsp; threatening social cohesion, and will likely result in a roll-back the reform drive. A half-baked labor market reform will likely back-fire.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-8137692060292046505?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/EwMwR9uqiD4" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/8137692060292046505/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2011/12/monti-and-mother-of-all-reforms.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/8137692060292046505?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/8137692060292046505?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/EwMwR9uqiD4/monti-and-mother-of-all-reforms.html" title="Monti and the &quot;Mother of All Reforms&quot;" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-P08kdMcON_M/TvuA2vVEMBI/AAAAAAAAB8I/U3TfFudbkwE/s72-c/Flexibility_color.jpg" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2011/12/monti-and-mother-of-all-reforms.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;DkIMQHY4fCp7ImA9WhRXGUo.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-8599762165417252187</id><published>2011-12-24T09:33:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2011-12-27T09:29:41.834+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-12-27T09:29:41.834+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Monti" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Reforms" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="italy" /><title>Letter to Mario Xmas</title><content type="html">
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/iUneiwonvsiYcgJE9yD9WZMijr8/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/iUneiwonvsiYcgJE9yD9WZMijr8/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/iUneiwonvsiYcgJE9yD9WZMijr8/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/iUneiwonvsiYcgJE9yD9WZMijr8/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;(from &lt;a href="http://www.economonitor.com/blog/2011/12/dear-mario-xmas/"&gt;roubini.com&lt;/a&gt; 25 Dec 2012)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-38UkDelqMIU/TsfOSJ6N_7I/AAAAAAAAAeM/XXeGehRk7uI/s1600/2452046581.2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-38UkDelqMIU/TsfOSJ6N_7I/AAAAAAAAAeM/XXeGehRk7uI/s1600/2452046581.2.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Dear Mario Xmas,&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;                           This year I have behaved quite well with the students, so I ask you bring me these reforms (knowing that you may not not satisfy many of these wishes, for reasons of political arithmetic). I would like you to bring me:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;·         the privatization of the Fondazioni Bancarie (Banking Foundations),  those  strange and unaccountable share-holders that politicians use to control banks &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         the abolition of professional associations orders (all) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         the privatization of RAI, the state television (preferably at least two channels), the abolition of the RAI tax, and the auction of all available frequencies &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·          the constitutional reform (the abolition of the “special statute”  Regions, the abolition of the Senate) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         the  alignment of all public salaries to those of a weighted average of OECD countries with similar per capita income (say, within one standard deviation, plus or minus) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·          the privatization of public utilities (electricity, gas, water) and the ban on local authorities to hold shares in those companies &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         the separation (to be proposed at European level) in the banking system,  of investment from retail banking &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         the  inclusion in the new property taxes of all the property used for economic activities (including those run bu the Church and other “benefic” entities) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·          the abolition of the legal value of the Laura degree, and the suppression of those universities whose scientific standards are inadequate,&amp;nbsp;         the link between quality of research and public funds &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         the liberalization of public transport (all) and the withdrawal and re-auctioning of all concessions (from motorways to  tax collection) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·          the abolition of subsidies to the press &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
·         the  reform of the labor market, of contracts and layoffs (I'd like to personally negotiate the conditions of my employment contract with my University, just as I could do abroad) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dear Mario, thank you very much. Despite of my age, I still believe in you. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yours faithfully,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paolo Manasse&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ps: I know this one is particularly difficult, but I would like to live in a country where my teacher of jazz piano, Franco D'andrea, voted the best European jazz musician in 2011 at the age of 70,  was more popular and rich than Sugar (Zucchero) Fornaciari, the rock singer.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-8599762165417252187?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/nSXqabVJBjg" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/8599762165417252187/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2011/12/letter-to-mario-xmas.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/8599762165417252187?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/8599762165417252187?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/nSXqabVJBjg/letter-to-mario-xmas.html" title="Letter to Mario Xmas" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-38UkDelqMIU/TsfOSJ6N_7I/AAAAAAAAAeM/XXeGehRk7uI/s72-c/2452046581.2.jpg" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2011/12/letter-to-mario-xmas.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;C04MQ3czfip7ImA9WhRXGE0.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-6943857866435950747</id><published>2011-12-24T09:03:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2011-12-25T09:33:02.986+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-12-25T09:33:02.986+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Monti" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="riforme strutturali" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Natale" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Italia" /><title>Letterina a Mario Natale</title><content type="html">
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/-bs8U2i1eEPhAveBeIrPsO7cYtA/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/-bs8U2i1eEPhAveBeIrPsO7cYtA/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/-bs8U2i1eEPhAveBeIrPsO7cYtA/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/-bs8U2i1eEPhAveBeIrPsO7cYtA/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-38UkDelqMIU/TsfOSJ6N_7I/AAAAAAAAAeM/XXeGehRk7uI/s1600/2452046581.2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-38UkDelqMIU/TsfOSJ6N_7I/AAAAAAAAAeM/XXeGehRk7uI/s1600/2452046581.2.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;pre style="font-family: inherit;" wrap=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Caro Mario Natale,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;pre style="font-family: inherit;" wrap=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;                          quest'anno mi sono comportato abbastanza bene con gli studenti, per cui ti chiedo ti portarmi queste riforme (sapendo che non potrai esaudire molti di questi desideri, per ragioni di aritmetica politica) . Vorrei&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;la privatizzazione delle fondazioni bancarie (questi strani centri di potere occulto e irresponsabile)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;l'abolizione degli ordini professionali (tutti)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;la privatizzazione della rai (preferibilmente di almeno due canali), l'abolizione del canone insieme alla messa all'asta delle frequenze&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; la riforma costituzionale (al primo punto l'abolizione delle regioni a statuto speciale, al secondo quella del senato, grazie, ma della camera delle regioni non sento il bisogno)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; l'allineamento di tutti gli stipendi pubblici a quelli di una media ponderata dei paesi OCSE che abbiano simile reddito procapite (diciamo entro una deviazione&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; standard, in più o in meno)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;la privatizzazione delle public utilities (elettricità, gas, acqua) ed il divieto di enti locali a detenere quote in tali società&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;la separazione (da proporre in sede europea) del sistema bancario tra attività di banca d'affari e di retail&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; l'inclusione nella nuova imposta IMU/ICI di tutti gli immobili utilizzati per attività a carattere oneroso/commerciale anche se svolte per fini nobili&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;l'abolizione del valore legale del titolo di studio, e la soppressione di quelle università pubbliche i cui standard scientifici risultino inadeguati,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;il collegamento (vero) tra qualità della ricerca e fondi pubblici&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;la liberalizzazione dei trasporti (tutti) e la revoca e messa all'asta di tutte le concessioni (dalle autostrade, a equitalia)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;l'abolizione dei sussidi alla stampa (senza e con S maiuscola)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;la riforma del mercato del lavoro, dei contratti e della cassa integrazione (mi piacerebbe poter negoziare in prima persona le condizioni del mio contratto di lavoro con l'Università, proprio come facevo all'estero)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Caro Mario, ti ringrazio e, nonostante la mia non più acerba età, continuo a credere in te. Il tuo &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Paolo Manasse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;(lay)&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;s&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;(tation): lo so che è difficile, ma, insomma, vorrei vivere in un paese dove il mio maestro di piano jazz, Franco D'andrea, votato miglior musicista jazz europeo nel 2011, a oltre settantanni, fosse più popolare e ricco di Zucchero. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;(&lt;a href="http://www3.lastampa.it/politica/sezioni/articolo/lstp/435709/"&gt;lastampa&lt;/a&gt; 24/12/2012)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-6943857866435950747?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/SkHgx7aEgxU" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/6943857866435950747/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2011/12/letterina-mario-natale.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/6943857866435950747?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/6943857866435950747?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/SkHgx7aEgxU/letterina-mario-natale.html" title="Letterina a Mario Natale" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-38UkDelqMIU/TsfOSJ6N_7I/AAAAAAAAAeM/XXeGehRk7uI/s72-c/2452046581.2.jpg" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2011/12/letterina-mario-natale.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;CUAFSXk_fCp7ImA9WhRXFko.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-4871080941359363610</id><published>2011-12-23T21:55:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2011-12-23T21:55:18.744+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-12-23T21:55:18.744+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="italy" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Banking Crisis" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Christmas" /><title>The Last Christmas</title><content type="html">
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/Y400FxB2-gl4uevRwhKGFxhMrls/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/Y400FxB2-gl4uevRwhKGFxhMrls/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/Y400FxB2-gl4uevRwhKGFxhMrls/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/Y400FxB2-gl4uevRwhKGFxhMrls/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.freechristmaswallpapers.net/images/wallpapers/Christmas-Tree-Nature1024-226431.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://www.freechristmaswallpapers.net/images/wallpapers/Christmas-Tree-Nature1024-226431.jpeg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Today I went into a shop to buy the last Xmas presents. I was in doubt whether to buy an extra one, and the shop-keeper, in order to encourage me said: "You know, you should really buy it. This is going to be our last Xmas, for sometime".&lt;br /&gt;
A pretty effective way to summarize the bleak mood around here...&lt;br /&gt;
Happy Xmas to everyone&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-4871080941359363610?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/dyduSeC6iP8" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/4871080941359363610/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2011/12/last-christmas.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/4871080941359363610?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/4871080941359363610?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/dyduSeC6iP8/last-christmas.html" title="The Last Christmas" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2011/12/last-christmas.html</feedburner:origLink></entry><entry gd:etag="W/&quot;A0MNSHkyeSp7ImA9WhRXFUs.&quot;"><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3095151431790916329.post-6743078387708922559</id><published>2011-12-22T15:25:00.002+01:00</published><updated>2011-12-22T16:58:19.791+01:00</updated><app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app">2011-12-22T16:58:19.791+01:00</app:edited><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Banche" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Europa" /><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="bce" /><title>BCE e Banche in Europa</title><content type="html">
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/v7xVmuEpOVsytf9ZkqmgKT5VwUE/0/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/v7xVmuEpOVsytf9ZkqmgKT5VwUE/0/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;a href="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/v7xVmuEpOVsytf9ZkqmgKT5VwUE/1/da"&gt;&lt;img src="http://feedads.g.doubleclick.net/~a/v7xVmuEpOVsytf9ZkqmgKT5VwUE/1/di" border="0" ismap="true"&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Intervista a &lt;a href="http://www.vloganza.tv/"&gt;Vloganza&lt;/a&gt;TV con Luciano Giovannetti
sui prestiti della BCE alle Banche Europee 

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/el-1Q75RzK4" width="420"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3095151431790916329-6743078387708922559?l=paolomanasse.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~4/jhUGoN6GA8M" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</content><link rel="replies" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/feeds/6743078387708922559/comments/default" title="Commenti sul post" /><link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2011/12/bce-e-banche-in-europa.html#comment-form" title="0 Commenti" /><link rel="edit" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/6743078387708922559?v=2" /><link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3095151431790916329/posts/default/6743078387708922559?v=2" /><link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/XMijC/~3/jhUGoN6GA8M/bce-e-banche-in-europa.html" title="BCE e Banche in Europa" /><author><name>Paolo Manasse</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05405945042711019066</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail" width="32" height="24" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_5DJOMJ-CIEo/S03R-agizII/AAAAAAAAA9Q/nlgkEHlR_4w/S220/Paolo_Canada.JPG" /></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://img.youtube.com/vi/el-1Q75RzK4/default.jpg" height="72" width="72" /><thr:total>0</thr:total><feedburner:origLink>http://paolomanasse.blogspot.com/2011/12/bce-e-banche-in-europa.html</feedburner:origLink></entry></feed>

