Knowledge Hub

6 Best PC Games That You Can Play in 2019

2021-03-31T19:53:00.004+05:30

6 Best PC Games That You Can Play in 2019

If you want the best games to play on your PC, you can check out the list of games provided in this article. With the right graphics card on your PC, you can install and play all of these games in advanced settings. So, let’s take a look at the list of games.

1. Job Call: Today's Wars (2019)

This is one of the newest PC games on our list. Although this installment does not refresh the wheel, you can enjoy the mature but very dark tone offered by the game. However, the campaign mode has some issues. Even if you don't use campaign mode, you can still enjoy a smoother and more robust experience. And the good thing is that the game is good.

2. Witch 3: Wild Hunting

Although the game is not on the newly released list, it is still on the list of the most open-world games. The game contains a wide-open space of the world. Share Skyrim's unadulterated scale with the incredible depth of Grand Theft Auto V.

This crowded game is at the top of our list. In fact, it would be an understatement to say that this game is one of the best.

3. Black Souls 3

Black Souls 3 offers significant improvements in the Spiritual series by donating special items donated by Blood. While it is easier than previous articles, it has everything you may have liked in the beginning.

The game is easy but you will die many times while playing. You will have to be patient to gain a deeper understanding of the complex fighting system. Apart from this, it offers decent gameplay, which makes it a good choice even for casual gamers. So, they can take part in the dark, amazing world of the game.

4. Control

There’s a reason why this game took the sports world by storm. Also, the engineers of Remedy Entertainment have filled the game with a lot of love and sophisticated details. This cinematic, action-adventure game features beautiful performance, beautiful landscapes, and amazing visuals. Besides, it offers a satisfying combat experience.

When the game starts, you have to look at The Oldest House, which is in New York City. Once you are found, your next step is to find your lost brother.

5. Monster Hunter Earth

Monster Hunter is a big name in the gaming franchise. While playing, you can hunt bigger, more powerful monsters using bigger weapons. This simple game is among the most rewarding and compelling games you can explore these days.

At Capcom, game engineers are bringing a lot of free DLC. If you are looking for a fun addictive game, you can check out this article.

6. Grand Theft Auto V

Grand Theft Auto V is a popular console game developed for PC. The game allows you to explore the world of communication and details of Los Santos. This installment offers an exciting experience, rich graphics, and very smooth gameplay.

So, here is a description of the 6 best PC games you can play on your PC.

Introduction and Features of Linux

2020-12-30T09:42:00.002+05:30

Introduction to Linux

The History of Linux

Linus Torvalds, a student at the University of Helsinki Finland, introduced Linux in 1991. Towards work on the Linux project and wrote the source code of Linux kernel. Linux is a free operating system. Awards made Linux available on the internet. Many programmers added to the code, change it, and built it support for all kinds of hardware. He released the system to a community of “hackers” on the internet and asked them to work with it, fix it and enhance it. In fact, today there are thousands of software developers around the world who have worked on it will stop the source code for the software is freely available, anyone can work on it. Developers are encouraged to feed their fixes and improvements back into the community so that planets can continue to grow and improve.

Linux is like a clone of Unix and has been written from scratch by Linus Torvalds. Torvalds, mainly used Minix, a miniature version of Unix as a teaching aid in Universities and colleges. He was very much impressed with the feature of the Unix operating system. He wanted to create his own version of the Unix operating system and distribute it free for use to everybody. There is a vast amount of software that can be used with Linux, all of which include features that can compete with or surpass doze off any other operating system in the world.

Linux is very similar to Unix. Unique started off as a single-user operating system. In 1969, Ken Thompson, by taking ideas and help from Dennis Ritchie and others, wrote a small, general-purpose operating system for small machines. In 1973, Thompson and Ritchie rewrote the Unix operating system in C in ways of writing an operating system in assembly language. In 1974, Unix was licensed to universities for educational purposes and later on, was made commercially available.

Torvalds has made the source code of the Linux kernel available for study and charges over the internet. This means that the current development version of Linux is always open to everybody. Torvalds also accepts modification to the kernel code. In order to maintain stability, Torvalds exercised strict quality control and must all the new code into the kernel. The internet has played a major role in the development of the Linux operating systems. Today, many companies provide support for Linux over the internet.

Features of Linux

Linux has lots of interesting features. Some important features are as follows :

Linux is a multi-user operating system. Here, more than one user can connect to the system and work concurrently at any point in time. Each user can have more than one program running simultaneously. Users can also have their own environments arranged, the way they want, their own directory for storing files, and their own desktop interface with icons, menus, and applications arranged to suit them.
Linux supports multiprogramming, which allows many programs to executed simultaneously by different users. Multiprogramming is made possible on the Linux system by the concept of time-sharing. The operating system has to manage the different programs to be executed.
A program in Linux is broken into tasks, each task being something like reading from or writing to the disk or waiting for input from a user. The operating system which has the ability to handle the exclusion of multiple tasks is known as multi-tasking.
Linux is Posix-compliant and supports most of the standard sets for UNIX systems.
Linux is a powerful framework for working with graphical applications and it's referred to as the x-windows system.
Linux has a program called DOSEMV. It creates a DOS emulator that can execute many DOS applications. DOSEMV users image files of a hard disc to emulate a dost hard disc so that you need not have a DOS partition.
Linux comes with the Apache Web Server that service web pages full stop it is the most popular web server in use today.
Linux also comes with a lot of other useful and free software such as text editors, Browsers, and scientific applications.
Linux can be installed in several machine profiles without the need to configure the software.
No virus can attack Linux since common users don't have access to the system’s main Kernel.

!!!! Thanks for reading. !!!!

C Function

2020-09-05T16:17:00.003+05:30

Computer Science

‘C’ Function or Subroutine

Summary

C Function:
Type of Function:
Grade/Level:
Objective:

Time Allotment:

Introduction

‘C’ Language is a programming language which pre-describe and self made Function for doing work. Pre describe functions are also called Library function. ‘C’ program use Library function for working but if program is big or complex then modularity is used to form it. In this, the bigger program is divided into smaller-smaller simple (easy) programs which are independent to each other, so in this way we make that bigger program by joining these smaller one. ‘C’ language comes under the modular type.

C Function

Function is a group of self contained or independent statement which do a specific or particular function. When bigger program is split into smaller program and then they are executed according to the main function, so this sub-program is called as function. Function has the following advantages.

After dividing bigger Function into smaller one is can be read easily.
To understand this smaller function is very simple as computer to bigger Function.
Testing and error find in this smaller program is very easy then doing in bigger one.
Statement occur more than once in the function, is put once in an function can use when ever needed.
User can make it's own library according to it's need.

Type of Function

Library Function
User Defined Function

Library Function : These are those Function which are already stored in (language user can use these function directly in program. These are written when ‘C’ Language is developed. These function is divided in different Header file such as print f ( ), scan f ( ), getch ( ), clrscr ( ), etc.

User Defined Function : These are those which user form according to it's need or according to program. In other words, sub-program form the user according to the need of program is called as User Defined Function.

Important facts regarding function

Every function have a unique name by which it is identify

Name given to function or variable by identifier always follow the rule of it

For execution of a function, it is necessary to call it by function such as main ( ) etc.

Function is developed to doing some specific work (purpose).

Like variable, function before using it told and describe. So it is self contained part for program.

Function prototype

In 'C' language with user defined function main ( ) function. There should be also be function prototype, which is necessary. Like variable, function should also be defined before using in the program. This prototype is written before the main ( ) function. Function is defined with the help of calling program function prototype. It looks as function header. Syntax of prototype in calling program is as follows.

<Type><Function_name> (parameter list)

Conditional statement and loops in c programming language

2020-05-26T19:39:00.006+05:30

What is conditional statement and loops in c programming language

To control the flow of the execution of programs, the ‘C’ language provides very powerful conditional statements and unconditional statements . The ‘C’ language supports many conditional statements like :
Ø  If
Ø  If-else
Ø  switch

Loop control statement is :

Ø for

Loop control conditional statements are :

Ø while

Ø do-while

Ø goto

CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

These statements enable us to change flow of the program. Most of the programming tools use the if statement to make decisions. If the expression is true then the statements enclosed in the braces, are executed. If the expression is false, then the statements enclosed in the braces, are not executed, only the statements which exist outside the braces, are executed.

THE IF STATEMENT

This statement allows decision to be made by evaluating a given condition as true or false. The keyboard if tells the compiler that it is a decision control instruction.The condition if is always enclosed within a pair of parenthesis. The relational operators allow us to compare two values to see whether they are equal to each other, unequal, greater or less than the other. The general form of if statement looks like this :

if (this condition is true )

execute this statement ;

Syntax :

If (expression)

{

Statement 1;

Statement 2;

…….

Statement n;

Statement 1;

Statement 2;

……

Statement m;

If the expression is true then the statements enclosed in the braces, are executed. If the expression is false then the statements enclosed in the braces, are not executed.

NESTED IF STATEMENTS

The if statement can contain another if….else statemet thus improving the flexibility of a programming tool.The statement whose object is if statement is a nested if statement .

Syntax :

if (expression 1)

if (expression 2)

if (expression 3)

{

Statement 1;

Statement 2;

Statement 3;

…..

Statement n;

}

if (expression 1 && expression 2 && expression 3 && expression 4)

{

Statement 1;

Statement 2;

Statement 3;

…..

Statement n;

}

IF-ELSE STATEMENT

Syntax :

if (expression)

{

Statement 1;

Statement 2;

…..

Statement n;

}

else

{

Statement 1;

Statement 2;

…..

Statement m;

}

Here , if expression is true, then code of the first block is executed, else second block is executed.

SWITCH-CASE STATEMENT

The control statement, which allows us to make a decision from the number of choices, is called a switch. With the help of switch and case statements we may choose any number of decisions, or more correctly a switch-case default, since the combination of these three keywords go together to make up the control statement.

Syntax :

switch (expression)

{

case 1:

statement 1;

statement 2;

case 2:

statement 1;

statement 2;

case 3:

statement 1;

statement 2;

default :

statement 1;

statement 2;

The switch statement checks, whether an expression matches with number of integer or character constant.

NESTED SWITCH STATEMENT

Syntax :

switch (choice)

{

case 1:

switch (choice 1)

{

case ‘a’:

…..

break;

case ‘b’:

…..

break;

}

break;

case 2:

…..

break;

…..

case n:

…..

break;

default :

…..

}

In the nested switch statements, only one default case is used i.e, with the outer switch statement.

THE goto STATEMENT

As a good ‘C’ programmer , avoid using goto statements. A goto statement is always followed by a LABLE. The lable may be an identifier declared, constant, character constant, or a string constant. LABLE does not allow any special characters, but numeric characters are allowed. A lable decides the position of the control to be jumped, and which is allowed by colon(:). A lable may be constant as well as variable.

LOOPS

A computer program is a set of statements, which is normally executed sequentially. But in most of the cases , it is necessary to repeat certain steps to meet a specific condition. This repetitive operation is done through a loop control structure.

In other words, a loop is basically the execution of sequence of statements repeatedly unit a particular condition is true or false.

The loops supported by most of the programming tools are :

Ø Using a while statement,

Ø Using a do-while statement,

Ø Using a for statement.

THE while LOOP

The while loop repeats a statement or a set of statements until a certain condition is no longer true.

Syntax :

while (condition)

{

statement 1;

statement 2;

}

statement 1;

statement 2;

Here, the condition may be any expression having non-zero value. The loop continues is true. When the condition fails, the program body attached with loop, will not be executed. The flow chart shown below is to understand the operation of the while loop.

THE DO-WHILE LOOP

The do-while looks like as follow :

{

statement 1;

statement 2;

…..

} while (condition);

statement 1;

statement 2;

From the above syntax, if the condition is false, then at least one time the attached loop is executed.

Example : Write a program that reads an integer N and computes N!.

Solution :

#include<stdio.h>

main ( )

{

Int no, fact;

{

printf(“Enter non-negative number \n”);

scanf(“%d”,&no);

} while (no < 0);

For (fact = 1; no > 0; no - -)

fact *=no;

printf(“%d\n”,fact);

}

THE For LOOP

The for loop is ideally used when we know how many times the loop will be executed. This looping statement is generally available in every language. But it is much more powerful and flexible in the ‘C’ language.

Syntax :

for (initialization; condition; counter)

{

statement 1;

statement 2;

…..

statement n;

}

The for statement generally allows three statement :

Ø Initialization is generally on assignment which is used to set the loop control variable e.g., i = 0.

Ø Condition is always relational expression that determines when to exit the loop. The relational expression may be a part of arithmetic statement e.g.,

i < 10 or i < (a + 10)

Here (a + 10) is an arithmetical expression.

Ø Counter defines how the loop control variable will change each time the loop is repeated. This may be incremented or decremented. The following flow chart shows the complete working of for loop.

NESTED FOR LOOPS

We can have a for loop within another for loop just like if statements can be nested. To understand how nested loops work, look at the example given below :

for (i = 1; i <= 3; i ++)

{

for (j = 1; j <= 3; j++)

{

statements…..

}

OPERATORS IN C

2020-04-07T15:31:00.001+05:30

OPERATORS IN C

Operator are symbols that act upto data. They represent a paticular operation to be performed on the data. Operators can be classified as arithmetical, relation, and assigning operators.

Arithmetical Operators : These types of operators denote mathematical operators like – Add, Subtract, Multiple, Divide and Exponentiation.

Operator Function

+ Addition

- Subtraction

/ Division

* Multiplication

^ Exponentiation

% Mod (Remainder of a division)

Special Arithmetical Operators : The - - and + + are known as decrement and increment operators.

For example :

x = x + 1;

is equivalent to

++x; or x ++;

Also

x = x – 1;

is equivalent to

- - a; or a - -;

Relational Operator : These operator are used to compare two values on the basis of a certain condition.

Operator Function

< Less than

<= Less than or equal to

> Greater than

>= Greater than or equal to

!= Not equal to

= Equal to

Logical Operators : The logical operators are :

Operators Function

&& AND

|| OR

! NOT

Assigning Operator : The assigning operators are :

Operators Function

= Assign a value

+ = Add the values and

assign it to the left

- = Sudtract the values

and assign it to the left

* = Multiply the values

and assign it to the left

/ = Divide the values and

assign it to the left

% = Find the remainder and assign it to the left

Bitwise Operators : The Bitwise Operators are applicable to the char and int data types only .These operators are not useful with float, double, long double, void or other complex data types.

CONSTANTS OF C

2020-04-07T13:26:00.002+05:30

CONSTANTS OF C

A constant is a quantity that doesn’t change in a program. This quantity can be stored at a location in the memory of the computer. ‘C’ constant can be divided into two major categories :

PRIMARY CONSTANT

Important Points for defining integer Constant

· An integer constant must have at least one digit.

· An integer must not have a decimal point.

· An integer should be either positive or negative.

· An integer constant does not allow any commas or blanks.

· An integer constant allows within range from - 32768 to + 32767.

Important point for defining Real Constants

· A real constant must have at least one digit.

· A real constant have a decimal point.

· A real constant should be either positive or negative.

· Default sign is positive.

· A real constant does allow any commas and blanks.

Important point for defining Character Constants

· The character constant is either a single alphabet, digit or a single inverted commas. For example ‘A’ is not.

· The maximum length of a character constant can be 1 character.

VARIABLES IN C

2020-04-06T14:00:00.003+05:30

VARIABLES IN C

‘C’ programs are variables, constants, arithmetic operator etc. A variable in a program is a name to which you can associate a value.The variables can play different roles in a program :

Inside the function – local variables
In definition of the functions – formal parameter
Outside all functions – global variable
Actual parameter – defined during invocation of function.

For example, with the name A you can associate , say a number 20, so that whenever the number A is called /used, you get the value 20.

Local variables : Those variable, which are declared within the function are called local variables because scope of these type of declaration of variables only exist ot the function in which these are defined.

For example :
int add(void)
{
int x;
int y;
int s;
x = 10;
y = 20 ;
s = x + y ;
return(s);
}
int diff(void)
{
int x;
int y;
int d;
x = 10;
y = 20;
d = y – x;
return(d);
}

In above program, the variable x, y and s are local because scope of these variables are only within the function add(void). Same variables x and y are declared at the start of the function diff(void). The local variables are declared at the start of the function body. These variables can be declared within code block.

Global Variables :The scope of global variables remain in the entire program and these type of variables can be used by any piece of code. These variables hold their values

For example :

int func (int, int);

void result (void);

int i = 40;

int sum;

void main ()

{

int sum = 500;

clrscr( );

result( );

}

void result(void )

{

int output;

printf(“%d”, func(i, i);

output = i * func(i, i);

printf(“%d”, output);

}

int func (int x, int y)

{

sum = x + y;

return (sum);

}

Previous :- Operators in C

Next :- Constants of C

FEATURES OF C

2020-04-06T13:59:00.003+05:30

FEATURES OF ‘C’

The ‘c’ language possesses the features of both, low level and of high level languages.
The ‘c’ provides the facilities to do programming at register level which lead to fast programming.
The ‘c’ is very much closer to English language .
There are many functions used to performed desired operation in ‘c’.It is very independence of machine.
The ‘c’ is very close to man and machine ; it is called middle level language .
The program written in ‘c’ language are 100 % efficient and are also machine independent and portable. That’s why ‘c’ is of very great importance.

Previous :- C - learning

Next :- Operators in C

ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

2020-04-05T16:41:00.000+05:30

Arithmetic operators

The Arithmetic operators perform Arithmetic operations . The arithmetic operator can operate on any built in data types. A list of arithmetic operator and their meaning are given below.

Operator Meaning
+ Addition or Unary plus
– Subtraction or Unary minus
* Multiplication
/ Division
% Modulo Division
This table shows the symbols of arithmetic, together with their duties. These operators allow you to write expressions whose evaluation is precisely the treatment of information that made the computer. Arithmetic operators, along with a wide range of features resident in the library of the language used make it possible to perform calculations of all kinds.

Suppose that a and b are integer variables whose values are 100 and 4, respectively. Several arithmetic expressions involving these variables are shown below, together with their resulting values.

Expression Value
a + b 104
a – b 96
a * b 400
a / b 25
a % b 0

C-Expressions

2020-04-05T16:33:00.001+05:30

Expressions

Expressions is a sequence of operators and operands that specifies computation of a value. An expressions may consist of single entity or some combination of such entities interconnected by one or more operators.
All expression represents a logical connection that’s either true or false.
Thus logical type expression actually represents numerical quantities.

In C every expression evaluates to a value i.e., every expression results in some value of a certain type that can be assigned to a variable. Some examples of expression are shown in the table given below.

A+b

3.14*r*r

a*a+2*a*b+b*b

C – EXPRESSION EXAMPLE PROGRAM :

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main()

{

int a=123 , b;

b=a+2;

clrscr();

printf(“Value of a = %d\n”,a);

printf(“Value of b =%d”,b);

getch();

return 0;

}

Output:

Value of a = 123

Value of b = 125

Introduction of C

2019-12-26T09:56:00.003+05:30

-: Introduction of C :-

C - LANGUAGE :-

Introduction in C

What is c language?

Features of C

Operators in C

Variables in C

Constants of C

Expressions in C

Conditional Statement

Jumping

If
If-Else
Nested If
Nested If-Else

Branching
Looping

Do
Do While
For

Nested Loop
Array
String
Pointer

-: What is C Language ? :-

C is a programming language developed at AT and T's Bell Laboratories of USA in 1972. It was developed and written by a man named Dennis Ritchie . In the late seventies C began to to replace the more familiar languages of that time like PL/|,ALGOL,etc.No one pushed C.It wasn't made 'official' Bell Labs language.Thus,without any advertisement,C's reputation spread and its pool of users grew.

Why C seems so popular is because it is reliable ,simple and easy to use.Moreover in industry where newer languages,tools and technologies emerge and vanish day in and day out,a language that has survived for more than three decades has to be really good.

There are several reasons to why we should learn C Programming language, all are given below :-

1. I believe that nobody can learn C++ or java directly .This is because while learning these languages you have things like classes,objects,inheritance,polymorphism,templates,exception handling etc. do deal with apart from knowing the actual language elements.Learning these complecated concepts when you are not comfortable with the basic language elements is like putting the cart before the horse.Hence one should learn all the language thoroughly using C language before migrating to C++,Java,.Net.Though this two steps learning process may take more time ,but at the end of it you will definetely find it worth the trouble.

2. Major parts of popular operating systems like Windows,UNIX,Linux are still written in C.This is because even today when it comes to perfomance(speed of execution) nothing beats C.Device Driver programmes are also written in C.

3. Mobile devices like cellular phones and palmtops have become rage of today.Also,common consumer devices like microwaves ovens,washing machines and digital cameras are getting smarter by the day .This smartness comes from a microprocessor,an operating system and a program embedded in these devices.These programs not only have to run fast and also have to work in limited amount of memory.No wonder that such programs are written in C.When memory and speed of execution comes C always preceded by all languages.

4. You must have seen several professional 3D computer games where the user navigates some objects,like say a spaceshipe and fires bulletes at the invaders. The essence of all such games is speed.Needless to say,such games would not become popular if they takes a long time to move the spaceship or to a fire a bullet.To match the expectations of player game has to react fast to the user inputs.This is where C scores over other languages.Many popular gaming frameworkshave been built using C language.

5. At times one is required very closely interact with hardware devices.Since C provides several language elements that make this interaction feasible without compromising the perfomance it is the preferred choice of the programmer.

-: C-LEARNING :-

An inventory has been made with a number of partners to find out how a training program with today's possibilities better matches the wishes of entrepreneurs and trainers. We see a tendency in which entrepreneurs are reluctant to invest in the traditional way of training (someone in front of the class), partly because of the difficult to estimate effect of this type of education. In addition, there are all kinds of additional costs: location rent, lunch, continued payment of wages, not to mention the high costs associated with coaching processes and training itself.

We have been looking for a more practical training form with lower costs. Of course you will quickly arrive at an 'internet-like' application such as eLearning. However, we find this form of education too one-sided and not in line with the wishes of the target group. The interaction between teacher, professional and employee is crucial in a coaching process and eLearning does not sufficiently meet this need.

C-Learning is the new innovative way of coaching and training your employees. With our internet application you can make video, audio or photo fragments and have them assessed by professionals. The professionals provide feedback on the fragments based on predefined criteria and draw up advice. The employees then make a second fragment, which is again assessed by the professionals and placed next to the first fragment.

The self-assessment, assessment of the manager and assessment of the professional form the basis for the continuation of the training and are stored as a reference work. In this way, it can always be added later as a basis for later assessments.