Ancient Egyptians

wedding ring

2010-11-03T09:57:00.000-07:00

wedding ring

What does the engagement ring and to any age dating? And why the engagement ring on the right and Marriage in the north?
Engagement ring tradition of ancient Pharaonic, and the first to follow this tradition are the ancient Egyptians, and the reason for this is that the money they were dealing with was in the form of rings gold, and put one of these episodes in the finger of the bride shows that the groom has put all his money and everything he owns at their disposal!!
But in the era of the Romans was the bride and groom wearing a ring of flowers on the upside and this is proof they relate to, and then turning the ring to thread a colorful crash on pinkie finger.
When the Greeks said that the origin is taken from an old habit, when he proposes marriage, where a girl's hand placed in the hands of the boy and housing them to register the iron when they came out of her father's house, then riding a horse is moving behind cattle with this bond even reach a marital home!!.
And the story of the marital relationship on the right when the courtship and marriage in the north, are due to hand the right is the right of the Naf by the Covenant, in the case of the engagement of all parties here and one which gave an oath to the other party that they Sertbtan forever.
The tradition of placing a ring on the fourth finger of the left hand in marriage has to do with human barriers extending from the fingers and directly related to the heart, known as human barriers Love "Amores us."
The circular shape is attributable to the time of the Romanian Empire, where the ring was then made of steel to form a symbol of strength and durability, and also the lack of gold in the Covenant, and the circular shape is a continuity and stability of the formulation.
It has been said that the first models, which accounted for a wedding ring was made of two parts relate to by a node, the man provides for his bride the next half loop and keeps to himself the second half, and when you complete the ceremony combines two pieces to complete the bride's wedding ring.
For drilling dates and covenants couples have emerged in the sixteenth century for example, statements "love" and "together forever", etc., and the initials of the names of the couple, and this tradition is still keeping the position until the present day.
And the entry of diamond in some Dubl his own privacy, as the diamond is the stone which is not invincible and a symbol of eternal love, and emerged in some designs to a ring set with three Tai Chi symbol of past, present and future, chronicling the stages of love....

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2010-11-02T16:37:00.000-07:00

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Women in Ancient Egypt

2010-10-29T12:14:00.000-07:00

Women in Ancient Egypt

Unlike the position of women in most other ancient civilizations, including that of Greece, the Egyptian woman seems to have enjoyed the same legal and economic rights as the Egyptian man - at least in theory. This notion is reflected in Egyptian art and historical inscriptions.

It is uncertain why these rights existed for the woman in Egypt but no where else in the ancient world. It may well be that such rights were ultimately related to the theoretical role of the king in Egyptian society. If the pharaoh was the personification of Egypt, and he represented the corporate personality of the Egyptian state, then men and women might not have been seen in their familiar relationships, but rather, only in regard to this royal center of society.

Since Egyptian national identity would have derived from all people sharing a common relationship with the king, then in this relationship, which all men and women shared equally, they were--in a sense--equal to each other. This is not to say that Egypt was an egalitarian society. It was not. Legal distinctions in Egypt were apparently based much more upon differences in the social classes, rather than differences in gender. Rights and privileges were not uniform from one class to another, but within the given classes, it seems that equal economic and legal rights were, for the most part, accorded to both men and women.

Most of the textual and archaeological evidence for the role of women that survives from prior to the New Kingdom pertains to the elite, not the common folk. At this time, it is the elite, for the most part, who leave written records or who can afford tombs that contain such records. However, from the New Kingdom onward, and certainly by the Ptolemaic Period, such evidence pertains more and more to the non-elite, i.e., to women of the middle and lower classes. Actually, the bulk of the evidence for the economic freedom of Egyptian women derives from the Ptolemaic Period.

The Greek domination of Egypt, which began with the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 B.C., did not sweep away Egyptian social and political institutions. Both Egyptian and Greek systems of law and social traditions existed side-by-side in Egypt at that time. Greeks functioned within their system and Egyptians within theirs. Mixed parties of Greeks and Egyptians making contractual agreements or who were forced into court over legal disputes would choose which of the two legal systems in which they would base their settlements. Ironically, while the Egyptians were the subjugated people of their Greek rulers, Egyptian women, operating under the Egyptian system, had more privileges and civil rights than the Greek women living in the same society, but who functioned under the more restrictive Greek social and legal system.

WOMEN'S LEGAL RIGHTS:

The Egyptian woman's rights extended to all the legally defined areas of society. From the bulk of the legal documents, we know that women could manage and dispose of private property, including: land, portable goods, servants, slaves, livestock, and money (when it existed), as well as financial instruments (i.e., endowments and annuities). A woman could administer all her property independently and according to her free will. She could conclude any kind of legal settlement. She could appear as a contracting partner in a marriage contract or a divorce contract; she could execute testaments; she could free slaves; she could make adoptions. She was entitled to sue at law. It is highly significant that a woman in Egypt could do all of the above and initiate litigation in court freely without the need of a male representative. This amount of freedom was at variance with that of the Greek woman who required a designated male, called a kourios, to represent or stand for her in all legal contracts and proceedings. This male was her husband, father or brother.

WOMEN'S PROPERTY RIGHTS:

There were several ways for an Egyptian woman to acquire possessions and real property. Most frequently, she received it as gifts or as an inheritance from her parents or husband, or else, she received it through purchases--with goods which she earned either through employment, or which she borrowed. Under Egyptian property law, a woman had claim to one-third of all the community property in her marriage, i.e. the property which accrued to her husband and her only after they were married. When a woman brought her own private property to a marriage (e.g., as a dowry), this apparently remained hers, although the husband often had the free use of it. However, in the event of divorce her property had to be returned to her, in addition to any divorce settlement that might be stipulated in the original marriage contract.

A wife was entitled to inherit one-third of that community property on the death of her husband, while the other two-thirds was divided among the children, followed up by the brothers and sisters of the deceased. To circumvent this possibility and to enable life to receive either a larger part of the share, or to allow her to dispose of all the property, a husband could do several things:

1) In the Middle Kingdom, he could draw up an imyt-pr, a "house document," which was a legal unilateral deed for donating property. As a living will, it was made and perhaps executed while the husband was still alive. In this will, the husband would assign to his wife what he wished of his own private property, i.e., what he acquired before his marriage. An example of this is the imyt-pr of Wah from el-Lahun. 2) If there were no children, and the husband did not wish his brothers and sisters to receive two-thirds of the community property, he could legally adopt his wife as his child and heir and bequeath all the property to her. Even if he had other children, he could still adopt his wife, so that, as his one of his legal offspring, she would receive some of the two-thirds share, in addition to her normal one-third share of the community property.

A woman was free to bequeath property from her husband to her children or even to her own brothers and sisters (unless there was some stipulation against such in her husband's will). One papyrus tells us how a childless woman, who after she inherited her husband's estate, raised the three illegitimate children who were born to him and their female household slave (such liaisons were fairly common in the Egyptian household and seem to have borne no social stigma). She then married the eldest illegitimate step-daughter to her younger brother, whom she adopted as her son, that they might receive the entire inheritance.

A woman could also freely disinherit children of her private property, i.e., the property she brought to her marriage or her share of the community property. She could selectively bequeath that property to certain children and not to others. Such action is recorded in the Will of Naunakht.

WOMEN IN CONTRACTS:

Women in Egypt were consistently concluding contracts, including: marriage and divorce settlements, engagements of wet-nurses, purchases of property, even arrangements for self-enslavement. Self-enslavement in Egypt was actually a form of indentured servitude. Although self-enslavement appears to have been illegal in Egypt, it was practiced by both men and women. To get around the illegality, the servitude was stipulated only for a limited number of years, although it was usually said to be "99 years."

Under self-enslavement, women often technically received a salary for their labor. Two reasons for which a woman might be forced into such an arrangement are:

(1) as payment to a creditor to satisfy bad debts;

(2) to be assured of one's provisions and financial security, for which a person might even pay a monthly fee, as though they were receiving a service. However, this fee would equal the salary that the provider had to pay for her labor; thus, no "money" would be exchanged. Since this service was a legal institution, then a contract was drawn up stipulating the conditions and the responsibilities of the involved parties.

In executing such an arrangement, a woman could also include her children and grandchildren, alive or unborn. One such contract of a woman who bound herself to the temple of Saknebtynis states:

The female servant (so & so) has said before my master, Saknebtynis, the great god, 'I am your servant, together with my children and my children's children. I shall not be free in your precinct forever and ever. You will protect me; you will keep me safe; you will guard me. You will keep me sound; you will protect me from every demon, and I will pay you 1-1/4 kita of copper . . . until the completion of 99 years, and I will give it to your priests monthly.'

If such women married male "slaves," the status of their children depended on the provisions of their contracts with their owners.

Mathematics at the Pharaohs

2010-10-29T12:11:00.000-07:00

The ancient Egyptians built their system on the basis (10), and used only for the hieroglyphic signs of (1) and the number of multiples (10); such as (100), (1000). And the marks were repeated to demonstrate the complications of those numbers;, much like the Roman system of numbers.

The texts that register, or learn, the steps sports; an important source of information about ancient Egyptian mathematics. It contains some remnants of papyrus on the scales were used to calculate the fractions or to convert weights and measures. Papyrus and recorded "Ryand," a papyrus roll about 15 feet long and has written about 1660 BC, the dozens of questions sports; and answers. The fascia contains most of what is now known about the mathematics in ancient Egypt. They show that ancient Egyptians had mastered arithmetic, and developed equations to solve problems Bmjhol and unknown. They also knew the kinds of simple arithmetic and geometric sequences, were used fractions.

The ancient Egyptians knew addition and subtraction, as they knew multiplication and division; using the system to double to get the answers. They were also aware of the roots of quadratic, and calculate the area of the triangle. And used to calculate the area of a circle close to the value of the firm (i). And knew also a kind of primitive engineering; and may have known the theory of Pythagoras: As I was able to draw an arc.

In the Greco - Roman Architecture Learn the ancient Egyptians Pythagoras, Plato, and Iochled. The ancient Egyptians developed mathematics, in order to provide practical solutions to real problems. Fastkhaddmwa mathematics; in the measurement of time and the high waters of the annual flooding of the Nile River and the calculation of land areas and count the money and determine taxes. The mathematics is necessary in the service of complex engineering work to build the pyramids. And use the shop owners and chefs simple math calculations; in March, while priests and priestesses mathematics is more complicated: as well as Supervisors act on the workers and builders, surveyors, engineers, tax collectors.

PICTURES OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN GODS

2010-10-29T12:07:00.001-07:00

Universal Meaning of Celtic Knotwork
In the spring of 2003, I spent three weeks in the city of Chennai, formerly known as Madras, located in Southern India. Each morning, walking before the heat of the day, I was amazed to see intricate knot work patterns drawn out free hand with flour in front of the driveways and gates of homes. These artistic scrolls, I was told by an Indian friend, were offerings to local gods, and were part of a tradition that stretched back into the ancient past. I have seen knot patterns in my travels throughout many parts of the world. In Islamic countries where iconography is prohibited, the mosques are heavily decorated with knot-like patterns. Stone-carved knot work motifs can be found on ruins from the Americas to the Hindu iconography of Bali, Indonesia. In Tibet, the eternal knot is a common symbol representing the endless cycles of existence. The knot work most familiar in the West is from Celtic iconography. Though the Celts, before the Roman Empire, were spread throughout much of Western Europe, were most familiar with their designs remaining today in England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. On the moors, surrounded by winding rock walls and ancient neolithic bridges, this knot work carved in stone transcends time. We know from the writings of the Romans that the Celts believed strongly in the sacredness of place. Similar to the beliefs of many in South India today, the land anchored a particular god or goddess that was meant to be honored, though we do not know whether the knot work designs were made as offerings. The broad spectrum of knot work designs found in many cultures suggests that the motif is both universal and rooted in ancient mystery. From the most general perspective, knot work iconography can be viewed as a metaphor for our own unique tapestry of experience. On a macrocosmic level, the knots express metaphorically that life on earth is deeply interconnected, as illustrated in the Spider Womens web or the Great Hoop of Life in Native American stories. As one Native woman told me, if you move a pebble on top of a mountain, you can change the course of a mighty river. This is also expressed slightly differently in the Biblical aphorism, We reap what we sow, which is similar to the Eastern understanding of karma. Even physics today speaks of a unified field. Yet it is also true that individual elements of knots hold specific meaning from the perspective of sacred geometry. Look around you at different geometric forms. Why is the earth, our eyes, the trunks of trees circular instead of square? How does the circle function in the world verses the triangle and what does that mean in terms of knot work that uses circular patterns? Here are a few hints to help you with these blueprints. We speak of a circle of friends and live in circular cycles, such as the day and the season. Native cultures throughout the world hold ceremonies in protective circles. A knot work pattern with circles or variations of circles certainly has some important keys to relationships and community. A square knot motif concerns structure and stability, which is why buildings use the shape of a square foundation. Numerology has always played a part in ancient cultures and there are many books on the subject. The number five, for example, represents the four directions and the center point, or the five senses. We also often see knot work shaped like an oval, which is the shape of an egg. The oval has something to do with generative creativity and birth. Planets circle the sun in an oval. And if you squeeze an oval together you get the lemniscates, the symbol for infinity which is very prevalent in knot work motifs. Many knot work motifs also deal with vectors that travel in a certain direction. If you look at the shape of an arrow, its easy to understand why a triangle might connote movement. Another common motif is the knot work depicting a trinity. In the Celtic tradition, many deities had three forms. The Mother Goddess was understood to the maiden, mother and crone. The universe was viewed as heaven, earth and otherworld. We are born, we live and we die. Certainly the trinity knot also illustrates the One being dividing off into the masculine and feminine, or the mother and son-- a mystical truth contemplated in many sacred traditions. The cross is also a symbol rich in meaning. From a simple point of view, two lines crossing symbolizing a connection or meeting which can be a point of creativity. Some mystics speak of the horizontal axis representing the earthly plain, while the vertical axis points toward the heavens. While the above guide for understanding knot work is not necessarily based on any scholarly or anthropological text on the meaning of knots, it does provide a starting point that is based on a universal perspective. Most knot work designs are going to have some variation of these shapes. Spending time contemplating the motif may yield some insight. Lastly, theres an essential reason why the knot work is so prevalent, and that is beauty. I will never forget Jaisalmer, an ancient town in the desert of Rajasthan. This ancient city, where caravans used to stop and trade, is made from sandstone. Many of the buildings are carved with intricate knot work patterns. Strangers walked up to me and said, How do you like our beautiful city? I could see clearly how art is life-giving and the need for beauty is something fundamental. In the middle of the desert, the beautiful knot work in golden stone brings joy to the heart. Contributed by:
Marc Choyt
2005, Marc Choyt
Email: marek@celticjewelry.com
Website: www.artisanweddingrings.com
About The Author: Marc Choyt graduated from Brown University in 1984 with a degree in English. In 1995, he received an MA degree in Humanities from St. John's College. In 1996, he and his wife, Helen Chantler, founded Reflective Images, a designer jewelry company specializing in contemporary Celtic jewelry. http://www.celticjewelry.com Please send email requests to marek@celticjewelry.com .
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The Children in Ancient Egypt

2010-10-29T12:06:00.000-07:00

The life of children in ancient Egypt is very crucial because their life style is not well designed. The children in ancient Egypt is very well in their studies; they attend the school between the ages of three to fifteen. Both girls and boys are showing interest to attend the classes, both of them studied well. The education for the ancient children is in the form of mathematics, and teachers are interested to teach the mathematics. The skills like reading and writing are very improved even though there is lack of facility. Children are showing interested in various field, especially doctor field is very much liked by the children.

Some of the students show their interest on writing religious story, novels, and etc. many Egypt story are still in the practice, many religious writing explains the habit, habitat, environment, politics, agriculture, transport facility in ancient Egypt. Some children like to play games like wrestling, fighting, swimming in the river. The regular practice of Egyptian is son carry the father job when he turned to fifteen years age. Whatever may be the father’s job it should be given to the son, the jobs are like government jobs, temple jobs, and etc. girls in the ancient Egypt are turned to teach cook, household activities.

After the finishing the school, girls are compulsorily involved in the household activities. If the girl’s age is crossed 25 then she have the rights to get the fathers job, and also she have the rights in the father’s property. The marriage of the ancient Egypt is very different than other regions because they married at young. The average for the men to marriage is fifteen years and the average age for the girls to marriage is twelve years. The average life of the ancient Egyptians is forty, their life very short compare to others. The children are selecting their partner, ore lover in the age of fifteen

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http://www.egyptiandiamond.com/children-in-ancient-egypt.php

Ancient Egypt & Ancient Egyptians - Culture and Life

2010-10-29T12:05:00.000-07:00

If you have never read about the people and life during the ancient Egypt, then you are missing many interesting facts. The people and life during the ancient Egyptian times is very different from the lifestyle you and other’s have. Within this article, we are going to give you a run through of the ancient Egyptian people and life.

In order to gain a full understanding of the people and life during the ancient Egypt, archeologists have been looking into different sources. The archeologists have found the sources that are the most valuable are the reliefs, tomb paintings and objects that could found in the tombs. These objects are what the ancient Egyptians used in their daily life. The documents that the ancient Egyptians composed are shedding some additional light on the people and life during the ancient Egyptian times. However, remaining obscure is the day-to-day running of the Egyptian households.

What archeologists have discovered is the father was the one responsible for providing for the family. The mother is the one who watched the household and cared for the children. The Egyptian children did have toys and liked to play, but most of the children spent their time preparing themselves for adulthood. As an example, the peasant children spent a lot of their time with the parents working in the field; privileged children would often get a good formal education in order to be army officers or scribes.

Ancient Egyptians did have furniture, but it was a simple design. The most common furniture the ancient Egyptians used was a low stool. All of the ancient Egyptians used this low stool, even the pharaoh. The stools were nothing special in today’s world, they were made out of wood and had woven rush or leather seats. Most of the kitchens had cylindrical, backed clay stove. In the ancient Egyptian ages, they stored their food in wheel-made pottery. The basic cooking equipment the Egyptians used was a saucepan pottery that had two handles.

When looking at pictures of both men and women during the ancient Egyptian ages, you see both the men and the women are wearing jewelry. The jewelry consists of bracelets, anklets, earrings, beaded necklaces and anklets. One cannot fully describe what they looked like wearing this jewelry, but one word would be beautiful. The Ancient Egyptians had superstitions; therefore, their jewelry had amulets, which were good luck charms

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http://www.egyptiandiamond.com/

ANCIENT HEBREW CIVILIZATIONS

2010-10-29T12:02:00.000-07:00

Modern scientific research is now catching up the ancient health sciences of Tai Chi & Qigong. Given that most of our illness is caused by stress, the potential benefits that these ancient solutions offer our lives is increasingly important for everyone to know about.Western medical science is only beginning to understand what Tai Chi and Qigong offers us. However, just the tiny amount of research that has been done so far indicates that Tai Chi and Qigong are very powerful health tools that can save each of us and our society a great deal of money and personal suffering.Both Tai Chi & Qigong are a combination of bio-feedback, visualization, and classical conditioning techniques that can not only provide powerful adjunct therapy for most maladies, but also can teach us tools that may head off physical illness long before it actually occurs. There is a newly emerging science of medicine known as psychoneuroimmunology, which is the study of the minds influence over the body. This new science, although new in the West has actually been practiced and refined to an extremely high level in China in the form of Tai Chi and Qigong.Although, new to Westerners, Tai Chi and Qigong are centuries or even millennia old, and in fact provide the backbone of healthcare in China today, even though China also employs all the wonders of Western medicine. Tai Chi and Qigong is a form of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and therefore based on the same principles as acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) herbal medicine. The premise of all Traditional Chinese Medicine, whether its acupuncture, herbal medicine, or Tai Chi and Qigong is that there is a flow of subtle energy, or bio energy, flowing through the body, and when this flow gets blocked or obstructed our health systems are diminished as a result. There are 2 ways this energy gets blocked, one by an external accident, obviously if you break your leg it will affect the way the energy flows through it. However, the most common way that energy gets blocked is by internal unmanaged stress. We know this is the most common way, because most research indicates that about 70% of all illnesses sending us to the doctor are due to stress.At www.worldtaichiday.org you can find a free Sitting Qigong exercise in the Free Lessons menu that will enable you to begin to actually feel this experience of energy and energy blockages. If you book mark it and use it daily, you will likely find a significant shift in the quality of your life.Tai Chi brings this qualitative shift to another level by physicalizing it throughout your entire body. Tai Chis motions replicate most of the motions the body is capable of performing in the normal days activities, and thereby it begins to trigger the relaxation responses of flowing life energy into the everyday tasks we perform.Again, since 70% of illness is cause by stress, this incorporation of stress cleansing techniques into the fabric of our lives can be a powerful technology for everyone to learn. These were up until recently ancient secrets of China, but today are available to people worldwide who take the time to learn them.
About The Author: Bill Douglas is the Tai Chi Expert at DrWeil.com , Founder of World T'ai Chi & Qigong Day (held in 50 nations each year), and has authored and co-authored several books including a #1 best selling Tai Chi book The Complete Idiots Guide to Tai Chi & Qigong. Bills been a Tai Chi source for The Wall Street Journal, New York Times, etc. You can learn more about Tai Chi & Qigong, and also contact Bill Douglas at http://www.worldtaichiday.org
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Please don't treat this as an average piece of writing on Ancient Hebrew Civilizations. A lot of effort and hard work has been put to get this end product!

Astronomy at the Pharaohs

2010-10-29T11:57:00.000-07:00

Astronomy was very important to the ancient Egyptians, who observed the sky periodically. The astronomers named what they saw in the sky, and used their observations to create the Egyptian calendar. And was the beginning of the year when the ancient Egyptians declare with the arrival of water flooding of the Nile; They observed that the flood comes with the emergence of star Sirius, the brightest stars in the sky (to the south). The incident represented the beginning of the agricultural year in Egypt. Formed that year of 365 days; divided into twelve months, each in thirty days. They made the remaining five days (days postponing) Birthdays days added to the end of the year. Months of the year as divided into three seasons: the flood season, the planting season, and the harvest season. The ancient Egyptians recorded by the king assumed power in the country and documents; starting day of year, the season, month and day.
The ancient Egyptians used equipment or reagents, to monitor the polar star; They would then draw the center line north to the south; on the ground, to determine the direction and location of the star. A step that was necessary for the proper orientation of important building projects. It was one of those devices called "Mrecht," which can mean "revealing indicator." It consists of a narrow wooden bar with a hole in one end; astronomer would look through it, to fix the position of the star. There is another device called the "bay Emmy Onott", which means the rib (cranium) Palm. And the device slot or incision figure 7, made at the wider end; a hole through which the priest in charge of tracking hours, in order to be able to locate the star.
In the Ptolemaic era, Claudius Ptolemy, an astronomer and mathematician, and geographer, studying data left behind by his predecessors; to map the sites of about a thousand stars. He compiled a list of 48 groups with an asterisk (towers), and a description of latitude and longitude of the planet. He believed that the earth is the center of the universe, and work to advance this theory. The further development of the Ptolemaic system; to explain why some planets seemed to move backwards for periods of time, in their orbits around the Earth. It was assumed that each planet has a rotation in a smaller rotation last in a larger circle, which is called the "epicycle." The theory that prevailed for about 1400 years ago, proved that the earth's rotation itself in orbit around the sun.

In the Greco-Romans used a calendar based on the accounts of the Julian calendar, which was adopted on a leap year. And the adoption of the Copts in Egypt that calendar; to follow the sun and calculate the days, seasons, and solar years. The lunar year is also important, as was used to determine the date of Easter Holiday; and other important religious holidays. As the Ptolemaic era also saw the invention of the astrolabe; a navigational tool that was perfected in the era of succession and the mandate of the rulers of the Muslims. The astrolabe played an important role in guiding ships; whether for military or commercial purposes.

Social Sciences at the Pharaohs

2010-10-29T11:56:00.000-07:00

Interested in sociology and the performance of institutions of human societies, and the relationship of individuals to society; factors including social, psychological and economic. And sometimes falls history and the study of human races (anthropology), under the classification of the social sciences. The meeting did not begin the study of science only at the end of the nineteenth century, but scientists and writers since the time of the ancient Egyptians had their observations and their visions of civilizations and societies; and wrote historical events. And understanding of the ancient Egyptians built the first community on the basis of the system and prosperity; obey Pharaoh and the observance of "Maat", or justice and balance. And the ancient Egyptian texts describe the social significance of the rules, principles and standards and their relation to class and rank, and they believe that if the poor received a fortune; you will not be such a blessing and a pond - but a curse and guide the occurrence of the defect.

And the beginning of the Old Kingdom, the teachings and guidelines for ethical conduct and behavior inherited from the pharaohs, princes and ministers to their children; in the form of generally known under the name of "wisdom literature". And provided the basis of those texts advice on how to get to senior positions, and prosperity. It also stimulated the virtues and tranquility, humility, modesty and restraint. In an era of transition (decay) first, the era of unrest, difficult, it seems that the book "the teachings of King Mercara" have been written by Governor was engaged in the transfer of the course curriculum True; despite the pessimism of the natures of treason and treachery among the humans. In the era of the modern state, the clerks usually are the ones who produce the wisdom literature; directed to a broad general audience.

Wisdom literature and served as a guide also mentions a legal manner in which the Pharaohs followed their predecessors in office; from the reality of similar cases. While the law has been issued at the end of the pharaoh, the legal precedent was of particular importance when the ancient Egyptians. Indicate manuscripts relating to judicial cases across several eras, that the records of proceedings (proceedings) may have been kept for long periods of time.

The scribes documented the many aspects of their community; because they needed the information to make them competent administrators. And keep records clerks and short accounts and certificates, inventories, legal documents and data availability to work and wages paid. And includes other documents that were found; regulations and court proceedings and records of private contracts, loans and financial arrangements between spouses, inheritance and taxes. And give the papyri that were found in some pyramids, a list of priests who are offering the service and records, accounts and inventories. As students, the scribes who were copying the texts of varied and were dealing with in this vocabulary with the foreign varieties in trade with the religious feasts; in addition to literary texts, and mathematics.

The ancient Egyptians only a few historical novels. And gives the stone "Palermo", which dates back to the era of the old state; statement kings of the Old and pre-dynastic period, and levels of annual flooding, and the dates of military campaigns and trade missions, and other important events. And began to appear about the Twelfth Dynasty, literary works in praise of kings; is closer to propaganda, including the exact description, and glorify the achievements of the king. The "Law of Tyurin," which dates back to the modern state, a list of other kings.

I have visited "Herodotus" - which some see as the first historian in the world of Egypt in the fifth century BC; described the geography of the nation (population distribution), and the Nile, and a lot of Egyptian antiquities. He also described the ethics and temperament and habits of the Egyptians. In the third century BC by a priest named "Manitou" no history of Egypt, based on old records; was found only a few excerpts from that work.

He wrote the Roman world, "Strabo" of Egypt in his book "Geography";, describing the Romanian government and Romanian military and the Romanian legislation, as well as the social conditions under the rule of "Augustus": around the year 22 BC. The book describes the early Christians beliefs and social customs of Egypt; especially for religion. But that was mainly a tool to expose the falsity, and not as a means to achieve a better understanding of them.

The eminent Muslim scholars cover a lot of topics that relate to the performance of society in Egypt. And describes Maqdisi, scientists from the tenth century; residents and community groups, food, clothing, dialects, trade, currency and political situation in Egypt - among other countries. In the description was intended to be a guide for traders, travelers, and intellectuals; commented on the use of a measure of the Nile in flood levels compared to the previous years, and the low prices of commodities in Cairo. In the fourteenth century left of the Tunisian Ibn Khaldun for his country intending to Egypt; where he spent the rest of his life. Attributed to Ibn Khaldun lead; that was the first scientist to come out - in a systematic, scientific theory about the social, economic, psychological and religious impact on societies and human history.

Hydrology at the Pharaohs

2010-10-29T11:54:00.002-07:00

To ensure the availability of adequate water for their crops, ancient Egyptians had reached to the means by which they could be handled with seasonal flooding, which took about six months; agricultural land which becomes completely submerged by water. That is why farmers dig irrigation canals and storage basins created which was held by building small dams; for the delivery of water to distant lands and do not reach the high flood waters. As they were transporting water in two buckets; pendant from the yoke carried on the shoulders. He invented the pallets, for the same purpose, in the era of the modern state. It consists of the pallets in place a long wooden Ttzn based on a column or head, or stuck in a wooden frame. Can Shadouf to move to a central top and bottom; or from side to side. In use; pull factor applicable to the bottom, in order to fill the bucket with water: Verwah weight balance automatically to where the agent can empty it in the irrigation canal. This has helped to irrigate the upland; which contributed to increased crop yields.
Sakia tool and other tools of irrigation in ancient Egypt; and consists of a large number of small containers installed in the wheel of a round (wheel) is linked to the branch linked to the cow (an animal) runs a branch that runs the wheel (wheel): turn. And continued use of waterwheel in the Ptolemaic period, and then developed after that, during this period and the governors of the successors of the Muslims.
During his stay in Alexandria, Archimedes invented the Greek world machine mandolins; They are also known under the name of the "Archimedes screw." Mandolins and consists of a wooden spiral disk surrounded Mcqhob (slotted). When placed in the bottom water and administered mandolins; cause the snails to raise water to higher levels.
The collection of taxes on crops in the Ptolemaic period, by order of the governors; on the basis of levels of flooding. To determine the water levels, officials used a portable tool known as the "scale of the Nile"; was probably a long stick of bamboo (jungle) grazed by signs of different levels. The temples were built that provided the standards of the Nile, at sites along river.
After the Islamic conquest of Egypt, kings and sultans of several projects; to dig canals and dams; for the delivery of water of the Nile: for use in agriculture and drinking purposes. When built the Sultan Saladin walls around Cairo; surfaces were used as conduits for water. And transferred water from these channels, through the pipes of pottery, for the supply of housing the water that was distributed to the kitchens and baths and basins. And established the Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad channel carry large amounts of flowing water, and four of the channels. The function Sakka important functions in the era of the caliphs and governors of Egypt's Muslim. The allantoic the person responsible for the transfer of water from reservoirs; to mosques, schools and public drinking fountains. As was the case with the governors in the Greco - Roman, the Muslim governors also decided to assess the taxes collected from farmers: based on the level of the Nile flood. They also used a measure of the Nile, and appointed to that on the island of kindergarten staff in charge of registration of the water level every day, according to gauge the Nile island

Engineering

2010-10-29T11:54:00.000-07:00

Ancient Egyptians had the ability to complete sophisticated engineering projects; such as Al-Ahram massive and huge temples, using primitive tools. They developed ways to cut stones and the transfer of massive stone blocks and put them in position of the building. Pyramids were built on a perfectly horizontal base;, aligned with the positions of the stars.

The builders, engineers and construction workers use parts of their bodies as a measure of length. The basic unit is the "arm";, the distance from the elbow to the top of the middle finger. Despite the differences in the size of various body parts of workers;, this system was fine for small projects. The royal cubit, length 5.52 cm (6.20 inches) as the standard for building temples and pyramids; as requiring the greatest accuracy. And use the engineers, surveyors, construction workers, equipment and instruments to observe the stars and orient the structures according to the four directions, and to draw fine lines and right angles.

There are several theories regarding how the ancient Egyptians created the pyramids on a flat base completely. According to Early Egyptologists that the ancient Egyptians were the first cut a network of shallow ditches (surface) in the rock foundation; Gmroha then water, and was still brighter than the increases above the level of "islands" of water; to achieve a flat base rock exactly. The modern belief, he says that the ancient Egyptians were satisfied to ensure the full equator - as much as possible - for the sectors are distributed around the edges of the base of the pyramid.

The massive stone blocks were cut from quarries located relatively close to the construction projects. The limestone quarries are the most common and widespread; areas close to the Giza and Saqqara, Dahshur, and Granite was brought from quarries in Aswan. Stone blocks were planned spaces, including allowing workers to stand. Has not been found so far on the flyers or drilling equipment, but tomb paintings give some information about the techniques used in cutting and polishing boulders (blocks), limestone or granite. Where, workers used copper saws and drills and shovels and chisels and hammers for granite. It was easy to hard rock destruction of brass instruments, but it is believed that the workers were overcome by placing sand in the cracks between the stone and tools; which increases the capacity of the cutting tools, sharp sand crystals.

After the cut, the stones, they were transported by the Nile, above the large wooden barges; then transported to the site on large wooden sledges pulled by oxen or hundreds of workers. The sledges were pulled along a path made slick with a layer of Nile mud or wet sand; making it easier to move heavy blocks. The ancient Egyptians used several different types of runways (Causeways), internal and external to the pyramid; in order to drag the huge stones into place. They probably used levers to move the wooden or bronze.

To raise the obelisks, the largest of which weighed about 500 tons, the ancient Egyptians were the first living Coma (fragments) of high sand or rubble near the site where the obelisk. Then withdraw the needle horizontally to the top of the rubble; with the face of the base foundation. It was built around the foundation stone content box is similar to the Fund; filled with sand. And the needle was withdrawn, in order to stabilize the sand; then the workers begin to remove the sand from the slot at the bottom of the Stone Fund. And unloading of the Fund out of the sand, moving slowly inside the obelisk; even stands.

Arts and Crafts

2010-10-29T11:39:00.000-07:00

Associated with the ancient Egyptian arts such as sculpture, painting, sculpture, closely related to architecture. None of them were independent art, but were used to decorate temples and tombs. This has greatly affected the features of these arts, their themes, and ways to use them. And when depicting ancient Egyptian artist hereafter as Eternity and eternal pleasure, this concept was a source of inspiration for his work. His objective was not to emphasize the beauty of the art form and prominent to the viewer, because these works of art were in the tombs are closed. The ancient Egyptian artist deep perception of life, he tried to portray in symbolic forms reflect the principles and values prevailing in society; such as the gods and the king and the rights of women and the family, etc..
When Alexander the Great came to Egypt, Egyptian art blended with Greek art and the adoption of methods of color and movement. Was also influenced by the themes of Greek mythology. The human body had a big role in that art. Portraits and sculptures portrayed the features of the human body in great detail; reflect the movement of the body through Urdu wavy, in a serious attempt to simulate reality. And continued that method to the first century AD, known as Hellenistic art.
While interest in simulating the movements of Hellenistic art, colors, and features of nature, the Muslim artist was quite far from the tradition of nature; as this is not the object or subject of interest. Instead, it focused on Muslim artist shapes, animal and plant engineering; giving the impression that the portrayal of humans was forbidden in Islam, although there is no explicit text of the Koran. Its strong aesthetic appeal transcends distances in time and space, language, culture and creed. Among the features of that art, were abstract and consistency and try to adopt the mathematical rules that govern the universe; this, besides being a year, global and inclusive: as it came during the era of brief immersion in tidal Arab vast areas and many cultures, from India to the Atlantic Ocean. Thus it was natural that art to accommodate diverse cultures of these great civilizations; among which is the ancient Egyptian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Phoenician, and the Sassanid Algartajip, Greek and Byzantine. Have merged these diverse cultures in the artistic and cultural wealth and the nations that embraced Islam. And could be included techniques that prevailed in the Muslim countries culturally, historically under the method of the Umayyad, Abbasid, and the method which has been associated by the Abbasid state in 750 AD. And weakened when the Abbasid Caliphate, there were regional styles; patterns such as the Persian, Fatimid, Mamluk, Ottoman and Indian.

Osiris and Isis

2010-10-29T11:37:00.000-07:00

Osiris

The God who suffered from the evils to death, is in the form of a man without identification of the members of his body. Wearing the crown of "Atef" and caught his right hand on the stick and sponsor Pisarh on a stick "Alennkk" became the ruler of the mortal world. Since the early Abydos became the most important center of worship. The city of "Iozyres" (in the south-west) of the city Smto (in the Delta), the first areas hit by the.
Months, Egyptian gods, symbolized by his king mummified and on the crown of Upper Egypt, is beset with two feathers a symbol of justice Egyptians believed that he has the ability to provide them with life, and continued to worship about two thousand years and spread his temples along the Mediterranean, according to legend the famous suffered of treachery and death at the hands of his brother's idol (six), who wants to get rid of him to marry his wife, the goddess (Isis), thanks to which he was able to return to life, and thus provided for mankind eternal life, was in the first Idol Representative of fertility, and then became then god the other world and guarantor of the Baath to humans, and I like all the king After his death Palmabboud (Osiris) to guarantee him another life

Children of Horus

Sons of Horus are "Imsety and Habi and Duamutef and Qebehsenuf" They are guarded by "Osiris during the embalmed and then guarding the visceral vessels and four representing the four corners of the world"

Isis

Sister and wife of the god "Osiris", the mother of the god "Horus" and woven by the many dangers of which played an important role goddess witch and cure of diseases. Represented as a woman carrying a sign "throne" on her head, and sometimes wear a crown for two centuries, the sun disk between them, and took the forms and manifestations of different gods. Cult spread in Europe since the Greco-Roman period.

A statue of Osiris, Isis, sitting on the throne

A statue of Osiris, Isis, sitting on the throne. Osiris beard and images directly related to the ownership of the statue, and puts on the crown of the head, "Atef" by the partial fracture; Pray adorned royal cobra. He is holding the scepter has survived; a symbol of the dignity and sublimity and dignity, sovereignty and ownership.

Osiris as it appears in the form of a mummy, which does not see anything but your hands. Isis and sit next to him wearing a tripartite wig decorated with a sun disk between the horns of a cow. She is wearing a long tight dress Tank interlace up to ankle; and simplify her left hand on her knee, and put her hand right on the right shoulder of Osiris.

And no formula Eucharist traditional aspects of the throne, although they differ in length; and prays to Isis, "the mother of the great god" Osiris "the Lord Almighty."

2010-10-29T11:33:00.000-07:00

The reign of King Khufu Egypt for about twenty-three years from 2574 to 2550 BC, during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom. It's Great Pyramid at Giza, which is the first of the seven wonders of the world and only complete the wonders of the ancient world that still exists even now.

It was the first building layers of stones on a low mound in the middle of the area that was left unpaved and was incorporated into the structure of the pyramid. The mound serves as the heart of the pyramid and reduced the amount of masonry required. The original entrance of the pyramid is 16.8 meters or 55.1 feet above ground level and opens on the north side to face the polar star, where the living spirit of the king in the afterlife. The length of each side of the ribs constituting the base of about 230.38 meters or 755.65 feet. A building of 210 layer was left of which only 201.

The original height of the pyramid, including its peak is 146.5 meters or 480.5 feet, but he is now about 137.2 meters or 450 feet, and the angle of aspects about 51 and 50 degrees. Was found on the coffin and pyramid blank when you open the pyramid in the ninth century.

Museum boat of King Khufu

2010-10-29T11:30:00.000-07:00

South of the eastern side of the pyramid is a modern building containing a compound that was discovered in 1954 AD.

It made a huge royal boat of cedar wood, has been found in disarray in the hole which is one of the largest vessels that have been found in Egypt so far.

On the front deck of the boat, there is no umbrella, covers the central part of the framework of a canopy. The rear portion of the deck of the boat, there are by the main cabin, in the form of a roof supported by columns of palm trees.

For the boat a pair of oars to steer the rudder, and five pairs of oars for the conduct of the compound, and a length of about 43.3 meters or 142.02 feet, and a width of about 5.90 meters or 19.35 feet and a height of about 5 meters or 16.4 feet at the front of the boat and 7 meters or 23 feet at the stern.

The boat used to transport the king's funerary furniture. While some boats are made as models, it is clear that this compound has already used also shows the marked contraction of the remaining ropes.

Architectural elements of a Pyramid

2010-10-29T11:25:00.001-07:00

Pyramids were usually built within a funeral includes several facilities. The enclosure wall was mostly built of mud brick and embraces the whole group.

The Valley Temple is the main entrance to a reception area for the king of the neighborhood when he came to inspect the work, as it was performed funerary rites for the deceased king; and perhaps also being his mummification.

The causeway connecting the valley temple and the mortuary temple, and the roof is open in this way earlier pyramids and was often covered in subsequent times by the roof of a rectangular slot in the middle to let a little light.

The final religious rites for the deceased king performed in the mortuary temple and cult shrines; before his body was moved to its burial inside the pyramid.

The pits were holes in the ground to include boats that were used in the transfer of the royal body and the funerary furniture; after that lifted and stacked inside the drill, to be used by the king in the hereafter - wandered in the world of the dead: or accompanied the sun god.

The king was the deceased buried pyramid - any cemetery property; either inside or underneath it.

It was built as a royal tomb or monument, and did not have any other use.

Ancient Egyptian Queens Solitary Governing

2010-10-29T11:22:00.001-07:00

A few queens who are only Anfredn governance in Egypt in ancient times.

This was usually occurs after the death of their husbands; at a time when the Left their sons or husbands under the age of governance.

Queens took over the rule in such cases and as "King of Upper and Lower Egypt"; which was not accepted by the ancient Egyptians, by virtue of tradition.

Following their deaths, the names and achievements erased from memory as it was wiped off the effects. And usually marked changes in the reigns of the ruling families.

The list of queens celebrities both Solitary Governing From: Nate iqeret or Nitocris, Sobek Navarro, Hatshepsut, and Tausert. Perhaps Nate iqeret Nitocris or widow of the last kings of the Sixth Dynasty, ruled for a very short period.

Sobek also sentenced Navarro after the death of her husband, King Amenemhat IV, at the end of the Twelfth Dynasty.

Hatshepsut was the greatest female ruler; long history of ancient Egypt. Has ruled the country after the early death of her husband Tuthmosis II, one of the kings of the Eighteenth Dynasty, for about twenty years; in partnership with the beginning of Tuthmosis III, the son of her husband, then alone.

The Tausert, she was the widow of Seti II; the last king of the Nineteenth Dynasty.

Amun

2010-10-29T11:21:00.000-07:00

Amun is the king of the gods, which appeared in the old state as a member of the Group of Eight Alohmonyen employers. The religion emerged with the political greatness of Thebes.
And became in the Middle Kingdom king of the gods in all parts of Egypt, and Mr. Temples of Karnak. The form of Amun with the death of his wife and their son Khonsu, god of the moon, trinity of good, ie the Holy Family to the people of Thebes. The festival is held yearly to celebrate the marriage of Amun and Mut.

Amun is the king of gods and its president, and occupied a prominent place among the gods when Almsrienolh many implications in the history of Egyptian civilization, his name appeared in the Fifth Dynasty under (Matteawan Al-Ahram), and the meaning of the name of the (hidden), symbolized by a man sitting on a throne and on his head two feathers two long to fry red and green above the crown is sometimes the sun appears (Amun) in the city (good) in the Central State, increased strength when taken by the Kings, who chased (Hyksos) symbol to them, became the most important god in the state, and even worshiped the world of the Egyptian empire in the era of the modern state and has increased the influence of priests and their wealth increased, making some of the kings of resent that, as happened in the era of (Akhenaten) and I have kept god (Amon) national stature among the gods

Amun, Amen-Ra / Amon

God is "hidden" "The Hidden One.", Appears in the form of a man wearing a crown surmounted by two feathers, and take the form of God, "Min" in many cases, as well as the image of the ram or goose. First appeared worship was in the territory of Thebes, is one of the members of the Thamon Ashmunein, then became the idol official of the empire of modern, and the title "King of the Gods" and merged with the senior gods and became "Amun - Ra" "Amon - Maine," and "Amon - Khanom"

Seated statue of the god Amun
The statue depicts the god Amun seated on a throne wearing his crown has been traditional, consisting of two feathers and the sun disk between them.
Amon and puts his left hand unfolded on his thigh while holding in his right hand the sign of life ankh, wearing a kilt property named shendyt.
This was the statue as a doctrine that features sculpted art, especially the eyes, eyebrows, which may have been inlaid with semiprecious stones.

God of healing and medicine Roman Asclepius

2010-10-29T11:15:00.000-07:00

Erosion statue of Asclepius the god of healing and medicine in the Roman less than human size, as it is in place, turning slightly to the right a full face and was naked. The snake of Asclepius Vmentsb along with his right foot and Asclepius mustache and a beard, wearing a himation Greek, descending dress as a rectangle on the left shoulder and around the body, and frizzy hair, eyebrows was filmed at a height of between Tattiya Lord of the healing power of spirituality.

Dimensions Height 114 cm

God is the ancient Egyptians

2010-10-28T13:22:00.000-07:00

God is the ancient Egyptians

Abdul ancient Egyptians multiple gods, and their God is Great "Ra" the sun god, which is relied upon and the goddess "Rinoti" goddess of the harvest and the symbol of sovereignty in increased yields. And Isis, which represents motherhood and faithful wife - the most important goddesses. And Osiris - her husband and her brother grazing germination and the Kingdom of the dead. And Horus is the son of Osiris and Azis, who is described as the God of heaven. For example, the people of Memphis, Abdel Ilah "Ptah," patron of craftsmen and the goddess Sikhmit Nvertom and their son. And most of the ancient Egyptians used to pray to their gods in the house and not in the temples. And each temple was a house for a certain trust in the God of his service to the priests, who lives praying to God at the request of citizens

Tut ankh amun

2010-10-28T13:18:00.000-07:00

Tut ankh amun

Not scientists know a lot about Tutankhamun before the discovery of his tomb on 26 of the month of November 1922 and Tutankhamun is one of the kings of the Eighteenth Dynasty is likely to be the son of Akhenaten, his name at birth was Tutankhamun's roar, but the last section of the name change to be " Amon "After returning to the old religion and the worship of the god Amun as the greatest. Pharaoh remained for nearly ten years until he died in around 1250 BC. After years of archaeological work masterpieces unearthed the tomb of Tutankhamun and the transfer of most of the Egyptian Antiquities Museum in Cairo. Today it is a lot of exposure in museums around the world

2010-10-28T13:15:00.000-07:00

Akhenaten

When the accession of King Amenhotep IV began an era of revolution, religious and cultural rights in Egypt. I have distanced himself from the worship of the god old Amon and his priests, and the adoption clinic sun disk Aten, and declared that the furnace is the one God with the exception of Ra, which is part of the sunlight of the god Amun. He also announced he is the only one who can speak with a furnace, but this does not need the presence of priests, and changed his name to Akhenaten from Amonhtib server, which means furnace. In the end, ban the worship of the god Amun, closed the temples of the Holy. In the sixth year of the reign of Akhenaten and his beautiful wife Nefertiti, Queen of the transfer of capital from Thebes to a new capital in Middle Egypt called Akhetaten - approved furnace - the Tel el-Amarna current. Akhenaten and money to the attribution of the rule of the country to follow the others to devote to the exercise of religious interests. When he died, and died with him religious changes and returned Egypt to the traditional gods and priests

Ramses

2010-10-28T13:13:00.000-07:00

Ramses the oldest

The Egyptians were led by their king, Ramses the great bulk of them much stronger. Publicized accounts of many of the pharaoh Ramses II and his battles against the Hittites on the Egyptian border in Syria. In his youth participated Ramses father Seti I in his wars against the Hittites, and learn from him how to be a successful governor. Witnessed the first period of the reign of Ramesses the ongoing war with the Hittites. But when he realized he was the commander of the two countries, there will be no real victor of the peace offenses. Still remain and the peace treaty can be seen today carved on the walls of the Temple of Karnak. Was the greatest work of the two great temples of Ramses Structural, who carved at the foot of Mount Abu Simbel in Nubia. And largest temples sitting on the façade of four huge statues of the king, a rise of 18 meters. And when he died of Ramses II in a ninety-Amra was buried in the Valley of the Kings near Thebes

Saqqara and Abydos

2010-10-28T13:09:00.000-07:00

Memphis became the capital of the unified state. This status made it very rich and also made the staff of the royal court official who controlled the production and imports in the new state is very rich. This wealth enabled this footnote to build the graves of its members sing. This cemetery - which claims the cemetery was built in the Terrace area in the cemetery of Saqqara, which overlooks the city of Memphis. The burial chamber is located in every cemetery in the middle under the earth carved from the rock, and filled with broken stones after being buried in the body. The cemetery is divided into several rooms or rooms to accommodate all the items needed by the deceased in the afterlife. After the completion of all procedures established for burial, the cemetery covers Bmstmladtha ceiling are not allowed to enter. Unfortunately, the majority of the bishop home easy for thieves to enter the cemetery to the extent that most of the terraces at Saqqara, including all their contents were looted in the last issue. The town of Abydos - which lies 97 kilometers north of the city of Luxor, the current - a holy place else. They are the official final resting place of the god Osiris was probably the tombs of the kings of ancient Egypt as well. In any case, it is believed some Egyptologists that Lapidus was only a repository for the Kings, while the effects of Saqqara is the seat of the actual burial Saqqara and Abydos