HISTORY

History of Calculator

2015-01-25T22:47:00.002+07:00

In 1694, a German mathematician and philosopher, Gottfred Wilhem von Leibniz (1646-1716) improved the Pascaline by creating a machine that can. like its predecessor, this mechanical device works by using the wheels. with study notes and drawings made by Pascal, Leibniz can fine-tune the instrument.

It was only in the 1820s, mechanical calculators became populer.Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar find a machine that could perform the four basic arithmetic functions. Colmar mechanical calculator, arithometer, presenting a more practical approach in the calculation because the tool can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, ability, arithometer widely used until World War I. Together with Pascal and Leibniz, Colmar helped build a mechanical computing era.

Beginning of the computer that is actually formed by a British mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). In 1812, Babbage noticed natural compatibility between mechanical and mathematical machinery of mechanical machines are very good at doing the same tasks repeatedly without mistake; being mathematics requires a simple repetition of a by steps. The problem than growing up putting engines mechanics as a tool to address the needs of mechanics. Babbage's first attempt to address this problem emerged in 1822 when he proposed a machine equation is called Differential Engine. Using steam, the machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results automatically.

After working for ten years Differential Engine, Babbage was suddenly inspired to start making a general-purpose computer first, called the Analytical Engine. Babbage's assistant, Augusta Ada King (1815-1842) has an important role in the manufacture of this machine. He helped revise the plan, seek funding from the British government, and communicate to the public specification of the Analytical Engine. In addition, a good understanding of the Augusta machine makes it possible to put instructions into the machine and also make it the first female programmer. In 1980, the U.S. Defense Department named a programming language ADA with the name as a tribute to him.

History of Sugar Cane

2014-12-01T23:58:00.002+07:00

At first sugar cane known by the Polynesians, then spread to India. In 510 BC, when the Indian master, King Darius of Persia find "the reed which gives honey without bees". As with many other human inventions, where sugar cane is kept secret and closely guarded, while dairy products exported and to generate huge profits.

Secrets of sugarcane finally uncovered after a massive expansion by the Arabs in the seventh century AD. When they invaded Persia in 642 AD they found sugar cane being grown and learned how sugar. During the expansion continued they established sugar production in other lands that they conquered including North Africa and Spain.

Sugar is known by those western Europe as a result of the Crusades in the 11th century. The soldiers returning home talked of this "new spice" and how pleasant it. The first sugar was recorded in England in 1099. The subsequent centuries was a period of major expansion of western European trade with the East, including the importation of sugar. For example, in a 1319 note on sugar prices in London at "two shillings a pound". This value is equivalent to several months the average wage, so that it can be said sugar is a luxury at that time.

Rich people love-making sculptures of sugar to decorate their tables. When Henry III of France visited Venice, a party held in his honor by displaying plates, silverware, and linen are all made of sugar.

Because it is expensive goods, sugar is often considered a drug. Many health instructions from the 13th century to 15 who recommend giving sugar to people with disabilities to strengthen their power.

In the 15th century, European sugar refining is generally carried out in Venice. Venice could no longer a monopoly when Vasco da Gama sailed to India in 1498 and established a trading there. Nevertheless, the discovery of the American people who have changed the consumption of sugar in the world.

In one of his first trip, Columbus brought sugarcane to be planted in the Caribbean region. The climate is very favorable for the growth of sugarcane caused the establishment of an industry quickly. The need for a large sugar to Europe led to many forest areas in the Caribbean islands became almost completely disappeared replaced sugar cane plantations, such as in Barbados, Antigua and half of Tobago. Sugarcane plants cultivated in bulk. Millions of people were sent from Africa and India to work in the sugar mill. Therefore, the production of sugar is closely associated with the slave trade in the western world.

Economically sugar is very important so that all European powers to build or trying to establish colonies on the small Caribbean islands and many battles going on for control of the islands. Furthermore, sugarcane is cultivated in large plantations in other regions in the world (India, Indonesia, the Philippines and the Pacific) to meet the needs of the European market and local.

History of Mermaids

2014-11-23T12:21:00.000+07:00

Mermaid is a water creature that has a body like a woman from the waist to the head, while the body from the waist down to resemble a fish. Mermaid is a mythological creature that belonged to the half-man half-animal creatures. Mermaids are often associated with adverse events such as floods, storms, shipwrecks and drownings. In other traditions (or sometimes in the same tradition), the mermaid is described as having a good and merciful nature, bestowing gifts or fall in love with a human.

The story of the mermaid appears in the folklore of many cultures around the world, including the Middle East, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Story first appeared at the time of the Ancient Assyrians, about a goddess named Atargatis that transform himself into a mermaid because of shame had killed her accidentally. Babylonian society is also worshiped as the god of the sea mermaid known as Ea or Oannes; Oannes is described as a male mermaid.

In Greek mythology, the mermaid is said to always tease the sailors were negligent; anyone who is tempted to be doomed. Mermaids are also associated with siren creatures in Greek mythology, as well sirenian, order of marine mammals consisting of dugongs and sea ox. Some notes testimony encounter with mermaids by ancient sailors are most likely a mistake on the marine mammal observation form. Christopher Columbus claimed that he had seen a mermaid while browsing the Caribbean Sea, and report sightings also exist in the 20th century and the 21st in Canada, Israel, and Zimbabwe. In 2012, the National Ocean Service United States stated that the evidence of the existence of mermaids were never found.

Mermaids also become one of the popular subject in the field of art and literature in the modern age, for example in the works of the famous Hans Christian Andersen, "The Little Mermaid" (1836). Berungkali literary works have been adapted as an opera, painting, books, movies, and comics.

History
The story of the mermaid was first found in Assyrian. The story is about a goddess Atargatis, the mother of Assyrian queen, Semiramis. Goddess Atargatis fell in love with a shepherd, who then killed him. Embarrassed, he plunged into the lake to transform themselves into fish. However, water can not change him completely because of her beauty as a goddess. Finally, only half of his body that become fish from the waist up human form, from the waist down intangible fish although the depiction in ancient times, Atargatis described as fish heads and handed man, much like the god Ea of Babylon. The Greeks recognized Atargatis as Derketo.

In Greek legend is told that Alexander the Great's sister, Thessalonike, turn into a mermaid after her death, and wander in the Aegean Sea. He would always ask one question to sailors on every vessel he encountered: "Did Alexander still alive?" (Greek: "Ζει ο Βασιλιάς Αλέξανδρος"), and the correct answer is: "He is still alive and in power and conquer the world" (Greek: "Ζει και βασιλεύει και τον κόσμο κυριεύει"). The answer will make her happy, so he will make the waters became calm and menyelemati passing ship. Another answer would upset him, so that he will bring storms and cursed sailors and their ships in it

Discovery
Some legendary creatures like mermaids character is also found in some countries, such as: Mami Wata of west and central Africa; Russalki (Rusalka) from Russia and Ukraine; Merrow of Ireland and Scotland; Oceanid, Nereid, and Naiad from Greece, all four water nymphs. In fairy tales and folklore of Europe, there are creatures that its form resembles a mermaid called Melusine, tangible women from head to waist, while intangible fish from the waist down, with two forked tail or sometimes like a snake. According to Japanese folklore, if humans eat the flesh of a mermaid, it will gain immortality. In some European folklore, mermaids can be granted.

History of Boat, Sailboats and Steam Ship

2014-11-14T22:11:00.003+07:00

A. History of Boat

Did you know that the man knew the boat since the stone age? Noted that the first boat made by humans is canoe-shaped vessel. Kano was created in the stone age, especially indigenous Americans were said to have been skilled wood carving make canoes.

For vessels that have a decent early used at sea may have been developed in the past 45,000 years. they also began to recognize the system in a way whaling drove them to the ground with a scare with sound noise, trik2, and use deadly weapons not for, like an arrow. This is usually used in small spesies2 such as pilot whales, beluga whales and narwhals. this time it was noted that the initial navigation system in the world comes from the ancient Indian maurya empire around 4th century BC.

The ancient Egyptians have sufficient knowledge in this konstruksi.Hal screen regulated by the science of aerodynamics. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Necho II sent an expedition of the Phoenicians, who in three years sailing around Africa from the Red Sea to the mouth of the Nile. Some historians believe that Herodotus has reached this science.

for development and will be in a pillowcase tokoh2 gob on other blogs. Now we try to go about peristiwa2 important, namely the discovery of the ship that is used before the motor ship (MS) for humans even to this day.

B. History of Sailboats

Ship sailing ship is driven by using screens that utilize wind power as a pusher. Ship construction is generally made of wood and old enough to use as a bone backs are shipping both civilian and military, until the invention of the steam engine and ship iron / steel in the 19th century along with the height of the Industrial Revolution, led by Britain through the invention of the steam engine by James Watt.

At first, the ship sails driven by human power as a rower and screen. Models of ships of this type can be seen in the viking ship, vessel Ancient Egypt, Ancient Roman ship, vessel Ancient India until the Borobudur Ship already using sailboats. Along with the development, then used kapa bercadik screen as seen in Indonesia, using a triangular sail ship as seen in the Middle East and rectangular sailing ship used by the European Nations ahead of entering the exploration century, As well as a folding screen with a model ship encountered in Japan or China. In today generally sailboats equipped with outboard engine for a possible no wind blows in certain areas local to continue their journey

C. History of Steam ship

After making a sailing ship sailing is growing and needs, which is faster begin to be felt, while the sailing ship has various limitations then later the steamer then be excellent new transport. Steamer or also called a steamer, is a ship driven by steam that drives the propeller or paddle wheel. Steamer or Steamships shortened to SS, SS or S.

Steamships began to be used after the invention of the steam engine by James Watt in England which led to the industrial revolution which is also a fuel revolution because at that time began to use coal with a wider scale replace firewood.

On the voyage, was found by John Fitch in 1787 on the River Delaware, United States, then Robert Fulton in 1802. Initially due to lack of confidence in shipbuilders and sailors, ships steamer still using poles tiggi and equipped with screens up to anticipate when the fuel in the furnace runs out of steam. Such a model can be found in the Pre Dreadnought battleships before 1906. For example warship type Asahi (Japan) or Borodino (Russia) involved in the naval war Tsushima in 1902.

History of Motorcycles~First Motorcycles in the World

2014-11-11T20:04:00.001+07:00

First motorcycle made by the German engineer Gottlieb Daimler in 1885 when he put up a machine with complete combustion in a wood bike he designed himself. The bike has four wheels, including two additional wheels (like a bicycle wheel in children).

Son Daimler became the first to ride a motorcycle when he tried his father's creations on November 10, 1885 with the speed of approaching 10Kpj. Some motorcycle model then introduced in Germany, France and the UK with a focus on the development of its practicality as a means of transportation.

In 1903, Arthur Davidson and his brother Walter along with his neighbor William Harley Harley-Davidson made the first one. A year later they began producing motorcycles for sale. 1909 Harley-Davidson V-Twin engine introduces the first, which has two cylinders with configuration like the letter "V".

The machine has a great sound, rumble and impressed males, shortly engine into a classic American machines. During 1914, forms the basis of modern motorcycle began to form. The form includes the laying of the engine between the front and rear wheels and a chain to mentransger power from the engine to the rear wheels.

During World War I (1914-1918), the motorcycle is proven as a means of transportation for American and European military, was able to reduce the burden on the highway and was able to bring much more to the communication device front lines of battle. After the war, the use of motorcycles spread to Europe and America. Until the 1950s, most North American motorcycle produced by Harley-Davidson or by British companies such as Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA), Norton, and Triumph.

The period 1960 and 1970, Japanese companies such as Honda, Kawasaki, Suzuki, and Yamaha, began to introduce a motorcycle with the engine and suspension development, and they can compete with the motor manufacturer Sudak first there. Later, a motorcycle with a 750 4 stroke engines up to 1200 cc that powered their production will dominate the motorcycle market highway, while the second machine measures 250 cc to 500 will dominate the market of off-road motorcycles.

History of Animation

2014-10-21T06:06:00.000+07:00

Definition animation taken from the Oxford dictionary meaning of life as a film, made from photography, illustration, dolls, and so with the slight difference antarframes, to give the impression of movement when projected (The Little Oxford Dictionary 19). Animate is a verb of English means giving nyawa.Animasi not a new technology anymore and has been used in a variety of interesting films. However, its development in Indonesia was slow. Of the many three-dimensional animated films in circulation almost everything is made overseas, even the majority of people are not aware of any local paper. Yet until now there are two three-dimensional animated film domestically-made full length of "Homeland" and "Janus Last Warrior" Actually, Indonesia also has a reliable animators, ironically the work they actually exported to other countries as was done by Castle Animation in Jakarta. The problem is that investors in Indonesia itself has not seen animation as a profitable sector (Wicaksono 25) .Memperhatikan animated films circulating the big screen, almost all of them use one technique that is generally a 3-D animation as usual studio Pixar, stop motion is usually done by Aardman, or 2-D is usually done by Disney.

Looking at the fact that the writer here wants to try to explore a combined animation technique that is rarely used. Combining two different animation techniques was not possible at the production stage or stages of compositing penganimasian but it is possible as in the post-produksi.Cerita fairy tale titled "The Shepherd and the Chimney Sweep Girl" by Hans Christian Andersen is an interesting object to be used as a final project work in the form of films short animation with combined techniques. This story is a work of Andersen are less popular that it has never made the animation at all. The reason for choosing this story lies in the storyline that has the ability to display a variety of emotional atmosphere.

Making it possible to display or visualkannya various mood (atmosphere) in a film that even only one setting. Concretely are as follows • Atmosphere neutral at the beginning of the story starts with the introduction of the character. • Tensions start of the conflict that began to peak when the girl was forced to marry a shepherd antagonist story and the scene when the two main characters escape. • The atmosphere is dark and gloomy when the two main characters included in the desk drawer to hide. • Suasna romantic in the climax when they reach the top of the chimney followed by anticlimax that scene on the roof of the house • the atmosphere is cheerful in a happy endingDengan above advantages, this story is a story that is potentially interesting and challenging to display in audio-visual format. It needs a careful design to produce a film that has the aspect of continuity as in it has a scene with a different mood.

History of Animation

Animation is a technique widely sutu once used in the film world today, both as a unified whole, part of a movie, or one with a live movie. Actually rooted in the world of film photography, while animation is rooted in the image of the world, namely illustration graphic design (visual communication design). Through the history of each, both photographic and illustrative form a clan gets a new dimension in live clan animated films. It can be said that animation is a medium that is born of a convention or two disciplines, namely clan movie images. To understand the clan wears animation techniques, both these conventions must be understood.

The film, commonly used to record a situation, or express something. The film is used to fulfill a general requirement, which communicates an idea, message or reality. Because of the uniqueness of its dimensions, the clan because of the nature of the entertainment, the film has been accepted as one of the audio-visual media are the most popular and loved. Because it is also regarded as the most effective media.

To be able to use the medium of film there are two main problems that must be faced, namely technical issues clan movie premises engineering problems presented something commonly called a movie or presentation techniques. Likewise, the things that should be known in the animated film, namely the problem of animation techniques, and engineering problems communicating something with animation techniques. Often communication techniques more familiar words to say the art of communicating.

In fact is it is very closely related to the various fields of the arts, both visual and verbal or teateral. For a communications planner, this activity is very important to understand. A filmmaker will be encountering technical problems make the film and the art of making films. All things that are written in this discussion, not a limitation, but a way of seeing and a summary of the issues that must be developed.

Origins of Film Technique AnimasiKeinginan humans to create images or santiran (image) that lives and moves as pantara of disclosure (expression) they are, is a manifestation of the basic form of animation that life evolved. The word itself is an animated adaptation of the word animation, which is derived from the basic to animate, in a general English-Indonesian dictionary means turn (Wojowasito 1997). In general, animation is an activity switch, move inanimate objects; An inanimate object is given a boost of strength, spirit and emotions to be alive and moving, or simply memorable life.

In fact, since ancient times, man has tried meng¬animasi motion pictures of their animals, as found by archaeologists in the Lascaux caves of Northern Spain, has lived two hundred thousand years; They tried to capture fast motion running animals, such as wild boar, bison or a horse, described by eight feet in different positions and stacked (Hallas and Manvell 1973: 23). The ancient Egyptians turn their image with a sequence of images of the wrestlers who are struggling, as a wall decoration. Created around 2000 BC (Thomas 1958: 8)

Ancient Japanese painting exhibits a life storyline, with deploying scrolls, made in the Heian period (794-1192) (Cyclopedia Americana volume 19, 1976). Then came the toy called thaumatrope around the 19th century in Europe, in the form of a thick sheet of cardboard discs, illustrated bird in a cage, which is both the left rope tied to his right, when twisted by hand will give a picture of the bird moving santir (Laybourne 1978: 18) .

Until the 1880s, Jean Marey using a straight portrait continuous recording of motion flying bird, human activities and other animals. A tool that became the forerunner of the movie camera life growing up today. And in 1892, Emile Reynauld develop animated images ayng toy called praxinoscope, in the form of a series played hundreds of images and animations projected on a mirror into a motion movie, a device the forerunner to the projector at the cinema (Laybourne 1978: 23).

Both novice filmmaker cinema, comes from the French, dianggapsebagai initial opening of the development of the animated film technique (Encyclopedia AmericanavoLV1,1976: 740) Ten years later, after the movie of life ahead with his fast at the end of the 19th century In 1908, Emile Cohl beginners of the French animated film simplest form matchstick figures. The series of pictures blabar black (black line) is created on top of a white sheet, was photographed with a film negative so that the figure looks to be white and the background black.

While in the United States Winsor McCay (see picture beside) animated film "Gertie the Dinosaur" in 1909. The figure is drawn blabar black on a white background. Following in the years following the American animators began to develop the technique of animated film around 1913 to the early 1920s; Max Fleischer develop "Ko Ko The Clown" and Pat Sullivan made "Felix The Cat". The series of drawings made as simple as possible, in which the figure is drawn blabar black or black shadow background blabar united with a black base or made otherwise. McCay made a movie with the calculation formula of the time, 16 times per second in motion pictures.

Fleischer and Sullivan have taken advantage of the sell animation techniques, namely transparent sheets of celluloid material (celluloid) called "cell". Other Beginners in Germany, Lotte Reineger, in 1919 developed the animated film shadows, and Bertosch of France, in the 1930 animated film experiment with figure pieces derived from pieces of wood. The following image is a character "Gertie The Dinosaurs", and "Felix the Cat"

George Pal start using dolls as a figure in his short animated film, in 1934 in the Netherlands. And Alexsander Ptushko of Russian dolls length animated film "The New Gulliver" in 1935. In 1935 Len Lye from Canada, began drawing directly on the film after entering renewal in color film through the film "Color of Box". The development of the most important animation film technique, namely around 1930. Where emerged pioneered animated film voiced by Walt Disney from the United States, through the movie "Mickey Mouse", "Donald Duck" and "Silly Symphony" which was made during 1928 to 1940.

In the 1931 Disney animated film in the first color film "Flower and Trees". And the length of the first animated film made Disney cartoons in 1938, the movie "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". Thus the origin of the development of the animated film technique that continues to grow with the style and characteristics of each maker in various countries in Europe, America and Asia negara¬negara creep up. Especially in Japan, a cartoon developed rapidly there, up in the decade of this master cartoon animation film market here with the characteristics and unique style.

Attitude Principle AnimasiFilm animated film comes from two disciplines, the film is rooted in the world of photography and animation is rooted in the world picture. The word is derived from the English language films that have been in Indonesianising, meaning we can see the general Indonesian dictionary:

"1 thin stuff like membrane made of celluloid four negative portrait image (which will be made portraits or played in cinema); 2 plays (story) live images; "(Poerwadarminfa 1984) Basically a thorough understanding of the film is difficult to explain. Can only be interpreted if viewed out of context; for example, be used for portrait negatives or printing plates, films implies a celluloid sheet chemically processed before it can be seen the results; or related to the story or play, the film implies a series of images of living or moving images into a storyline to watch people, forms the basis of films that contain elements of light, sound and time.

While understanding the special animation we can see in an encyclopedia "Americana": "Animated, motion picture consisting of a series of hand-drawn sketches invidual, in the which the positions or gestures of the figures are varied slightly from one sketch to another. Generally, the series is the movie and, when projected on a screen, suggest that figures are moving "(Encyclopedia Americana vol. V1,1976).

Techniques animated film, just as well as live-action films, made possible the calculation of the film that runs sequentially keceaptan between 18 and 24 images per second. Images are projected onto the screen is not actually moving, that look is apparent movement, occurred on our senses as a result of small changes from one image to another, adanaya a phenomenon that occurs when we saw, called Persistence of Vision, so as to produce an illusion of motion from our view.

Unlike the live-action films, pictures taken from the photo shoot moving objects, then analyzed one by one into a still image on each frame of celluloid. While animated films, motion pictures are created by analyzing the picture by picture or frame-by-frame by animators, and recorded images or move forward for the sake of image motion using stop-frame camera, a camera that uses a machine tool drive frame by frame, the actuator celluloid frame by frame, with the computation time required for each one second aperture 24 frame camera to record images, the motion to celluloid.

Some Types of Animation Techniques

Based on the material or base material used animated object, generally the type of animated film techniques classified two major parts, the bi-dimensional animated film (flat animation) and the animated film tri¬matra (object animation).

Use of Animation Film

The use of animation films as a form of visual impaired pantara (audio-visual medium), quite an important role in spreading the message or idea to be conveyed to the public. The animated film is used in:

1. TV commercial; The animated film is used for commercial purposes, such as movies Wan on television, as an insert in between events television program, in the form of short messages to viewers and as movie entertainment.
2. Cinema; The animated movie as a movie can be a long story, short films, and the film inserts for Man at the cinema.
3. Government Services; The animated film is used as a propaganda film, movie information and education.
4. Company; animated film is used as the film public relations (PR) such as: lighting films, educational films and propaganda films or film Man product introductions.

Types AnimasiAnimasi who had had a simple principle, now has developed into several types, namely:

2D Animation, 3D Animation, Animation ground Hat (Clay Animation), Japanese Animation (Anime).
Animation Creator Software
In the market today has many outstanding softwarwe animation maker, be it 2D or 3D. For more details see the list below which is based on the criteria.
2D Animation Software:
Macromedia Flash, CoRETAS, Corel RAVE, After Effects, Moho, CreaToon, ToonBoom, Autodesk animaton (1990s) etc.

History Of Digital Clock

2014-10-17T18:09:00.002+07:00

Electric clock Halmilton 1957, Halmilton Watch Co. of Lancester, Pennsylvania, produced the world's first electric clock. Hours electrically Hamilton set a time with traditional -mekanisme balance wheel has been used in parts hours for hundreds of years and hence no more accurate than another hour. However, rather than provide the mechanical strength of the spring, a battery is used to give power to the mechanics that requirement is no longer necessary rounds. Although people love the fact that they no longer use round the clock, it stops when the electrical contacts become corroded where there was not before long the life span of an hour. It makes a headache for Hamilton repair department which is continuously updated on the deal until 1961. Accutron by BulovaPada around that time, Bulove provide the next major enhancement in the timing of electrically with their Accutron watch in 1960. It comes in the form of chunks forms U of nickel alloy that vibrates in response to electrical current from the battery.

The vibration frequency is higher than the traditional rodagaya, so for the first time an electric intercession be a neat idea which gives power to the clock by offering better accuracy anyway. Accutron is also working on the electrical contact issue further by introducing transistors, providing long hours of working time without having to wear it. This clock is also closely associated with the US space program that is used on aircraft angakasa Mercury and Apollo were used by NASA to go to the moon. Smooth the movement JamInovasi SwissBagaimanapun, Bulova frightening success of the Swiss watchmaker, who saw the potential challenges to their dominance in terms of the quality of the timer. Bereka united to fund research lab CEH (Center Electonique Horloger). CEH targeting their research to find oslilator more accurate than sepatukuda nickel. Quartz movement has been used for the first time in hours in the 1930s; until the early 60s they even have used it in naval chronometer (although there is no denying the accuracy can not be predicted). CEH set about increasing the accuracy and up to the mid 60s and Bernard Golary Longines has created a pocket watch that has an accuracy up to 0:01 seconds a day. In 1967, CEH produce watches with quartz movements first.

In regard to the increase in microelectronics, the integration of electronic circuits has increased which makes it more energy efficient, thus making it able diminaturisasi quartz movement can fit in a wristwatch. However, the Swiss manufacturers continue to refine their mechanical engineering and then equaled Bolova through traditional means. After years damapenelitian, Switzerland saw quartz as a fad that will pass, taking into account the mechanical advantage of their error which will show them to survive as king of the heap; it is poor judgment which will sometimes lead to death in some companies.

While the Japanese interpretation of the Europeans play one-upmanship with their various techniques, Seiko has continually take a fresh look at quartz and it is a Japanese company that issued the first quartz watches in the world - Clock Astron 25SQ - in Japan on December 25, 1969 . Valuable expensive, with a price of 450,000 yen ($ 1,250 in 1969 exchange rates). Having a flat face, clumping (unlike the Swiss mechanical watch is thin) and also painful with so many technical difficulties that made Seiko end by pulling it after producing only 100 hours. However, despite the apparent failure, it also marks a new stage in the technology of hours where we will never turn. Quartz technology has been at a new step forward in the year 1970; many Japanese watchmaker Seiko follow the path, also made the Americans, until sometimes when Switzerland climb to join - though not until some other manufacturer collapsed. This competition leads to thinness, the hours are more hungry accuracy. Even with the addition of more features such as the progress of the 70s, the next leap was just going nowhere.

History of Indonesian Currency

2014-09-25T00:44:00.000+07:00

Dated 2 November 1949 is the day of the enactment of dollars as the official currency of the Indonesian rupiah and printed as well as its use is governed by Bank Indonesia. Although at that time the Riau Islands and West Irian rupiah has their own variation, but their use was dissolved in 1964 in Riau and 1974 in West Irian.

The government sees the need to spend their own currencies in addition to functioning as a legal tender is also used as the main symbol of which is already independent state. The words "dollars" is derived from the word "rupee", the currency of India. Indonesia has been using Dutch guilders currency from 1610 until 1817 After 1817, introduced the Netherlands Indies Gulden currency.

Rupiah was first officially introduced at the time of Japanese occupation during World War 2, with the name of the Dutch East Indies dollars. After the end of the war, the Bank of Java (Javaans Bank, next to Bank Indonesia) introduced the Java rupiah currency as a substitute. NICA gulden currency created by the Allies and some currencies were printed collection of guerrilla also apply at that time.

Currency is the currency may be exchanged for free, but traded with the penalty due to the high levels of inflation. New Currency in the history of the value of money functions and the types of money and making turns through many stories and long history in the country of Indonesia

Economic situation in Indonesia at the beginning of independence marked by hyperinflation due to the circulation of several currencies that are not controlled, while the Government of the Republic of Indonesia does not have a currency. There are three currencies were declared valid by the government of the Republic of Indonesia on October 1, 1945, the Japanese currency, the currency of the Dutch East Indies, and currency De Javasche Bank.

Among the three currencies that exchange rate experienced a sharp decline is Japan's currency. Its circulation reached four billion so that the Japanese currency is the source of hyperinflation. Society that suffer most are farmers, because they are the most widely store the Japanese currency.

Economic chaos caused by hyperinflation exacerbated by policy AFNEI Commander (Allied Forces Netherlands East Indies) Lieutenant General Sir Montagu Stopford is on March 6, 1946 declaring the NICA currency in all parts of Indonesia that has been occupied by troops AFNEI. This policy was protested by the Indonesian government, for violating the agreement that each party shall not issue a new currency for the absence of a political settlement. But the outcry was ignored by AFNEI. AFNEI NICA currency used to finance military operations in Indonesia and simultaneously disrupt the national economy, so it would appear the crisis of people's faith in the ability of the Indonesian government to overcome problems of national economy.

Because the protest is not addressed, then the Indonesian government issued a policy that banned all Indonesian people using NICA currency as a medium of exchange. This step is very important because NICA currency in circulation outside the control of the government of Indonesia, making it difficult for national economic recovery.

Therefore AFNEI not revoke the application of the NICA currency, then on October 26, 1946 the Indonesian government imposed a new currency ORI (Oeang Republic of Indonesia) as legal tender throughout the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Since that time the Japanese currency, the currency of the Dutch East Indies and De Javasche Bank currency is no longer valid. Thus there are only two valid currency that ORI and NICA. Each currency is only recognized by the issuing. So ORI is only recognized by the government of the Republic of Indonesia and the NICA only currency recognized by AFNEI. People turned out to give more support to the ORI. It has a political impact that more people favor the Indonesian government of the interim government who only supported AFNEI NICA.

To set the exchange rate with a foreign currency ORI in Indonesia, the government of the Republic of Indonesia on 1 November 1946 to change the leadership of the Foundation Center Tanuwijaya Djojohadikusomo Bank to Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI). A few months earlier the government had also changed the Japanese occupation government banks Shomin Ginko into Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) and Tyokin Me into the Post Office Savings (KTP), which changed its name in June 1949 became Postal savings bank and finally in 1950 to the State Savings Bank (BTN). All this serves as a bank commercial bank which is run by the government of the Republic of Indonesia. Its main function is to collect and distribute funds or public money as well as service providers in the payment traffic.

Long before the arrival of the western nations, the archipelago has become a center of international trade. While in mainland Europe appears simple banking institutions, such as Bank van Leening in the Netherlands. The banking system was then taken by the western nations that expands the archipelago at the same time. VOC in Java in 1746 founded the Bank van De Leening which later became De Bank Courant en Bank van Leening in 1752 the Bank was the first bank that was born in the archipelago, the precursor of the banking sector in the future. On January 24, 1828, the Dutch East Indies government established a bank circulation under the name De Javasche Bank (DJB). Over the decades, the bank operated and developed by a Oktroi of the ruler of the Netherlands, until finally enacted Wet DJB 1922.

Japanese occupation period has stopped banking DJB and the Dutch East Indies for a while. Then the revolution came, the Dutch East Indies experiencing duality of power, between the Republic of Indonesia (RI) and the Nederlandsche Indische Civil Administrative (NICA). Banking was divided into two, DJB and Dutch banks in the region whereas NICA "Jajasan Poesat Bank Indonesia" and Bank Negara Indonesia in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Round Table Conference (RTC) in 1949 ended the conflict Indonesia and the Netherlands, then DJB defined as the central bank of the Republic of Indonesia (RIS). This status continued to survive until the return of the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia. Next as a nation and a sovereign state, the Republic of Indonesia nationalized central bank. So since July 1, 1953 DJB transformed into Bank Indonesia, the central bank of the Republic of Indonesia.

The Asian economic crisis of 1998 led to the exchange rate of the rupiah fell to 35% and the weakening rupiah economic situation in Indonesia is lowered.

History of Knives

2014-09-09T09:45:00.000+07:00

Knives, could no longer be denied. As the oldest tool of human beings, the knife has accompanied humans since prehistoric times until now. Throughout the history of human civilization, the knife has been used and more useful. Starting from the initial function as a means of self defense from wild animals in the pre-history, gathering food, making shelter until now where the knife can be considered as art pieces of quality and have high economic value.

The process of making knife evolve as the development of human civilization. You could say knife making human tingkatperadaban describe when a knife blade was made. me through a knife can be known with modern technology i then. Starting from the initial shape pisauyang changed from time to time, the evolution of form, materials and manufacturing technologies knife abreast of technology trends of his time.

At the time of the stone age the first knife made of stone Flint stone kind of shiny and has a sharp edge. With nothing more than a form of stone chips. This stone can be easily formed with high acuity in his day. The blade of this stone which in turn increases the ability of humans to the stone age to hunt, find food and make shelter. Subsequent developments have experienced this stone knife sharpening, grinding technology early enable humans to acquire flint knife which has a smooth surface with higher acuity. Since that time the prey debarking technologies grow more rapidly. Making a simple thread of fiber trees leads man to a higher civilization.

Further in human history finally know teknologipengolahan copper, bronze, and finally iron. The entire journey of human civilization is immortalized in blade technology and manufacture.

Humans have a very special bond with the tools that accompany peradabanya. Knives and tools like that help people in hunting, gathering food and so forth, has got a touch overwhelming feeling from the manufacturer. Touch the soul of art as a sense of respect for the maker of tools that facilitate the way of civilization has been demonstrated that the cultural level of the blade can be told when a knife is made. Touch of beauty that exist on a knife illustrate the high knowledge they have learned in a particular period.

Each blade can also describe the natural condition of the blade is made. Natural conditions resulting in different needs of each blade as an example, long and slender Bolo used in the Philippine highlands is suitable for

forest jobs in the area, but Machete from South America to have a more robust and more suitable for use in the interior of the more dense Amazon forest wood harder. Another example is a curved shape that is possessed by a Ghurka knife fighter is also used as a hunting knife, knife to slaughter tetak and yak, a different kind of a big bull with a Bowie knife of Americans who used to fight but do not need to kill game animals.

At this time, the knife still remains a very useful tool. Even when high technology has penetrated every aspect of life, where the knife is still needed. Some knives have changed function, more specifically to the needs for "sport" compared to "survival" as in the past.

History of The Calculator

2014-08-22T11:06:00.000+07:00

It was only in the 1820s, mechanical calculators became populer.Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar find a machine that could perform the four basic arithmetic functions. Colmar mechanical calculator, arithometer, presenting a more practical approach in the calculation because the tool can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, ability, arithometer widely used until World War I. Together with Pascal and Leibniz, Colmar helped build a mechanical computing era.

After almost 12 centuries, emerged another discovery in terms of computing machines. In 1642, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), who at that time was 18 years old, found what he called a numerical wheel calculator (numerical wheel calculator) to help his father make tax calculations This brass rectangular box called the Pascaline, used eight serrated wheel to add up the numbers to eight digits. This tool is a calculator tool based on ten. Weaknesses of these tools is limited only to do the sums

Beginning of the computer that is actually formed by a British mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). In 1812, Babbage noticed natural compatibility between mechanical and mathematical machinery of mechanical machines are very good at doing the same tasks repeatedly without mistake; being mathematics requires a simple repetition of a by steps. The problem than growing up putting engines mechanics as a tool to address the needs of mechanics. Babbage's first attempt to address this problem emerged in 1822 when he proposed a machine equation is called Differential Engine. Using steam, the machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results automatically.

After working for ten years Differential Engine, Babbage was suddenly inspired to start making a general-purpose computer first, called the Analytical Engine. Babbage's assistant, Augusta Ada King (1815-1842) has an important role in the manufacture of this machine. He helped revise the plan, seek funding from the British government, and communicate to the public specification of the Analytical Engine. In addition, a good understanding of the Augusta machine makes it possible to put instructions into the machine and also make it the first female programmer. In 1980, the U.S. Defense Department named a programming language ADA with the name as a tribute to him.

History of PT. Indosat

2014-06-23T13:07:00.000+07:00

PT. Indosat Tbk was established in 1967 as a foreign investment companies that provide services International Telecommunication Indonesia. PT Indosat Tbk, formerly known as PT Indonesian Satellite Corporation Tbk, which is a provider of telecommunication lines in Indonesia. And telecommunications company Indosat is Indonesia's second largest multimedia to mobile services (Mentari, Matrix, IM3 and StarOne).

In 1980, the Indonesian government to buy all the shares of Indosat, so that when the PT. Indosat, Tbk became Joint Owned Enterprises (SOEs). In 1994 the company went public marked by registering its shares on the Jakarta Stock Exchange (JSX), the Surabaya Stock Exchange (SSX) as well as enroll in the New York Stock Exchange.

PT Palapa Indonesia (Satelindo) was established in 1993 under the supervision of PT Indosat. Began operations in 1994 as a GSM operator. Establishment as a subsidiary of Indosat Satelindo make it as the first GSM operator in Indonesia. In 2001 PT. Indosat, Tbk established PT. Indosat Multi Media Mobile (IM3) and was followed by acquiring all of the shares of PT. Palapa Indonesia (Satelindo) in 2002. Was followed by group as organizer makes Indosat mobile phone operator in Indonesia's second largest

In late 2002, the Indonesian government sold 41.94% stake in Indosat to Singapore Technologies Telemedia Pte. Then widened Indosat Telecommunication Company Limited (PT Indosat, Tbk) and the Foreign Investment into a company that offers a full service, integrated networks, and services of information technology and communications solutions.

On November 20, 2003 signing of the merger agreement merger of Satelindo, Indosat Multi Media Mobile (IM3) and Bima Graha into PT. Indosat, Tbk. This was followed by the emergence of PT. Indosat, Tbk, a company that focuses on the cellular signal (network) strong or Full Network Service Provider (FNSP). By combining the company's mobile, fixed telecommunications and MIDI his services into a single company. PT. Indosat Tbk is positioning itself into a provider of telecommunications services to a broad range of products in Indonesia.

Over the above program, followed by a thorough transformation program that began in 2004. Transformation includes the fields of human resources, technology, culture and values of the company. These efforts are beginning to show encouraging results acquisition, the success of the company's record company revenue exceeded 10 billion Euro and an increase in margins in its 10th year as a public company.

Currently PT. Indosat, Tbk has opened a branch office in 5 regions of Sumatra Regional Office, Regional Office Greater Jakarta and Banten, Bali Nusa & Sulampapua Regional Office, East Java and Kalimantan Regional Office and West & Central Java Regional Office.

History of Photography

2014-05-06T10:30:00.001+07:00

Understanding and Definition of Photography

Photography ( from English : photography , which is derived from the Greek word is " Photos " : light and " Grafo " : Painting ) is the process of painting / writing using light media .

Photography means a process or method to produce an image or images of an object by recording the reflection of light on the objects on light sensitive media . The most popular tool for capturing this light is the camera . Without light , there is no photograph that can be made .

To generate proper light intensity to produce an image , use the help of a measuring instrument lightmeter . After obtaining the proper size of the lighting , a photographer can adjust the light intensity by changing the combination of ISO / ASA ( ISO Speed ) , diaphragm ( aperture ) and shutter speed ( Speed) . The combination of ISO , Diaphragm & Speed referred to as Exposure ( Exposure ) . In the era of digital photography in which the film is not used , then the speed of the film that was in use evolved into Digital ISO .

history of Photography

History of Photography started in the 19th century . 1839 is the year of the birth of photography . At that time , in France officially declared that photography is a technological breakthrough . At that time , recording two- dimensional as the eye can be made permanent .

History of photography began long before the AD . In the 5th century BCE (BCE ) , a man named Mo Ti observes a phenomenon . If the wall of a dark room there is a small hole ( pinhole ) , then on the inside of the chamber will be reflected in the view of the outside of the room in reverse through the hole . Mo Ti was the first to realize the phenomenon of the camera obscura .

Centuries later , many are aware of and admire this phenomenon , namely Aristotle in the 3rd century BC and an Arab scientist Ibn al Haitam ( Al Hazen ) in the 10th century BC , which seeks to create and develop a tool that is now known as a camera . In 1558 , an Italian scientist , Giambattista della Porta called the " camera obscura " in a box that helps artists capture shadows image .

Name of camera obscura was invented by Johannes Kepler in 1611 . Johannes Kepler makes the camera portable design that is made like a tent , and gave the name of the device camera obscura . Inside the tent was very dark except for a bit of light captured by the lens , the image formed in the state outside of the tent on a piece of paper .

Various studies conducted starting in the early 17th century , the Italian scientist - Angelo Sala use sunlight to record a series of words on a plate of silver chloride . But he failed to maintain a permanent image . Around the year 1800, Thomas Wedgwood , a British experiment to record a positive image of the image in the camera obscura lens , the results are very disappointing . Humphrey Davy conduct further experiments with silver chloride , but also meet the same fate , despite being caught by the camera obscura images without lens .

Finally , in 1824 , a French artist lithography , Joseph - Nicéphore Niepce ( 1765-1833 ) , after eight hours of clicking - exposed view from his bedroom window , through a process called heliogravure ( process works similar lithograph ) on top of a metal plate coated with bitumen , successfully gave birth to a somewhat blurred image , also managed to maintain a permanent image . He continued his experiments until 1826 , is what eventually became the actual early history of photography . The resulting image is now stored at the University of Texas at Austin , USA .

Study after study continues to pata dated dated August 19, 1839 , the opera stage designer who is also a painter , Louis - Jacques Mande ' Daguerre ( 1787-1851 ) was crowned as the first to successfully create photo real : a permanent image on a sheet of copper plate silver coated with a solution of iodine were exposed for one and a half hours of light directly heated mercury ( fluorescent ) . This process is called the daguerreotype . To make the image permanent , washable plates salt solution and distilled asir . January 1839 , Daguerre actually want to patent it . However , the French government thinks that the findings should be shared around the world for free .

Photography then develop very quickly . Eastman Kodak company through , George Eastman developed the photography by creating and selling a roll of film and the camera box is practical , in line with developments in the world of photography through improved lens , shutter , film and photographic paper .

1950, to facilitate shooting on a Single Lens Reflex camera then start to use the prism ( SLR ) , and Japan also began to enter the world of photography with a Nikon camera production was followed by Canon . 1972 Edwin Land Polaroid camera findings began to be marketed . Polaroid camera capable of producing images without going through the process of developing and printing film.

History Copy Machines | Technology

2014-04-19T21:36:00.000+07:00

Flood Chester Carlson inventor of a photocopy machine was born on February 8, 1906 in Seattle, Washington, USA father contracted tuberculosis forced him to work hard to get the cost of treatment. By the time 17-year-old mother died, and four years after his mother died following Carlson's father. This does not make Carlson discouraged to learn. He could finish his education up to the college at the California Institute of Technology. after completing his studies, Carlson and then worked at a manufacturer of electronic goods. Chester Carlson began her work as a copyist in a patent document peruahaan patent analysis, Carlson thought to accelerate job is to create a tool that can print documents repeatedly. He also read the various references to the printing press. Finally, he found the concept of electrophotographic, which we now know as a copier.

In 1938, Chester Carlson made a small experiment that utilizes powder soot (carbon) and light exposure and move a post from a medium to another medium. He also uses a concept called photo-conductivity, an electron change when exposed to the light. In essence, with this process, the image can be coupled with process changes the electron. Most of the available literature, the findings of Carlson creates a copy process using electrostatic energy, ie xenography.

Xenography name comes from the Greek, radical Xeros (dry) and graphos (write). Because, in the process does not involve chemicals, unlike previous technology. Through this technique, Chester Carlson has found ways remodel paradigm replicates author a document, which later would be called the photocopying process. This technique is then patented in October 6, 1942. For several years, Chester Carlson trying to perfect his invention. Although very useful, electrophotographic machine is not

interest many people, because the machine is considered to have a promising future. Chester who managed to make a tool that must sell the concept for many years that the copier can be sold on the market. Large companies like Kodak is selling the equipment and the process of shooting, IBM and General Electric, rejected the findings. After almost desperate, Chester got the first Batelle Memorial Institute partners who are willing to capitalize the fund and then with the same effort and managed to persuade Haloid, a medium-sized company Haloid Corporation, New York that sells photo paper would be its partner to develop its findings later changed the name Haloid Company The first electrophotographic copying machines because they lack commercial value, then been proposed name with the name of xerography. Xerography became commercial after adopted by Xerox Corporation.

One of the initial product is a Xerox Xerox 914, the first automatic copier that uses xenography process. Named Xerox 914 to refer to the ability of the machine to copy paper with a size of 9 inches x 14 inches (229 mm x 356 mm). Xerox 914, which can copy up to 100 thousand papers per month, is very popular among people at that time. This product revenues accounted for up to 60 million U.S. dollars. The success made the company decided to change its name from Haloid became Xerox in 1958. Until now the company Xerox is a copier and printer in the world.

The resulting product companies are now headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut, USA in 2006 and recorded a 15.9 billion U.S. dollar revenue. The number of employees reached 53,700 people, spread across the world. Chester Carlson died on 9 September 1968, in Rochester, New York, due to chronic liver disease. Thanks to its findings through a copy machine, Chester Carlson has found ways remodel paradigm replicates a document writer. Until now, this process can hardly be left in modern life. By Chester Carlson's invention also present us with an easy, cheap and quick to duplicate a document.

History Aquarium

2014-04-17T21:35:00.000+07:00

On this occasion yusro will share the history and benefits Aquarium. Friend before ever know all about the history of the aquarium or not anyone is interested but has not had time to have it, with a presence in our home aquarium is not only useful as a decoration, but there are other benefits behind it . Derived from the Ocean Aquarium and rium. Ocean derived from English, which means sea or ocean, while the word rium is a fragment of a word that means place an aquarium.

Based on the large Indonesian dictionaries, Aquarium is the place to maintain ornamental fish; Where Aquarium was similar to the one tangk ecosystem contains many components interact with each other so that the whole system running. Originally aquarium use began during the Romans and Egyptians, at the time put the fish in a container which will be aimed as a store of fresh fish supplies.

Selective breeding in China began about 2000 years ago. In the Song Dynasty in China, goldfish kept in the house began in large ceramic vessels (Boediono Mismail "Coral Reef Aquarium" UB Publisher Printing Press I, 2010).

At this time, Aquarium benefit right to decorate the room in which the presence of Aquariums can provide satisfaction and peace of mind as well as decorative home furnishings. Here are some benefits of aquariums in everyday life:

Inspiring. because the aquarium in order to calm the mind with good people who see it, so that will increase the imagination and passion to create something.
Optimizing hobby. In general, people keep the fish in a container in the aquarium hobby is because utilizing spare time or after doing the routine, but if in your field this hobby can provide income opportunities sideline.
Regenerate naturally developed affection on us.
Clear the mind, where the beauty of the aquarium with fish in it can neutralize the feeling that anything to do with health. Beauty and fish movement often gives away the main attraction capable of hearts and minds at peace.

Well from away to refresh our minds by going to a distant place and sometimes crowded we'd better set aside some money we are to have the aquarium, because then we can refresh our minds anytime without travel far away.

For yusro friends who are interested in having aquarium can find more information about the aquarium and ornamental fish in the market place nearby ornamental fish sales in the area around you, there is guaranteed we will get a lot of information about the aquarium and ornamental fish species. And friends all need to remember that life in the aquarium can provide valuable lessons that we still need a touch of nature to make life more beautiful and meaningful.

History Rhoma Irama | Music

2014-04-15T14:38:00.000+07:00

In the seventies, Rhoma Irama has become famous singers and musicians after the band set up and downs in the music, ranging from band Gayhand 1963. Shortly thereafter, he moved in. orchestra Chandra Leka, until eventually formed his own band called Sonnet that since October 13, 1973 was hoisted. Sonnet with a group he leads, Rhoma recorded once gained 11 Golden Record of tapes.

Based on sales data tapes, and the number of spectators who starred in the films, fans Rhoma no less than 15 million or 10% of Indonesia's population. It records up to mid-1984. "There is no kind of cutting-edge art that has such a broad scope," wrote TEMPO magazine, June 30, 1984. Meanwhile, Rhoma himself said, "I'm afraid of publication. Apparently, I was dragged away."

Rhoma Irama is counted as one of the most successful entertainers in the mass gathering. Rhoma Irama not only appear in the country but he has also performed in Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, and Brunei with nearly the same number of viewers when she performed in Indonesia. Rhoma Irama often in concert, the audience fainted due to crowding. People call music is music dangdut Rhoma, while he himself would prefer if the music is referred to as the Malay rhythm. Let us refer to the following detailed information about Rhoma Irama.

Biodata

Real Name: Raden Oma Irama

Name Beken: Rhoma Irama

Birth: Tasikmalaya, December 11, 1946

Dad: Raden Burdah Anggawirya

Mother: Tuti Juariah

Wife: Ricca Rachim (11 April 1959)

EDUCATION

* SD Kibono Manggarai Jakarta

* SMP Negeri Jakarta XV

* SMA VIII Jakarta (to grade II)

* SMA PSKD Jakarta

* St Joseph Solo

* High School August 17 Tebet Jakarta

* Faculty STIR University August 17

ALBUM

* Wandering (1978)

* Dollar (1978)

* Staying up (1978)

* Human Rights (1977)

* Oma Irama Old Guitar (1977)

* Joget (1975)

* To Bina Ria (1974)

Filmography

* Oma Irama Curious (1976)

* Oma Irama Old Guitar (1977)

* Young Blood (1977)

* Rhoma Irama Wandering I (1978)

* Wandering Rhoma Irama II (1978)

* Staying up (1978)

* King of Dangdut (1978)

* Love Triangle (1979)

* Camelia (1979)

* Struggle and Prayer (1980)

* Melody Love Rhoma Irama (1980)

* Earlier Happy Hurricane (1981)

* Devotion (1984)

* Glimpses of Love at Orange Sky (1985)

* Reaching the Sun I (1986)

* Reaching the Sun II (1986)

* The tones Rindu (1987)

* Flower Village (1988)

* Jaka Swara (1990)

* Tone and Propagation (1991)

* Takbir Blue (1993)

Address: Jalan Pondok Jaya VI/14, Prapatan Mampang, South Jakarta

BIOGRAPHY

In the 1970s, Rhoma already become a singer and musician in the band's music, ranging from band Gayhand 1963. Shortly thereafter, he moved in. orchestra Chandra Leka, until eventually formed his own band called Sonnet group since October 13, 1973. Sonnet group together, Rhoma recorded once gained 11 Golden Record of tapes. On October 13, 1973, Rhoma proclaimed the motto "Voice of Moslem" (Muslim Voice) which aims to be a reformer agent Malay music that combines elements of rock music in the Malay music and improvise upon arrangements, poems, lyrics, costumes and performances on stage.

Rhoma also active in politics. During the New Order, he had become an important figure in the PPP, then moved to Golkar, and was elected a member of Parliament from the constituency in the 1997 general election Jakarta. In the 2004 election, Rhoma Irama also appear on stage MCC campaign. Rhoma Irama is known as a preacher and Muslim preacher and became chairman of the Muslim Forum (FUI), a religious organization that does not favor any party.

His success in the world of music and acting world had set up a company to make Rhoma Irama Rhoma Film Productions movie that succeeded in producing the film among Struggle and Prayer (1980) and Love Twins (1984). Now, Rhoma commonly called Bang Haji, much to fill his time with both through music and preaching sermons on television up to the archipelago. With his unique style and spirit, Rhoma together as a group Sonetanya Sound of actively expanding Moslem religious symbols.

History Jackie Chan | Actor

2014-04-13T10:00:00.000+07:00

A Brief History of Life-Make Jackie Chan action lovers name Jackie Chan certainly a familiar sound in your ear. Action kung fu martial already established itself as the ranks of the world-famous actor. He gives color to the genre films he played with combining elements of humor in martial arts. For it was on this occasion I will tell you a little about Jackie Chan Brief History of Life for you all. Here's more information.

Jackie Chan

Jackie Chan was born in Hong Kong on 7 April 1954. His parents, Charles and Lee-Lee Chan is the Chinese civil war refugees. In his childhood, Chan received support from his parents. Jackie Chan, who has little name Chan Kong Sang, which means born in Hong Kong, spent his childhood in an elite neighborhood, District of Victoria Park. As a child, Chan earned the nickname Pao Pao which means the bullet boy. This naming is not without reason, because Chan as little known as a child who has a lively character.

Biography

Stage Name: Jackie Chan

Birth Name: Chan Kong Sang

Place, Date of Birth: Hong Kong, 7 April 1954

Occupation: Actor, Director, Producer, Martial Arts Choreographer, Singer

Early life

He learned martial arts from an early age and not many thought it was the best option for Jackie Chan in terms of discipline. At the beginning of his acting career, Jackie Chan is part of the Beijing Opera during the 10 years of her life, where she studied dance interpretation, continuous music and kung fu. He began little by little to play in the film while still being part of the Peking opera but it was only a secondary role, but he was the one who started his career well.

Career

Starting as a two-actor in two films of Bruce Lee, but the real opportunity came after the death of Bruce Lee and Jackie Chan get a chance to show his knowledge of martial arts and disciplines. At first only imitated Bruce Lee but he realized it was wrong. Mimic the martial arts master really could affect his career, then he tries to imitate not because he was looking for some originality and detail characteristics favorite actor. Successful career in Asia but when he wanted to introduce himself in the United States, it took skill to support the English fluency. At first he thought that so many of his films do not have success, so the movie is not sponsored in the U.S. (at the time). But in its development, it gradually gained popularity in the United States public.

Basically Opera

When Jackie was 7 years old his father worked as a head cook at the U.S. Embassy in Australia. Before leaving he took Jackie to the Peking Opera School. For 10 years she trained at the harsh rules of the game. He taught a variety of martial arts, acrobatics, singing, and acting. Subject matter at drama school for children is intended to prepare the boys into a life in China's famous Peking opera Opera. In the study period, Jackie first appeared at the age of 8 years in the Cantonese movie "Big and Little Wong Tin Bar" (1962).

Furthermore at the age of 10 years he had a role in "The Story of Qin Xianglian" (1964), two years back role in "Come Drink with Me" (1966) or what became known as the Big Drunken Hero. And before ending his education, he also appeared in "Master with kracked Fingers vs. Little Tiger From Canton (1971). All roles was done as a side job playing as extras or stunman in Hong Kong films.

At age 17, young Jackie graduated operas, unfortunately at that time (1970s period) opera is not popular anymore. Although already mastered the subject of opera, but it seems there is no more future in opera. It is precisely the one that the movie industry moving rapidly in Hong Kong.

Working odd jobs

Facing the reality that, Jackie Chan and contemporaries had hard work to find a job. It's quite difficult because for opera education, there is no learning to read and write. The only skill is the ability to work a stunt double. While, every year, a lot of films produced in Hong Kong. The film industry is always looking for "young leaf" to be involved as a stuntman. Jackie took this opportunity and register as a stuntman in many Hong Kong movies. He is a quick learner and is known as the youth who was never afraid. His reputation as a well-known stuntman film world. He dared to try different things and do the most dangerous scenes. From here he blended into the film world.

Reaping Success

When Hong Kong film industry doldrums, Jackie followed his parents to Australia. He works in a restaurant and so construction workers. But he does not like to live in Australia. When he gets a telegram from a man named Willie Chan, he then returned to Hong Kong and starred in the film "New Fist of Fury" (1976). But the real success of it when Jackie Chan was given the opportunity to participate in working on the script and the characters develop character.

Jackie contribution in working on the film proved fruitless. He gives color to the movie genre by combining elements of humor in martial arts. His first success proved through the film "Snake in the Eagle's Shadow" (1978). Followed by "Drunken Master" (1978). Then the first movie directed "Fearless Hyena" (1979) was really a great success. Hong Kong's success catapulted the name of Jackie Chan in the course of subsequent career to date. Just look at his performance in his new film Rob-B-Hood. Jackie condensed style looks so stunning!

Filmography

* Young Tiger (1973)

* Eagle Shadow Fist (1973)

* The meteors Killer (1976)

* Shaolin Wooden Men (1976)

* New Fist of Fury (1976)

* Countdown in Kung Fu (1976)

* To Kill With Intrigue (1977)

* Jackie Chan's 36 Crazy Fists (1977)

* The Magnicient Bodyguards (1978)

* Spiritual Kung Fu (1978)

* Snake in the Eagle's Shadow (1978)

* Snake and Crane Arts of Shaolin (1978)

* Half a Lot of Kung Fu (1978)

* Drunken Master (1978)

* The Fearless Hyena (1979)

* Dragon Fist (1979)

* The Young Master (1980)

* The Big Brawl (1980)

* The Cannonball Run (1981)

* Dragon Lord (1982)

* The Fearless Hyena II (1982)

* Winners and Sinners (1983)

* Wheels on Meals (1984)

* Jackie Chan's Crime Force (1984)

* Fantasy Mission Force (1984)

* Cannonball Run II (1984)

* The Protector (1985)

* Twinkle, Twinkle Lucky Stars (1985)

* Police Story (1985)

* Ninja Thunderbolt (1985)

* Heart of the Dragon (1985)

* Naughty Boys (1986)

* Project A II (1987)

* My Lucjy strass (1987)

* Police Story II (1988)

* Dragons Forever (1988)

* Miracles (1989)

* The Prisoner (1990)

* The Kid From Tibet (1991)

* Island on Fire (1991)

* The Best Of Martial Arts Films (1992)

* Supercop (1992)

* City Hunter (1992)

* The Armour of God (1994)

* Project A (1994)

* Once A Cop (1994)

* Crime Story (1994)

* Supercop (1996)

* Rumble In The Bronx (1996)

* Operation Condor (1997)

* Jackie Chan's Second Strike (1997)

* First Strike (1997)

* Gods (1998)

* The Operation Condor 2: The Armour of the Gods (1998)

* Who Am I? (1998)

* Rush Hour (1998)

* Mr. Nice Guy (1998)

* Hongkong Face Off (1998)

* Burn, Hollywood, Burn (1998)

* Twin Dragons (1999)

* Master of Disaster (1999)

* Jackie Chan's Project A (1999)

* Heikek Chi Wong (1999)

* Bolei Cheun (1999)

* The Legend of Drunken Master (2000)

* Shanghai Noon (2000)

* The accidential Spy (2001)

* Rush Hour 2 (2001)

* The Tuxedo (2002)

* The Medallion (2003)

* The Cin Gei Bin (2003)

* Snake in Eagle's Shadow 2 (2003)

* Shanghai Knights (2003)

* San Gingchat Gum (2004)

* Around the World in 80 Days (2004)

* Sen-Hua (2005)

* Legends of Martial Arts (2005)

* Come Drink With me (2005)

* Thunderbolt (2006)

* Bo Bui Ga Wak (2006)

* Rush Hour 3 (2007)

* The Forbidden Kingdom (2008)

History Deddy Corbuzier | Magician

2014-04-12T14:39:00.003+07:00

A Brief History of Life Deddy Corbuzier-Who the hell are not familiar with this one magician. Deddy Corbuzier Deodatus aka Andreas Deddy Cahyadi Sunjoyo known as a practitioner of Indonesian famous mentalist. Style and a unique and distinctive character have brought it fluttering in the entertainment world in Indonesia. Well in this post I will try to review Deddy Corbuzier Brief History of Life for you all. Let's consider the following detailed information.

Andreas Deodatus Deddy Cahyadi Sunjoyo or better known as Deddy Corbuzier (born in Jakarta, December 28, 1976, age 35 years) is a mentalist who is popular in Indonesia. He is a professional magician of Chinese descent. He is known for the unique face makeup.

Fame not only buoyed by the profession as a magician, but also thanks to his appearance on the world stage entertainment in Indonesia. In addition to appearing frequently in a variety of magic shows and talk shows about magic in a variety of television stations, he also starred in a number of advertisements on television and print media. Deddy also had a chance to play in a number of soap operas as a guest star. His fame was supported by expertise in dazzling the audience who watched the action. In addition to general magic tricks, Smith also often present a magic show containing high risk. Although known as a magician, he himself prefers to be called "mentalist".

Men born in Jakarta, December 28, 1976, the action never menengangkan with driving a vehicle in a closed position of the eye, but it never did Deddy also guess that it determines the mass media headlines before the media was published. Deddy terminate the bachelor Kalina Oktarani or more familiarly called Kalina on February 25, 2005, and has been blessed with a son, Nikola Azkanio Corbuzier.

History Bandung of City from Indonesia

2014-03-16T01:42:00.002+07:00

Once before I had posted an article about the history of The Origin of Jakarta, on this occasion I will post an article on the History of Origin of Bandung. The town is located in the province of West Java is known as the city of Paris Van Java or her paris Java. Let us refer to the review of the Historical Origins of the following Bandung.

Origin of Bandung City Name

Do you know the origin of the name of the city of Bandung? According to the historical records of the word "London" is derived from the weir or dam because terbendungnya Citarum river by the lava of Mount Tangkuban Perahu which later formed the lake. However, according to local myth name "London" is taken from a vessel consisting of two boats were tied up side by side called the boat used by the Regent of Bandung Bandung. Bandung is the biggest metropolitan city in West Java and also the capital of the province. In addition, the city of Bandung is also the third largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta and Surabaya. Another name of the city is the City of Flowers, and the duo also formerly known as Parijs van Java.

In addition it is also known as the city of Bandung city shopping, with malls and factory outlets are widely spread in the city. And in 2007, the British Council made the city of Bandung as a pilot project city terkreatif East Asia. Currently the city of Bandung is one of the cities major tourist destination and education. Duniabaca.com following quote from Wikipedia about the historical origins of the city of Bandung.

Historical Origins of Bandung

The word "Bandung" is derived from the weir or dam because terbendungnya Citarum river by the lava of Mount Tangkuban Perahu ago to form the lake. Legend as told by older people in London say that the name "London" is taken from a vessel consisting of two boats tied up alongside the so-called boat used by the Regent Bandung Bandung, RA Wiranatakusumah II, to sail the Ci Tarum in seeking the seat of the new district to replace the old capital in Dayeuhkolot.

History About Calculator

2014-03-16T01:40:00.000+07:00

History of Computer Networks

2014-03-02T21:26:00.001+07:00

The concept of computer network born in the 1940s in America of a development project in the computer lab I MODEL Bell and Harvard University research group led by professor H. Aiken . At first the project simply want to take advantage of a computer device that must be used together . To carry out the process without much wasting some free time made the streak ( Batch Processing) , so that multiple programs can be run in a computer with the rules of the queue .

Year 1950 when the types of computers began to swell until the creation of a super computer, a computer must serve multiple terminals ( see Figure 1 ) was found for the distribution of time-based concept known as TSS ( Time Sharing System ) , then for the first time form network ( network) applied computer . In some terminal TSS system connected in series to a host computer . In the process began to appear TSS blend of computer technology and telecommunications technology that was originally grown on their own .

Entering the 1970s , after the workload increased and the price of a large computer devices began to feel very expensive , then start to use the concept of process distribution ( Distributed Processing ) . As in Figure 2 , in this process some of the host computer is doing a great job in parallel to serve multiple terminals which are connected in series in each host computer . Dala distribution process has been absolutely necessary blend of deep between computer technology and telecommunications , because in addition to the process that must be distributed , the host computer must serve all the terminals in a single command from the computer center .

TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK

In general, a computer network is divided into five types , namely ;

1 . Local Area Network ( LAN )

Local Area Network ( LAN ) , a private network within a building or campus-sized to several kilometers . LANs are often used to connect personal computers and workstations in a corporate office or factories to use shared resources ( eg printers ) and exchange information .

2 . Metropolitan Area Network ( MAN )

Metropolitan Area Network ( MAN ) , essentially a version of the larger LAN and normally uses the same technology as the LAN . MAN can include corporate offices are located adjacent or also a town and can be used for private purposes ( private ) or public . MAN is able to support data and voice , can even relate to the cable television network .

3 . Wide Area Network ( WAN )

Wide Area Network ( WAN ) , the range covers a wide geographical area , often covering a country or even continent . WAN consists of a collection of machines intended to run programs ( applications ) user .

4 . Internet

Actually there are many world networks , often using hardware and software that is different . People who are connected to the network often expect to be able to communicate with other people who are connected to other networks . Desire like this requires a relationship between network often not kampatibel and different . Usually to do this requires a machine called a gateway to engage and carry out the necessary translation , both hardware and software . This is a collection of interconnected networks called the Internet .

5 . Wireless Network

Wireless networks is a solution to the communication can not be done with the wired network . For example, people who want to get information or to communicate despite being located above a car or an airplane , it is absolutely necessary because the cable network without a wired connection may not be made in a car or plane . Nowadays wireless networks have been rapidly adopted by utilizing satellite services and is able to provide faster access speeds than the wired network .

History of Invention Cells

2014-03-02T21:21:00.002+07:00

In 1665 , Robert Hooke observed incision of the stem Quercus suber cork using a microscope . He found the empty spaces in the thick walled observations . Robert Hooke called the empty spaces with cellulae term means cell . Robert Hooke discovered cells are the cells that have died cork . Note the Fig. Since that discovery , some scientists are racing to find out more about the cell .

Cork cells ( top ) and Robert

Dutch scientist called Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) designed a single -lens microscope small . Microscope was used to observe the straw soaking water . He found that moving organisms in the water , which was then called bacteria . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first to discover the living cell .

Leeuwenhoek microscope

The development of discoveries about cells induce the development of the perception of the cell . From this he went on theories about the cell . Some theories about the cell as follows .

a. Unity Is a cell or Structural Unit of Living Things

This theory was put forward by Jacob Schleiden (1804-1881) and Theodor Schwan ( 1810-1882 ) . Schleiden 1839 , the German botanist , make observations of the microscopic plant cells . At the same time Theodor Schwan observations of animal cells . From their observations draw the following conclusion .

1 ) Every living thing is composed of cells .

2 ) The cell is the smallest structural unit of living beings .

3 ) a single -celled organism is composed of a cell , other organisms are composed of more than one cell called a multicellular organism .

b . Functional unit cell As Sentient Beings

Max Schultze (1825-1874) stated that protoplasm is the physical basis of life . Protoplasm is not only the structural part of the cell, but also an important part of the cell as a place of ongoing chemical reactions of life . Based on this theory comes the cells which states that the cell is the functional unity of life .

c . As the unit cell of Living Growth

Rudolph Virchow (1821-1902) Omnis cellula ex found cellulae ( all cells come from cells previously ) .

d . Heredity unit cell As Sentient Beings

Science and technology promotes discovery units of inheritance contained in the nucleus , the chromosomes . In the chromosomes are genes that are hereditary units . Through this discovery came the theory that the cell is the unit of heredity of living beings . Findings that support the development of the cell theory as follows .

Robert Brown ( 1812 ) , the Scottish biologist , discovered a small object floating in the liquid cell which he called the nucleus .
Felix Durjadin ( 1835 ) , assumed that the most important part of the cell is the cell fluid is now called protoplasm .
John Purkinye ( 1787-1869 ) , the first to propose the term protoplasm to name the egg embryonic material .

History of Bungee Jumping

2014-01-15T22:02:00.000+07:00

Bungee Jumping is an activity in which a person jumping from a high place ( usually a few hundred feet / meters ) with one end of the elastic cord attached to the body or ankles and tied them to the end of his rope jump point . When a person jumps , the rope will be stretched after taking energy from the jump , and the jumper will be thrown back when the rope retracts . Jumper will oscillate up and down until the energy of stepping out. The word bungee ( read latticework ) was first used in 1930 and is the name of a rubber eraser.

Bungee jumping or also known as bungy jumping , the sport is one of the most sought after adrenaline boosters . Imagine if you were dropped from a height of hundreds of feet from the ground and your body weight just in the crutch by a rope tied at the legs and waist . But the interesting part of this exercise is not when you make the leap , but when you are bouncing back several times by an elastic rope tied to energy rope had actually stopped .

The word bungee appeared around the year 1930 which is the name of a rubber eraser . Whereas once , the first time instead of jumping is done using a rubber strap , but the strap is made of ivy .

Chris Baker of Bristol , England which inspired the film footage made in 1950 by David Attenborough and the BBC crew of " country divers " of Pentecost Island in Vanuatu , which features a young man who jumped from tall wooden stage with ivy tied to their ankles as a test of courage ; then replace the sweet plant into elastic rubber .

The first time this is done in modern bungee Clifton Suspension Bridge , Bristol with a height of 250 feet by 4 members dangerous sports club , led by David Kirke . Unfortunately, shortly after the action they later arrested . But the incident was not deterred them , they instead moved to the U.S. and commit horrendous acts at the Golden Gate and Royal Gorge Bridges which then spread throughout the world the concept of jumping . Even in 1982 they were desperate jump from a hot air balloon !

The operator first bungee jumping , AJ Hackett from New Zealand to make the leap premiered at Auckland 's Greengithe Bridge in 1986 and the next few years he did a variety of different bridge jump scene even other structures such as the Eiffel Tower . This then raises the forerunner bungge as one of the sport and also makes Hackett as bungee largest commercial operators spread across several countries .

Despite the danger , jumping the highest ranks , does not stop millions of successful jumps since 1980 . This resulted in tighter bungee operators perform his ritual before doing jumps , such as adjusting the weight and length of rope , and even power cords and keelastisitasannya .

Unfortunately accidents in this sport tend to be weird and amazing . Accident occurred is relatively rope is too long . Enough rope should be shorter than the height of the stage springboard for stretching space .

History of World Water Day

2014-01-15T21:52:00.000+07:00

World Water Day and often referred to as the World Day for Water is a day of celebration is intended to draw the attention of the world community ( international ) the importance of water for life and to protect water resources management in a sustainable manner . World Water Day is held every March 22. Also in 2011 . Warning the world of water or World Water Day held on March 22, 2011 all over the world , including in Indonesia .

History of World Water Day . Based on the history of World Water Day held triggered the first time when the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development ( UNCED ) or Earth Summit by the UN in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 .

At the UN General Assembly 47th which was held on December 22, 1992 , exit Resolution No. 147/1993 which establishes the implementation of a warning for World Water Day every March 22 and started first celebrated in 1993 .

The theme and logo of World Water Day . Each year World Water Day has its own theme and logo of the United Nations set . For example, in the past 2009 years the theme is " Shared Waters Shared Opportunities " which in - Indonesiakan be " Shared Water , Shared Opportunities " . Being on World Water Day 2010 theme is " Clean Water for a Healthy World " .

And now the World Water Day celebration in 2011 , the theme is " Water for Cities , Responding to the Urban Challenge " . This theme is translated in the theme of the national water into " Urban Water and challenge ". Interestingly , the official logo of World Water Day 2011 which was released by www.worldwaterday2011.org ( official website World Water Day 2011 ) were made in 40 different languages . And it turns out one of these logos are made in Indonesian .

World Water Day - Word Water Day in 2011 . Of theme and logo is seen that the specific issue raised in the United Nations World Water Day in 2011 related to water in urban areas and a variety of problems , especially related to urbanization.

In Indonesia, he said water-rich country , it also can not be separated from the question of water . In cities , water issues have plagued every person . The availability of clean water is increasingly expensive and scarce and water pollution becomes a real problem , especially in big cities in Indonesia.

To that end , the World Water Day 2011 is supposed to be the first milestone of our consciousness that we need to take real action to save our water . Three things the most simple yet profound impact we can do is to start saving water , reducing water pollution , and rain water plant .

History of the Meter

2014-01-15T21:42:00.000+07:00

Meter is the basic unit of length in the SI system . This unit is defined as the distance light travels in a vacuum ( vacuum ) during 1/299.792.458 seconds . Meter abbreviated using the symbol m . Meters can be written as in English meter , or meters with the American spelling .

It should be noted that the definition of the meter as the basic unit of length is dependent on the definition of the second , as indicated by the above equation .

History

Meter was originally defined by the French Academy of Sciences ( Académie des sciences ) as 1/10.000.000 distance along the Earth's surface from the North Pole to the Equator meridian through Paris in 1791 , and on 7 April 1795 the French use the meter as an official for a long distance . The uncertainty in the measurement of the distance causes the International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM - Bureau International des Poids et Mesures ) set 1 meter as the distance between two etched line platinum - iridium on the rods stored in Sevres , France in 1889 .

In 1960 , when the laser was introduced , the General Conference on Weights and Measures ( Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures / CGPM ) to change the definition of the meter - 11 as 1,650,763.73 times the wavelength of light orange-red spectrum of krypton - 86 atom in a vacuum chamber . In 1983 , the BIPM set the meter as the distance traveled by light in vacuum 1/299.792.458 sec ( speed of light is set at 299,792,458 meters per second ) . Because of the speed of light in a vacuum is the same in any course , this definition is more universal than the long- distance ukurlilit earth or certain metal rod . Therefore , if the metal rod was lost or destroyed , the length of a standard meter can still be repeated in any laboratory . Besides, he could in theory be measured more precisely than the other sizes .

The size of the meter turns fluctuate throughout the ages have always been revised by the scientists of each era. Here's his review :

May 8, 1790 - The French National Assembly ( French National Assembly ) set 1 meter is equal to half the length of a pendulum which cover the period of one second .

March 30, 1791 - The French National Assembly approved the proposal of the French Academy of Sciences stated that 1 meter is equal to 1/10.000.000 times the distance along the surface of the earth from the north pole to the equator meridian through Paris .

1795 - Created a temporary restriction of 1 meter brass .

December 10, 1799 - The French National Assembly set a limit of 1 meter platinum made on June 23, 1799 and deposited in the National Archives , is used as a final standard .

28 September 1889 - General Conference on Weights and Unit ( General Conference on Weights and Measures - CGPM ) was held for the first time and determine the 1 -meter as the distance between the two platinum finish line on the rod with a mixture of 10 % iridium, measured at the temperature of the melting point of ice ( 0 degrees Celsius ) .

October 6, 1927 - 7th Conference CGPM adjusts the definition of 1 meter for distance , at a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius , between the axes of the two central lines marked on the panel yan platinum - iridium prototype , this panel becomes the subject of a standard atmospheric pressure and support on two cylinders at least 1 cm in diameter , symmetrically placed in a horizontal plane at a distance of 571 millimeters from each other.

October 14, 1960 - Conference on the 11th CGPM set 1 meter is equal to 1,650,763.73 times the wavelength in a vacuum with respect to the transition between the 2p10 and 5d5 quantum levels of the krypton - 86 atom ( Kr - 86 ) . ( From other sources that mention 1 meter is equal to 1,650,761.73 times the wavelength of orange light emitted by the atoms of the gas krypton - 86 ( Kr - 86 ) in the vacuum chamber on an electric stepping . )

October 21, 1983 - Conference on the 17th CGPM set equal to 1 meter distance the speed of light ( in a vacuum ) in Waku 1/299.792.248 second interval .

2002 - International Committee on Weights and Unit ( The International Committee for Weights and Measures - CIPM ) considers the meter to the unit proper length and thus recommends that limits the definition of " short enough length ℓ with the effects predicted by general relativity can be ignored for realization of uncertainty " .

History of Welding

2014-01-15T20:58:00.002+07:00

Since about 5000 years ago , humans have been able to do welding . Welding is done by connecting the metal by heating the metal until it reaches two melting point of the metal . Then the two metals had to be stacked and then hammered to form a strong bond .

One piece of evidence is found in the valley area of the kingdom in 1922, which suggests that the coffin of King Tutankhamen is estimated to be made around 1360 BC with the involvement of the welding process .

Fire to heat the metal is obtained from burning wood or charcoal , this technique is called forging welding techniques . But in this way would be time consuming and not very practical . For centuries , welding forging is used as the main process to connect the metal without much experience growth .

The development of Welding Types

Elekctric Arc Welding

After electrical energy is found then the development of welding processes running at a rapid pace . In 1885 the means of electric arc welding ( Elekctric Arc Welding ) is found by Bernardes . Electric arc welding with electrode carbon rod without wrapping using the battery as a power source . The main drawback of electric welding process is the oxidation of carbon is high enough to cause the weld welding be easily corroded rust , so the welding technique is no longer used .

Resistance Welding

At the same time , precisely in 1877 , a British physicist named James Joule , find welding resistance ( Resistance Welding ) . In 1856 he heats two wire rods with electricity . During the heating process , the two wires are pressed to each other . It turns out the two wires attached to each other after over heated . Las prisoners achieve rapid development of various types of robots being created . Developed to meet the needs of the various forms of electrical resistance welding include spot welding , interval , seam ( lines ) and projection . This welding in the process applying heat and pressure . Electrode serves as a drain flow and pressure plate -shaped object being welded . In further developments , resistane welding produces several types of welding processes , such as welding flash ( Flash Welding ) in 1920 .

Thermit Welding

In the next decade , introduced Thermit welding ( Thermit Welding ) . Thermit welding is obtained by pouring molten metal between the two ends of the metal to be connected so it would melt . After the second freeze fused metal and liquid metal is poured serves as added ingredients .

Oxygen Acetylene Welding

Acetylene gas in 1892 was found by Thomas Leopard Wetson . Acetylene and oxygen gas mixture with ratio and pressure when burned will produce temperatures high enough to melt the metal . Oxygen gas is produced by liquefying air so pure oxygen can be taken . How this is done by Brins brothers, the French in 1886 . Tools for burning acetylene and oxygen gas mixture called brander , discovered by Fouche and Picord . This tool into use in 1901 . This welding wrought managed to shift the use of welding and welding processes dominate for several decades to develop electric welding .

In 1925 welding oxygen acetylene is shifted by an improvement in electric arc welding in which the arc welding electrode wear wrapped . After burning , wrapping electrode produces gas and slag . Gas protect welding crater of oxidation during the welding process is underway . Slag protects the weld during the freezing process to cool ( until the slag is cleaned ) . Limitations of arc welding electrode rod is limited so long ektode any given period should stop replacing welding electrode .

The starting point of weakness at the end of the 1930s created the electrode arc welding rolls . In principle , the welding does not need to stop before reaching the end of the weld lines . And welding can be performed by means of semi- automatic or automatic . Used as the protective flux . Flux poured shortly in advance so that the electrode electric arc flash by latent fluxes . The advantage , operators are not dazzled by the electric arc flame , weakness , limited welding position under hand only at other positions scattered flux will fall before the function .

Tungsten Inert Gas

In 1941 in the United States found Tungsten electrode . Tungsten is not melted by the heat of an electric arc flash that does not feed in the weld . Used as the protective gas core ( Inert ) which can last for a few moments on his condition . Core ejected gas to the welding area so that the weld avoid oxidation . Because it uses the core as a protective welding , welding is often called TIG ( Tungsten Inert Gas ) .

The success of the use of gas tungsten core on a pedestal at the base electrode also tried a roll in the early 1950s . This process is hereinafter referred to as Gas Metal Arc Welding ( GMAW ) or MIG welding ( Metal Inert Gas ) . Because the gas meter is very expensive then used a mixture of argon and oxygen gas or CO gas is quite active . Welding is commonly called the Metal Active Gas ( MAG ) . Can also be used protective argon mixtures with CO for no more than 20 % the result is quite good because it does not leave slag . Keep in mind that the protective gas is very expensive , so the only way is used for special purposes .

Flux Core Arc Welding

Next discovered electrode arc welding weld rolls with floured protector . In order to be used in all positions , electrodes made hollow like a pipe to put flux . This process is cheaper than the gas arc welding , can be for all welding positions and techniques can be developed in a semi- automatic or fully automatic welding is called flux cored arc welding ( Flux Core Arc Welding ) .

Stud Welding

Furthermore, there electrode as components to be mounted on the other . This is called welding stud welding. Stud mounted on the main body through the three stages of the layout position , the search ends and objects stud stud emphasis on primary and main object shortly after arc ignition is turned off .

Induction Welding

After that developed a high -frequency electric welding of 10,000 to 500,000 Hz . High frequency electric welding is often called induction welding . In terms of the process of unification of the object being welded , the welding including weld heat -assisted solid to break the oxidation layer or dirt on the surface of the object being welded . The heat generated is very thin on the surface of the object being welded so that it is suitable for welding thin plate .

Electron Beam Welding

In the 1950s , the electrical energy is converted into a beam of electrons is fired at the object to be welded . The heat generated is larger and electron former dimensions much smaller than the electric flame arc , the welding process is very fast so it is suitable for mass production . Hot region becomes more narrow so it is suitable for materials that are sensitive to changes in heat . Weld quality is very good and accurate , it's just very expensive equipment . This method is commonly referred to weld electron ( Electron Beam Welding ) .

Friction Welding

In 1950 , AL Chudikov , an engine from the Soviet Union , revealed the results of his observations on the theory of mechanical energy can be converted into heat energy . The friction on engine parts that move caused many losses because most of the mechanical energy is converted into heat generated . Chudikov argues , such a process should be used in the welding process . Once through experiments and research he managed to weld by utilizing the heat caused by friction . To increase the heat that occurs , not only the welded objects rotated , but also pressed one against the other . Pressure also serves accelerate fusion . This method is called friction welding ( Friction Welding ) .

Plasma Arc Welding

Plasma arc welding ( Plasma Arc Welding ) . The plasma process is actually a refinement of tungsten welding , flame electric arc just does not appear between the electrodes with the object to be welded , but appears between the tip electrode with core gas flowing around it . Plasma welding turned out better than tungsten because arc welding flame appears more stable electricity with a smaller diameter so that the heat is more concentrated . Welding process can run faster , besides that tungsten was never touched objects welded .

Ultrasonic Welding

Early 1960 was marked by the discovery of welding that uses high -frequency sound ( Ultrasonic Welding ) . It also uses an electric welding process works , there is no power on the object being welded , the heat generated is solely the result of the process and it is only to help in the process of unification of the object being welded . The voice that used ranges from 10,000 to 175,000 Hz , the sound vibrations are channeled through sosotrode mounted on a welded object . Then pressure is applied to the object being welded during the process . The advantages of this process is suitable for thin objects and not affected the type of material which you connect . Not wearing thermal energy as the primary energy is its own advantages in certain materials and thin , only less successful for the thickness of the welded objects above 2.5 mm x 2 .

Laser Welding

In 1955 the physicists managed to find a laser beam , is simply the light being produced at a particular wavelength and parallel , then enlarged , the beam will be focused next . The heat generated at the focal point is very high . By 1970 , the laser was implemented on a pedestal , as the laser beam can be set accurately so that laser welding is very appropriate for special equipment . Laser welding can be used to weld objects with a thickness of 0.13 mm to 29 mm at a shear rate range of 21 mm / sec to 1.2 mm / sec . Issues arising at the base of laser welding as well as electrons , estrangement welded very small objects between 0.03 to 0.15 .