Tourism and Culture

Borobudur Temple

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Wed, 24 Apr 2019 05:31:00 +0000

Borobudur Temple is the largest temple in the world and is one of the 7 wonders of the world, Borobudur temple was founded in the heyday of Wangsa Syailendra more or less Around the 7th century AD, located in Magelang, Central Java province.

Borobudur Temple is located approximately 40 km northwest of Jogja, this temple is an offering from the king to followers of the Bhuda religion where it is at the same time a symbol of glory and a sign of power from Wangsa Syailendra.

This temple consists of six square-shaped levels on which there are three circular courtyards, on its walls decorated with 2,672 relief panels and originally there are 504 Buddha statues. Borobudur has the most complete collection of Buddhist reliefs in the world. The largest main stupa is located in the middle and becomes the crown of this building, surrounded by three circular lines, 72 hollow stupas in which a Buddha statue is sitting cross-legged in a perfect lotus position with the mudra (hand gesture) Dharmachakra mudra (turning the dharma wheel).

This building describes life and the state of the universe and is built as a holy place to glorify the Buddha as well as function as a place of pilgrimage to guide humanity to move from the realm of worldly lust to enlightenment and wisdom according to Buddhist teachings. The pilgrims enter through the east side and begin the ritual at the base of the temple by walking around this sacred building in a clockwise direction, while continuing to ascend to the next step through three levels of the realm in Buddhist cosmology. The three levels are Kāmadhātu (domain of lust), Rupadhatu (tangible domain), and Arupadhatu (intangible domain). In its journey the pilgrims walked through a series of aisles and stairs by witnessing no less than 1,460 beautiful relief panels engraved on the walls and fences of the balustrades.

According to historical evidence, Borobudur was abandoned in the 14th century as the influence of the Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms on Java weakened and Islamic influences began to enter. The world began to realize the existence of this building since it was discovered in 1814 by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, who at the time was British Governor General of Java. Since then Borobudur has experienced a series of rescue and restoration efforts (repairs). The biggest restoration project was held in the period 1975 to 1982 with the efforts of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and UNESCO, then this historic site was included in the list of World Heritage Sites.

Borobudur is still used as a place of religious pilgrimage; every year Buddhists who come from all over Indonesia and abroad gather in Borobudur to commemorate Vesak Trisuci. In the world of tourism, Borobudur is the only tourist attraction in Indonesia that is most visited by tourists.

Giant Al Qur'an in Palembang

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Fri, 12 Apr 2019 11:02:00 +0000

Around 2011 the enormous size of the Koran was inspired by Sofwatillah Mohzaib, usually called Opat. He was indeed interested in the art of calligraphy. He also made calligraphy at the door of the Great Mosque of Palembang, he also planned to make this giant Al-Quran.

For starters, the letter Al-Fatiha was carved on wooden boards of tembesu. His work was exhibited at the Palembang Great Mosque in 2002 in the framework of the Islamic New Year 1 Muharram 1423. The aim was for people to see him willing to sponsor his work and support his plan to make the Qur'an the greatest in the world.

With this effort, it is expected that donors and the large Al-Quran will be made involving 35 people. There are five people in charge of carving and 30 other people have a role in carving and cutting wood. Making this Al-Quran giant spent seven years at a cost of around 1.2 billion rupiah.

The height of the Qur'an and its decorative carvings are estimated to be more than 14 meters. While the width is around 9 meters. In the front face there are 30 verses of the Koran with 5 rows and 6 columns. On each side of the wooden sheet there is a shaft in the middle so that it can be opened like a window leaf. And Palembang's unique carvings emit Palembang's luster.

At the end of 2011, Al-Quran was deemed worthy of publication and on Monday, January 30, 2012, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and all parliamentary conference delegates from the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) inaugurated the use of the Al-Quran, called Al's greatest. - Quran printed on Tembesu wood sheets.

The giant Al Qur'an Museum (Bayt Alquran Al Akbar) in the western part of Palembang city, precisely in the area of Bujang Exit Soak Gandus Palembang on Jalan M. Amin Fauzi.

if you want to visit there you will be charged an entrance ticket of Rp. 5,000, which will be used for the operational and maintenance needs of Al-Akbar daily. Within a year visitors to Al-Akbar Al-Quran can reach more than one million visitors

History of Islam in Palembang

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Fri, 12 Apr 2019 09:28:00 +0000

Srivijaya Period

In the era of King Dapunta Hyang's leadership, Srivijaya was one of the many major empires that embraced the largest Buddhism in Asia,

where people were just and prosperous and obeyed the teachings they obeyed and obeyed their king,

Dapunta Hyang even though Buddhists did not demand his followers to follow the teachings he followed, he gave freedom in religious affairs.

In 718 Dapunta Hyang offered to become a Muslim, adherent to Islam even as part of the Caliphate rulers of the Islamic world at that time represented by the Umayyads, Dapunta Hyang would give gifts and tribute in countless forms of gold. and the spices provided want to teach Islam in the region. Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa is the Wise King, a Buddhist who is willing to dominate his territory in Khalihahan even though it is the center of Buddhist education. Namu was amazed when conducting trade relations with Arabs and knowing the behavior and morals of a very noble new religion.

This is contained in the second letter documented by 'Abd Rabbih (860-940) in his work Al-Iqdul Farid. The contents are:"From Rajadiraja ...; who is a descendant of a thousand kings ... to the Arab King who does not associate with other gods with God. I have sent you a present, which is actually a gift that is not so much, but only a sign of friendship, and I want you to send me someone who can teach Islam to me, and explain to me the law ".

Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa, King of Srivijaya, the ruler of the Archipelago is a person who has a healthy mind, a clean heart and high character and character, he is willing to sacrifice everything for the sake of the End of salvation both himself and his people

Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa has repeatedly expressed interest in Islam and sent several letters but because Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa's wishes have not been fulfilled other than because of political turmoil, the letter was finally unrequited. We all know that in that year the ruler of the Banu Muawiyah was Umar Bin Abdul Aziz. A very short man ruled the Banu Muawiyah in only about 3 years.

Until the death of Umar Bin Abdul Aziz and was replaced by Yazid bin Abdul Malik, a letter from Raja Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa was not returned. And in the end Buddhism remained the religion of the Srivijaya kingdom and the spread of Islam in the archipelago became a little hampered even though there were minorities living in Srivijaya because actually Islam had settled in Barus Port in North Sumatra.

Several hundred years after that Islam began to develop rapidly in Palembang, especially in the days of the Palembang Sultanate.

The religious leaders and community of young people intensively fostered people in the early 15th century AD. The name of Sheikh Al-Samad Al-Jawi Al-Palembani was mentioned. His role was very large after the end of the Palembang sultanate at the beginning of the 19th century AD.

The Period of the Palembang Sultanate

In 1549 there was a political conflict due to inheritance problems in the kingdom of Demak. Between Aria Penangsang from Jipang and Pangeran Adiwijaya from Pajang. Ki Gede Ing Suro from the side of Jipang is gone. He then withdrew from Demak by bringing along an aid group to Palembang.

Arriving in Palembang, Ki Gede Ing Suro then established a traditional Javanese palace in Palembang where many residents are Muslim. He later became the first king in the kingdom of Palembang (1552-1573). It's just that, I don't have the source whether this Ki Gede embraced Islam when he became king or not.

This royal government then proceeded to his younger brother, Ki Gede Ing Suro Mudo, who played Ki Mas Anom Duke of Ing Suro (1573-1590).

During the Mataram kingdom, relations between the kingdom of Palembang and the center of government in Mataram went well. The king of Palembang at that time often sent tribute to the kingdom of Mataram. However, during the leadership of Prince Sido Ing Kenayan (1639-1650) to the leadership of Ki Mas Hindi Prince Ario Kesumo - held by Sultan Susuhan Abdurrahman Khalifatul Mukminin Sayyidul Iman (1659-1706) tribute sent was rejected.

This caused a break up in relations between the two kingdoms. There is no mention of the reasons for the tribute being rejected. After that the Kingdom of Palembang later declared itself to be the Sultanate of Palembang in 1675.

The first thing was done by Prince Ki Mas Hindi Ario Kesumo - also known as Sultan Jamaludin Mangkurat VII Susuhan Abd. Walang Temple is a mosque better known as the Old Mosque (1663). The building of the mosque is gone. It is said that the location of this mosque is located on Jl. Old Mosque, Beringin Janggut intersection kel. 17 Ilir Palembang.

Period Wali Ulama Palembang

The Musi River houses ships from Saudi, China and India. In connection with that in 1750-1820 Palembang developed into a center for Islamic and literary studies for the archipelago.

That made many Palembang scholars appear. One of them is Shaykh Shihabuddin bin Abdullah Muhammad. He has translated and provided an explanation for the book Jawharat Al-Tauhid. This book was written by Ibrahim Al-Taqani into Malay.

During the reign of Sultan Ahmad Najmuddin I (1757-1774) a Palembang ulama named Kemas Fakhruddin appeared who wrote the Mukhtasar book. This book is a translation of the book Risalah fi Al-Tauhid written by Sheikh Raslan Al-Dimsiqy.

Seeing the many valuable knowledge, the Sultan then handed over books to be stored and stored in the Keraton library. But when Sultan Mahmud Badarudin II was defeated by the British, the books were brought by many Englishmen to Batavia.

The event of the arrival of Ki Gede Ing Suro who later became the king of Palembang gave me the reason why many Javanese people lived in Palembang. Especially after being seen from a geographical location. Palembang can be called a transit area like Lampung. Because of its location on the tip of Sumatra, making it a stopover for migrants. Including Chinese people because of the port in the Musi river.

That is a glimpse of the history of the development of Islam in Palembang starting from the era of the Srivijaya kingdom until now.

And we will continue with the largest Qur'an in the world in Palembang ......

Opening Ceremony of 2018 Asian Games

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Sat, 29 Sep 2018 07:23:00 +0000

The 18th Asian Games opened with a colossal show as evidence to the world that Indonesia is a great nation and is able to hold an international scale event.

The opening of the 2018 Asian Games is expected to be witnessed by billions of viewers around the world who will showcase Indonesia's proud musicians and artists. The artists will appear on a spectacular stage, which is one of the largest and highest compared to similar events.

The stage, measuring 120 meters long, 30 meters wide, and 26 meters high, features large mountain views and is equipped with a variety of beautiful Indonesian plants. Not only that, the stage grandeur at this opening ceremony also featured 4 elements that illustrated Indonesia's natural wealth, namely water, earth, wind, and land.

Photo of 4 elements:

WATER

WATER

This segment describes the blue ocean that unites thousands of islands in Indonesia. Starting from a turbulent ocean, representing conflict in the early days of Indonesian history, then the present water became a union, calming the turmoil and bringing peace to all the islands.

EARTH

EARTH

This is the segment where the beauty of Indonesia is symbolized in a movement that describes the variety of cultures, colors, expressions and perspectives that are maintained to the present. This segment also shows the love and dedication of Indonesian children to the earth. The representation of tradition in this segment aims to package various cultures in ritual dances and war dances.

WIND

WIND

Reflecting the ancestors of the Indonesian people who had high wisdom, strength and nationalism. In this segment, the wind is described as a force that grows and spreads life force, bequeaths the nation's values from one generation to the next.

FIRE

FIRE

A symbol of the courage and enthusiasm to compete with the Indonesian people. In this segment, fire and lava turn on the soul and body of the nation rooted in the earth. The fire will be the spirit and inspiration of the sports fighters, highlighting them heading for victory at the 2018 2018 Asian Games.

ENERGY OF ASIA

As the ASEAN Games motto is ENERGY OF ASIA

The stage is a beacon of hope and strength that shines in the hearts of all Indonesians. With its ability to change and positivity, the slogan of Energy of Asia or the Power of Asia will put Indonesia at the forefront of the future.

photo source from: https://www.asiangames2018.id/about/opening-ceremony

ASEAN GAMES

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Sat, 29 Sep 2018 06:31:00 +0000

ASEAN GAMES 2018 JAKARTA- PALEMBANG

Palembang is one of the provinces in Indonesia which was chosen to host the largest sports party in Asia to accompany Jakarta as the capital of Indonesia. Followed by 45 countries including:

1. Afganistan (AFG)

2. Bahrain (BRN)
3. Bangladesh (BAN)
4. Bhutan (BHU)
5. Brunai (BRU)
6. Cambodia (CAM)
7. China (CHN)
8. Taipei (TPE)
9. Hong Kong (HKG)
10. India (IND)
11. Indonesia (INA)
12. Iran (IRI)
13. Irak (IRQ)
14. Japan (JPN)
15. Jordania (JOR)
16. Kazakhstan (KAZ)
17. Kuwait (IAA)
18. Kyrgyzstan (KGZ)
19. Laos (LAO)
20. Lebanon (LBN)
21. Macau (MAC)
22. Malaysia (MAS)
23. Maladewa (MDV)
24. Mongolia (MGL)
25. Myanmar (MYA)
26. Nepal (NEP)
27. Korea Utara (PRK)
28. Oman (OMA)
29. Pakistan (PAK)
30. Palestina (PLE)
31. Filipina (PHI)
32. Qatar (QAT)
33. Arab Saudi (KSA)
34. Singapura (SGP)
35. Korea Selatan (KOR)
36. Sri Lanka (SRI)
37. Syria (SYR)
38 Tajikistan (TJK)
39. Thailand (THA)
40. Timor Leste (TLS)
41. Turikmenistan (TKM)
42. Uni Emirat Arab (UAE)
43. Uzbekistan (UZB)
44. Vietnam (VIE)
45. Yaman (YEM).

The event was held one day after Indonesia's 73rd Independence Day, precisely on August 18, 2018

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Thu, 22 Jan 2015 20:31:00 +0000

NATURAL WEALTH OF SOUTH SUMATRA

South Sumatra Province is one part of the unitary Republic of Indonesia in its capital city of Palembang. Southern Sumatra is not only rich with heritage tourism and maritime country,

but also rich with crops and natural resources and minerals , such as coal mines , gold mines , oil and gas , spices and variegated plants , one of the natural wealth The southern seumatera is the precious stone mines . Where to now many mining precious stones that are still hidden . many enthusiasts of both local and foreign who hunt the mines in South Sumatra , especially mine precious stones . Noble stone quarry south Sumatra can be demonstrated even been recognized the world about the uniqueness and beauty of the precious stones , such as Precious Stones River Stone Dareh or Lumut , Blue Sky , Spiritus , Lapender and other types of agate . Price is the price of precious stones ranging from tens of thousands to hundreds of millions of dollars . One example Majesty The stone came from South Sumatra : 1. Stone Dareh River: 2. Stone Blue Sky : 3. Stone Spiritus : 4. Stone Lavender : And there are many other types of agate

1. Precious Stones Dareh River :

2. Blue Sky

3. Spritus

4. Lavender

History and Legend Kemaro Island

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Thu, 23 May 2013 19:02:00 +0000

Kemaro Island, is a little on the Musi River Delta, located about 6 km from the Ampera Bridge. Kemaro island located in the industrial area, which is in between Sriwijaya Fertilizer Plant and Pertamina Plaju and Gerong River.
Kemaro Island is a recreation area in the River Musi headliner In this place there is a Chinese temple (temple Hok Tjing Rio). On the island there are also Kemaro Buddhist temples frequented by Buddhists to pray or to visit the tomb. There are also often held the Cap Go Meh every Chinese New Year. Kemaro name was taken because this island has never flood, although the Musi River overflowed. Behind the beauty of the island Kemaro, Palembang, South Sumatra, a tragic love story tucked Palembang princess, Siti Fatimah. On this island there is also said to be the tomb of the last resting place of the princess. According to local legend, in ancient times, Palembang is sent to a daughter married to a son of the king of China. The princess asked 9 jars of gold as dowry. To avoid the pirate gold urns are covered vegetable and when he saw the boy king opened it contained only vegetable jars are then banished to the river. Sense of disappointment and regret making the king's son decided to throw ourselves into the river and drowned. The princess had come to throw ourselves into the river and drowned. The princess was buried in the Kemaro Island and built a shrine to his memory

Place of Interest

When set foot on this island, you can feel a thick Chinese. It can be seen from the 9-story pagoda towering in the middle of the island. The new building was built in 2006. In addition there is a pagoda pagoda that was once there. Soei Goeat Kiong temple or better known as Kuan Im temple built since 1962. In front of the temple there is the tomb of Tan Bun An (Prince) and Siti Fatimah (Daughter) are side by side. They both love story that became a legend this island formation. Besides this place also there is a tree called the "Tree of Love" is denoted as the rite of "True Love" between the two nations and two different cultures in ancient times between Siti Fatimah daughter of Sriwijaya and Tan Bun An Interior Prince of China, it is said , if there are couples who carve their names in the trees then their relationship will continue until the level of marriage. For this reason the island is also referred to as the Island Houses. It is said that there is a legend tragic love story. Quoted from the official website of South Sumatra Province, Thursday (07/02/2013), this legend tells about the love story between the daughter of King Palembang, Siti Fatimah with a rich merchant prince home country as well as China, Tan Bun Ann. Both are in love and agree to marry. Siti Fatimah Tan Bun stipulating on Ann to provide 9 jars filled with gold. Tan Bun Ann then sent one of his bodyguards return to China to ask for gold and blessing to her parents. Of course, the request is granted parental Tan Bun Ann. To keep the gold from pirates, the gold covered jar with pickled mustard greens. Arriving near the island Kemaro, Tan Bun Ann compelled to examine the contents of the urn. View contents only pickled mustard greens, he was upset and throw the jars into the river. However, he threw the jar is accidentally broken. That's where he saw the gold pieces. Tan Bun Ann was surprised to see it. He was very sorry for late notice. Ordered the police to take back the jars that have been drowned in the River Musi. However, the guards actually drowning. Finally, Tan Bun Ann decided to plunge into the river and look for the jars. Naas, he also drowned in the River Musi. To hear what happened to her future husband, Siti Fatimah took the initiative to jump with the intention of helping. He said, "If there is soil that grows on the banks of the river, so that's where my grave." Turns and Siti Fatimah Tan Bun Ann had never come to the surface. Soon, there are two mounds of earth is believed to be the tomb of Siti Fatimah and Tan Bun Ann. To commemorate them, made a grave both Kemaro Island. Not to forget, in this area there is also a love tree. This love is a tree that is quite old banyan with very dense branches. That said, if someone wrote her name and her partner in the tree, then the fabric of their love will be more lasting. To get to the island, the traveler must travel approximately 20 minutes. Journey in starting a small pier in front Kuto Besak. The island will be crowded and tourists during Chinese New Year celebrations Cap Go Meh, especially for the traveler of Chinese descent.

Gate or entrance Kemaro Island

Tomb is believed to be the 'eternal home' Siti Fatimah and Tan Bun Ann

Tree of love

Pagoda on the Kemaro Island

Kemaro Island Palembang

Photo source: detik Travel

History of Cheng Ho Mosque in Palembang

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Thu, 23 May 2013 17:42:00 +0000

The presence of Admiral Cheng Ho was separated from Palembang. Since the voyage around the world, Zheng He had three times come to Palembang. Zheng He was a Muslim eunuch who became a confidant of the Yongle Emperor of China (reigned in 1403-1424), the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty. His real name was Ma He, also known as Ma Sanbao (马三保), comes from Yunnan province. When the Ming army conquered Yunnan, Cheng Ho was arrested and then made eunuchs. He was a Hui tribes, tribes that are physically similar to the Han, but a Muslim. Natural spread of Islam in Indonesia, in addition to do the traders from Arabia and surrounding areas, was the origin of Chinese traders had a role to spread Islam in the coastal area of Palembang. Here, too, the role of Admiral Cheng Ho in spreading Islam in Palembang. Zheng He's fleet by 62 ships and 27,800 troops he leads totaled four times that ever docked at the Old Port in Palembang. Palembang in 1407 under the authority of Srivijaya never asked for help China's fleet in Southeast Asia to crack down on Chinese Hokkien robbers disturbing the peace. Robber chief Ji Chen Tsu was successfully arrested and taken to Peking. Since then, Admiral Cheng Ho Chinese community established Islam in Palembang who had been there since the era of Sriwijaya The people inhabited many Chinese. Hordes of pirates led by Tsu Chen Ji, actually a former naval officer Cantonese Chinese origin. He fled when the Ming Dynasty to power. Escape anchored in Palembang. Palembang has made his return to the merchants who stopped fretting. Therefore, Chen Tsu Ji brought thousands of followers and build a power base in Palembang, or in Chinese, po-lin-fong, which means "old port." During power in Palembang, Ji Chen Tsu controlled the area around the mouth of the Musi River, waters Breech , and Bangka Strait. Ji Chen Tsu men merompak all ships passing through the waters. Coincidence or not, the areas that until now a bandit pockets Palembang. During Zheng He's trips between 1405-1433 AD, he had four times to Palembang. In 1407 AD, Zheng He's fleets come to Palembang in order to crack down on pirates led by the Ji Chen Tsui. Later, in the year 1413-1415M, 1422M-1421, and the years 1431 to 1433 AD, Zheng He's fleet anchored to Palembang. After eradicating the robbers, Admiral Cheng Ho anchored up to three times to Palembang. However, no one knows the intent and purpose.

Architecture

Sriwijaya Mosque Muhammad Cheng Hoo , a mosque located in the Jakabaring China has architectural design, can accommodate about 600 worshipers and a 2-story. Cheng Ho Mosque has a unique architectural design, which combines elements of local culture with shades Palembang Chinese and Arabic. The mosque is built on a land of 5,000 square meters is located in a middle-class residential complex. Towers on either side of the temple-mosque emulate pagoda in China, painted red and jade green. This mosque began in use since August 2008. There is no barrier that separates the congregation of men and women in the mosque. Men pray on the first floor, while women on the second floor. In the neighborhood of the mosque there is a small house for the priest, an office, a library, and a multipurpose room.

Function

Cheng Ho mosque functions more than just a place of worship. This mosque menghelat religious activities and community, and has become a tourist destination, attracting visitors from Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and even Russia. Cheng Ho Mosque in Indonesia is proof that there is space for citizens to express their unique identity - mixing tradition and culture of Chinese and Indonesian Islam in a local context.

Laksamana Cheng Ho

Source: Wikipedia.org
Daily Photo

Kampung Kapitan. ( Captain Village )

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Thu, 23 May 2013 17:09:00 +0000

NAME Kapitan identical to a ghetto area of approximately 20 ha in area 7 Ulu Village, District I Seberang Ulu, Palembang. The name is a sort of marker for the presence of Chinese clan community residing in the village. Village boundary, starting from the edge of the Musi River in the north to the edge of Jl CRC Azhary in the southern part. Western part bordering the River Temple has now died and east to the River Kedemangan. The entrance to the village of Kapitan, so people call Palembang, along approximately 50 meters. Upon entering the main area of the village, past the gate which is really a sort of liaison between the house and the house of Kapitan Abu, which is the symbol of this village. Abu's house designation, after the expiration of the last Chinese Kapitan, Kapitan Tjoa Ham Hin. He replaces the position of his father, Major Tjoa Tjie Kuan. Home Kapitan original size 22 X 25 meters. Kapitan descent, who became heir of the house, make an additional building at the rear so that the size of a 50 meter length. In the main room, there is a table prayer, which placed some incense burner (place of incense), and the statues of the Toa Pe Kong. One of them, Toa Pe Kong Sie, which is the ancestral family Tjoa. Tjoa Kapitan ancestors, according to a sort of diary of this family, was Sie Te, who came to Palembang in the transitional period and the kingdom of Sriwijaya Palembang Darussalam Sultanate, namely the XVI-XVIII centuries

Kampung Kapitan ( Captain Village )

Indeed one of the heritage buildings of China. However, China is not an inherent characteristic of there, but rather a blend of cultures Palembang, China, and the Netherlands which was thick coloring area located on the edge of the Musi River. According to humanists and historians Palembang, Djohan Hanafi, the emergence of Kampung Kapitan related to the collapse of the kingdom of Srivijaya in the eleventh century and the advent of the Ming Dynasty in China in the XIV century. Since the days of Srivijaya until now, the artery of the Musi River water transportation to move the city of Palembang and the surrounding economy. Groove homecoming ships, boats, getek, barge, tug boat and a speed boat that brought crops, can be seen. However, behind the density of activity in the river that divides the city of Palembang into two, namely Seberang Ulu and Ilir, there are more tourist attention, namely Kampung Kapitan. Kampung Kapitan is a group of 15 Chinese-style building houses on stilts which is located in the Village 7 Ulu Seberang Ulu Subdistrict 1. This village was originally the residence of an officer rank of lieutenant Chinese descent (captain) who worked for the Dutch colonial government. Land in Seberang Ulu is indeed for migrants from outside Palembang. Interestingly, the house adopts the form of the pyramid (Palembang traditional houses) are reserved for Palembang nobles. However, the shape of the house also adopted the Chinese public house typology with courtyard (open space) in the middle, which is useful for ventilation and light entry. Tradition also still visible on the interior of the house is furnished with a table altar for ancestor worship. This blend can be understood, because in the last days of the Sultanate of Palembang, Chinese people began to mingle with the native peoples Palembang through marriage or converted to Islam. At the Dutch colonial administration, changes of Chinese society into a society that has watched a special position. It looks at the support columns on the front porch on the first house made of wood, turned into a brick column with a classic European style, although the proportion of looks to suit the building. Buildings in Kampung Kapitan core consists of three houses, is the biggest building and overlooks the River Musi. The house in the middle of the most frequently functioned to organize a party and meeting place, while the second house on the east side and west for residences. From the land, there is only one way into Kampung Kapitan which is about 800 meters from under the bridge. In the entrance there are two gates which leaves the door missing. But now, elegance Kampung Kapitan almost disappeared. Only the old buildings are still standing, although a lot of minor damage in a variety of angles. In addition, parts of the building are made of wood looks dull. However, the wood walls are not damaged because it is made of wood unglen lasting for hundreds of years. Inside the house, ash and altar table adorned prayer several gods, also looks dusty and littered with cobwebs. Almost no furniture or cabinets that can describe the situation of the past. There are only a few photos are still plastered lieutenant in the east parlor. Central part of the village park also has turned into a terrain that is not neglected. Two lions, a symbol of the Chinese officer who once graced the front of the core is also missing. According Tjoa Kok Lim, Kampung Kapitan neglected after the captain abandoned the descent. Tjoa Kok Lim keep the house as the fourth sister followed their husbands out of Palembang. Kampung Kapitan fading fame also makes children Tjoa Kok Lim chose to work in Jakarta and Lampung. He is now only accompanied by a second daughter to keep the core house, after the third house sold to someone else. Small houses in Kampung Kapitan also been held by the inhabitants, no longer in possession of the family of lieutenant Tjoa Ham Hin.

Photo collection of village captain

Muaro Jambi Sites

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Wed, 11 Jan 2012 07:15:00 +0000

Archaeological Site Complex Muaro enshrinement enshrinement Jambi is a complex Hindu-Buddhist religion of the largest in Indonesia which is most likely a relic and the Kingdom of the Malay kingdom of Srivijaya.

The complex is located in the District enshrinement Muaro Sebo, Muaro Jambi Regency, Jambi, Indonesia, precisely at the edge of the Batang Hari, about 26 kilometers east of Jambi city.Coordinates South 01 * 28'32 "East 103 * 40'04". Diperkirakakn temple from the 11th century AD The temple is a temple complex in Jambi Muaro the largest and most well maintained on the island of Sumatra. And since 2009 Kopleks Muaro Jambi Temple has been nominated to the UNESCO to be World Heritage Site.
The discovery and restoration
Complex enshrinement Muaro Jambi was first reported in 1823 by a British lieutenant named SC Crooke who mapped the watershed for military purposes. New in 1975, the Indonesian government began a serious restoration led by R. Soekmono.Based on the ancient Javanese script on some plates are found, an expert in epigraphy Boechari concluded that legacy ranges from the second century AD 9-12. On this site nine new buildings have been restored, and all of which are patterned Buddhism.The nine temples are the Temple Kotomahligai, Kedaton, Gedong One, Two Gedong, Gumpung, Height, Telago Rajo, Twin Rock, and Temple Astano. Among the many discoveries that have, Junus Satrio Atmodjo concluded that the area was heavily populated and become a meeting place of different cultures. There are beads that came from Persia, China, and India. Mahayana Tantric Buddhism became the religion of the majority of the alleged discovery of these plates that read "wajra" at some temples that make up the mandala.
Complex structure enshrinement
Complex enshrinement Muaro Jambi is located on an ancient natural levees Batanghari River. This site has a spacious 12 square km, more than 7 kilometers long and wide that stretches for 260 hectares in the direction of the river path. This site contains 61 temples are still largely in the form of a mound (menapo) unpeeled (occupied). The enshrinement of this complex there are also some influential Hindu religious buildings. Inside the complex is not only temples but also found there is a ditch or ancient man-made canals, ponds and water reservoirs mound of earth in which there is an ancient brick structure. In the complex there are at least 85 fruit menapo which is currently still owned by local residents. In addition to the remains of a building, the complex is also found statues prajnyaparamita, Dwarapala, gajahsimha, stone base, mortar / mortar stone. Bronze gong with Chinese writing, Buddhist mantras written on gold paper, ceramics, pottery, a large cauldron of bronze, the Chinese currency, beads, bricks inscribed, pictorial and marked, broken fragments of stone statues, precious stones and fragments iron and bronze. In addition to the temple complex is also found on the mound (small mountain) is also manmade. By the small mountain community called the Temple Mount or Mount Silver Sengalo. Sources: http://id.wikipedia.org

Tips Vacationing at Borobudur

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Wed, 11 Jan 2012 06:56:00 +0000

Buddhist temple of Borobudur temple as the world's largest number of tourists who visit the temple is on the increase. When Mount Merapi eruption in 2010 and some time after that, the Borobudur Temple was closed for some time. At that time, the Borobudur Temple Mount Merapi ash covered.
Parties to UNESCO, the Indonesian government, and the Friends of Borobudur which consists of various donators parts of the world, as well as locals and the Indonesian people, shoulder to shoulder cleaning Borobudur. Not an easy chore. It takes a long time until finally the Borobudur temple and every floor was opened up to the top floor open to the general public. The temple is very old indeed vulnerable. Travelers who visit often forget that they walk on is hundreds of years buildings are relics of the ancestors. Also forget, that the temple is a sacred place for Buddhists. Therefore, before visiting the temple of Borobudur, here are some guidelines for the preservation and appreciation of Borobudur Temple. Most of the following guidelines issued by the manager of the Borobudur Temple.
The tour guide.
Visitors must be accompanied by the officer or with a tour guide. Did you should visit the Borobudur with a tour guide. Incomplete if you visit this temple only for the photographs alone. Knowledge and the history behind the temple is very interesting and enriching yourself. If you've previously visited Borobudur temple with a tour guide, then still use the guide on my next visit. There are many local tour guide at Borobudur. Each tour guide has the style and the way the story of their own temple of Borobudur. So you always get additional knowledge and new experiences.
Visits in groups.
Parties will arrange to visit Borobudur Temple is a group consisting of at least 30 people. Each group will be accompanied by the officer who will direct the traffic lane during the Borobudur Temple. Traffic lane. Now if the visit to Borobudur Temple, then there are lines that are tailored to visiting hours. There are two routes that visit the yellow line and green line. This is to regulate the movement of tourists so it does not accumulate in one place.
Clothes are worn.
We recommend using a comfortable cotton. If you come in the morning, it's good to bring a jacket because the air is quite cold. Avoid using high-heeled shoes or sandals, and leather shoes. Use sandals or shoes that are comfortable for walking. Each adult visitor shall use a cloth glove that has been provided. When finished exploring the temple of Borobudur, do not forget to return the batik sarong. Do not go up and sit in the stupa. There are many stupas and statues at Borobudur. Do not climb the stupa, reliefs, and statues in them.
Do not also sit on it.
Actually sign the instructions for this prohibition is posted clearly, but tourists are still many who break them. Aside from being a form of tribute to the Borobudur temple, it is also part of preservation. Do not forget, these stones are very old age and slowly began to erode. Other prohibition. Do not littering, smoking in the area of Borobudur, and scribble on temples. Also, do not bring food, weapons, musical instruments, and animals. Time to visit. Hours are open from 6 am till 5 pm. Should come in June, July, or August. Because, in these months tend to be sunny weather. However, a visit Borobudur Temple is always beautiful at any time.

Specifications Borobudur Temple

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Tue, 10 Jan 2012 19:08:00 +0000

BOROBUDUR nation's heritage

Borobudur Temple is a Buddhist temple, Borobudur is situated in the village of Magelang regency, Central Java, was built by King Samaratungga, one of the kings of ancient Mataram Kingdom, Dynasty dynasty descendants. The name Borobudur is a combination of words and Budur Bara. Coals from Sanskrit means temple or monastery. While Budur derived from the word meaning beduhur above, thereby Borobudur means monastery on the hill. While according to other sources, means a mountain having terraces (budhara), while other sources said that Borobudur means monastery on the heights.

Borobudur punden staircase-shaped building consists of 10 levels, measuring 123 x 123 meters. Height of 42 meters and 34.5 meters before it was renovated after the renovation because the lowest level was used as a drag. This Buddhist temple has 1460 relief panels and 504 Buddha effigies in its complex. Six lowest level square and the upper three circular form, and the highest level in the form of a Buddhist stupa facing westward. Each level represents the stages of human life. In accordance schools of Mahayana Buddhism, every person who wants to reach the level of the Buddha must through every level of life is.

Kamadhatu, the base of Borobudur, symbolizing man who is still bound by lust. Rupadhatu, four levels above it, symbolizing human beings that have set themselves free from lust but still tied to appearance and shape. At that level, put a statue of Buddha is open. Arupadhatu, three levels above where Buddha placed inside perforated stupa. It symbolizes man who was freed from lust, appearance, and shape. Arupa, the very top that symbolizes nirvana, where Buddha is residing.

Each terrace has reliefs that will be read coherently runs clockwise (towards the left of the entrance of the temple). In the reliefs of Borobudur tells of a legendary story, a variety of story content, among others there are reliefs of the Hindu epic Ramayana, there are also reliefs Jataka stories. In addition, there are relief panels depicting the condition of society at that time. For example, the relief of farmers' activity reflecting the advance of agriculture system and relief of sailing boat representing the advance of the time shipping was centered in Bergotta (Semarang).

All relief panels in Borobudur temple reflect Buddha's teachings. A Buddhist from India named Atisha, the 10th century,'ve been to the temple which was built three centuries before Angkor Wat in Cambodia and 4 centuries before the Great Cathedral in Europe. Thanks to visiting Borobudur and having Buddhist manuscripts from Serlingpa (one of the king of the kingdom of Srivijaya), Atisha was able to develop Buddhism. He became abbot Vikramasila and taught Tibetans of practicing Dharma. Six manuscripts of Serlingpa was condensed into a core doctrine called "The Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment" or better known by the name Bodhipathapradipa.

One of the questions still unanswered about Borobudur is how the condition around the temple was built and why the temple was found buried in a state. Some say Borobudur originally stood dikelilingii swamp and then buried by the eruption of Merapi. It is based on Calcutta inscription reads 'Amawa' means sea of milk. The word which is then interpreted as the lava of Merapi, Borobudur likely buried in the cold lava of Merapi. The villages around Borobudur, as there Wanurejo Karanganyar and activities of people make crafts. In addition, the peak watu Kendil an ideal place to view the panorama from the top of Borobudur. Earthquake May 27, 2006 and no impact at all on the Borobudur temple so that the building can still be visited.

The history of Borobudur

About three hundred years ago, where this temple is still a forest by residents of the surrounding shrub called Redi Borobudur. For the first time, the name Borobudur is known from the work of MPU Prapanca Negarakertagama manuscript in 1365 AD, mentioned about the monastery in Budur. Then in the Babad Tanah Jawi script (1709-1710) there is news of Mas Fund, a rebel against King Pakubuwono I, who was caught in the Redi Borobudur and sentenced to death. Then in 1758, sparked the news about a prince from Yogyakarta, namely Prince Monconagoro, who are interested to see the statue of a knight trapped in a cage.

In 1814, Thomas Stamford Raffles got the news of his subordinates on the hill covered with carved stones. Based on the news that Raffles sent Cornelius, an admirer of art and history, to clean up that hill. After cleaning for two months with the help of 200 people population, the more clear the building and restoration of the temple continued in 1825. In 1834, Resident Kedu clean the temple again, and in 1842 the temple stupa is reviewed for further research.

The name Borobudur

Stutterheim who argue that Borobudur means Bihara on top of a hill.

Prof. JG. De Casparis basing on Middle Reef inscription mentioning the year of this new building, which Sangkala Year: Sagara kstidhara taste, or years Caka 746 (824 AD), or in the House of dynasty which glorifies the god Indra. In the inscription on it can be Bhumisambharabhudhara name which means a place of worship of the ancestors for the souls of their ancestors. How it happens to be a shift of Borobudur? This happens because the pronunciation of the local community.

Construction of Borobudur

Borobudur temple is made in the House of the Buddhist dynasty under the leadership of King Samarotthungga. Architecture that creates a temple, based on public speech named Gunadharma. Construction of the temple was completed in 847 AD According to the inscription Kulrak (784M) making the temple was assisted by a teacher from Ghandadwipa (Bengalore) named Kumaragacya a highly respected, and a prince from Kashmir named Visvawarman as an expert advisor in the teaching of Tantric Vajrayana Buddhists. Construction of this temple began during the Maha Raja Sri Sanggramadananjaya Dananjaya the title, followed by his son, Samarotthungga, and by his granddaughter, Dyah Ayu Pramodhawardhani.

Before restoration, the Borobudur Temple in ruins just as well as artifacts discovered a new temple. Subsequent restoration by Raffles and Cornelius in the Resident Hatmann, after that period is then performed in 1907-1911 by Theodore van Erp who rebuilt the temple from the ruins of the order form because of the time eaten up the form now. Van Erp is actually an expert on building techniques Genie army with the rank of lieutenant, but then attracted to research and learn the ins and outs of the Borobudur Temple, began his philosophy up to the teachings they contain. For that he tried to do a comparative study for several years in India. He also went to Sri Lanka to see the composition of the Sanchi stupa peak in Kandy, until finally van Erp discovered form of Borobudur Temple. Meanwhile, on the basis of philosophy and religion invented by Stutterheim and NJ. Chrome, which is on the teachings of the Mahayana Buddhist Dharma-Yogacara and there is a tendency also mixed with a flow-Tantrayana-Vajrayana.

Research on the composition of the temple and brought philosophy itself requires a substantial time, especially if linked with other temple buildings are still one family. Just as the Borobudur temple with Pawon and Mendut which are geographically located in one lane.

Borobudur material

Borobudur is the second largest temple after temple Ankor Wat in Cambodia. Building area of 15,129 m2 of Borobudur temple which is composed of 55,000 m3 of rock, from 2 million pieces of rocks. Average stone size 25 cm X 10 cm X 15 cm. Pieces of the overall length of 500 km stone by stone the overall weight of 1.3 million tonnes. The walls of the Borobudur Temple surrounded by pictures or reliefs which are a series of stories that terususun in the 1460 panel. The length of each panel 2 meters. If the circuit relief is stretched so long about 3 km of relief entirely. The number of levels there are ten, 1-6 levels of a square, while the level of 70-10 round. Statues found around the temple buildings totaling 504 units. High temple of the soil surface until the end of the main stupa was 42 meters, 34.5 meters but now lives after being struck by lightning.

According to the investigation of an Austrian anthropologist, ethnologist, Robert von Heine Geldern, the ancestor of the Indonesian people are familiar with grammar and culture in the Neolithic period Megalithic originating from South Vietnam and Cambodia. In ancient Megalithic that the ancestors of Indonesia makes his ancestor's grave once a place of worship in the form of tiered pyramid building, getting to the top gets smaller. One of them is found in the valley Sibedug Leuwiliang Bogor West Java. A similar building located in Sukuh near Solo, as well Borobudur. If we look from a distance, Borobudur will look like a staircase or a similar arrangement of building the pyramid and a stupa. Unlike the giant pyramids in Egypt and the Pyramids of Teotihuacan in Mexico Candi Borobudur is another version of pyramid building. Borobudur pyramid form kepunden staircase will not be found in the region and any country, including in India. This is one of the advantages of Borobudur temple which is a typical Buddhist architecture in Indonesia.

Mystery surrounding Borobudur

Until now there are some things that still a matter of mystery surrounding the founding of the Borobudur Temple, for example in the case of stone structure, how to transport the stone from the area of origin to destination, whether the stones were already in the desired size or shape of the original still rocks the mountain , how long the process of cutting the stones to the size you want, how to raise the stones from the bottom of the page to the top of the temple, the crane is used?. Image of relief, whether the stones were installed after the last picture, or a plain stone in the new state carved out for the draw. And starting from the part where the image was carved, from top to bottom or from bottom to top? there are many more mysteries that have not been revealed by science, especially concerning the space of the main stupa discovered in Buddhist temples and statues, in the center or the zenith of the largest temples in the stupa, apparently there used to be a statue depiction Adibuddha imperfect, which until now remains a mystery.

Chronology of discovery and restoration of Borobudur

1814 - Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Governor General of the United Kingdom in Java, heard of the discovery of archaeological objects in the village of Borobudur. Raffles ordered H.C. Cornelius to investigate the location of the discovery, a hill covered with shrubs.

1873 - The first monograph published about the temple.

1900 - The Dutch East Indies government established a committee of restoration and maintenance of the temple of Borobudur.

1907 - Theodoor van Erp led the restoration until 1911. 1

926 - Borobudur was restored again, but stopped in 1940 due to the crisis and the malaise of World War II. 1956 - Indonesian government requested the assistance of UNESCO. Prof. Dr. C. Coremans came to Indonesia from Belgium to investigate the causes of damage to Borobudur.

1963 - Indonesian government issued a decree to restore Borobudur, but the mess after the events of the G-30-S.

1968 - at the conference-15 in France, UNESCO agreed to provide assistance to rescue Borobudur.

1971 - Indonesian government established a body chaired Prof.Ir.Roosseno restoration of Borobudur.

1972 - International Consultative Committee was formed with the involvement of various countries and Roosseno as its chairman. UNESCO-sponsored committee to provide 5 million U.S. dollars from the cost of restoration was 7750 million U.S. dollars. The rest covered Indonesia.

August 10, 1973 - President Soeharto inaugurated the commencement of the restoration of Borobudur; restoration was completed in 1984

January 21, 1985 - happened bomb attack which damaged some of the stupa at Borobudur temple which was soon restored.

1991 - Borobudur designated as a UNESCO World Heritage.

Sources:

Soekmono, R. DR., Introduction to the History of Culture Indonesia 2, New York: Canisius Publishers, 1973.

Kusmayadi Ismail, "Treasure That Named Candi Borobudur", Mind Cyber Media, Saturday, July 2, 2005. Soekmono, R. DR., Borobudur - Cultural Heritage of Mankind, London: Reader Jaya, 1978.

Various other sources:

Preparation of Borobudur Temple

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Mon, 09 Jan 2012 18:56:00 +0000

Borobudur temple is the largest temple relic Century 9. This temple looks so impressive and sturdy so famous throughout the world. Heritage of this high value could be one of the seven wonders of the world. But did you know that as well as in other ancient buildings, the Borobudur Temple did not escape from the mystery of how the manufacture of Borobudur temple? This mystery is a lot of speculative opinion gave birth to controversy. With some notes and references are limited, I try to analyze and uncover the veil of mystery-making little Borobudur temple is that it does not need to be a mystery! Borobudur has a basic structure punden staircase, with a six-yard square, three circular courtyard and a main stupa as a peak. Also scattered in all pelatarannya several stupas. Borobudur temple built on a hill or a row of small hills that extends to the West-Southwest and East-Southeast to ± 123 m length, width and height of ± 123 m ± 34.5 m measured from the surface of the flat land around it to the top a flat hill.

Borobudur Temple also looks quite complex views of the parts are built. Consisting of 10 levels where levels 1-6 and the rest rounded square shaped. The temple walls are filled with the image as much as 1460 relief panels. There are 504 statues that complement the temple.

Material Composer Temple

Soil core that serves as the foundation soil or soil foundation Borobudur temple is divided into two, namely the original soil and soil-forming urug hill. Urug land is land that deliberately for the purpose of construction of the Borobudur Temple, adapted to the shape of the temple. According to the Land Sampurno was added above the original soil as filler and shaper morphology of the temple. Urug land has been created by the founder of the Borobudur temple, not a result of restoration work. Urug soil thickness is not uniform even though located on the same floor, which is between 0.5 to 8.5 m.

Constituent rock type Borobudur andesite with high porosity, pores levels about 32% -46%, and between the pore holes with one another are not related. Strong compressive relatively low when compared with similar compressive strength of rock. From the research results Sampurno (1969), obtained a minimum compressive strength of 111 kg/cm2 and the maximum compressive strength of 281 kg/cm2. Heavy volume of rock between 1.6 to 2 t/m3.

Mystery of How to Build a Temple

Data on this temple both in terms of design, history and philosophy of building so many available. Many historians and ancient buildings privilege to write about this temple. Search result data either in books or the Internet, none of which revealed little about the mystery of how the construction of the temple. The only information is written about the figure of Edward Leedskalnin strange and mysterious. He said "I have discovered the secrets of the pyramids and how people of ancient Egypt, Peru, Yucatan and Asia (Borobudur temple) lift stones weighing tons with only primitive tools." Edward is the man who built the famous Coral Castle. Some people then figure out how he's working to unravel the mystery about her knowledge of how the ancient building was built. Here are the opinion of some people and experts on how to build Coral Castle Edward: 1. Some say that he may have managed to find the secrets of the ancient architects who built the pyramids and monuments such as Stonehenge. 2. Some say maybe Edward using some sort of anti-gravity equipment to build Coral Castle. 3. David Hatcher Childress, author of anty Gravity And The World Grid, has an interesting theory. According to the South Florida area are home to Coral Castle has strong diamagnetik that can make an object float. Moreover, the south Florida area is still considered as part of the Bermuda triangle. David believes that Edward Leedskalnin using the principle of earth diamagnetik nets which enable large raised stone by using the center of mass. David also refers to the book notes that Edward found that indeed show the existence of schemes of magnetic and electrical experiments in it. Although the statement of David smelled of science, but the esoteric principles are still clearly visible in it. 4. Another writer named Ray Stoner, also supports this theory. He even believes that Edward moved to Coral Castle Homestead because he is aware of the mathematical calculation errors in determining the location of Coral Castle. So he moved to the area you have an advantage in terms of magnetic force. Finally managed to get photos taken at Coral Castle Edward did indicate that he is using the same method used by modern workers, using a principle called block and tackle. Different Coral Castle Borobudur Temple also different. Coral Castle still would allow using a Block and Tackle. For the Borobudur temple blocks and tackles it's still not there. So how exactly do I create this temple?. Mystery that has not been revealed based on the information above. I try to start thinking again regardless of the mystery by trying to analyze existing data. there are several aspects to consider before estimating how the temple was built, namely: 1. Shape of the building. The temple is square-shaped footprint ± 123 m in length, width and height of ± 123 m ± 42 m. Area of 15,129 m2. 2. The volume of primary material. The main material of this temple is the rock andesite berporositas with high specific gravity from 1.6 to 2.0 t/m3. It is estimated there are 55,000 m3 of rock forming the temple, or about 2 million rocks with rocks the size range 25 x 10 x 15 cm. Weight per piece of stone about 7.5 - 10 kg. 3. Construction of buildings. Borobudur Temple is a pile of stones placed on the mound as the core, so it is not a massive pile of rocks. Soil core also deliberately staircase-steps and the top flattened to lay a rock temple. 4. Each stone spliced without using cement or adhesive. These stones are simply spliced based on the pattern and stacked. 5. All the stones were taken from the river around Borobudur temple. 6. Borobudur Temple is a complex of buildings seen from the parts are built. Consisting of 10 levels where levels 1-6 and the rest rounded square shaped. The temple walls are filled with the image as much as 1460 relief panels. There are 505 statues that complement the temple. 7. Technology available. At that time there has been no transfer of technology and lift heavy material is adequate. Estimated using a simple mechanical method. 8. Estimated implementation time period. No information is accurate. However, some sources say that Borobudur temple built from 824 m - 847 m. There are other references that mention that the temple was built from 750 m to 842 m or 92 years. 9. Construction of temples carried out gradually. Initially built-storey apartment layout. It seems designed as a pyramid staircase. But later changed. As there is evidence that demolished apartment layout. The second phase, the foundation borobudur widened, plus two square steps and one step directly circle given huge main stupa. The third stage, steps on the circle with a large main stupa dismantled and removed and replaced three railroad circles. Stupas built on top of these steps with a large stupa in tengahnya.tahap fourth, there are small changes, ie, making changes to the relief of ladder and making arch above the door. 10. One thing that is unique, that this temple was architecturally appealing format or structured mathematics. Each bagain legs, body and head of the temple always has a ratio of 4:6:9. His Stûpa placements also has significance, plus more of the reliefs are estimated berkatian with astronomy makes Borobudur is a testament to the fascinating history observe. 11. The number of stupas at arupadhatu (stupa peak will not be considered) are: 32, 24, 26 which has a comparative basis, ie 4:3:2, and everything is divisible by 8. The size of the stupa at the three high TSB levels. Is: 1.9 m, 1.8 m, respectively bebeda 10 cm. So is the diameter of these stupas, have exactly the same size it is with height: 1.9 m, 1.8 m, 1.7 m. 12. Some numbers in Borobudur, when added up the numbers will end up being number 1 again. Suspected that it was made so that can be interpreted: The number 1 symbolizes the Oneness of the Adhi-buddha. The number of levels of Borobudur is 10, the numbers in 10 when added together the result: 1 + 0 = 1. The number of stupas in arupadhatu in which there are statues: 32 + 24 + 16 + 1 = 73, number 73 when added together the result: 10 and as above 1 + 0 = 10. The number of statues in the Borobudur total of 505 pieces. When the figures in it are summed, the result is 5 + 0 + 5 = 10 as well as above 1 + 0 = 1. look at the data above, would still be expected, I try to give some analysis that hopefully can be commented upon as we attempt to uncover the mystery that is as follows: 1. of the existing data is mentioned that the size of the stone temple is about 25 x 10 x 15 cm with a specific gravity of stone is 1.6 to 2 ton/m3, this means the weight per piece of stone is only about a maximum of 7.5 kg (for severe type 2 t/m3 ). The piece was very soft stone. For heavy as it rocks, it does not need any technology. Problems that may arise is sloping terrain that must be taken. Sloping field in physics to make the burden seems to be more severe. This is because the decomposition of the style of cause there are horizontal parallel to the slope of the load that must be borne. But with the fact that the weight per piece of stone is only 7.5 kg, it was an oblique field problem beundak the steps do not matter. The conclusion is the process of transporting pieces of stone can be done easily and does not need any technology. 2. source rock material taken from the river around the temple. This means that the distance between the quarry and the site is very close. Although the number reached two million pieces, but the lightness of the material of each piece of stone and proximity of transport, this means that the transport process can be done easily without the need for specific technologies. 3. temple was built in the time period long enough. Some say 23 years have also said 92 years. If you assume the fastest 23 years. Let us count the installation of stone about productivity. If the land preparation and early material is 2 years, then the installation of a stone is 21 years or 7665 days. There are 2 million pieces of stone. Productivity installation of the stone is a stone 2000000/7665 = 261 / day. Productivity is likely very small. No need any way to generate a small productivity. Moreover, using data execution duration is longer. 4. Borobudur temple is the length of the manufacturing process can be due to any design changes made during implementation. This may dikeranakan the turn of the ruler (king) during the construction of a temple. 5. Borobudur seen physically very impressive. Has 10 floors with square and circular shapes. Having reliefs along the walls and statues in large numbers. This temple is so concerned with the philosophy contained in the measures. This proves that the temple was built with the concept of design is quite good.

6. Borobudur temple is the largest temple. Borobudur temple complex is also seen seen from its architectural design consists of 10 levels where levels 1-6, square and round remaining. The temple walls are filled with the image as much as 1460 relief panels. There are 504 statues that complement the temple. This is clearly not the work of design and implementation easy. Borobudur temple is a valuable conclusion from both sides of the civil engineering design and the art of architecture requires careful planning and management aspects of the design and manner of implementation. I conclude this temple was built by the project management has been good enough.

Sources: http://critcrot.blogspot.com

Borobudur Temple ( pearl equator )

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Mon, 09 Jan 2012 18:22:00 +0000

Temple Location: Temple of Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, about 40 km from Yogyakarta (Indonesia)

History The establishment of the Temple Barobudur :

Borobudur was built around the year 800 AD or the 9th century. Borobudur was built by the adherents of Mahayana Buddhism during the reign of Dynasty dynasty. This temple was built at the height of the dynasty dynasty. The founder of the Borobudur Temple, King Samaratungga originating from or dynasty dynasty dynasty. The possibility of this temple was built around 824 AD and was completed around the year 900 AD during the reign of Queen Pramudawardhani who is the daughter of Samaratungga. While the architects who contributed to build this temple according to the story of hereditary named Gunadharma. Borobudur own words based on the first written evidence that was written by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Governor General of the United Kingdom in Java, which gives the name of this temple. There is no written evidence that older who gave name to this temple of Borobudur. Only one of the oldest document that shows the existence of this temple is Nagarakertagama book, written by mpu Prapanca in 1365. In the book is written that this temple was used as a place of Buddhist meditation Meaning of the name Borobudur is "monastery in the hills", which comes from the word "coal" (temple or monastery) and "beduhur" (hills or high places) in Sanskrit. Therefore, in accordance with the meaning of the name Borobudur, so this place long ago used as a place of Buddhist worship.

And another version says

Regarding the name of Borobudur itself many archaeologists who interpret it, among them Prof.. Dr. Poerbotjoroko Borobudur explains that the word comes from two words Bhoro and Budur. Bhoro derived from Sanskrit which means bihara or dormitory, while the word Budur refers to the name of the place. This opinion is corroborated by prof. Dr. WF. Stutterheim who argue that Borobudur means Bihara on top of a hill. Meanwhile, Prof. JG. De Casparis basing on Middle Reef inscription mentioning the year of this new building, which Sangkala Year: Sagara kstidhara taste, or years Caka 746 (824 AD), or in the House of dynasty which glorifies the god Indra. In the inscription didapatlah Bhumisambharabhudhara name which means a place of worship of the ancestors for the souls of their ancestors. This temple for centuries are no longer used. Then because of volcanic eruptions, most of the buildings covered with volcanic soil Borobudur. In addition, the building is also covered with various trees and shrubs for centuries. Then the building of this temple began forgotten in the time Islam arrived in Indonesia around the 15th century. About three hundred years ago, where this temple is still a forest by residents of the surrounding shrub called Redi Borobudur. For the first time, the name Borobudur is known from the work of MPU Prapanca Negarakertagama manuscript in 1365 AD, mentioned about the monastery in Budur. Then in the Babad Tanah Jawi script (1709-1710) there is news of Mas Fund, a rebel against King Pakubuwono I, who was caught in the Redi Borobudur and sentenced to death. Then in 1758, sparked the news about a prince from Yogyakarta, namely Prince Monconagoro, who are interested to see the statue of a knight trapped in a cage. Then in 1814, Thomas Stamford Raffles got the news of his subordinates on the hill covered with carved stones. Based on the news that Raffles sent Cornelius, an admirer of art and history, to clean up that hill. After cleaning for two months with the help of 200 people population, the more clear the building and restoration of the temple continued in 1825. In 1834, Resident Kedu clean the temple again, and in 1842 the temple stupa is reviewed for further research. In the lessons of history, stated that Borobudur Temple is made in the House of the Buddhist dynasty under the leadership of King Samarotthungga. While that created the temple, based on public speech named Gunadharma. Construction of the temple was completed in 847 AD According to the inscription Kulrak (784M) making the temple was assisted by a teacher from Ghandadwipa (Bengalore) named Kumaragacya a highly respected, and a prince from Kashmir named Visvawarman as an expert advisor in the teaching of Tantric Vajrayana Buddhists. Construction of this temple began during the Maha Raja Sri Sanggramadananjaya Dananjaya the title, followed by his son, Samarotthungga, and by his granddaughter, Dyah Ayu Pramodhawardhani. Before restoration, the Borobudur Temple in ruins as well as artifacts of the newly discovered temple today. When we visited Borobudur and enjoy the beauty of its surroundings from the summit of the temple, sometimes we do not ever think about who is credited with rebuilding the temple of Borobudur becomes a magnificent building and the wealth of the nation of Indonesia. Subsequent restoration, after by Cornelius at the Raffles and Resident Hatmann, conducted in 1907-1911 by Theodore van Erp who rebuilt the temple from the ruins of the order form because of the time eaten up the form now. Van Erp is actually an expert on building techniques Genie army with the rank of lieutenant, but then attracted to research and learn the ins and outs of the Borobudur Temple, began his philosophy up to the teachings they contain. For that he tried to do a comparative study for several years in India. He also went to Sri Lanka to see the composition of the Sanchi stupa peak in Kandy, until finally van Erp discovered form of Borobudur Temple. Meanwhile, on the basis of philosophy and religion invented by Stutterheim and NJ. Chrome, which is on the teachings of the Mahayana Buddhist Dharma-Yogacara and there is a tendency also mixed with a flow-Vajrayana Tantric. Therefore, the pemugar should have a bit of history of religion in Indonesia. Research on the composition of the temple and brought philosophy itself requires a substantial time, especially if linked with other temple buildings are still one family. Just as the Borobudur temple with Pawon and Mendut which are geographically located in one lane.

The material temple

Borobudur Temple is included in the 7 wonders of the World and is the largest temple in the world. Borobudur like building a pyramid of Cheops in Gizeh Egypt. Building area of 15,129 m2 of Borobudur temple which is composed of 55,000 m3 of rock, from 2 million pieces of rocks. Average stone size 25 cm X 10 cm X 15 cm. Pieces of the overall length of 500 km stone by stone the overall weight of 1.3 million tonnes. The walls of the Borobudur Temple surrounded by pictures or reliefs which are a series of stories that terususun in the 1460 panel. The length of each panel 2 meters. So if the series of reliefs that stretched the length of approximately 3 km of relief entirely. The number of levels there are ten, 1-6 levels of a square, while the level of 70-10 round. Statues found around the temple buildings totaling 504 units. Meanwhile, the high temple of the soil surface to the tip of the main stupa was 42 meters, 34.5 meters but now lives after being struck by lightning. According to the investigation of an Austrian anthropologist, ethnologist, Robert von Heine Geldern, the ancestor of the Indonesian people are familiar with grammar and culture in the Neolithic period Megalithic originating from South Vietnam and Cambodia. In ancient Megalithic that the ancestors of Indonesia makes his ancestor's grave once a place of worship in the form of tiered pyramid building, getting to the top gets smaller. One of them is found in the valley Sibedug Leuwiliang Bogor West Java. A similar building located in Sukuh near Solo, as well Borobudur. If we look from a distance, Borobudur will look like a staircase or a similar arrangement of building the pyramid and a stupa. Unlike the giant pyramids in Egypt and the Pyramids of Teotihuacan in Mexico Candi Borobudur is another version of pyramid building. Borobudur pyramid form kepunden staircase will not be found in the region and any country, including in India. And that's one of the advantages of Borobudur temple which is a typical Buddhist architecture in Indonesia. Seeing the splendor of the current building Borobudur and other temples in Indonesia has provided a great knowledge about the civilization of the Indonesian nation. A variety of science involved in the reconstruction effort undertaken by the Borobudur Temple Teodhorus van Erp. We should appreciate his efforts given the various constraints and difficulties faced in rebuilding the temple. Until now there are some things that still a matter of mystery surrounding the founding of the Borobudur Temple, for example in the case of stone structure, how to transport the stone from the area of origin to destination, whether the stones were already in the desired size or shape of the original still rocks the mountain , how long the process of cutting the stones to the size you want, how to raise the stones from the bottom of the page to the top of the temple, the crane is used? Remember at that time there has been no picture blue (blue print), then it means that if they want to negotiate the steps work to be done, in terms of image relief, whether the stones were installed after the last picture, or a stone in a state of inno cence The new sculpted to draw. And starting from the part where the image was carved, from top to bottom or from bottom to top? And many more mysteries that have not been revealed in scientific knowledge, especially about finding space on the main stupa of the temple. Restoration in the years 1974-1983

Treasure trove

The restoration is then performed in the year 1973-1983, the lapse of 70 years of restoration was undertaken van Erp. The restoration is intended no other in an effort to preserve the priceless cultural. This is the "treasure trove" that really can not be rewarded with money let alone be sold to pay debts. Awareness of the community to participate in securing the building of the temple is expected to include also from the tourists. Excavation, research, and plan the restoration of the temples or other historic objects which have recently found itself requires time and cost is not small. The restoration of buildings and archaeological culture is not as easy as the construction of modern buildings. Every form of cultural buildings has a special meaning and this can not be ignored in the restoration of ancient buildings. Therefore need support from various parties, both from within and from abroad. Efforts to rebuild a symbol of civilization has ever lost means more eye-opening our hearts about the history of human civilization Indonesia is rich with science and culture. Thus, we will become civilized human beings are able to appreciate his own culture as a form of identity and the identity of an independent nation. Finally, we must raise the passion to appreciate the objects of cultural heritage is not only a wealth of society and the nation, but also a wealth of knowledge that will continue to uncover the facts of that history. Enjoy the beauty and maintain its sustainability is one of the most significant concern. Surely the role of institutions relating to the protection of cultural heritage objects needs to be improved by providing understanding, understanding and dissemination of the importance of maintaining and preserving these objects. Protection law must be enforced consistently so that does not happen again lameness lameness-law that leaves a sense of injustice for the people, as was the case in 1983 Borobudur blasting .*** Remain a mystery, just added the temple of Borobudur is the largest Buddhist temple in the world with a height of 34.5 meters and a building area of 123 x 123 meters. Was set up on a hill located approximately 40 miles to the southwest of Yogyakarta, 7 miles south of Magelang, Central Java. Borobudur was built by Sailendra dynasty between the years 750 and 842 AD. Buddhist Temple is probably abandoned about a century after construction because the center of the kingdom at that time moved to East Java. Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles in 1814 Borobudur found in damaged condition and ordered that the site be cleaned and studied thoroughly. Borobudur restoration project on a large scale and then starting from 1905 until 1910, led by Dr. Tb. van Erp. With the help of UNESCO, the second restoration to rescue Borobudur was carried out from August 1913 until 1983. However, until now Borobudur still keeps some mystery. A number of mysteries that for example, who designed the temple of Borobudur, how many people were hired to build the temple, where only the stone to build the temple? Philosophy Of what use to make these temples? But certainly this temple is an important asset for Indonesia in the eyes of the international community. We should be proud of and always maintain its sustainability.

Sources: http://blog.inginbahagia.com

STONE INSCRIPTION IN MANUSCRIPT INSCRIBED LAMPUNG

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Thu, 05 Jan 2012 03:57:00 +0000

Another proof of the kingdom Sriwijaya

Inscribed stone inscription is a script written, products that have been familiar with the era of community literacy and writing activities. Pran inscription has a very important role in bringing information to the public, especially the later generations. Of what is written in the inscription is an activity that can then be identified and serve as a lesson for all. Moreover, the inscription is generally issued officially by the Government in power, or the party who has a dream goal. so worthy of being recorded history.

Inscription This inscription is also mempermaklum about power, authority, system of government and community dynamics are summarized in the inscription will be a historical record and also to understand the identity of the inhabitants of this country. That's the significance of existing prarasasti some of them are region Lampung Province. content of the inscriptions in Lampung ranging from kutykan from rulers to the manuscript prayer prayer. Unfortunately much of the stone is inscribed in Lampung worn with age, so that the contents of the script is written it can not be read in full, making it difficult for us to understand its contents.

In archaeological and historical research, prasati often acts as a very important contemporary sources. Because it gives some information about aspects of community life past. Areas of Lampung, to date has found 9 inscriptions from the Hindu-Buddhist era, covering the period 7 to 15 century AD. The nine tablets was:

1. Inscription Palas Pasemah (late 7th century)

These inscriptions have been known to exist in 1958, in the village near Palas Pasemah Kalianda South Lampung Regency. This inscription is written in 13 lines, lettered Pallawa and Old Malay. It contained nearly equal to the contents of the inscriptions of the Regional Coral Brahi Edinburgh, City Limestone stele of Bangka and Humpback Inscription of East Lampung region, which contains a curse that does not obey and submit to the ruler of Srivijaya. This inscription is not framed in, but based Paleografinya be at the end of the 7th century.

This inscription is found on the edge of Banana Way, South Lampung regency in 1957. Until now, the inscription is still located in this area (in situ). The inscription round-oval-shaped half is lettered Pallawa and Old Javanese language, does not contain a number of years. Based palaeografi (the science of ancient writing), the inscription is thought to have come from around the 7th century AD. Palas Pasemah inscription consists of 13 lines is almost the same as the inscription Brahi Coral and Lime City, contains a curse for those who do not obey the king of Srivijaya.

Text Inscription Palas Pasemah

(1) Kitan siddha hamwan wari AWAI. kandra kayet. pies ni hu [mpa an] (2) namuha ulu opponent then matai tandrun tandrun nauseating nauseating wi [nunu paihumpa] (3) an haŋkairu muah. Unai nihumpa kayet cash. umenteŋ [bhakti ulun ni] (4) Haraki Unai cash. we sawanakta gods san maharddhika nidhana maŋra [ksa kadatuan yan] (5) in Sriwijaya. we tuwi tandrun nauseating wanakta early gods parssumpaha yan [n parawis. kada] (6) ci Uran in dalaŋna Grounds this kadatuanku ajnan parawis. drohaka wanu [n. samawuddhi la] (7) drohaka wan. manujari drohaka. niujari drohaka. din know drohaka [. yes tida marpadah] (8) tida yes bhakti tatwa arjjawa in Yaku dnan in yan nigalar kku Sanyasa datua niwunuh yes su [mpah ni] ....

Translation by Boechari:

(1-4). .... O all gods, the all-powerful, which protects the (royal) (5) Srivijaya, O, water genies and all the gods curse Rafal beginners (if) (6) There are people all powers that are subject to a rebellious kingdom, ( conspired with a) (7) Rebel, talk to the rebels, knowing rebels (who does not respect me) (8) Not subject to reverent and faithful to me and for those who are crowned with the demands of datu, (these people) will be killed by (the curse ) ....

2. Humpback inscription (late 7th century)

Discovered in 1985, in the village of Humpback, District Jabung, East Lampung Regency. This inscription is composed entirely of 12 and 13 lines of text and lettered Pallawa Old Malay. Conditions have a very worn and broken, the first and last few lines can not be read at all. Of rows that can read the contents of the same curse contained in the inscription Pasemah Palas. Inscription Rock Inscription Brahi and Lime City is Srivijaya inscription from the late 7th century.

3. Inscription Hujunglangit / Onion (late 10th century)

This inscription is found in the Village Hanakau, Behind the Hill District, West Lampung regency. The discovery was first reported by the officer conducting topographic mapping agency in 1912. Ancient World by Tim epigraphy, the inscription is also called Onion inscription, because the discovery was in the Onion. Inscription This inscription is also called Hujunglangit is based on place names mentioned in the tablets.
Stone inscription shaped like a cone with the height from ground 160 cm, width under 65 cm, width of 25 cm. Stele inscribed with part surface is almost flat, consisting of 18 lines of writing with letters Old Javanese and Old Malay language.
From the late 10th century, this inscription is worn out and his writing is very thin making it difficult for a thorough reading. Based on its origin, said Sa - land and replication with Hujunglangit place names, can be a member hint that the inscription relating to the establishment of a region into sima, the fief, as found in inscriptions in Hindu-Buddhist era.
Determination of a region into sima, generally related to the presence of a holy building located in an area. On top there is an image field that tertuilis dagger, dagger tip facing right. Dagger image is similar to the remains of the royal dagger Pagaruyung The Madang named Sari. According to dynamic, from Pagaruyung dagger was made in the XIV century AD, so about 300 years younger than Hujunglangit inscription. Relief also found a knife on Panataran Temple, whose shape is similar to a dagger The Sari Madang.

4. Cape Inscription Kingdom I (around the 10th century)

Stone written oval measuring 237 cm long, wide at the center of 180 cm and 45 cm thick. The inscription was discovered in 1970 in the village of Tanjung Raya I, West Lampung District of Sukau. Inscription written on the stone surface is worn out and damaged condition, consists of 8 lines and hard to read but can still be known as Old Javanese letters of the 10th century. At the top there is a picture of a vessel with a curved edge out a leaf. Given the difficulty of reading the contents of this inscription is not known.

5. Inscription Ulubelu (14th century)
The inscription engraved on a small stone measuring 36 x 12.5 cm, there are 6 lines of text with letters Old Javanese and Old Malay language. Inscriptions found in Ulebelu, Rebang Pugung, Tanggamus District in 1934. Now stored at the National Museum Jakarta. State of the inscription is not intact, the far left and right has been broken so that some words and letters partially lost. Contents relating to the worship of the Trinity (God Guru, Batara Brahma, Vishnu Batara). Thought to originate from the 14th century AD

6. Stone Inscription rifle

The inscription is on the stone complex of megalithic sites guns, in an area of 100 x 50 m. The complex is located on flat land higher than the surrounding area. By the regional government of Lampung, in this land has made the park is equipped with walkways, places to rest, and home information. Complex I or Complex Stone Bedil Megalithic and the inscription has also been on the fence wire. Fencing is done by P3SPL (Project Implementing Heritage and Archaeology Lampung Province) in 1991.

The entrance of land located in the south. On this land there are inscriptions in addition there are also a group of menhirs the quadrilateral formation. Also in this location there are also distribution of large stones.
The inscription is at coordinates 05 ° 18.637 'S and 104 ° 42.041' E (readings with the Garmin GPS V). The inscription written on a piece of rock measuring 185 cm long, width 72 cm, 55 cm thick. Writing an inscription carved on the stone facing north. Inscription comprised 10 rows with about 5 cm high letters. The article is in one frame. At the bottom of the frame there are scratches formed padma or lotus flower. Condition of the letter is worn so many letters that are no longer legible.
In the west there are 14 menhirs inscriptions that form a square formation. Menhir, Menhir is a natural stone that showed no signs of human workmanship. Besides menhirs in this area also contained a number of large stones. Judging from the shape of the stones as possible menhir and dolmen. Based on observations of surface soil artefaktual the findings obtained in the form of ceramics and pottery shards.
Distribution of stone found in the area Bedil Stone can also be found in several locations outside the fenced area. In the west fence Complex inscription is approximately 50 m there is a stone mortar, which by the society called the Stone of Dimples. Also near Stone Dimples also contained three flat stones. In addition to the south of the fence is about 50 m there is a clustered distribution of natural stone. Distribution of the stone is located in the coffee plantation owned by local residents.
The inscription on the stone inscription is very worn Bedil so difficult to read. Based on the comparison of the letter, Bedil Stone inscriptions are thought to originate from the late 9th century or early 10th century. Some words are legible is Namo Bhagawate in the first row and Swâhâ on the tenth row. According Soekmono based on these words indicate that Bedil Stone inscription contains about Buddhism or Shiva mantra (Soekmono, 1985: 49-50). Thus the Stone Inscription Inscription Bedil and Ulu Belu indicates that the equation contains the spells.
Stone Inscription Bedil finding the location is on land that is bounded by two rivers. Archaeological relics found in the area between the two rivers is composed of three clusters. The first cluster is a collection of Stone Bedil I menhir, flat stones, and inscription. The second cluster is Bedil Stone II with the remains of menhirs, dolmen, scratched stones, and stone mortar. Bedil Stone I and Stone II Bedil may constitute a unity. Community activities now result in the separation between Batu Batu Bedil Bedil I and II. The third cluster is the site of Batu Gajah. On this site there are the remains of menhirs, stone elephants, buffaloes and stone.
The stone inscriptions between the contents of Bedil with other archaeological remnants appears there are concerning aspects of religious conformity. Menhirs, stone elephants, buffaloes and stone relics show that had something to do with trust megalithic tradition. Menhir is an upright stone that has been done or not, and deliberately placed in a place to commemorate the ancestors and the hope of prosperity for the living (Soejono, 1990: 213). Menhir can stand alone or grouped to form a certain formation.

The inscription on the stone inscription is very worn Bedil so difficult to read. Based on the comparison of the letter, Bedil Stone inscriptions are thought to originate from the late 9th century or early 10th century. Some words are legible is Namo Bhagawate in the first row and Swâhâ on the tenth row. According Soekmono based on these words indicate that Bedil Stone inscription contains about Buddhism or Shiva mantra (Soekmono, 1985: 49-50). Thus the Stone Inscription Inscription Bedil and Ulu Belu indicates that the equation contains the spells.

Stone Inscription Bedil finding the location is on land that is bounded by two rivers. Archaeological relics found in the area between the two rivers is composed of three clusters. The first cluster is a collection of Stone Bedil I menhir, flat stones, and inscription. The second cluster is Bedil Stone II with the remains of menhirs, dolmen, scratched stones, and stone mortar. Bedil Stone I and Stone II Bedil may constitute a unity. Community activities now result in the separation between Batu Batu Bedil Bedil I and II. The third cluster is the site of Batu Gajah. On this site there are the remains of menhirs, stone elephants, buffaloes and stone.
The stone inscriptions between the contents of Bedil with other archaeological remnants appears there are concerning aspects of religious conformity. Menhirs, stone elephants, buffaloes and stone relics show that had something to do with trust megalithic tradition. Menhir is an upright stone that has been done or not, and deliberately placed in a place to commemorate the ancestors and the hope of prosperity for the living (Soejono, 1990: 213). Menhir can stand alone or grouped to form a certain formation.

9. Inscription sudden / Bataran Teacher Tuha (15th century)
Inscriptions found in the Hamlet of sudden, Cliff Village, District Representative Across, East Lampung in 1994. The inscription is written in 14 lines of text, besides there are also short writings and drawings that fill the entire surface of the inscribed stone shaped like a beam measuring 42 cm x 11 cm x 9 cm. Writing used is similar to the ancient Javanese writings from the late 15th century with the language that is not too ancient Malay (Bahasa Melayu Madya).

Sumber : http://segatablog.blogspot.com
( In Indonesia )

Palas Inscription (Inscribed Stone)

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Thu, 05 Jan 2012 03:32:00 +0000

Inscribed stone (stele) Palas is located in the village Pasemah Palas, Palas subdistrict, South Lampung. As we drove toward the city of Bandar Lampung Bakauheni, about 20 km from the port of Bakauheni MTA will find the intersection of the center lane Palas and Lampung. We, too, turn right and go as far as 10 miles to arrive at the historical tourist sites Palas.

Inscribed stone inscriptions Pasemah Palas is a kingdom of Srivijaya relics discovered in 1957 in Palas Pasemah, Kalianda area, Lampung. Consists of 13 rows, but row-1 through the 3rd missing. The contents of the inscription originally discussed by Prof.. Dr. Buchari in the article: Buchari, "An Old Inscription of Srivijaya Malay at Palas Pasemah (South Lampung)", Pre Srivijaya Research Seminar, Center for Archeological Research and National Heritage, Jakarta, 1979.

Need to ask a lot of people along the village road Palas, so as not to miss when looking for the location. This inscription is as less promoted, but the site where the inscription was well maintained Palas Village Road was a smooth asphalt that divides the village with beautiful scenery and exotic.

Palas inscribed stone inscription is one of the stele inscriptions persumapahan Sriwijaya.
"Persumpahan inscriptions", ie inscriptions containing curses and threats for those who oppose or do not want to devote to the king of Srivijaya. The term "parsumpahan" is derived from the Srivijaya king himself, as contained in such inscriptions. Srivijaya inscription inscription belonging persumpahan are inscriptions Stone Lake, Town Chalk, Coral lust, and Palas Pasemah. Perhaps in the future will still be found inscriptions persumpahan others.

Inscription TELAGA STONE found in 1935 in Stone Lake, Sabukingking 2 Ilir, Palembang. Consisting of 28 lines, the state emblem decorated in the form of a dragon with seven heads Srivijaya. Now stored at the Museum Center, Jakarta, with a number D.155. The inscription was first published by Prof.. Dr. Johannes de Casparis Gijsbertus in the book: J.G. de Casparis, Indonesia Inscription II: Selected inscriptions from the 7th to the 9th Century AD, the Department of Antiquities of the Republic of Indonesia, The New, Bandung, 1956.

CITY CHALK inscription discovered in 1892 in the City Limestone, Jetty Mundo, the west coast of the island of Bangka. Consisting of 10 lines, and numbered at the Museum Center D.90. The inscription was first discussed by Prof.. Dr. Hendrik Kern in the article: H. Kern, "Van De Inscriptie Limestone City", Bijdragen Koninklijk Instituut (BKI), deel 67, 1913.

CORAL inscriptions found passion in 1904 at Coral area lust, Edinburgh. Consists of 16 rows, first transcribed by prof. Dr. Johannes Nicholaas Krom in the article: N.J. Krom, "Van De Coral Inscriptie Brahi", Tijdschrift Bataviaasch Genootschap (TBG), deel 59, 1920.

Palas Pasemah inscriptions found in 1957 in Palas Pasemah, Kalianda area, Lampung. Consists of 13 rows, but row-1 through the 3rd missing. The contents of the inscription originally discussed by Prof.. Dr. Buchari in the article: Buchari, "An Old Inscription of Srivijaya Malay at Palas Pasemah (South Lampung)", Pre Srivijaya Research Seminar, Center for Archeological Research and National Heritage, Jakarta, 1979.

Of the four pieces persumpahan inscription above, only one of which dates to the year, the City Kapur inscription carved in the year 608 Saka (686 AD). Therefore the content of the inscriptions are almost the same, then it is very likely all persumpahan inscriptions were carved in the same year.

Who is the king of Srivijaya who issued inscriptions persumpahan it? Let's look at the contents of the inscriptions carved Gutters Tuwo two years earlier. Gutters Tuwo inscription begins with the sentence:

Swasti CRI. 606 çakawarsatita dim dwitiya çuklapaksa quarterly caitra, there tatkalanya parlak this çriksetra niparwuat, Parwan Dapunta Cri jayanaça hyang.

Translation in now:

"Happy, successful. Saka year 606 passed the second day of the month paroterang Caitra (March 23 = 684), it's time to park Sriksetra this done, the statutes Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa. "

Here we get the full name of the king of Srivijaya: Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa. If between the years 684 and 686 there is no change of the king, then that's what he would issue a persumpahan inscriptions.

In the last line of the inscription Limestone City listed the following caption:

608 çakawarsatita dim pratipada çuklapaksa waiçakha quarterly, which tatkalanya nipahat mangmang this oath, in which wala çriwijaya welanya kaliwat manapik the Grounds java tida çriwijaya bhakti ka.

"Saka year 608 passed the first day of the month paroterang Waisaka (February 28 = 686), time to spell this oath carved, when the Srivijaya elapse troops invaded Java land that is not devoted to the Srivijaya."

Above description shows the background and motivation expenditure persumpahan inscriptions by the king of Srivijaya. Apparently Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa worried that the rebellion arose within the jurisdiction of Srivijaya Srivijaya as troops stormed the island of Java is being deployed. As a preventative measure, issued a clear warning Dapunta Hyang throughout his realm, as we can read the inscriptions on all persumpahan:

kadaci that urang therein Grounds this kadatuan ajnyanya parawis, drohaka wangun, samawuddhi drohaka opponent, mangujari drohaka, niujari drohaka, know dim drohaka, tida marpadah yes, yes tida bhakti for all, no yes I tatwarjawa on view at the nigalarku Sanyasa datua, dhawa wuatnya urang Inan, niwunuh oath yes, yes tapik nisuruh mulang parwandan çriwijaya datu, Talu muah view gotrasantananya yes.

"Wherever there are people in this kingdom's territory entirely, build iniquity (rebellion), cooperation with the mutineers, mutineers, rebuke, reprimand mutineers, in agreement with the mutineers, he did not obey, he is not filial, he was not faithful to me by the leaders of the region that kugelari , wicked deeds, he will be killed oath, he would be told to attacking on the orders of the king Srivijaya, will be crushed him with all his family. "

Read the contents of the inscriptions persumpahan above, it can be imagined that Dapunta Hyang is a brilliant politician. Before he launched an expansion into foreign territory, domestic stability is noticed. Surely persumpahan inscriptions were placed on the countries that allow the emergence of insurgency. Until now persumpahan inscriptions recently discovered in Palembang, Bangka, Jambi and Lampung. This shows that the power of Srivijaya in the year 686 had at least cover these areas.

The existence of persumpahan Lake Stone inscriptions in Palembang cause Prof. Dr. Sukmono refused locations in the capital of Palembang Srivijaya. In his "On Localization of Srivijaya", Report of the First National Congress of Sciences, Volume 5, Assembly Sciences Indonesia, Djakarta, 1958, Sukmono ask the following questions (adapted to EYD 1972): "If indeed the capital of Palembang Srivijaya, could make sense that curses in the form of terrible threats is actually enshrined in the capital? Could it be the capital of its own citizens thus threatened by the king? "

Prof. question. Sukmono this needs to be answered with another question: "Does not make sense that rebellion may occur in the capital? Is not that time the capital is empty without power, because the army is being mobilized to invade Java Land? "

The revolt in the capital are even more dangerous than a rebellion in the lands of subordinates, as they may be done by people close to Dapunta Hyang and directly related to the central government. Dapunta Hyang certainly not ignore the existence of such a coup of the "grand coalition" of high officials of the kingdom. That is why he sees the need to give warnings and threats in the capital of Srivijaya.

In the history many of us find that a ruler was stabbed by the enemy in the blanket, when the rulers were busy thinking about the problem of "foreign". This happens, for instance, the king of the Kingdom Singhasari Kertanagara the 13th century. Kertanagara Singhasari send massive troops into Malay (Edinburgh) in anticipation of a possible attack from Mongol armies of China to the archipelago, but he was negligent in Singhasari own attention to security. Vassals, Jayakatwang of Kadiri, to exploit the situation for the overthrow of the throne Kertanagara. This is the consequence if a ruler to ignore security in the capital.

Lake Stone inscription proves that the kingdom of Srivijaya's capital in Palembang, because the inscription mentions a lot of public office only to be found in the capital of a country. Fill Lake Stone inscriptions third to the fifth row are as follows:

You wanyakmamu, rajaputra, prostara, bhupati, senapati, Nayaka, pratyaya, hajipratyaya, dandanayaka, .... murddhaka, tuhaan watakwuruh, addhyaksi nijawarna, wasikarana, kumaramatya, çatabatha, adhikarana, karmma ...., kayastha, sthapaka, puhawang , waniyaga, pratisara, you Marsi pilgrimage, hajj hulun, wanyakmamu urang, niwunuh oath of mangmang you kadaci tida bhakti in me.

"You all: the son of kings, ministers, regents, commander, princes, officials, court officials, judges, .... murddhaka, chairman of the workers, supervisors commoners, weapons experts, the board of the youth, sportsmen, construction workers, karmma ... , clerk, architect, skippers, merchants, captains, ye servants palace, the palace, all men, were killed when the oath of spells you do not worship me. "

Positions listed above only the inscription Stone Lake, and not mentioned or mentioned in the inscriptions persumpahan others. Therefore it is the positions of high office in a government, of course, its officials living in the capital. By itself the inscription must be installed in an environment inhabited by the officials. On that basis it can be concluded that the center of Srivijaya Kingdom government is very likely located in the vicinity of Stone Lake, Palembang.

source: http://blog.indometalgoth.com
(in Indonesian)

Karang Brahi Inscription

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Thu, 05 Jan 2012 03:16:00 +0000

is an inscription from the time of Srivijaya kingdom discovered in 1904 by LM Controller Berkhout in Coral area lascivious, on the banks of the river Merangin, Jambi area. This inscription dates to no. Identified only aksaranya Pallawa and the Old Malay language. The contents of a curse for people who are not subject to or loyal to the king and those who do evil.

Contents inscription Lime City

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Fri, 23 Sep 2011 05:34:00 +0000

Inscription City Limestone is Srivijaya inscription which was first discovered, long before a new inscription found Kedukan Hill on November 29, 1920, and Talang Tuo Inscription found a few days earlier ie on 17 November 1920.

Limestone stele of this city, along with other archaeological discoveries in the area, is the relics of the Srivijaya and open up new insights about those times in the Hindu-Buddhist period. This inscription is also opening an overview of patterns of people living in the 6th century and the 7th century against the background of Hinduism and Buddhism.

Inscription Lime City is the finding archaeological Srivijaya inscription found on the west coast island of Bangka. This inscription is named according to the invention is a small hamlet called "Kotakapur". The inscription on the stele is written in script Pallawa and use the Old Malay language, and is one of the oldest document written in Malay. The inscription was discovered by J.K. van der Meulen in December 1892.

The inscription was first analyzed by H. Kern, an expert in epigraphy who worked on the Dutch in Batavia Genootschap Bataviaasch. At first he considered "Srivijaya" is the name of a king. George Coedes who later revealed that Srivijaya was credited with the name of a great empire in Sumatra in the 7th century AD, the powerful empire and once ruled the western part of the Archipelago, Peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand.

Inscription Lime City is one of five stone inscription made by Dapunta curse Hiyaŋ, a ruler of Srivijaya Kadātuan. This is complete contents of the inscription Lime City, as transcribed and ditejemahkan by Coedes:

Original Manuscript

1. Siddha titam servant nvari i ni avai kandra kayet paihumpaan namuha ulu LaVan tandrun nauseating nauseating makamatai tandrun vinunu paihumpaan hakairum muah kayet ni humpa Unai cash.

2. Umentern bhakti ni ulun Haraki. Unai cash we savanakta devata Mahardika sannidhana. manraksa kadatuan çrivijaya yan. we tuvi tandrun nauseating vanakta devata mulana parsumpahan yan.

3. paravis. kadadhi yan size sheets didalanna bhami paravis Hanun. Samavuddhi drohaka LaVan, manujari drohaka, niujari drohaka Talu drohaka din. tida yes.

4. Tida Marppadah yes bhakti. tida yan diy tatvarjjawa me. dngan diiyan nigalarku Sanyasa datua. dhava vuathana size sheets Inan nivunuh yes yes oath nisuruh tapik mulan parvvanda çriwi datu-

5. jaya. Talu muah dnan gotrasantanana yes. tathapi savankna yan vuatna evil. makalanit size sheets. makasuit. makagila. visaprayoga spell mace. udu tuwa. tamval.

6. Sarambat. pity. vacikarana.ityevamadi. Janan muah sidha yes. yes yan ka gathering muah dosana vuatna Inan tathapi nivunuh evil oath Talu yan ya muah mulam yam manu-

7. marjjahati spirit. yan Vatu this nipratishta tuvi nivunuh oath Talu yes, yes mulan muah. saranbhana size sheets drohaka tida I wll tatvarjjava diy, dhava vua-

8. TNA niwunuh this oath gran kadachi yes yes I wll tatvjjava diy. * with the yam nigalarku Sanyasa dattua. Canti muah kavuatana. dngan gotrasantanana.

9. Samrddha svasthi niroga nirupadrava subhiksa muah vanuana paravis chakravarsatita 608 din pratipada çuklapaksa vulan vaichaka. tatkalana

10. Yan manman this oath. nipahat in velana yan yan Vala çrivijaya kalivat manapik Grounds java bhakti ka tida çrivijaya.

Translation

1. Success! (Accompanied persumpahan spells that do not understand the meaning)

2. O all powerful deity, which is being assembled and protect this Sriwijaya Kadātuan; ye gods who started the beginning of any oath!

3. Where in the interior of all areas under this Kadātuan there will be people who rebel who conspired with the rebels, who spoke with the rebels, who listened to the rebels;

4. who knew the rebels, who does not behave respectfully, which is not subject, which is not faithful to me and to them which I was appointed as the datu; let the people who become perpetrators of these acts subject to the curse of death let an expedition against him immediately under the leadership datu datu or some Srivijaya, and let them

5. punished with clans and families. Moreover, let all her evil ways; as troubling: the peace of the soul of people, making people sick, make people mad, using spells, poison, poison and toxins using the tube, marijuana,

6. saramwat, philtre, impose its will on others and so on, may the deeds that did not work and hitting those who are guilty of evil deeds; let them die of curses anyway. Moreover let those who incite people

7. so destructive, damaging the stone is placed in this place, also got the curse of death, and punished immediately. Let the murderers, rebels, those who do not worship, that is not faithful to me, let the perpetrators of such actions

8. die of a curse. But if the subject loyal to me and to them that I was appointed by the datu, so let's hope their efforts are blessed, also clans and families

9. with success, peace, health, freedom of the disaster, the abundance of everything for all of their land! Saka year 608, the first day of bright half moon Waisakha (28 February 686 AD), that's when

10. This curse was pronounced; pemahatannya took place when the new army set out to attack Srivijaya Bhumi Java is not subject to Srivijaya.
This inscription is carved on a stone monument shaped triangular-facet with a height 177 cm, 32 cm wide at the bottom, and 19 cm at the top.

Sources: http:/wikipedia.org

Telaga Batu inscription Contents

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Fri, 23 Sep 2011 05:13:00 +0000

INSCRIPTION Lake Stone found in 1935 in Stone Lake, around the cemetery of the kings of Palembang Sabokingking, 2 Ilir, Palembang, no dates to the year. The inscriptions are decorated with the head of this seven-headed cobra consist of 28 lines. FM Schnitger According to this inscription from the 9th century AD or AD-10, but according to JG de Casparis inscriptions are from the mid-7th century AD.
Form (rupa) is compared with inscription inscription others considered the most artistic and beautiful shaped feet, showing the statue of Srivijaya already have a capable artist. In this site also found a stone that reads sidhayatra (victory or holy journey). It is estimated that this place is an important place of pilgrimage at the time. Judging from perupaan Telaga Batu inscription, which appears is seven and a cobra's head on the bottom rail or the inscription there is a symmetry between the left channel with right and meet in the middle like a water fountain. From the shape and it illustrates two shower perupaan genitals once (hermaphrodite), which when linked with mystical cosmology is a symbol of fertility. This inscription is the only inscription of Srivijaya which not only contains the writings, but also there is a shape or image. The seventh head of a cobra that existed at the top of the stele can be interpreted as an attempt to keep the king of Srivijaya content or text engraved inscription was still obeyed. Today, the Old Malay inscriptions and lettered this Pallawa, stored in the National Museum, Jakarta.

Telaga Batu inscription text

(1) om siddham titam hamwan wari AWAI kandra kayet nipaihumpa, amuha an ulu
(2) tandrum opponent's nauseating nauseating makamatai tandrun hakairu muah kayet nihumpa Unai ume
(3) Ntem ni wll ulun Haraki Unai cash you wanak mamu rajaputra, prostara, bhupati, senapati, nayata, pratyaya, hajipratyaya, dandanayaka
(4) .... murddhaka tuha an watakwuruh, addhyaksi nijawarna, vasikarana, kumaramatya, cathabhata, adhikarana, karmma, kayastha, sthapaka, puhawan, waniyaga, pratisara da
(5) ye hajj Marsi, hulun Hajo, wanak uram niwunuh mamu ye oath of mammam kadaci you wll tida dyaku niwunuh you swear you drohaka tuwi mulam kadasi wanun Luwi marwuddhi yam.

Translation by G. Coedes:

Om! Good luck .... You all, no matter how many, the son of the king ..., regents, senapati, Nayaka, pratiyaya, people trust the king, judges, leaders of ... the head of the workers, supervisors low caste, vasikarana, kumaramatya, catabhata, adhikarana ... ... workers, sculptors, skipper, merchants, leaders, ..., and you washerwoman rajadan slave king. You will all die by this curse, if ye are not faithful to me, you will die by the curse. In addition, if you apply as a traitor, in league with the people ...

Telaga Batu inscription text content is basically also a curse king of Srivijaya to its followers, its magnifying

The interpretation of the inscription

Writing engraved on the stele is quite long, but in outline the contents of a curse on anyone who commits a crime in kedatuan Sriwijaya and do not obey the command Datu. Casparis argue that people who called in this inscription are the people who categorized and potentially dangerous to fight the sworn kedatuan Sriwijaya so need.
Mentioned these people from the king's son (rājaputra), minister (kumārāmātya), regent (bhūpati), commander (Senapati), Council / prominent local figures (Nayaka), royalty (pratyaya), king of subordinates (Hajj pratyaya), judge (dandanayaka), chairman of the workers / laborers (Tuha an vatak = vuruh), low labor supervisor (addhyāksi nījavarna), weapons expert (vāsīkarana), soldiers (cātabhata), officer manager (adhikarana), store employees (kāyastha), craftsmen (sthāpaka ), captain of the ship (puhāvam), peniaga (vaniyāga), the king's servants (Marsi Hajj), and the slave king (hulun Hajj).
This inscription is one of the most complete curse inscriptions contain the names of government officials. Some historians consider the existence of this inscription, allegedly was the center of Srivijaya in Palembang and officials are sworn it certainly resided in the capital of the kingdom. Soekmono argued on the basis of this inscription is not possible Sriwijaya in Palembang because of the threat information to anyone who curses disobedience to kedatuan, and Minanga proposal as it is called in the inscription Kedukan Hill assumed to be around Temple Barelang as the capital of Srivijaya.

The contents of the inscription Gutters Tuo

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Fri, 23 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0000

Here is the text contained in the Gutters Tuo Inscription:
Rather script :

• Svasti
• 606 cakavarsatita dim cri dvitiya cuklapaksa vulan caitra
• there is tatkalana parlak Criksetra
• niparvuat Parvan Dapunta Cri Yayanaca hyang (-ga) is pranidhanan Dapunta hyang savanakna that nitanam here
• niyur nut Hanau rumviya dngan samicrana the wood nimakan vuahna
• tathapi Haur vuluh pattung ityevamadi
• punarapi the varlak verkan dngan savad tlaga savanakna the vualtku sucarita paravis prayojanakan punyana sarvvasatva sacaracara
• varopayana tmu sukha in asannakala between margga lai
• tmu yes ahara muah * with water niminumna
• savanakna vuatna field for dry rice cultivation parlak mancak manghidupi runway prakara ya muah

• marhulun tuvi vrddhi muah jangam yes yes niknai savanakna the upasargga
• criminal svapnavighna
• varang vuatana kathamapi
• anukula the housekeeping naksatra pravis diya
• Nirvyadhi ajara kavuatanana
• tathapi savanakna yam khrtyana satyarjjava drdhabhakti dya ya muah
• the mitrana tuvi Janan yes kapata the vivina mulang anukala bharyya muah yes
• varamsthanana again stole ucca vadhana paradara there punarapi tmu yes Kalyanamitra
• marvvangun vodhicitta dngan maitridhari in ratnaraya hyang dang dang do marsarak dngan ratnaraya hyang.
• tathapi nityakala tyaga marcila ksanti marvvangun viryya diligent to know the samicrana cilpakala paravis
• samahitacinta
• tmu yes prajna smrti medhavi
• punarapi dhairyyamani Mahasattva vajracarira
• anubamacakti
• jaya tathapi jatismara
• avikalendriya
• mancak way
• subjaga Hasin halap
• ade yavakya vrahmasvara
• to be male
• svayambtu
• Puna (ra) pi tmu tmu janmavacita cintamaninidhana yes. karmmavacita clecavacita

Translation

Here is a translation of the content and the inscription, as translated by George Cœdès.
"On March 23, 684 AD, that's when the park is called Śrīksetra made under the leadership of His Majesty Sri Jayanāśa. This is the intention of the king: I hope that is planted here, palm trees, areca nut, palm, sago, and a variety of tree, its fruit can be eaten, as well as bamboo Haur, waluh, and pattum, and so on, and hopefully also other crops with dams and swimming-pool, and all the charities that I give, can be used for the good of all beings, who can move where and what not, and for them to be the best way to get happiness. If they are hungry, time to rest or in transit, may they find food and drinking water. May all their gardens open to excess (harvest). Hopefully suburlah various types of livestock which they maintain, as well as their own slaves. Hopefully they are not exposed to catastrophe, not tormented because they can not sleep. Whatever they do, hopefully all the planets and stars in their favor, and may they be protected from disease and aging during the running of their businesses. And also hopefully all their servants and faithful in their worship, after all hope their friends do not betray them and their wives may be a faithful wife. Moreover, wherever they are, hopefully in that place there are no thieves, or people who use violence, or killers, or penzinah. In addition, they may have a good friend as advisor; hopefully they were born within the mind of Bodhi and friendship Three Ratna, and hopefully they are not separate from Three Ratna it. And also hopefully keep (their attitude) generous, obedient to the rules, and the patient, hopefully within them the rising power, craft, knowledge of all different kinds of art; hopefully their spirit is concentrated, they have the knowledge, memory, intelligence. Anyway I hope they were firm opinion, like the diamond-bodied mahāsattwa incomparable strength, triumphant, and also remember their previous lives, berindra complete, full shape, happy, bersenyum, calm, pleasant voice, the voice of Brahma. May they be born as a man, and thanks to their own existence; may they be a forum Magic Stone, have power over births, the power of karma, power over the stain, and I hope they finally get the perfect lighting great again.

source: http://id.wikipedia.org

Contents Kedukan Bukit Inscription

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Fri, 23 Sep 2011 03:27:00 +0000

Inscription Kedukan Hill had 604 Saka era (682 AD) and is the oldest inscription dates to the year in Indonesia. Consisting of ten lines, written in letters Pallawa and Old Malay language, each line read as follows:

1 Swasti, sri. 604 Sakawarsatita ekadasi su-
2 klapaksa Waisakha Dapunta Hyang quarterly rise in
3 samwau mangalap siddhayatra. In saptami suklapaksa
4 wulan Jyestha Dapunta Hyang marlapas of Minanga
5 tamwan mamawa that wala two laksa view vocabulary
6 two hundred ways in samwau, street view sariwu
7 telu hundred sapulu two wanyaknya, come on Mukha Upang
8 sukhacitta. In pancami suklapaksa wulan Asada
9 laghu Mudita marwuat Wanua come .....
10 Sriwijaya jayasiddhayatra subhiksa

Modern translation in the Indonesian language:
1 Happy, successful. Saka year 604 passed the eleventh day
2 months Waisaka paroterang Dapunta Hyang rises in
3 boats to travel. On the seventh day paroterang
4 months Jesta Dapunta Hyang innocent of Minanga
5 additional troops bring the two laksa with supplies
6 two hundred and broccoli in a boat, with a thousand runs
Seven three hundred and twelve of them, come at Home Upang
Eight joy. On the fifth day of the month paroterang Asada
9 relieved excited to come make Wanua .....
The trip lasted 10 glorious Srivijaya perfect

The inscription describes jayasiddhayatra Kedukan Hill (travel jaya) of the Kingdom of Srivijaya ruler who holds Dapunta Hyang (Yang Pertuan Hyang). Therefore Dapunta Hyang bring tens of thousands of soldiers equipped with supplies, of course, the trip was not a picnic, but a military expedition to conquer a region. From the inscriptions Kedukan Hill, we get the data:

1. Hyang Dapunta boat ride on 11 Waisaka 604 (23 April 682). There is no description of where the boat ride and where to go.
2. Hyang Dapunta departing from Jesta Minanga September 7 (May 19) by bringing more than 20,000 troops. The group then arrived at the Home Upang (until now still exist Upang village on the banks of the Musi River, east of Palembang).
3. Dapunta Hyang make 'Wanua' dated 5 Asada (June 16).
(Adjustment Saka era to our era is taken from Louis-Charles Damais, "Etude d'Epigraphie Indonesienne III: Liste des Principales Datees de l'Indonesie", BEFEO, tome 46, 1952).

Kedukan Bukit inscription mentions only Dapunta Hyang title without the king's name. In the inscription carved in Tuwo Gutters 606 Saka (684 AD) stated that the king of Srivijaya Dapunta Hyang Park of making Sri Jayanasa decree dated 2 Caitra Sriksetra 606 (March 23 684). Most likely he was the king of Srivijaya is intended in the inscription Kedukan Mount.

A bunch of questions arise: Where lies the Minanga? Really Minanga is the center of the kingdom of Srivijaya, or just the conquered area of Sriwijaya? What does the phrase 'marwuat Wanua'? Is it true sentence that states the construction of a city such as the opinion of many historians? Is it true that the incident was the creation or transfer of the capital of Srivijaya's capital? Thus Kedukan Bukit inscription contain many issues that are not simple. "This text has Caused much ink to flow," says Prof. Dr. George Coedes in his book, The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, University of Malaya Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1968, p. 82.

Several interpretations

In 1975 the Ministry of Education and published six volumes of the National History of Indonesia is set as a standard book for history lessons in schools. Part II discusses the Ancient Period, edited by Ayatrohaedi, Edi Sedyawati, Edhie Wuryantoro, Hasan Djafar, Soan Nio Oei, Soekarto K. Atmojo and Suyatmi Satari, the editor Bambang Sumadio. Their interpretation of the content of Kedukan Bukit inscription is as follows: Dapunta Hyang start the journey from Minanga Tamwan, then founded the city that is named Sriwijaya. Maybe once a center of Srivijaya was located in Minanga Tamwan, regional meetings and Kampar Kanan river Kampar Kiri (Indonesian National History, II, Balai Pustaka, Jakarta, 1977, p. 53).

Dr. Buchari, a leading expert epigraphy, in his "An Old Malay Inscription of Srivijaya at Palas Pasemah (South Lampung)", Pre Sriwijaya Research Seminar, Center for Archaeological Research and National Heritage, Jakarta, 1979, dd. 26-28, gives a different interpretation: At first the kingdom of Srivijaya centered Minanga located in Batang Kuantan, on the banks of the River Inderagiri, by reason of the estuary Minanga = = = kuala Kuantan. Then in 682 Dapunta Hyang attacked Palembang and make the city which was then used as the new capital of his kingdom. So in 682 years occurred relocation of the capital of the Srivijaya Minanga to Palembang.

Dr. Slametmulyana, philology renowned expert, in his book Kuntala, Srivijaya and Suwarnabhumi, Idayu, Jakarta, 1981, dd. 73-74, argues that the capital of the kingdom of Sriwijaya in Palembang forever and never move. Contents Kedukan Bukit inscription has nothing to do with making the city Srivijaya, and Minanga mentioned in the inscription was a conquered area of Sriwijaya. Slametmulyana locate Minanga in Binanga, located on the banks of the River Barumun, East Sumatra.

LOCATION SRIWIJAYA

Rev. I-Tsing (634-713), in a voyage from China to India in 671, stopped at the country Sriwijaya six months to learn Sabdawidya (Sanskrit grammar). When he returned home from India in 685 I-Tsing years of living in Sriwijaya to translate Buddhist texts from Sanskrit into Chinese. I-Tsing returned to China from Srivijaya in 695. Over on Srivijaya he wrote two of his famous book, Nan-hai-Kuei Chi Chuan Nei-fa (Note Buddhism is sent from the South Seas) and the Ta-T'ang Hsi-yu-fa Ch'iu Kao-seng Chuan ( Note pastors in India studying the Tang Dynasty).

Both the work of I-Tsing each translated by Junjiro Takakusu, A record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago AD 671-695, by I-Tsing, Oxford, London, 1896, and by Edouard Chavannes, Memoire compose a l'epoque de la grande Dynastie Tang, sur les Religieux Eminents allerent qui chercher la loi dans les pays d'Occident, par I-Tsing, Ernest Leroux, Paris, 1894. I-Tsing footage descriptions are also contained in the work of Gabriel Ferrand, L'Empire de Crivijaya Sumatranais, Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 1922, Section "Textes Chinois", and the work of Paul Wheatley, The Golden Khersonese, University of Malaya Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1961 , Chapter "Towards the Holy Land". Then Oliver William Wolters in his book Early Indonesian Commerce, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1967, correcting translation errors Takakusu and Chavannes.

In both I-Tsing's work provides valuable information about the location and state of Srivijaya. Because he was a long pause in Sriwijaya, his statement is certainly very reliable. I-Tsing Sriwijaya state witnessed with my own eyes. Descriptions are the source of the news first hand. There is no reason for us to doubt the statement that I-Tsing.

The story of the voyage from Canton I-Tsing, in 671 he told himself as follows: "When the wind starts blowing east, we sailed left Canton to the south .... After approximately twenty days sailing, we arrived in the country of Sriwijaya. There I stayed for six months to learn Sabdawidya. Majesty was very kind to me. He helped send me to the land of Malays, where I stopped for two months. Then I went back to Kedah cruise .... Sailing from Kedah to the north more than ten days, we arrived at The Naked Island (Nicobar) .... From here sail to the northwest for half a month, then we got Tamralipti (east coast of India). "(Chavannes, p. 119; Ferrand, p. 4; Wheatley, mm. 41-42; Wolters, dd. 207 - 208).

Way home from India in 685 by I-Tsing narrated as follows: "Tamralipti is where we boarded the ship when going back to China. Sailed from here toward the southeast, within two months we arrived in Kedah. This place now belongs Sriwijaya. When the ship arrived was the first month or two .... We stayed in Kedah until winter, then take a boat to the south. After about a month, we reached the Malay country, which now becomes part of Srivijaya. The ships typically arrive well in the first month or two. The ships were always living in Malay until mid-summer, then they sailed to the north, and reached Canton within a month. "(Takakusu, p. 34; Wheatley, mm. 41-42; Wolters, dd. 227-228 ).

From the description I-Tsing is clear that Malay is located in the middle of the voyage between Srivijaya and Kedah. So Sriwijaya located in the south or southeast of Malay. Almost all historians agree that the country is located in Jambi Malay, because the statue base found in Jambi Amoghapasa there are inscriptions bertarikh 1208 Saka (1286 AD) which mentions that the statue was a gift from the king Kertanagara (Singhasari) to the Malay kings. (See: R. Pitono Hardjowardojo, Adityawarman, A Study of the National Leaders of the XIV century, Bhratara, Djakarta, 1966, dd. 36-38). I-Tsing also say that Srivijaya is located in a large river estuary (Chavannes, p. 176; Ferrand, p. 6; Wolters, p. 226). Then the only place that qualifies as a domestic location is Sriwijaya Palembang.

Judging from archaeological data, pelokasian Sriwijaya in Palembang obtain very strong evidence. Most of the inscriptions found Sriwijaya in Palembang: Kedukan Mount Talang Tuwo, Telaga Batu inscription five fractions, and the stones of the 'siddhayatra'. On one condition that the fractional pardatuan inscription (royal palace). Even more convincing, Telaga Batu inscription mentions a variety of high dignitaries who just might be in the capital or the central government of a kingdom, such as the crown prince, the king's concubines, senapati, judges, ministers, until the cleaning and palace servants. See: George Coedes, "Les inscriptions de Crivijaya Malaises", BEFEO, tome 30, 1930, dd. 29-80; Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis, Inscriptions Indonesia II, Department of Antiquities of the Republic of Indonesia, The New, New York, 1956, dd. 1-46.

Ir. J.L. Moens, in his essay "Crivijaya, yava en Kataha", in TBG, deel 77, 1937, locate in Barelang Sriwijaya located on the equator, based on descriptions I-Tsing that the Sriwijaya person standing in the middle of the day did not have a shadow . But in Barelang no archaeological evidence that is stronger than in Palembang. I-Tsing's statement does not necessarily mean Sriwijaya at zero degrees latitude, but can be interpreted that the Sriwijaya located around the equator. Palembang was eligible, because positions are located at three degrees south latitude (still close to the equator). Keep in mind, I-Tsing China used to live in a country where the midday shadows long enough. Can be understood if he said in Sriwijaya (Palembang) there was no shadow at noon.

Sriwijaya that country does not lie in the equator, but south of the equator, it is evident from the testimony of al-Biruni who stated that the equator lies between Kedah and Srivijaya. (Abu Raihan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni, Persian geographer, visited Southeast Asia in 1030 and wrote travel notes Verification ma li l-Hind (The facts in the Indies). Paul Wheatley, p. 219, translated the description of Al-Biruni: "The equator runs the between Kedah and Srivijaya").

In 1954, by order of the Minister of PP & K Muhammad Yamin, Department of Antiquities conducted research geomorphology east coast of Sumatra. The study states that in the seventh century Jambi and Palembang is still located at the waterfront. Edinburgh has a more strategic position in the control of shipping traffic. The ships from the direction of India, China and Java must pass through Jambi, Palembang while just passed the ships that sailed between the Straits of Malacca and Java. After all, the location of the port of Edinburgh overlooking the open sea, while the port of Palembang just overlooking the Strait of Bangka.

Based on the results of the study, Dr. Sukmono in his "On Localization Criwijaya", Report of the First National Congress of Science, Volume V, Scientific Assembly of Indonesia, Djakarta, 1958, tend to locate Sriwijaya in Jambi. Presumably the opinion of Dr. Sukmono is too hasty. Although Edinburgh is more strategic, it does not mean Sriwijaya be in Edinburgh, because there are no historical sources that say Srivijaya's strategic location. Said I-Tsing, who always stop off the ships are Malays, instead of Srivijaya. So the results of geomorphological studies that proved the country as a location Jambi Malay!

When the newly established Kingdom of Srivijaya in the mid-seventh century, the country's only pastors are often called on China for religious affairs. Said I-Tsing, a Chinese priest wanted to study Buddhism in India should first dwell on Sriwijaya to practice (Takakusu, p. 34; Coedes, The Indianized States, p. 81). In terms of religious Srivijaya was prominent. But in terms of economic and trade Srivijaya and Kedah Malay left behind by the strategic location. That is why at the end of the seventh century Srivijaya waging territorial expansion to master the strategic ports in the Strait of Malacca. When I-Tsing home from India in 685, he said that the Malays have become Kedah and Srivijaya territory. It is clear that the domination of the kingdom of Srivijaya on the Strait of Malacca is not due to the strategic location of its capital, but because the kingdom was able to control the port and the Kedah Malay.

In conclusion, the terms of any type (archaeological data, description of I-Tsing, geomorphology research), there is no other suitable place as a location other than the country of Sriwijaya Palembang. As Prof said. Oliver William Wolters, "Srivijaya Had its capital at Palembang and nowhere else. In support of this location, there is an impressive consistency the between the epigraphic evidence and I-Tsing's records "(Wolters, p. 208. The same conclusion expressed by Coedes, 1968, p. 92).

"MARWUAT Wanua"

Many historians who interpret the phrase "marwuat Wanua" in the inscription Kedukan Hill with "making the city", which raised the presumption that in the year 682 Dapunta Hyang come to Palembang to make the city of Sriwijaya. Whereas in 671 I-Tsing had stopped at Sriwijaya. According to Hsin-T'ang-shu (New History of the Tang Dynasty), the kingdom of Srivijaya has sent envoys to China in the period 670-673. See: Paul Pelliot, "Deux Itineraires de Chine en a la Fin du Independent VIIIe Siecle", BEFEO, tome 4, 1904, p. 334. This means that the event "marwuat Wanua" 682 years the country was not declared the establishment of Srivijaya.

Wanua word has a double meaning: the city (country) and home (buildings). In some language areas in southern Sumatra, until now Wanua word meaning "house", often shortened to nua or Nuo. Prof. George Coedes, in his essay Les inscriptions de Crivijaya Malaises 1930, gives the meaning: Wanua = pays, royaume, forteresse (city, kingdom, home defense). See Coedes, 1930, p. 77. When Van Ronkel initially translating inscriptions Kedukan Hill, he defines Wanua the fortress (the home defense). See Van Ronkel, dd. 20-21.

So the phrase "marwuat Wanua" can mean "make the city" or "make home". If we mean to make the city, we banged on the fact that the city of Srivijaya in 671 already there. Then the only option is to interpret it to make home. In the fractional number D.161 inscriptions found in Palembang, the contents of which are similar to the contents of the inscription Kedukan Hill, writing: ... This temple, in this Wanua (JG de Casparis, 1956, dd. 14-15). It is clear that Wanua (home) made Dapunta Hyang 682 years is a temple (house of worship).

Minanga ISSUES

Inscription Kedukan Hill said on 7 Jesta 604 (May 19 682) Dapunta depart Hyang (marlapas) from Minanga. Therefore he left the army Minanga who rejoice, it is easy to conclude that Minanga a newly conquered area of Sriwijaya. They left Minanga with joy because of the new win-war to return to the capital at Palembang.

Where is the Minanga? Assumption of the drafters of the Indonesian National History Volume II that Minanga situated at the confluence of rivers Kampar Kampar Kanan Left and rooted in the opinion of Prof.. Dr. R.M. Ngabehi Purbatjaraka in the tale of Indonesia, I, Jajasan Development, Djakarta, 1952, p. 35. The reason, "tamwan" comes from the word "Intersection", then Purbatjaraka interpret "the area where the rivers meet". Why should in Kampar, Purbatjaraka not give a reason. This opinion is contradicted by the sniper by prof. Dr. J.G. de Casparis which proves that "tamwan" nothing to do with "Intersection", because the last word has been used in the era of Sriwijaya. In the inscription there are six pieces Gutters Tuwo word "Intersection" (JG de Casparis, 1956, p. 13). Research linguists claim that the word "tamwan" in the inscription is not a place name Kedukan Hill, but who is now a common word "additional", as it said quarterly, sariwu, wanyak and marwuat a month, one thousand, and make a lot.

Opinions Dr. Buchari who said Minanga is Batang Kuantan (Minanga = estuary = kuala = Kuantan) also need to be in doubt. The word "Minanga" nothing to do with the "mouth", because the word "mouth" has also been used in the era of Sriwijaya. In fractions inscription A-16 rows to those found in Kilkenny have the word "mouth". See: J.G. de Casparis, 1956, p. 5. Buchari himself admits that in Batang Kuantan undiscovered archeological records which support his opinion, saying (1979, p. 28), "It has not been found in Batang Kuantan archeological record. But surely there has not been conducted excavations? Who knows there will be no surprises. "

To define a suitable area for the location Minanga, there are several requirements that must be met:
(1) The area is named similar to Minanga.
(2) The area within the Mount Kedukan according to an inscription about a month voyage from Palembang.
(3) The area was strategically located given the expansion of traffic controls aimed Sriwijaya shipping and trade.
(4) In the area there are archaeological remains which prove that the area was once played in history.

Presumably the area suitable for pelokasian Minanga is located on the banks Binanga Barumun River, East Sumatra, as the opinion of Dr. Slametmulyana. Binanga area meets the requirements in terms of all aspects:
1. In the seventh century Binanga still located at the waterfront.
2. The place is ideal for monitoring traffic Strait of Malacca.
3. Where it can be used by fleet Sriwijaya springboard to attack the Peninsula. As said I-Tsing, in 685 years (three years after the conquest Minanga, 682) Kedah was conquered Srivijaya.
4. In Padang Lawas area, near Binanga, until now there Biaro (monastery) Bahal, Sitopayan and Sipamutung. This means Binanga have played a role in history.
5. The name change became Binanga Minanga very possible, because the phoneme m and b are both letters lips (bilabial). The word in the inscription mawa and marlapas Kedukan Hill becomes a carry and unencumbered (left).

CONCLUSION

Based on the description above, the contents of Kedukan Bukit inscription can be interpreted as follows:

On 11 Waisaka 604 (23 April 682) king of Srivijaya who holds Dapunta Hyang boat ride from somewhere to join the army who had just conquered Minanga (Binanga). Then on the 7th Jesta (May 19) Dapunta Hyang Minanga to lead his army to leave the home to the capital. They rejoice because the home with a victory. They landed on the Home Upang, east of Palembang, and then towards the capital. Then on the 5th of Asada (June 16) Dapunta Hyang Wanua decreed the creation of a (building) in the form of monasteries in the capital as a manifestation of gratitude and joy.

Parks should ensure that the manufacture of Sriksetra in 606 Saka (684 AD), as stated in the inscription Gutters Tuwo, still is a series of manifestations of excitement due to the success of siddhayatra (military expeditions) two years earlier.

Therefore the contents of the inscription Kedukan Hill (also inscriptions Gutters Tuwo) recounts the key events in the development of the kingdom of Srivijaya, naturally the inscription was placed in the capital of the kingdom. Thus, inscriptions Kedukan Hill strengthens the evidence that the central government located Sriwijaya in Palembang.

Source: "Kingdom of Srivijaya" issued by the Issuer Girimukti Pasaka, Jakarta, 1983.

Evidence of the existence of Sriwijaya

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Fri, 23 Sep 2011 02:57:00 +0000

Sriwijaya kingdom is the name that certainly is not foreign to you, because Srivijaya was one of the greatest maritime empire in Indonesia and even in Southeast Asia at that time (age 7-15 M).

If you want to know the development of Srivijaya until it reaches the peak of his greatness as a maritime empire, then you need to know in advance the historical sources that prove the existence of the kingdom.
Historical sources apart from the Srivijaya empire in from outside as well as from China, India, Arabia, Persia.

The sources of domestic
From domestic sources in the form of inscriptions, amounting to 6 units which use the Old Malay language and letters Pallawa, and have used the Saka year's figures.

To determine the existence of these inscriptions, see the following material descriptions!

1. Inscriptions found in Kedukan Kedukan Hill Mount Talang on the banks of the river near Palembang, dates to the year 605 Saka, or 683 M. The contents of the inscription is telling a sacred journey / Sidayatra conducted Dapunta Hyang, departing from Minangatamwan with soldiers carrying as many as 20,000 people. From the trip succeeded in conquering several areas.

Picture:

contents and information can be found here

2. Talang Tuo Inscription found in the west of Palembang city dates to the year 606 Saka / 684 M. The inscription tells of making Sriksetra Park for the prosperity of all beings and there are prayers that are Mahayana Buddhists.

Picture:

contents and information can be found here

3. Telaga Batu inscription found near Palembang Stone Lake dates to 683 AD

Picture:

contents and information can be found here

4. Inscriptions found on Lime City Lime City Bangka island dates to the year 608 Saka / 686 M.

Picture:

contents and information can be found here

5. Inscriptions found in Jambi Coral Brahi not framed years.

Picture :

contents and information can be found here

6. Palas Pasemah inscriptions found in South Lampung no dates to the year.

Picture :

contents and information can be found here

The four last-mentioned inscription Inscription of Stone Lake, Town of Lime, Rock hill, and Palas Pasemah explain the contents of the same that is a curse on anyone who does not submit to the king of Srivijaya.

From the explanation of these inscriptions, if you can understand the existence of the kingdom of Srivijaya? To add more understanding of the material you listen to a description of historical sources Sriwijaya from abroad either in the form of inscriptions as well as Chinese and Arabic news.

Sources of inscriptions
Sources in the form of inscriptions found in Malay Peninsula dates to 775 AD that explains about the founding of a base in the Malay Peninsula, the area Ligor. For this inscription, Inscription named Ligor.

The next inscriptions found in India at Nalanda town from the 9th century AD The inscription describes the founding of Temple by the king of Srivijaya Balaputradewa.

Foreign News Sources
In addition to the inscriptions, the existence of Srivijaya was also strengthened by the presence of Chinese and Arabic news beritaberita.

News of China, obtained from I-Tshing a Chinese pastor who frequently came to the Srivijaya since the year 672 AD, Srivijaya who relates that in 1000 there were priests who control religion as in India and in addition also, news from the Sung dynasty, which tells about the delivery delegates from Sriwijaya years 971-992 AD

The name of the kingdom of Srivijaya in the Chinese news, called a Shih-lo-fo-shih, or Fo-shih, while the Arab news Sriwijaya called Zabag / Zabay or as Sribuza. From the Arab news explained about the power and greatness and wealth of Srivijaya.

Thus the evidence about the source from overseas that explains the existence of Srivijaya, so that through these sources can be known Sriwijaya developments in various aspects of life.

To find out more clearly the development of Srivijaya in the aspects of life, then consider the following description of the material.

Political Life
In political life. Can be seen that the first king of Sriwijaya was Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanaga, with the center of his kingdom there are two opinions is the opinion of the first to mention the center of Sriwijaya in Palembang because the area is commonly found inscriptions of Srivijaya and the Musi river is strategic for commerce.

While the second opinion that the location of Srivijaya in Minangatamwan Kampar Kiri confluence area and the estimated area of Kampar Kanan Binaga is located in Jambi is also strategic for commerce.

Of the two opinions, then by the experts concluded that in the beginning centered Sriwijaya in Palembang. Then transferred to Minangatamwan.

To further Srivijaya kingdom was able to develop through the political success of the expansion / extension of the territory into areas that are very important for the trade. This is consistent with the inscriptions found in Lampung, Bangka, and Ligor. Even through I-tshing that fort on the island of Penang Kedah also ruled Srivijaya.

Thus Sriwijaya senusa no longer as a country or an island, but it is the country between homeland because of his mastery over several islands. Some even argue Sriwijaya is the first unified state. Due to widespread power and act as major countries in Southeast Asia (M. Yamin).

Economic life
Sriwijaya has a strategic location on international shipping lanes and trade in Southeast Asia. With a strategic location is then developed into a center of Srivijaya and the port of transit trade so as to hoard the goods from inside and outside.

Thus the position of Srivijaya in international trade is very good. It is also supported by the reign of a competent and wise as Balaputradewa. In the era of Sriwijaya has a strong fleet capable of guaranteeing the security of shipping lanes in the path that leads Sriwijaya, so many traders from outside the transit and trade in the territory Sriwijaya.

With the traders who arrive from outside the Srivijaya income is rapidly increasing. The increase derived from the payment of tribute, taxes and profits from trade with Sriwijaya thus developed into a large and prosperous kingdom.

My Slideshow Slideshow

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Tue, 20 Sep 2011 05:24:00 +0000

My Slideshow Slideshow: TripAdvisor™ TripWow ★ My Slideshow Slideshow ★ to Palembang. Stunning free travel slideshows on TripAdvisor

Candi Muara takus

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Sat, 20 Aug 2011 17:38:00 +0000

Gambar Candi Muara Takus

Situs ini diduga situs tertua di dunia sisa dari kejayaan Kerajaan Sriwijaya di Desa Muara Takus, Kabupaten Kampar, Riau.
Kompleks candi Muara Takus merupakan Pusat Agama Budha yang terletak di Kecamatan Kota Kampar jarak sekitar 135 kilometer dari kota Pekanbaru, Riau

Jarak kompleks candi Muara takus itu sendiri sekitar 2,5 km dari pusat kota, tidak jauh dari pinggir Sungai Kampar Kanan. Dan dari jalan lintas Sumatera Barat, Riau, adalah berjarak sekitar 19 km.

kompleks candi yang pertama kali ditemukan Cornet D Groot pada 1860 itu benar-benar unik. Berbeda dengan candi-candi di Jawa seperti Borobudur, Prambanan dan lain-lain.

Kompleks candi ini dikelilingi oleh tembok berukuran 74 x 74 meter. Luar dari komplek tersebut ada dinding berukuran 1,5 x 1,5 km yang mengelilingi kompleks ini ke sungai Kampar Kanan. Dalam kompleks ini juga terdapat bangunan candi candi tua, seperti Stupa Mahligai Bungsu dan Palangkaraya. Di sini kita menemukan kuil terbuat dari tanah liat dan tanah pasir.

Secara historis, Desa Muara Takus sebelum menjadi pusat ajaran Buddhisme, sebelumnya merupakan daerah yang telah disingahi pelaut dari Kerajaan Sriwijaya dengan menyusuri Sungai Kampar.

Menurut para ahli, bahan yang digunakan di candi ini adalah metode yang lebih tua daripada candi yang ada di Jawa, menggunakan batu dari pegunungan. Jika terus mengikuti sejarah penciptaan candi, dikenal untuk memproduksi bahan yang diambil dari desa Candi Pongkai terletak sekitar 6 km dari kuil. Nama Pongkai berasal dari Cina "Pong" berarti lubang dan "Kai" berarti tanah. Itu adalah lubang yang disebabkan oleh penggalian tanah untuk pembuatan candi Muara Takus

Gundukan Terlepas dari kuil tua, candi Bungsu, Mahligai Stupa dan Palangka Raya, dalam kompleks juga ditemukan diperkirakan sebagai pembakaran tulang manusia. Di luar kompleks ada juga bekas bangunan yang terbuat dari batu bata, yang belum bias ditetapkan jenis bangunan.

Keberadaan candi ini merupakan bukti pernah adanya agama Buddha yang berkembang di wilayah ini beberapa abad yang lalu., para ahli arkeologi belum bisa menentukan kapan tepatnya candi ini didirikan. Ada pendapat yang mengatakan abad ke-11, ada yang mengatakan abad ke-4, abad ke-7, abad ke-9, dan seterusnya.

Gambar lainnya:

Muaro Jambi Temple

m.rizacky@gmail.com (Husni Tamrin) — Fri, 19 Aug 2011 17:51:00 +0000

Site Map

Discovered by a British soldier named SC Crooke in 1820, when it was assigned to map the river Batang Hari in Jambi Province
Temple temple complex is situated on the banks of the river Batang approximately 22 kilometers east of Jambi city. Being in rural areas Muaro Jambi, District Muaro Sebo, Muara Jambi Regency, Jambi Province. The temple complex is the largest temple complex in Southeast Asia. Twenty times larger than the complex of Borobudur temple in Central Java and two times larger than the temple complex of Angkor Wat in Cambodia. The complex has a spacious 12 square kilometers (about 2062).

Muaro temple complex in Jambi, reportedly it is an area of religious worship in the Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya era. The complex is not far from the Batang Hari river basin. To get there, can travel overland or by river using fast boats.
Inside the temple complex in Jambi Muaro have + / - 80 temples, nine large temple. The nine major temples are: Kotomahligai Temple, Temple Kedaton, temples and Gedong Gedong one two, Gumpung Temple, Temple High, Telago Rajo, Twins Stone Temple and Temple Astano. Gedong One unique counted Muaro temple complex in Jambi. Not known exactly when this temple was built. Spacious yard around 500an square meters, consists of the main building and the gate. The shape is very different from the temple are generally in Java. The temple was made of natural stone, but of brick. In each of red brick, there is a sculptured reliefs. Some of these bricks are stored in museums.
Around the temple complex there are many historical objects are priceless. Now the goods are stored in a museum city of Jambi. Such as: elephant lion statue, statues also Dwarapala. found in Gedong. Accidentally discovered in 2002 when restoration gate. Arca was called to function as gatekeepers, One statue again is ARCA Prajnaparamita, the goddess of fertility symbol. Unfortunately, some parts of this statue has not been discovered such as hand and head. Then there Prajnaparamitha statue, discovered in the Temple Gumpung. Unfortunately, until now his head has not been found. Statues of women, this is a sacred symbol of Buddhism. In this museum also saved cauldron of bronze weighing 160 pounds, height 60 inches, with a pot hole diameter of about one meter. Pot is suspected as one tool flow Buddhist Tantric rituals.

One of the Temple Muaro Jambi

In 1954, the archaeologist Indonesia under the auspices of the Ministry of Education and Culture, headed by R. Soekomo conclude there is a strong link between this site and the kingdom of Srivijaya. And many who believe that the temple complex Muaro Edinburgh is the capital of the ancient Malay kingdom of Srivijaya or past. Beginning in 2010, there are 11 temples have been restored and is still 82 temples are still buried in the ground called Menapo by people around the temple.
Also found pottery, mostly from china Ages 9 to the 14th century. In much smaller amounts were also found pottery from Southeast Asia such as Thailand, Khmer (Cambodian), and Myanmar (Burma) which is made of porcelain or rock material .. Southeast Asian ceramics younger age around the 13th century and the addition of ceramic also found a small amount of glass beads and stones. Also found gold coins, gold rings and gold jewelry pieces. Including the artifacts found at the Site Muaro Jambi. Gold metallic objects are shaped thin plates. And only a few bronze objects found our site Muaro Jambi.
The buildings are ancient in Jambi Muaro very close together and many more other ancient objects, to convince the experts of ancient Muaro Sites linking Edinburgh with the ancient Malay kingdom (Sriwijaya). It is reasonable belief that no other site that has a density of ancient temple complex in addition to Muaro Jambi.
Building Specifications Site Muaro Jambi:

According to the data, the amount of land newly freed fraction, namely the Temple complex Astano 100 x 200 meters, Temple Height 125 x 200 m, and the Temple Gumpung 150 x 150 m, as well as the Twin Temple Stone 80 x 80 m.

Land perch Gedong I and II of 100 x 300 m have also been released, including the Temple Kedaton 220 x 245 m, Temple Kotomahligai 100 x 100 m, Manapo High Temple 40 x 40 m, Manapo beehive 100 x 100 m, and Talago Rajo 100 x 150 m.

"Funds are budgeted government was minimal, especially Archeological Heritage Preservation Board (BP3), based in Edinburgh oversees four provinces, namely Jambi, South Sumatera, Bangka Belitung and Bengkulu," said Agus Widiatmoko, Documentation and Publications Working Group BP3 Jambi.

With minimal funding of the physical changes that look not so obvious. However, every year there are activities, such as revitalization or normalization of the canal around the site Muaro Jambi.

Director of Archaeological Heritage Directorate of History and Antiquities Ministry of Culture and Tourism Soeroso, in Jakarta, said that in 2007 there was an activity of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism with the Department of Public Works to work on the sites of potential destinations, including Edinburgh Muaro site.

"Activities that have been initiated, among others, making that area of the site Muaro Talut Jambi no landslides and to open up the canals," he said.

About the site conditions Jambi Muaro slow its development, is recognized Soeroso, in addition to taking care BP3 four provinces, so that budgeted funds are divided to four provinces, as well as issues of quality human resources from grimy impressed. Do not put people who are experts and love the field work.

1820

Head of the Jambi BP3 Tonny Mambo said, Jambi Muaro site located at an altitude of 14 meters above sea level and situated in a plain area which is an area of natural levee of the Batang Hari River (length about 800 km, a width of about 500 meters, with a depth of more than 5 meters). Around the building there is low soil trench around the yard of the temple.

According to Tony, attention to antiquiti contained in Muaro Jambi started in 1820 by Captain SC Crooke, an honorary officer of the British. Later by Adam in 1920. Looking at the remains in Muaro Jambi, he concludes, Muaro Edinburgh is a capital city with buildings made of brick / stone. "Allegations of Adam was approved by Schnitger who visited in 1936," he said.

After a long investigation, in 1954 a team from the Department of Antiquities reviewing the site location and tracking back what has been reported by Schnitger. The new restoration was started in 1975 until now.

According Soeroso, Jambi Muaro site restoration looks slow progress compared with other sites for enshrinement in Jambi Muaro site consists of brick, not stone like in Java. Reconstruct the temples of brick buildings is more difficult than the temples of stone because it is easily fragile.

Researchers at the Center for Research and Development of National Archaeology, Bambang Budi Utomo, said the site enshrinement Muaro Jambi is alleged to have existed since the mid-seventh century AD. This site is a religious site built community groups in the Mahayana Buddhists around the eighth century AD and continued until the XIV century.

"Continuity of religious buildings in this place in line with the continuity of the kingdom that ever existed in the Batang Hari River basin. When Batanghari under the control of the Kingdom of Malay, Jambi Muaro used as a Buddhist ceremony Malay community, "he explained. When Batanghari under the control of the kingdom of Srivijaya, a Muaro Jambi Sriwijaya used by the community.

There are hints that several buildings in Edinburgh Muaro undergone several stages of development. Bambang pointed out, building temples and temple Gumpung Astano. The temple buildings Gumpung allegedly has undergone at least two stages of development. The first building was probably built in about the ninth century AD. Either in what year later the building was enlarged as it appears on the wall when done unloading.

Recent data indicate, when the center-Dharmasraya Malay kingdom was in the area Rambahan (XIII century AD), Jambi Muaro still serves as a place of Buddhist religious ceremonies. Prajnaparamita statue found in the ruins east of Temple Gumpung is the proof.

World heritage

Soeroso explains, Jambi Muaro site currently has prioritized a world heritage. The proposal was listed in UNESCO, 3-4 years ago.

Jambi Muaro site has also been used for religious ceremonies, Buddhist, aligned with the temple Burobudur.

If a visit to the site Muaro Jambi, you will find a number of uniqueness of the existing temples. Some of the brick buildings clustered in a place surrounded by a wall fence,

On the site Muaro Jambi also found the rest of the settlement, allegedly originating from VII-XIII centuries AD. From the site there are indicators pertanggalan sites, ie from short pertulisan found in the ruins of the Temple Gumpung, pertulisan on Bronze Gong in Chinese characters, fragments of statues of Buddha statues in the temple Gumpung Prajnaparamita, and shards of pottery.

The building is located in the temple complex's Muaro Jambi

high temple

Sources:
1. Compass, Temple Muaro Jambi, Complementary Cultural Heritage Tourism Village, Nusantara, Saturday, January 16, 2010, Page 24
2. Compass, tomb Immortality "Menopo" Muaro Jambi, Homeland, Saturday, January 16, 2010, p. 1, 11
3. Muara Jambi Preservation Society, Civilization Intersect Imprint Bank Batang Hari, a photographic exhibition, artifacts, documentary film and discussion sites Muara Jambi, Bentara Budaya, Jakarta 9-11 November 2006