Introduction of C Language

More On Structure Of C Language

2023-07-08T16:13:00.014+05:30

1- Array Of Structure

The way we have "array of int's","array of float","array of char" similarly we have "array of structure".
Array of structure is nothing but finite number of homogeneous structure variable,belonging to a structure.
Contiguous memory is allocated for array of structure.
We use array of structure when there is a need of large number of structure variable of same type.

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

main()

{ struct emp

{ char name[15];

int age;

float ht;

};

struct emp e[5];

int i=0;

for(i=0;i<5;i++)

{printf("Enter name,age&height"):

scanf("%s %d %f ",&e[i].name,&e[i].age,&e[i].ht);

for(i=0;i<5;i++)

printf("\n Name=%s,Age=%d,Height=%f",e[i].name,e[i].age,e[i].ht);

getch();

}

Output:

Enter name,age&height Sudarshan

5.2

Name= Sudarshan,Age=21,Height=5.2

2- Copying Structure Variable

The way we can assign the value of one integer variable into another integer type variable,value of one float variable into another float type variable,similarly we can assign the value of one structure variable into another structure variable of same type.

Structure In C Language

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Introduction

Structure can be defined as,"A finite collection of heterogenous elements".
A Keyword "Struct" is used to declare a structure.

Syntax-:

struct structure name

{ datatype member name 1;

datatype member name 2;

datatype member name n;

};

Example-:

struct Emp

{ int id;

char name[10];

float salary;

};

The structure declaration, however does not allocate any memory or consume storage space.Memory allocated for the structure,when we declare a variable of the structure.

Example-:

struct Emp

{ int id;

char name[10];

float salary;

};

struct Emp e1;

After the compilation of above code,the memory is allocated for the structure variable e1.

sizeof(e1)=4+10+4 =>18 bytes

Initialization Of Structure Variable

A Structure can be initialize in the same way as other datatype are initialize.Initializing a structure means assigning some constant to member of the structure.
A Structure can be initialize by providing legal values,according to the structure member to structure variable in the following manner.

Example-:

struct Emp

{ int id;

char name[10];

float salary;

};

struct emp e1={0001,"Sudarshan",20000.78};

Accessing Structure Element

Individual member of a structure variable are referenced by using dot (.) notation in the following manner.

Syntax-:

structure variable name.member name;

Example-:

e1.id;

e1.name;

e1.salary;

Initialization Of Structure Variable At Runtime

A structure variable can also be initialize at runtime in following manner-:

Program-:

struct Emp

{ int id;

char name[15];

float per;

};

struct emp e1={0001,"Sudarshan",20000.78},e2;

printf("Enter the id,name and salary-:");

scanf(" %d %s %f ",&e2.id,&e2.name,&e2.salary);

printf("\n Structure Variable Have The Following Value:-\n");

printf("ID=%d,NAME=%s,SALARY=%f",e1.id,e1.name,e1.salary\n);

printf("ID=%d,NAME=%s,SALARY=%f",e2.id,e2.name,e2.salary);

getch();

}

Output-:

Enter the id,name and salary-:0002

Arun

25000.782

Structure Variable Have The Following Value:-

ID=0001 NAME=Sudarshan SALARY=20000.78

ID=0002 NAME=Arun SALARY=25000.78

Finding Structure Size

The sizeof operator is a uniary operator used to calculate the sizeof data type,this operator is applied at all the data type.
The operator return the sizeof the variable or expression in bytes, To calculate the size of structure using the sizeof operator the following syntax is used.

Syntax-:

Variable=sizeof(structure variable name);

Program-:

struct Emp

{ int id;

char name[15];

float per;

};

struct emp e1={0001,"Sudarshan",20000.78};

printf("\n Size of Emp is %d".,sizeof(e1));

getch();

}

Output-:

Size of Emp is 18.

Storage Class Specifier-:

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The type of data refer the size of memory for a variable.These variable also has storage class that reffer the life and scope of variable,within program i.e. within block or function.

There are four types of Storage Class Specifier-:

Automatic Variable
Static Variable
Register Variable
extern variable

Automatic Variable-:

The local variable which are declared inside the function are called automatic variable.
All the variable declare,without any storage class specifier are assumed to be automatic variable.
The scope of the variable is,inside function or block in which they are declared.
We can use the same automatic user in different function because after the execution of a function,all automatic C variable are disposed off.
The keyword of automatic storage class is"auto".

Example-:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

main()

{ int m=5;

clrscr();

printf("\n %d ",m);

fun1()

printf("\n Now %d",m);

getch();

}

fun1(int m)

{printf("\n Now %d ",m);

}

Static Variable-:

They are same as the automatic variable but it holds the latest value of the variable in the blocks or function in which they are declared.
They are of two types-:

Internal Static Variable
External Static Variable

A Variable can be declare static by using the keyword static.
The default initialization of static variable is 0.

Internal Static Variable-:

They are those which are declared inside a function,the scope of internal static variable extends upto the end of function in which they are defined.
Therefore internal static variable are similar to automatic variable except that they remain in existence,throughout the remainder of the program.So,internal static variable is used to retain values between function false.

Example-:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

main()

{int i;

for(i=0;i<=3;i++)

fun1()

getch();

}

fun1()

{ static int x=1;

printf("x=%d");

x++;

}

External Static Variable-:

An external static variable is declare outside of all the function and is available to all the function in that program.
The difference between an external static variable and external variable that external variable is used in the function in which it is define while external variable can be used by other file also.
Static variable are created in a place in memory called "Data Segment".

Example -:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

static int 10;

main()

{ no.=5;

printf("\n main no.=%d \n",no);

fun1();

fun2();

printf("After function call no.=%d",no);

getch();

}

fun1();

{ int x=5;

no.= no+x;

printf("\n fun1() no.=%d",no);

}

fun2()

{int x=5;

no=no+5;

printf("\n fun2() no=%d\n",no);

}

Register Variable-:

Register variable are used for storing the value of variable into CPU rrgister.
Access time of automatic variable is more than accessing the register variable because the automatic register are store in memory and access time of CPU register take less time than the access time of the variable,which is stored in the memory.
So,the variable which are heavily used can be assign on register variable for fast processing.

Syntax-:

register datatype variablename;

Where "register" is keyword,the"&" operator is not used with the register variable.So we can not retrieve the address of the register variable.

External Variable-:

Variable that are both alive and active throughout the entire program are known as external variable and they are also known as global variable.
These variable are available to all function in the program.These are declared before the main() and by default it take the initial value zero .
The syntax to declare the external variable is as follow-:

Syntax-:

extern datatype variablename;

Recursion In Function-:

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A function that called itself is known as recursive function and the process of calling function itself is known as Recursion.
The default data structure used in recursion is STACK.
Recursion works slower than loop.
Recursion is more alignment few variable,which make program clean.
It is hard to think a logic of recursive function it is also difficult to debug the code containing recursion.

img credit:Google Images

Example-:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{int num=0 res=0;
printf("Enter the number");
scanf("%d".&num);
res=fact_N(num);
printf("\n Factorial of %d %d",num,res);
getch();
}
fact_N(intx)
{int f=0;
if(x==1)
return1;
else
f=x*fact_N(x-1);
returnf;
}

Difference Between Call By Value And Call By Reference

2020-09-01T08:03:00.002+05:30

Call By Value And Call By Reference:-

1- Call By Value-:

In call by value each of the actual arguement in the calling function is copied to the formal arguement.
The change made in the formal arguement have no effect on the values of actual arguement in calling function.

2- Call By Reference-:

In call by reference the address of actual arguement in the calling function is copied to the formal arguement.
The change made in the formal arguement, made change on the values of actual arguement in calling function.

img credit: google image

Example-:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

main()

{int x=0,y=0,res=0;

printf("Enter the value of x and y:-");

scanf("%d %d ",&x,&y);

printf("\n x=%d,y=%d"x,y);

res= swap_value(intx,inty)

printf("\n Now x=%d y=%d"x,y);

getch();

}

int swap_value(intx,inty)

{int t=0;

printf("\n here x=%d y=%d",x,y);

t=x;

x=y;

y=t;

printf("\n now x=%d t=%d y=%d",x,t,y);

}

Output-:

Enter the value of x and y:-10

x=10 y=20

here x=10 y=20

now x=20 t=10 y=10

now x=10 y=20

Nesting Of Function

2020-08-26T09:47:00.001+05:30

C Permit Nesting Of Function Freely,In Nesting Of Function One Function Can Call Another Function, Which In Term Can Call Another Function.There Is No Limit On How Deeply Function Can be Nested.
The Order In Which Function Are Define In A Program And Order In Which They Get Called Need Not Necessary Be Same.

Img Credit: Google Images

Example-:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{printf("\n Hello,This Is Main");
fun1();
printf("\n Hello,We Are Back In Main");
getch();
}
fun1();
{printf("\n Hello,This Is fun1");
fun2();
printf("\n Hello,We Are Back In fun1");
}
fun2();
{printf("\n Hello,This Is fun2");
}

<?php

// Check if the form is submitted

if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {

$errors = array();

// Validate First Name (must be at least 3 characters long)

if (isset($_POST['first_name'])) {

$first_name = $_POST['first_name'];

if (strlen($first_name) < 3) {

$errors['first_name'] = "First name must be at least 3 characters long.";

}

// Validate Email

if (isset($_POST['email'])) {

$email = $_POST['email'];

if (!filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) {

$errors['email'] = "Invalid email format.";

}

// Validate Password (must be at least 6 characters long)

if (isset($_POST['password'])) {

$password = $_POST['password'];

if (strlen($password) < 6) {

$errors['password'] = "Password must be at least 6 characters long.";

}

// Validate Confirm Password (must match the Password)

if (isset($_POST['confirm_password'])) {

$confirm_password = $_POST['confirm_password'];

if ($password !== $confirm_password) {

$errors['confirm_password'] = "Passwords do not match.";

}

// If there are no validation errors, you can process the data further

if (empty($errors)) {

// Process the form data, save to the database, etc.

// You can access the validated values using the $first_name, $email, $password, and $confirm_password variables here.

// Example: $first_name, $email, $password, $confirm_password

}

Local Variable And Global Variable

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Local Variable And Global Variable

The variable declared within the body of the function are called local variable,such variable can only be used within the body of function,within which they are created.
They are created,when the function is called and destroy automatically when the function exit,We may also use the keyword "auto" to declare automatic variable explicitly.
One important feature of automatic variable that,there value cannot be change in other functions of same program.This assure that we may declare and use the same variable name in different function in the same program without causing any confusing to the compiler.
The variable declared outside of all the function usually before the main() function,are called global variable.Such variable can be used any where in the entire program.
Local variable have higher precedence then global variable,If we have two variable of same name,one is local and another is global ,then local variable have higher precedence then the global variable.

img credit: Google images

Program Of Local Variable-:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{ int x=5;
printf("x=%d",x);
fun1();
printf("\n Now x=%d",x);
getch();
}
fun1()
{int x=20;
x=x+10;
printf("\n x=%d",x);
}

Output-:

x=5
x=30
x=5

Program Of Local Variable-:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int x=50;
main()
{ auto int x=5;
printf("x=%d",x);
fun1();
printf("\n Now x=%d",x);
getch();
}
fun1()
{
printf("\n x=%d",x);
}

Output-:

x=5
x=50
x=5

Actual Argument And Formal Argument-:

2020-08-21T07:34:00.004+05:30

Actual argument/Actual Parameter are those argument whose value are transferred to the function at the time of its calling and actual argument may be constant,variable or an expression.
Formal Argument /Formal Parameter are those argument which receives the value of actual argument.
The data type,order,counting of actual and formal argument should match existingly.

img credit: Google images

Example-:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

int sum_value(int,int)

main()

{int a=0,b=0,s=0;

printf("Enter The Value Of a And b \n ");

scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);

s=sum_value(a,b); /* Actual Argument */

printf("%d sum=%d",s);

getch();

}

int sum_value(int a,int b) /* Formal Argument */

{s=0;

s=a+b;

return s;

}

Output-:

Enter The Value Of a And b 10

sum=15

Introduction To Functions:-

2020-06-20T17:12:00.002+05:30

A Function is a separate module,sub-program procedure which is usually written after the main function and is capable of performing a small complete independent job.

Function serve two purposes-:

They allow a programmer to say ," This piece of code does a specific job which stand by itself and should not be mixed up with anything else.
They make a block of code reuse-able , since a function can be reused in different context ,without repeating parts of the program text.

In C,there are two types of function-:

Pre-defined/ Library Function-: They are the parts of the C Language,means they are present in any of the various headers,that can be included in the program.

Examples-: The function sqrt() and pow() are present in <math.h>

The function getch() and clrscr() are present in <conio.h>

User-define Function-: The function which are created by the user to accomplish a particular task is known as user-define function.

Some Important things while declaring a user-defined function-:

While using a user-define function in a program it is must to declare its prototype.

Syntax-: return type function name(data type - - -);

Where,

return type-: Any data type can be written here,This data type represent the type of value , returning by the function .If a function does not return any value ,"void" should be written here.
function name-: A name given to function to identify it ,any user define word can be written here (identifier).
data type-: These data type represent the type of the variables value send to the function ,while calling it.

Examples-: int add_value(int,float);

void null();

swap_value(int,int);

The Function prototype is required to inform the compiler regarding the user - define function ,in-advance .So that the compiler could may the necessary arrangement into the memory for its execution.

Example-:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

main()

{ int a=0,b=0,s=0;

printf("Enter the value of a and b");

scanf("%d %d ",&a,&b);

s=sum_value(a,b);

printf("\n sum= %d",s);

getch();

}

int sum_value(int a, int b)

{ int s=0;

s=a+b;

return s;

}

Output-:

Enter the value of a and b 10

sum=15

Points To Remember-:

A function may be called or invoked ,either from main or other parts of program.
A function is invoked / called by writing its name along with the list of actual arguement enclosed within the pair of parenthesis ().
A function whenever invoked usually return , a single result to the invoking program ,a function may or may not return the result ,to the calling function or it may return more than one result.
A function cannot be defined inside the body of another function but can be called.
Any C program contains at least one function ,though there is no limit of the no. of function that might be present in a C program ,if a program have only one function then it must be main().
A function may or may not return value to any calling function ,if it does it is done through "return statement" , The return statement should be the last executable statement of any function.
In a function ,two return statement should never occur sucessively ,a function may have more than one return statement ,this situation arises when the value return is based on certain conditions.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Search Page</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Search Data</h1>

<button type="submit">Search</button>

</form>

</body>

</html>

<?php

// Establish database connection (Replace the placeholders with your database credentials)

$servername = "your_servername";

$username = "your_username";

$password = "your_password";

$dbname = "your_database_name";

$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);

// Check connection

if ($conn->connect_error) {

die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);

}

// Handle search query

if (isset($_GET['search_query'])) {

$search_query = $_GET['search_query'];

// Construct SQL query with a WHERE clause for searching

$sql = "SELECT * FROM your_table_name WHERE column_name LIKE '%$search_query%'";

// Execute the query

$result = $conn->query($sql);

// Display the search results

echo "<h2>Search Results:</h2>";

if ($result->num_rows > 0) {

while ($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {

// Display relevant data from the fetched row

echo "Data: " . $row['column_name'] . "<br>";

}

} else {

echo "<p>No results found.</p>";

}

$conn->close();

Row Major Order And Column Major Order in Array-:

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The Formula to calculate the address of an element in 2-d array using Row Major Order would be-:

Arr( A[i][j])=BA+[i*n+j]*w

where,

BA-:Base Address

w-:width [ data type of array]

i-:subscript of array element

j-:subscript of array element

n-:number of column

m-:number of rows

Q- Find address of element in array having location a[2][3] with base address 100 and it is an integer type array,and the size of array is a[3][4]?

=> we know that,

Arr( A[i][j])=BA+[i*n+j]*w

here,

a[2][3]=100+[2*4+3]*2

a[2][3]=100+[8+3]*2

a[2][3]=100+22

a[2][3]=122.

The Formula to calculate the address of an element in 2-d array using Column Major Order would be-:

Arr( A[i][j])=BA+[j*n+i]*w

where,
BA-:Base Address
w-:width [ data type of array]
i-:subscript of array element
j-:subscript of array element
n-:number of column

m-:number of rows

Q- Find address of element in array having location a[2][3] with base address 100 and it is an integer type array,and the size of array is a[3][4]?
=> we know that,
Arr( A[i][j])=BA+[j*n+i]*w
here,
a[2][3]=100+[3*3+3]*2
a[2][3]=100+[9+2]*2
a[2][3]=100+22

a[2][3]=122.

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<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>User Registration</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>User Registration</h1>

<label for="firstname">First Name:</label>

<br>

<br>

<label for="email">Email:</label>

<br>

<label for="password">Password:</label>

<br>

<label for="confirm_password">Confirm Password:</label>

<br>

<label for="is_admin">Register as Admin:</label>

<br>

<button type="submit">Register</button>

</form>

</body>

</html>

<?php

// Establish database connection (Replace the placeholders with your database credentials)

$servername = "your_servername";

$username = "your_username";

$password = "your_password";

$dbname = "your_database_name";

$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);

// Check connection

if ($conn->connect_error) {

die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);

}

// Function to safely handle user inputs

function sanitize_input($input)

{

return htmlspecialchars(trim($input));

}

// Handle registration form submission

if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] === "POST") {

$firstname = sanitize_input($_POST["firstname"]);

$lastname = sanitize_input($_POST["lastname"]);

$email = sanitize_input($_POST["email"]);

$password = $_POST["password"];

$confirm_password = $_POST["confirm_password"];

$is_admin = isset($_POST["is_admin"]) && $_POST["is_admin"] === "1" ? 1 : 0;

// Additional validation can be performed here (e.g., password match check, email format validation, etc.)

// Hash the password before storing it in the database

$hashed_password = password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT);

// Prepare and execute the SQL query to insert the new user into the database

$sql = "INSERT INTO users (firstname, lastname, email, password, is_admin)

VALUES ('$firstname', '$lastname', '$email', '$hashed_password', $is_admin)";

if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {

echo "Registration successful!";

} else {

echo "Error: " . $sql . "<br>" . $conn->error;

}

$conn->close();

Searching In Array-:

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Searching means to find whether a particular value is present in the array or not.
If the value is present in array then the search is said to be successful and the search process gives the location of that value in array,otherwise,if the value is not present in the array the search process displays the appropriate message and in this case search is said to be unsuccessful.
There are two popular methods for searching the array elements-:

1- Linear Search CLICK HERE
2- Binary Search CLICK HERE

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<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>User Login</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>User Login</h1>

<label for="email">Email:</label>

<br>

<label for="password">Password:</label>

<br>

<button type="submit">Login</button>

</form>

</body>

</html>

<?php

// Establish database connection (Replace the placeholders with your database credentials)

$servername = "your_servername";

$username = "your_username";

$password = "your_password";

$dbname = "your_database_name";

$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);

// Check connection

if ($conn->connect_error) {

die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);

}

// Function to safely handle user inputs

function sanitize_input($input)

{

return htmlspecialchars(trim($input));

}

// Handle login form submission

if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] === "POST") {

$email = sanitize_input($_POST["email"]);

$password = $_POST["password"];

// Retrieve the user record based on the provided email

$sql = "SELECT id, password, is_admin FROM users WHERE email = '$email'";

$result = $conn->query($sql);

if ($result->num_rows === 1) {

$row = $result->fetch_assoc();

$hashed_password = $row["password"];

$is_admin = $row["is_admin"];

// Verify the provided password against the hashed password in the database

if (password_verify($password, $hashed_password)) {

echo "Login successful!";

// Now you can set session variables or perform other actions based on the user's role (is_admin)

} else {

echo "Invalid email or password.";

}

} else {

echo "Invalid email or password.";

}

$conn->close();

Sorting Array Element-:

2020-05-04T03:58:00.001+05:30

Sorting means arranging element in some specific order.
If the array element are integer or float type values then they are sorted to either in ascending order or descending order.
But if the array element are of char type then they are sorted in alphabetical order or reverse order.
The possible types of sorting to solve an array of integer type are as follow-:

1- Selection Sorting CLICK HERE

2- Bubble Sorting CLICK HERE

3- Insertion Sorting CLICK HERE

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<?php

// Start the session (if not already started)

session_start();

// Check if the user is logged in, if not redirect to the login page

if (!isset($_SESSION['username'])) {

header("Location: login.html");

exit();

}

// Replace the following with your actual database credentials

$servername = "localhost";

$username = "your_username";

$password = "your_password";

$dbname = "your_database";

// Establish a database connection

$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);

// Check for a connection error

if ($conn->connect_error) {

die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);

}

// Check if the search form is submitted

if (isset($_POST['search_query'])) {

// Sanitize the input to prevent SQL injection

$search_query = mysqli_real_escape_string($conn, $_POST['search_query']);

// Get the username of the currently logged-in user

$username = $_SESSION['username'];

// Prepare the SQL query to retrieve matching data for the current user

$sql = "SELECT * FROM user_details WHERE username = '$username' AND column_name LIKE '%$search_query%'";

// Execute the query and store the result

$result = $conn->query($sql);

// Check if there are any results

if ($result->num_rows > 0) {

// Display the search results in a table

echo "<table>";

while ($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {

echo "<tr>";

echo "<td>" . $row["column_name1"] . "</td>";

echo "<td>" . $row["column_name2"] . "</td>";

// Add more fields as needed

echo "</tr>";

}

echo "</table>";

} else {

echo "No results found.";

}

// Close the database connection

$conn->close();

}

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>User Details Search</title>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Welcome, <?php echo $_SESSION['username']; ?></h2>

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Program Of Insertion Sort-:

2020-05-04T03:56:00.000+05:30

#include<stdio.h>

void InsertionSort(int a[], int n)

{

    int j, p;

    int tmp;

    for(p = 1; p < n; p++)

    {

        tmp = a[p];

        for(j = p; j > 0 && a[j-1] > tmp; j--)

            a[j] = a[j-1];

        a[j] = tmp;

    }

}

int main()

{

    int i, n, a[10];

    printf("Enter the number of elements :: ");

    scanf("%d",&n);

    printf("Enter the elements :: ");

    for(i = 0; i < n; i++)

    {

        scanf("%d",&a[i]);

    }

    InsertionSort(a,n);

    printf("The sorted elements are ::  ");

    for(i = 0; i < n; i++)

        printf("%d  ",a[i]);

    printf("\n");

    return 0;

}

Output-:Enter the number of elements :: 7

Enter the elements :: 10 30 80 20 60 40 50
The sorted elements are ::  10  20  30  40  50  60  80
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Program Of Bubble Sort -:

2020-05-04T03:42:00.004+05:30

#include<stdio.h>

main()

{

    int a[10],i,j,temp,n;

    //clear();

    printf("\n Enter the max no.of Elements to Sort: \n");

    scanf("%d",&n);

    printf("\n Enter the Elements : \n");

    for(i=0; i<n; i++)

    {

        scanf("%d",&a[i]);

    }

    for(i=0; i<n; i++)

        for(j=i+1; j<n; j++)

        {

            if(a[i]>a[j])

            {

                temp=a[i];

                a[i]=a[j];

                a[j]=temp;

            }

        }

    for(i=0; i<n; i++)

    {

        printf("%d\t",a[i]);

    }

    getch();

}

Output-:   

Enter the max no.of Elements to Sort:
5
 Enter the Elements :
45
21
89
78
99
 21      45      78      89      99

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Program Of Selection Sort-:

2020-05-04T03:07:00.002+05:30

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

int a[100], n, i, j, temp, swap;

printf("Enter number of elements \n");

scanf("%d", &n);

printf("Enter %d Numbers \n", n);

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

scanf("%d", &a[i]);

for(i = 0; i < n - 1; i++)

{

temp=i;

for(j = i + 1; j < n; j++)

{

if(a[temp] > a[j])

temp=j;

}

if(temp != i)

{

swap=a[i];

a[i]=a[temp];

a[temp=swap;

}

printf("Sorted Array:\n");

for(i = 0; i < n; i++)

printf("%dn", a[i]);

return 0;

}

Output-:

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Base Address And Formula Of Calculating Address Of Array Element-:

2020-05-04T02:10:00.000+05:30

The first address of array is known as base address.The array name is a symbolic reference to the address to the first byte of an array i.e.,when we use the array name we are actually referring the first byte of array.
for example-: If there is array whose name is num,then if we write statement printf("%d",num); - then it will give output as the base address of that array.

Calculating The Address Of Array Element-:

As we know that the array name is a symbolic reference to the address of the first byte of an array.So,when we use the array name we are actually referring to the first byte of the array.
Now here the question arises how the compiler knows where an individual element of the array is located in the memory.
The subscript or the index represents the offset from the beginning of the array to the element being reffered with just array name and index,compiler can calculate the address of any element in the array,the formula for doing this calculation is as follow-:

A[K]=BA[A]+W[K-lower bound]

Where;

A-: is the array.

K-: is the index of element for which we have to calculate the address.

BA-:base address

W-: is the word size of one element in memory

lower bound-: is the index of the first element in the array.

Q- Consider the following array,calculate the address of mark[4],if the base address is 1000,

int mark[ ]={99,67,78,56,88,90,34,85};

=> we know that,

A[K]=BA[A]+W[K-lower bound]

here,

mark[4]=1000+2(4-0)

mark[4]=1000+8

mark[4]=1008.

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Bound Checking in Array-:

2020-05-04T01:10:00.004+05:30

C does not perform bound checking automatically.
The condition of bound checking arises,when the number of values initializes,are more than the of array.
When the number of values are more than the size of array,then the extra values,will occupy next adjacent location and may overwrite the existing data.This may result loss of data.
And,also we are not able to get back those extra values.

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Two-Dimensional Array-:

2020-05-03T23:12:00.004+05:30

Declaration of Two-Dimensional Array-:

Before using an array in program,it is must to declare it,An array, which has two subscript is known as two dimensional array.It has two subscripts, first one represents row and second one represents column. Subscripts are always starts with 0,The syntax to declare 2-d array is as follow-:

Syntax-:
data type array name[size1][size2];

Example-:

int score[4][5];

Each memory location will occupy 2 byte,because its data type is integer.

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Storage of Values in 2-d Array-:

In an array values can be stored by below two methods-:

Initialization method.
Input method.

Initialization Method-:

In this method values to be stored in an array are provided at the time,when the array is declared.If the values to be stored in array are known to programmer than this method is best to initialize array.

Syntax-:

data type array name[size 1][size 2]= {value 1,value 2,value 3,------value n};

Example-:

int num[3][5]={5,12,17,9,3,13,4,8,14,1,9,6,3,7,21};

While initializing an 2-darray it is optional to provide the number of rows.In such as case, the size of array is determine by the number of value initialized.
If the number of values initialized are less than the size of array then the remaining location are automatically filled with zero.

Input Method-:

When the values of array are stored at run-time,then the input method is used in 2-d array.

Syntax-:

for(i=0;i<no. of rows;i++)
{for(j=0;j<no. of column;j++)

{printf("\n Enter array element ");

scanf("format specifier",&array name[i]);

} }

Example-:
int num[10][5];

for(i=0;i<10,i++)
{ for(j=0;j<5,j++)

{printf("\n Enter array element %d ");

scanf("%d",&num[i][j]);

}}

How to print value stored in 2-d Array?

The following syntax is used to print value stored in 1-d array-:

Syntax-:

for(i=0;i<no. of rows;i++)

{for(j=0;j<no. of column;j++)

printf("format specifier",&array name[i]);

}

Example-:
int num[10][5];
for(i=0;i<10,i++)

{ for(j=0;j<5,j++)

printf("%d",&num[i][j]);

}

Q- Write a program to print a initialized two dimensional array.

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int matrix[3][3] = {{8,9,6}, {3.2.1}, {7, 8, 9}}, i, j;
for(i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
for(j = 0; j < 3; j++)
{
printf("%2d ", matrix[i] [j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}

Output-:

8 9 6

3 2 1

7 8 9

Definition and Introduction Of Array CLICK HERE

About One-Dimensional Array CLICK HERE

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One-Dimensional Array-:

2020-05-03T19:20:00.001+05:30

Declaration of 1-d Array-:

Before using an array in program,it is must to declare it,The syntax to declare 1-d array is as follow-:

Syntax-:

data type array name[size of array];

Example-:

1- int marks[5];

Each memory location will occupy 2 byte.

2- float temps[5];

Each memory location will occupy 4 byte.

3- char name[5];

name[0] name[1] name[2] name[3] name[4]

Each memory location will occupy 1 byte.

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Storage of Values in 1-d Array-:

In an array values can be stored by below two methods-:

Initialization method.
Input method.

Initialization Method-:

Syntax-:

data type array name[size of array]= {value 1,value 2,value 3,------value n};

Example-:

int num[5]={7,88,32,76,56};

float per[7]={3.4,5.9,4.8,2.6,7.2,6.1,5.8};

char name[10]="sudarshan";

While initializing an array it is optional to provide the size of array.In such as case, the size of array is determine by the number of value initialized.
If the number of values initialized are less than the size of array then the remaining location are automatically filled with zero.

Input Method-:

When the values of array are stored at run-time,then the input method is used in 1-d array.

Syntax-:

for(i=0;i<size of array;i++)

{printf("\n Enter array element format specifier",array name[i]);

scanf("format specifier",array name[i]);

}

Example-:

for(i=0;i<10,i++)

{printf("\n Enter array element %d ",num[i]);

scanf("%d",num[i]);

}

How to print value stored in 1-d Array?

The following syntax is used to print value stored in 1-d array-:

Syntax-:

printf("Array element are:\n);

for(i=0;i<size of array;i++)

printf("format specifier",array name[i]);

Example-:

printf("Array element are:\n);
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
printf("%d \n",num[i]);
Q- Write a program to insert marks of five student in one dimensional array.

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int s[5] = {77, 76, 78, 91,74}, i;
printf("\nStudents marks details:-");
for(i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
printf("\ns%d = %d ", i + 1, s[i]);
}
return 0;
}

Output-:
Students marks details:-

s1 = 77

s2 = 76

s3 = 78

s4 = 91

s5 = 74

Introduction Of Array CLICK HERE

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Array-:

2020-05-03T18:29:00.002+05:30

An Array can be defined as,"A finite number of homogeneous element",which are stored into the memory in such a way-:

They occupy contiguous memory location.
They are identify by a common name, having a different index called subscript.
In array,we can store values, belonging to same data type in all location.
There are two types of array-:

One-Dimensional Array CLICK HERE
Two-Dimensional Array CLICK HERE

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Continue Statement-:

2020-04-17T22:33:00.002+05:30

continue is a keyword.The continue statement can only be use within loop.On execution it transfers the control to the beginning of the loop,Thus ignoring the execution of all other statement written below it within the loop.A continue statement should always be dependent upon the condition.
Syntax of continue statement in for loop-:
for( _ ; _ ;_ )
{ _
_
if(condition)
continue;
else
_
_
    }
Example of continue statement in for loop -:
ads #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{ int i=1;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{ if(i==3)
continue;
else
printf(" %d \n ",i);
}
getch();
}
Output-: 1
2
4
5
Syntax of continue statement in while loop-:
while(condition)
{ _
_
if(condition)
continue;
else
_
_
    }
Example of continue statement in while loop -:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{ int i=1;
while(i<=5)
{ if(i==3)
continue;
else
printf(" %d \n ",i);
i++;
}
getch();
}
Output-: 1
2
4
5
Syntax of continue statement in do-while loop-:
main()
{initialize;
do
{ _
_
if(condition)
continue;
else
_
_
    }while(condition);
}

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Example of continue statement in do-while loop -:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{ int i=1;
do
{ if(i==3)
continue;
else
printf(" %d \n ",i);
i++;
}while(i<=5);
getch();
}
Output-: 1
2
4
5

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Break Statement-:

2020-04-17T20:44:00.001+05:30

1- break is a keyword.
2-The break statement is used within a loop or switch statement on execution,it transfer the control outside the loop or switch statement within which it is enclosed.
3-The break statement should always be dependent upon a condition.

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Syntax of break statement in for loop-:
for( _ ; _ ;_ )
{ _
_
if(condition)
break;
else
_
_
  }
Example of break statement in for loop -:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{ int i=1;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{ if(i==3)
break;
else
printf(" %d \n ",i);
}
getch();
}
Output-: 1
2
Syntax of break statement in while loop-:
while(condition)
{ _
_
if(condition)
break;
else
_
_
    }
Example of break statement in while loop -:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{ int i=1;
while(i<=5)
{ if(i==3)
break;
else
printf(" %d \n ",i);
i++;
}
getch();
}
Output-: 1
2
Syntax of break statement in do-while loop-:
main()
{initialize;
do
{ _
_
if(condition)
break;
else
_
_
    }while(condition);
}
Example of break statement in do-while loop -:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{ int i=1;
do
{ if(i==3)
break;
else
printf(" %d \n ",i);
i++;
} while(i<=5);
getch();
}
Output-: 1
2
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Learn how break statement works in Switch statement- CLICK HERE

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do-while loop-:

2020-04-14T13:44:00.000+05:30

do-while is a condition control loop.The do-while loop is used to carry out looping operation,in which a statement or group of statements is/are executed repetitively until some logical condition has been satisfied.
do-while is also called "exit-control loop",because in do-while loop first the statement get executed and then the condition is checked,hence the do-while always execute at least one's.

In the do-while loop, there must be at least one such statement within the body of loop which changes the looping condition,during the execution of loop otherwise an infinite loop may occur.

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Syntax-:
do
statement;
while(condition);
or,
do
{statement-1;
statement-2;
-
-
statement-n;
}while(condition);
Example-:
Write a program to find sum of series of terms: 2+4+6+8+ - - -n
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{int i=1,term=0,s=0;
printf("Enter the term");
scanf("%d",&term);
do{s=s+(2*i);
i++;
}while(i<=term);
printf("\n sum=%d",s);
getch();
}
Output-:Enter the term 3
sum=12

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While Loop-:

2020-04-14T11:43:00.001+05:30

While loop is a condition control loop.The while loop is used to carry out looping operation.In while loop,a statement or a group of statements is/are executed repetitively until some condition has been satisfied.There must be at least one such statement within the body of loop which changes the looping condition during the execution of loop,otherwise an infinite loop may occur.While loop is also called "Entry-Control Loop"because in while loop first the condition is checked and then the statement get executed.

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Syntax-:

while(condition)
statement;
or,
while(condition)
{statement-1;
statement-2;
-
-
statement-n;
}
Example-:

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Write a program to find sum of series of terms: 1+3+5+ - - -n.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{ int term=0,i=1,s=0;
printf("Enter the number of term");
scanf("%d ",&term);
while(i<=term)
{s=s+(2*i-1);
i++;
}
printf("\n sum=%d",s);
getch();
}
Output-:Enter the number of term 2
sum=4

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for loop-:

2020-04-13T17:09:00.000+05:30

for loop is a counter controlled loop,perhaps the most commonly used looping statement in C programming. It is used to repeatedly execute either a single or a group of statement for a finite number of times.
Syntax-:
for(Initialization;Testing;Increment/Decrement)

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Initialization-: This expression is used to initialize same parameter [called an index],that control the looping action.
Testing Expression-: It represent a condition that must be TRUE for the loop to continue its execution.
Increment/Decrement Expression-: It is a unary expression or an assignment expression.It increment or decrement the index so that the loop continue.

Example-:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

main()

{ int i=0;

for(i=1;i<=5;i++)

printf("\n %d",i);

getch();

}

Output-: 1

Example-:write a program to find sum of series 1+2+3+----

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

main()

{int i=0,term=0,s=0;

printf("Enter the term");

scanf("%d",&term);

for(i=1;i<=term;i++)

s=s+i;

printf("\n sum=%d",s);

getch();

}

Output-: Enter the term 3

sum=7

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