BA Education

2022-01-08T21:47:00.000+05:30

Buddhism

Buddhism is a religion indigenous to the Indian subcontinent that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, who is commonly known as the Buddha.

About Buddha

Born on: he was born in 563 BC on Vaisakha purnima at Lumbini (Rummindehi district) in Nepal. he was a kshatriya of Shakya clan. His original was Siddhartha.

 Parents: Suddhodhana (Father,ha was king of Kapilvastu) , Mahamaya(Mother,she was princess of Kollia State).

 After his mother’s death ,he was brought up by his step mother “Mahaprajapati Gautami”.

 He was married to Yasodhara(Princess of Shakhya Dynasty) and his son’s name was Rahul.

 After seeing four incidents(four sights – a diseased person,a dead body,an old man and an ascetic) ,he renounced(renunciation of home is known as Mahabhinishkramana) his home at the age of 29 and become a wandering ascetic.

 His first teacher was Alara Kalama ,from whom he learnt Meditation. And his second was Udraka Ramputra.

 Under a pipal tree on the bank of river Nirajana(now falgu) in Gya(Bihar) he attained Nirvana(Enlightenment) at the age of 35.after 49 days of meditation he become Enlighted (Buddha/Tathagat).

 He delivered his first serman at Sarnath(now Banaras) to his five disciples.(this event is known as Dharamchakra Pravartan).

 He died in 483 BC at Kushinagar(Uttar Pradesh) at the gae of 80.(this event is known as Mahaparivartna).

 Doctrine of Buddhism/ बौद्ध धर्मकेलसद्धांत :

 Dukha/दुुःख –life is full of sorrow(Sabbam Dhukham)

 Dukkha Samudaya/ दुुःख सर्ुदय – there are causes of sorrow (Pratitya Samutpada)

 Dukkha Nirodha/ – this sorrow can be stopped (Nirvana)/ इस दुुःख को रोका जा सकता है(लनिामण)

 Dukkha Nirodha Gamini Pratipada - there is a path leading to the cessation of sorrow(Ashtangika Marga)

 Three jewels of Buddhism

 Buddha/ बुद्ध : the highest spiritual potential in everyone./सभी र्ेंउच्चतर् आध्यालत्र्क क्षर्ता।

 Dhamma/ धबर् : the teachings of Buddha (Pali for Sanskrit Dharma or righteousness)/बुद्ध की लसख

 Sangha/ संघ : order of monks who follow Buddhism./ बौद्ध धर्मका पािन करनेिािेलभक्षुओं का आदेश

 Eightfold Path in Buddhism/Nobel Truth By Buddha/ बुद्ध र्ें आठ गुना पथ / बुद्ध द्वारा नोबेि सत्य: this is also known as ashtangika marga World is

Delhi Sultanate Islam religion

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Delhi Sultanate

Islam religion:

 Islam is a monotheistic religion, which began in 7th century Arabia. This religion is based on the teachings of the Qur'an, the divine book brought to humans by Allah's last Rasul, Hazrat Muhammad, and contains the Hadith, Sirat and Shariyat scriptures.

 Sunni, Shia and Sufi main communities of Islam. The religious place of Muslims is called Masjid and Mazar. Islam is the second largest religion in the world.

 The founder of the Islam was Hazrat Muhammad Sahab

 Hazrat Muhammad Sahab received knowledge in a cave called Heera near Mecca in 610 AD.

 The Prophet's journey from Mecca to Medina on 24 September 622 AD is known in Muslim world as Muslim Samvat (Hijri Samvat).

 The Quran is the holy book of the religion of Islam.

 Hazrat Muhammad Sahab died on 8 June 632 AD He was buried in Medina.

 The successor of Prophet Muhammad was called Khalifa

 Hazrat Muhammad was married at the age of 25 to a widow named Khadija.

 Hazrat Muhammad's daughter's name is Fatima and son-in-law's name is Ali Hussain.

 The angel Gabriel communicated the Quran to the Prophet Muhammad in Arabic.

 Four caliphs were as follows: Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, Umar ibn al-Khatab, Usman ibn Affan and Ali ibn Abu Talib. These four were his companions during Muhammad's lifetime.

 Muhammad Sahib laid down 5 principles in life for those who follow the Islam religion.

 Kalma - Allah is One and Muhammad is their Prophet.

 Namaz - Read Namaz 5 times daily.

 Ramadan - observing Roza (fast) in the holy month of Ramadan.

 Zakat - Donate 2% of your earned income to the poor.

 Hajj: To make pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime.

o Syria, North Africa, Spain and Iran were conquered by his successors in 6 years after the death of Hazrat Muhammad in 632 AD. The Arabs also thought of attacking the Indian border and made many attacks on India both by water and land routes. But he did not achieve much success till 712 AD.

o Sindh had the authority of 'sahasi Ram I' who was a contemporary of Harsha. After the death of 'sahasiram I', the ruler of Sindh became 'sahasi Ram II' (8th century). 'sahasi Ram II' was murdered by one of his officers Chach, Chach was a Brahmin.

o Chach became the ruler of Sindh after marrying the wife of Sahasi Ram II. Chach had two sons - Dahir and Dahir Sim. After some time Dahir Sim also died and Dahir became the ruler of the entire empire.

 Dahir established radical Brahmanism. Because of this he harassed the Buddhists.

Political Science Semester IV Paper I

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B.A. (Sem.IV)

Pol. Sci. (1)

B. A. (Pass/Subsidiary)Fourth Semester Examination, May - 2019

(Faculty of Arts)

POLITICAL SCIENCE

FIRST PAPER

Selected Political Systems - I

Paper Code: 4121(Pass)

Time Allowed: Three Hours

Maximum Marks 70

No supplementary answer book will be given to any candidate. Hence the candidates should write the answers precisely in the main answer book only.

(Attempt all five questions)

Part I (Question No. 1& 2) is compulsory & part II (Question No. 3, 4 & 5) has internal choice.

1. Answer all questions. Each question carries I mark. 10x1= 10

(Words limit upto 20 words each)

a) How is the President of China elected?

b) Which constitution of a country has the past of "Procurator'?

c) When was the first Constitution of Communist China enforced?

d) Who elects the judge of Swiss Federal Tribunal?

e) Mention two features of Swiss political party system.

f) What is Landsgemend' in Switzerland?

g) In how many ways amendments can be done in the Swiss Constitution. Name them.

h) Who is the present President of Srilanka?

i) Write names of any two political parties of Bangladesh?

j) Mention any two features of the Constitution of Bangladesh.

2. Answer all the questions. Each question carries 3 marks. 5x3-15

(Words limit upto 50 words each)

a) What are the powers of the President of China?

b) Write a short note on Communist Party of China.

c) Example the social and cultural rights as envisaged in the Constitution of China.

d) Examine any four features of the Srilankan Constitution.

e) What do you mean by 'Non Party Care Taker-Government' in reference to the Constitution of Bangladesh?

PART-II

Unit-I

3. Discuss the power and position of the President of China.

Write an essay on Central Military Commission in China.

Unit-II

4. Explain the unique character of the Swiss Federal Executive. How far does it combine stability with responsibility?

Evaluate the power and functions of the Swiss Federal Parliament.

Unit-III

5. Evaluate the role of Prime-Minister in Srilanka's political system.

Discuss the salient features of the Constitution of Bangladesh.

History Semester IV Paper II

2021-01-16T12:12:00.000+05:30

B.A. (Sem. IV)

History (II)

B. A. (Pass/ Subsidiary) Fourth Semester Examination, May - 2019

(Faculty of Arts)

HISTORY

SECOND PAPER

Main Trends in the Cultural History of India-ll

Paper Code: 4112(Pass)

Time Allowed: Three Hours

Maximum Marks - 70

(1) No supplementary answer book will be given to any candidate. Hence the candidates should write the answers precisely in the main answer book only.

(2) All the parts of one question should be answered at one place in the answer book.

(Attempt all five questions)

Part I (Question No. 1& 2) is compulsory & part II (Question No. 3, 4 & 5) has internal choice.

PART-I

1. Answer all questions. Each question carries 1 mark. 10x1= 10

(Words limit up to 20 words each)

a) Name any two statues of Harppan time.

b) What figures are depicted in the carvings on the Mauryan pillar?

c) What is the main theme of the Ajanta art?

d) Write any two salient features of Mathura art.

e) Who was the architect- of Dilwara temple?

f) Write the names of any four temples of Dravidian style.

g) Write the names of four famous 'Stupas'.

h) Name the types of Indian music.

i) Name the four sections of 'Aryabhattiyam' written by Aryabhatta.

j) Who was "Varahmihira"?

2. Answer all the questions. Each question carries 3 marks. 5x3=15

(Words limit upto 50 words each)

Define :

a) Mauryan Pillers

b) Different styles of Rajput School of paintings.

c) Bharat's Natyashastra

d) Charka's contribution to Ayurveda.

e) Throw light on Chola temple architecture.

PART-I

Unit -I

3. Outline the main characteristics of the architecture and the sculpture of Harppan civilization.

Write an essay on the Sanchi Stupa.

Unit -II

4. Write a note on origin and development of Indian temple architecture.

Write a brief note on Mughal architecture.

Unit - III

5. Give an account of the contributions of Charak' or Sushrut' in the field of Ayurveda.

Give an account of the contribution of Varahmihira.

History Semester IV Paper I

2021-01-13T20:40:00.000+05:30

B.A. (Sem. IV)

B.A.(Pass/Subsidiary) Fourth Semester Examination, May- 2019

(Faculty of Arts)

HISTORY

FIRST PAPER

History of Medieval India-ll (1200 -1761 A.D.)

Paper Code: 4111(PASS)

Maximum Marks : 70

(1) No supplementary answer book will he given to any candidate. Hence the candidates should write the answers precisely in Time Allowed: Three Hours the main answer book only

(2) All the parts of one question should he answered at one place in the answer book.

(Attempt all five questions)

Part I (Question No. 1& 2) is compulsory & part II (Question No. 3, 4 & 5) has internal choice.

PART-I

1. Answer all the questions. Each question carries 1 mark. 10x1= 10

(Words limit up to 20 words each)

(a) Etmat-ud-daulah

(b) Buland Darwaza

(d) Sulh-i-Kul Policy of Akbar

(e) Jiziya Tax was abolished by which Mughal emperor?

(f) To which system "Jat and Sawar were associated with.

(g) Chouth

(h) Peshwa

(i) Two famous Painters of Jahangir.

(j) Write the names of two buildings built by Shah Jahan.

2. Answer all the questions. Each question carries 3 marks. 5x3= 15

(Word limit upto 50 words each)

a) Throw light on land revenue system of Sher Shah.

b) Explain Sardeshmukhi'.

c) What do you know about Fatehpur Sikri?

d) Explain the religious policy of Aurangzeb.

e) Explain Mansabdari System.

PART-II

UNIT-I

3. Critically analyse the Akabar's Rajput policy.

Write an essay on the achievements of Sher Shah.

UNIT-II

4. Discuss the causes of decline of the Mughal empire.

Give an estimate of 'Shivaji' as builder of Maratha nation'.

UNIT-III

5. Write an essay on the Trade System in Mughal India.

Write an essay on the system of society in Mughal India.

Life Sketch of Bal Gangadhar Tilak

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BAL GANGADHAR TILAK

For about three decades the liberals dominated political stage of India. They contributed in their own way in national struggle but were pushed in the background by the Extremists; in the forefront being Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak has been characterized as not an individual but an institution in himself. Once Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru said about him that, "We have here in Lokmanya a symbol of India's struggle for freedom, and a man who was not only a brave soldier, but a great captain, not a captain of an organised government but a captain of un-organised masses of India, a captain who had to deal with India as it was, in his days, that it is to say, an India rather amorphous and not well organised, not even perhaps politically very conscious although, of course, among the youth of his those days there was the feeling of freedom". Tilak changed the very character of the Indian National Congress and gave that a different outlook and approach. He was a great journalist, and believer in Hindu traditions and way of life. Through his actions he tried to establish that the society had a right to control its leaders. He was a humanitarian and a great legislator. He was also a believer in violence but not in armed violence. He was a critic of the government and wanted to change the very method of demanding rights but at the same time he desired o accept what was given and to demand for more. He did not Wish that the arena should be left to be the misused by those who were tools in the hands of British imperialism. His ideas were more in the nature of assertions rather than philosophical aiscourse, appealing more to emotions than to reason. He was not inclined to analyse political principles but to proclaim a plan of action'.

Life Sketch

Bal Gangadhar Tilak was born on 23rd July, 1856 in Chitpavan Brahmana family in Ratnagiri. His father Gandhar Pant though gifted with rare qualities of character and learning, started as a teacher and could not rise beyond the post of Deputy Education Inspector. But he decided to give the best possible education to his only son Bal. After initial education at home, Tilak was sent to school before he was 11. As a student he proved to be extraordinary in Mathematics and Sanskrit. He did his Matriculation in 1872. He solved problems of Mathematics orally. Once his teacher asked him, "Where is your method", Tilak replied, "It is here", Tilak pursued his further studies in the Deccan College and did his B.A. with first class in 1876 and his LL.B in 1879.

After passing the LL.B examination there were alluring prospects before Tilak of becoming a High Court Judge and a comfortable life. But, he was moved by three events;first, the trial of Malhar Rao Gaekwar by a special commission for alleged attempt to poison his resident Col. Phayre; second, an abortive attempt to overturn the British government in 1876 made by a band of fanatics under the leadership of Wasudeo Balwant Phadke, a clerk in the government service; and lastly, the terrible famine of 1877-78 with its toll of 50 lakhs of lives. Moved by these events Tilak decided to lead a life of total dedication to the cause of poor people and service to the country.

His Early Public Carrier

Tilak came to the front in 1880 when he associated himself with the new English school and due to his sacrifices along with Chiplunkar and Agarkar the school began to attract the attention of the educated Indians. In 1881 he started his famous paper Kesari and two days later Maratha also came into existence. By the end of 1884, Tilak thought of starting an educational society with the result that Deccan Education Society came into being. On 2nd January, 1885, Fergusson College came into being. The members of the Deccan Education Society were required to work with selfless service and to remain poor but some of them did not adhere to these basic principles and thus there were differences between Tilak and Agarkar. In October 1890, Tilak resigned from Deccan Education Society and wholeheartedly devoted himself to Kesari which became a forum for the expression of public opinion. D. P. Karmarkar says, "Tilak realized that in addition to other points of difference between him and his colleagues, his temperament was an additional reason. He confessed that he was blunt in his discussions and sometimes hard with his colleagues but he said he had done it in the best interest of the institution, and the cause"

Tilak as a Journalist -

As a journalist Tilak did his duty to the best of his capabilities and capacities. He raised his voice against every evil before the public and saw to it that the government did not play any mischief and even government action came to the notice of the people. In 1891 he raised his voice against the 'Age of Consent Bill' which the government wanted to introduce in the Legislative Assembly. Similarly in 1893 and 1894, when there were bitter riots between the Hindus and the Muslims in Bombay, Poona and elsewhere, he held government responsible for these and wanted that it should take serious action against the defaulters. In 1895 he actively participated in the 11th session of the Congress held at Poona.

His attitude towards Congress

Indian NationalCongress came into being in 1885 and he had privilege of associating with itself prominent persons like Hume, Raja Ram Mohan Roy, W. C. Bannerjee and many others. Tilak's name in the Congress appeared-for the first time in 1889 when he was elected to Subject Committee in that session. In the initial stages he was more interested in his Kesari and Social Conference rather than the Indian National Congress though he continued to take interest in Congress activities.

Radical Political Activities

Tilak actively participated in the famine and plague days of 1896-97. Tilak remained very active during the epidemic of plague which took a toll of one crore lives. Through Maratha and Kesari he constantly tried to arouse national awakening in the country. Not only this, but his pro-Hindu activities also were not tolerable for the government. One way or the other it tried to establish that his paper was violating the provisions of the Press Act and also trying to instigate Indian masses to rise against the British government and ultimately the government decided to charge him with-sedition. This was aggravated due to the murder of Plague Commissioner Rana in which the governments smelt Tilak's powerful hand) He was sentenced to 18 months imprisonment for sedition. He spent his term of imprisonment in Vervada Jail doing research work on the Vedas.

When Tilak was released from the prison he decided to infuse vigour into the public mind. For this he organized Ganapati and Shivaji festivals and gradually converted these into a social and national force. Tilak thought of gathering patriotic and national forces round the personality of Shivaji. But unfortunately he could not convince the moderate leadership of the Congress about the validity of his actions, Between 1898 to 1904 Tilak remained preoccupied with ligitation.

In 1905, Lord Curzon declared partition of Bengal. Tilak, Sri Aurobindo, B. C. Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai and some other congressmen voiced their opposition to the policy of Congress leaders and threatened open revolt. Tilak emerged as an uncomprising champion of Swaraj. He asked the nation to get prepared for decisive struggle for freedom and reminded people that" the path of duty is never sprinkled with rose water nor do roses grow on it". Forging alliance with all radicals of the Congress, Tilak made a whirlwind tour of the country and asked people to support the extremists for liberation.

In 1907 an open clash took place between the moderates and the extremists at the Surat Session of the Congress. With the spirit of cooperation and for the sake of higher ideals Tilak offered to compromise if the Congress agreed to work for Swaraj, Swadeshi, boycott and national education. However, due to the obstinacy of the moderates the break of the Congress could not be averted. In 1908, Tilak was put to trail by the Bombay High Court for writing an article alleged to be seditious. He was sentenced to six years and was deported to Mandalay Jail where he was. kept in a solitary room. It was here in prison that he wrote his several philosophical works.

His Home Rule Compaign

On his return from Burma after completing the term of imprisonment Tilak thought of organizing people to demand Home Rule. As he was out of the Congress, he also thought over the question of re-entry of extremists into the Congress. The year 1916 was important in the political carrier of Tilak for two reasons; Firstly, he joined his old comrades at the Lucknow session of the Congress and secondly, he formed the Indian Home League with the object of attaining self government for Indian people within the British Empire by constitutional means. Tilak undertook an extensive tour of the country propagating in favour of Home Rule. By 1917 the extremists took complete control of the Indian National Congress. Tilak went to England in 1918 to represent the country demanding Home Rule. He made a great impact on English public opinion through his writings and speeches. In a letter to an English man Tilak wrote, "It is necessary for me to dwell upon the imperative importance of solving the Indian question for purposes of ensuring the future peace of the world and the progress of the people of India". The Home Rule movement launched by Tilak was the natural culmination of the nationalist movement. The call for swadeshi and the movement for swaraj had been gathering force since the partition of Bengal in 1905. The Home Rule movement marked a new important phase in the struggle for independence. During 1916-17 Tilak was admired by the whole country for his sincerity, unbending patriotism and fearlessness.

Amritsar Congress Session was held under the distinguished Presidentship of Motilal Nehru. The problem before the National Congress was whether to associate itself with the unsatisfactory reforms given under the Act of 1919 or to boycott the legislatures. Tilak was of the opinion that opportunity given should be fully availed; otherwise the platform might go in the hands of those who were not true to India and they might misuse it. He formed the Congress Democratic Party with a view to contesting the elections but unfortunately his last had come and he could not see the Reform Councils working in their proper sense of the term. He died on August, 1920 leaving a mourning nation behind.

" Through out his life he worked, organised and suffered. His life was cast in the mould of a "hero" and conveys his conviction in a way more powerful than his own words ".

Six Fold Policy of Manu

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Six Fold Policy

The attitude of a ruler towards foreign rulers depended upon the special circumstances of each case. It enumerates the six-fold policy determining the relations of state with one another. The ruler was supposed to adopt one or other of six types of policy, namely :

1. Sandhi (Treaty of peace or alliance);

2. Vigraha (War):

3. Asana (Neutrality);

4. Yana (making preparation for attack without actually declaring war);

5. Samsraya (seeking the protection of another);and
6. Dvaidhibhava (making peace with one and waging war with another or double dealing).

(1) Sandhi- It is an agreement or cooperation between states. The king in sandhi makes peace when he is sure of his own gain and súperiority in future and of his inferiority at present. Sandhi signifies an agreement with pledges. In all cireumstances, treaties should aim at the enemy, promoting self-defence and self-development. Manu said, "A king does not prosper so by having gold and territory as by having a firm ally, though weak but full of future possibilities. Even a weak ally is conmended if he is pious, grateful, loyal, persevering and with his men contended."

(2) Vigraha-Vigraha or war is open hostility. In vigraha he wages war when he thinks that he is strong to defeat the enemy. Here war was to be deferred and the purpose was sought tó be achieved by armed remonstrance. War was either started for self-aggrandisement or to help any ally to reduce his grievance.

(3) Asana-Asana means halting in a fort, mounting pressure on the enemy to come to terms. In Asana he waits and acts as neutral when he is weak in chariots and troops. Having proceeded he was to sit quiet and try to conciliate his foe slowly and carefully by the methods of conciliation, gift etc. It might be resorted to due to two reasons-one might adopt it either due to the weakness of his army or at the request of his ally. His ally might try to bring about a peaceful settlement and thus prevent a war.

(4) Yana-Yana or marching to war simply meant march to war, rather a show of movement of forces and no actual clash of arms. In Yana he orders march against the enemy when his army is well-disposed towards him and is comparatively superior.

(5) Samsraya-Samsraya was the method of taking refuge with or without assistance from a powerful state as a protection against the aggression of a powerful foe. This principle was prescribed by Manu for one who was about to be overpowered by his enemy.

(6) Dvaidhibhava-Dvaidhibhava was to creat dissension in the rank of his enemies' army. When one found his adversary to be all powerful, he was to adopt this policy. He was to remain with a small force within a fort and send his commander-in-chief as the head of a powerful army with a view to dividing the enemies' troops. This was a military tactic. called dvaidhibhava.

The above policies were prescribed to maintain the "balance of power'. Though the term is a modern one, the principle was known to the ancient Indians. It was their only guiding force in international polities. Al their diplomatic actions were determined by this. Manu laid down: The king who knows the rules of politics, to act in such a way, having recourse to all expedients, that his friends, foes and neutrals are not superior to him, no one is to be believed."

Four Expedients (means) of Policy

For winning over enemies. Manu receommends to resort to the expedients of Sama (conciliation), Dama (bribery), Danda (force) and Bheda (dissession).

(1) Sama-Sama is a general attitude of friendliness and persuasion: the way of polite argument, of approach based on reason and interest. One might conciliate by praising the qualities of the enemy, recalling the pleasant relationship, and good actions of the past, pointing out the mutual benefits of the relationship, showing the likelihood of future advantages and the harmony of interest that both sides have in their objectives.

(2) Dama-Dama consisted of giving gifts of land, precious and rare articles, money, girls and various other desirable presents to avert the fear caused by the enemy. It includes agreement involving loss, limitation of interests, withdrawl, something advantageous to the other party in exchange of gaining one's objects.

(3) Bheda- If neither persuasion nor compromise succeeded then bheda was recommended for being used. Bheda signifies the policy of divide and rule. It is a policy of sowing fear, suspicion and dissension. It is an important adjunct of diplomacy through which even a strong king could be brought under subjection.

(4) Danda- Lastly there was danda or the use of force. Normal diplomacy included a judicious mixture of the first three methods. But if they failed then danda was to be applied. The application of physical force has been regarded as the most effective means to bring the desired result relating to inter-state relations. Danda actually was diplomatic war, not an armed contest, rather a last resort before the actual commencement of fighting.

The above four expedients of diplomacy against the enemy were meant for winning victory and these were to be supplemented by new alliances and strengthening the old ones-the principle being to weaken the enemy by loosening his alliances with his allies and to strengthen one's own position and thus guard against possible enemy action in trying to sow dissension in his own camp and among this allies.

History Semester II Paper II

2021-01-09T19:02:00.000+05:30

B.A. (Sem.ll)

B. A.(Pass/ Subsidiary) Second Semester Examination, May - 2019

(Faculty of Arts)

HISTORY

SECOND PAPER

History of Rajasthan-Il (Earliest times to 1956 A.D.)

Paper Code:2112 (Pass)

Time Allowed: Three Hours

Maximum Marks - 70

No supplementary answer book will be given to any candidate. Hence the candidates should write the answers precisely in the main answer book only.

(Attempt all five questions)

Part I (Question No. 1& 2) is compulsory & part II (Question No. 3, 4 & 5) has internal choice.

PART-I

1. Answer all questions. Each question carries 1 mark.

(Words limit upto 20 words each)

a) "Bani Thani" is related to which painting style?

b) Where is Dilwada Jain temple?

c) Who got the Kumbhal Garh fort built?

d) What is the name of Chittorgarh's second entrance gate?

e) Where is Jogi Mahal?

f) Who was the president of Mewar Prajamandal?

g) Who was the architect of Jaipur?

h) What was Nata Tax?

i) When was Afim Royal Commission established?

j) Rajasthan Kesari.

2. Answer all the questions. Each question carries 3 marks.

(Words limit upto 50 words each)

a) Lohagarh

b) Rajsamand

c) Sawai Jai Singh

d) Rajput Hitkarani Sabha

e) Sharda Act.

PART-II

Unit-I

3. Discuss the contribution of Meera in the Bhakti movement.

Give a brief account of the various styles of the Rajput painting.

Unit -II

4. Give an account of the social reforms in Rajasthan after 1818 A.D.

What were the aims of the British Government in establishing their monopoly over salt and opium trade?

Unit – III

5. Write an eassy on Praja Mandal Movement in Rajasthan.

Describe the different stages of integration of Rajasthan.

History Semester II Paper I

2021-01-09T18:51:00.000+05:30

B.A. (Sem.ll)

B. A. (Pass/ Subsidiary)Second Semester Examination, May - 2019

(Faculty of Arts)

HISTORY

FIRST PAPER

History of India-ll (Beginning to 1200 A.D.)

Paper Code: 2111 (Pass)

Time Allowed: Three Hours

Maximum Marks - 70

(1) No supplementary answer book will he given to any candidate. Hence the candidates should write the answers precisely in the main answer book only.

(2) All the parts of one question should be answered at one place in the answer book.

(Attempt all five questions)

Part I (Question No. 1& 2) is compulsory & part II (Question No. 3, 4 & 5) has internal choice.

PART-I

1. Answer all questions. Each question carries I mark.

(Words limit upto 20 words each)

a) What is Junagadh Inscription?

b) Who was the first Kushan ruler to attack India?

c) Mention any two compositions written by Ashwaghosh?

d) What was the Venigar?

e) Which ruler started "Gupta Samvat"?

f) Mrichchakatikam drama written by whom?

g) Who was "Gomund" officer in chalukyan administration.?

h) Which Pala ruler had assumed the title of Uttarapath Swamin?

i) Which ruler had constructed the Gangaikonda Cholapuram (Tanjore ki Sangini) temple?

j) Describe the four sections of the "Siddhanta Siromani".

2. Answer all the questions. Each question carries 3 marks.

Words limit upto 50 words each.

a) Write short notes on Fourth Buddhist Council.

b) Describe the progress made in the field of astrology and mathematics during the Gupta period.

c) Describe the provincial administrative units of the Vardhan dynasty.

d) Explain the main features of Chalukyan governance.

e) Mention the literary progress of the Chola period.

PART-II

Unit-I

3. Describe the achievements of Kushan king Kanishka.

Highlight the development of Post Mauryan art and literature.

Unit -II

4. "Samudragupta was a Chakravarti King", review this statement.

Mention the progress of literature, art and science in the Gupta period.

Unit - III

5. Discuss the contribution of the Pallava rulers in the field of art and literature.

Explain the administrative system of the Cholas in detail.

Economics Semester II Paper II

2021-01-09T14:27:00.000+05:30

B.A. / B.Sc. (Sem. II)

B.A. /B.Sc.(Pass/Subsidiary) Second Semester Examination, May- 2019

(Faculty of Arts/Science)

ECONOMICS

SECOND PAPER

Indian Economy - II

Paper Code:- 2152 (Arts)

Maximum Marks - 70 (Arts)

Time Allowed: Three Hours

(1) No supplementary answer book will be given to any candidate. Hence the candidates should write the answers precisely in the main answer book only.

(2) All the parts of one question should be answered at one place in the answer book.

(Attempt all five questions.)

Part I (Question No. 1& 2) is compulsory & Part II (Question No. 3, 4 & 5) has internal choice.

PART-I

1. Answer all the questions. Each question carries 1/1.5 mark.

(Words limit upto 20 words each)

(a) Write full form of MSME.

(b) What is meant by New Economic Policy?

(d) Define Disinvestment.

(e) What is Import Substitution?

(f) Who is the vice-Chairman of NITI Ayog?

(g) Define Globalization.

(h) What is Inflation?

(i) Which state has the largest geographical area in India?

(j) What do you understand by Green Revolution?

2. Answer all the questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

(Words limit up to 50 words each)

(a) Write any two objectives of New Industrial Policy-1991.

(b) Write any two problems of Small Scale Industries in India.

(d) Write any two measures which could be adopted for correcting adverse balance of trade of India.

(e) Write any two measures to reduce income inequality in India.

PART-II

UNIT-I

3. Discuss the various sources of Industrial Finance in India.

Discuss the problems of Public Sector Enterprises in India.

UNIT-II

4. Describe the volume, structure and direction of Indian's Foreign Trade.

Discuss the main objectives of Indian Economic Planning. What are the main failures of Indian Economic Planning?

UNIT-III

5. Discuss the problems of Inflation.

Discuss the constraints to economic development in Rajasthan and measures to overcome it.

Economics Semester II Paper I

2021-01-09T14:16:00.000+05:30

B. A./B.Sc.(Pass/ Subsidiary) Second Semester Examination, May - 2019

(Faculty of Arts/Science)

ECONOMICS

FIRST PAPER

Micro Economics – I

Paper Code:- 2151 (Arts) 2641

Time Allowed: Three Hours

Maximum Marks: 70 (Arts)

(1) No supplementary answer book will be given to any candidate. Hence the candidates should write the answers precisely in the main answer book only.

(2) All the parts of one question should be answered at one place in the answer book.

(Attempt all five questions)

Part I (Question No. 1& 2) is compulsory & part II (Question No. 3, 4 & 5) has internal choice.

PART-I

1. Answer all the questions. All questions carry equal marks.

(Words limit upto 20 words each)

a) What is the major difference between Perfect Competition and Imperfect Competition?

b) Explain the concept of Quasi-Rent.

c) What is the Classical Theory of Interest?

d) What is Collective Bargaining?

e) What is Horizontal and Vertical Product Differentiation?

f) What is Marginal Productivity Theory of Distribution?

g) Does a monopolist always earn supernormal profit?

h) What are Wage Differentials?

i) Differentiate between Pure and Perfect Competition.

j) What is Lerner's Monopoly Power Measurement Formula?

2. Answer all the questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

(Words limit upto 50 words each)

a) Differentiate between Break-Even Point and Shut Down Point.

b) What is Kinked Demand Curve?

c) Explain Ricardian Theory of Rent.

d) What is Keynesian Theory of Interest?

e) What is Pareto's criteria of optimality.

PART-II

UNIT-I

3. Describe the meaning and conditions of monopoly price discrimination and explain price determination under monopoly discrimination.

Explain determination of price and output of a monopolistic firm in short run and long run.

UNIT-II

4. Describe the Modem Theory of Wages in detail.

Discuss the Modern Theory of Rent in detail with the help of diagram.

UNIT- III

5. Discuss the Modern Theory of Profit in detail.

Describe the meaning of Welfare Economics and concepts for measuring welfare.

Political Science Semester II Paper II

2021-01-09T11:53:00.001+05:30

B.A. (Sem.ll)

B. A. (Pass/Subsidiary) Second Semester Examination, May 2019

(Faculty of Arts)

POLITICAL SCIENCE

SECOND PAPER

Representative Indian Political Thought-Il

Paper Code: 2122 (Pass)

Time Allowed: Three Hours

Maximum Marks : 70

(1) No supplementary answer book will be given to any candidate. Hence the candidates should write the answers precisely in the main answer book only.

(2) All the parts of one question should be answered at one place in the answer book. One complete question should not be answered at different places in the answer book.

(Attempt all five questions)

Part I (Question No. 1& 2) is compulsory & part II (Question No. 3, 4 & 5) has internal choice.

PART-I

1. Answer all the questions. Each question carries 1 mark.

(Words limit upto 20 words each)

a) Write any three social ideas of Gokhale.

b) Give four economic ideas of Gokhale.

c) Mention four-point programme of Tilak.

d) Name two festivals which were started by Tilak.

e) What is Gandhian theory of Trusteeship?

f) Write down the kinds of freedom according to Aurobindo.

g) Write the names of two books written by Gandhi.

h) Define the concept of 'Non-Align Movement' as propounded by Nehru.

i) Write two methods of upliftment of Dalits according to Ambedkar.

j) What is 'Sarvodaya' according to Jai Prakash Narayan?

2. Answer all the questions. Each question carries 3 marks.

(Words limit upto 50 words each)

a) What was the aim of Gokhale's Political Testament?

b) Define "Swarajya' according to Tilak.

c) Point out the main elements of Panchsheel as propounded by Nehru.

d) Write necessary pre-conditions for the successful functioning of democracy as described by Ambedkar.

e) Discuss in brief Jai Prakash Narayan's concept of 'Partyless-democracy'.

PART-II

Unit-I

3. Evaluate the political ideas of Gokhale.

Explain Tilak's views on Swadeshi, Boycott and National Education.

Unit -II

4. Discuss Gandhi's views on Non-violence.

Explain Nehru's ideas about Democratic Socialism.

Unit - III

5. Discuss Ambedkar's concept of 'Social Justice'.

Explain the concept of Neo-Humanism of M.N. Roy.

Political Science Semester II Paper I

2021-01-09T11:38:00.000+05:30

B.A. (Sem.ll)

B. A. (Pass/Subsidiary) Second Semester Examination, May - 2019

(Faculty of Arts)

POLITICAL SCIENCE

FIRST PAPER

Foundation of Political Science

Paper Code: 2121 (Pass)

Time Allowed: Three Hours

Maximum Marks : 70

(1) No supplementary answer hook will be given to any candidate. Hence the candidates should write the answers precisely in the main answer book only.

(2) All the parts of one question should be answered at one place in the answer book. One complete question should not be answered at different places in the answer book.

(Attempt all five questions)

Part I (Question No. 1& 2) is compulsory & part II (Question No. 3, 4 & 5) has internal choice.

PART-I

1. Answer all questions. Each question carries 1 mark.

(Words limit upto 20 words each)

a) What do you understand by Pressure Group?

b) Name four political parties of India.

c) Write two theories of Representation.

d) Point out any four merits of Democracy.

e) Point out any two reasons for the decline in the power of Legislature.

f) Define the concept of Constitutionalism.

g) Write four characteristics of Anarchism.

h) Write four principles of Democratic Socialism.

i) What do you mean by Dialectical Method of Marx.

j) Define Democracy in the words of Abraham Lincoln.

2. Answer all the questions. Each question carries 3 marks.

(Words limit upto 50 words each)

a) Describe different types of Executive.

b) Difference between Political Parties and Pressure Groups.

c) What is Democratic Socialism and name out four proponents of Democratic Socialism.

d) What is Western concept of Constitutionalism.

e) Describe means of Democratic Socialism.

PART-II

Unit-I

3. What do you understand by "Theory of Representation"? Describe the various theories of minority representation.

Define Pressure Group. What is the importance of pressure groups in the present day political system.

Unit -II

4. What do you understand by Rule of Law? How is this related to constitutionalism.

Describe the main function of Executive. Explain the main reasons for the increase in the power of executive.

Unit - III

5. Examine critically Marxian theory of Class Struggle and Surplus Value.

Describe the salient features of Liberalism. Differentiate between traditional Liberalism and modern Liberalism.

Life Sketch of Dayananda Saraswati

2021-01-08T21:20:00.000+05:30

Dayananda Saraswati

Dayananda Saraswati, the great founder of Arya Samaj, occupies a unique position in the history of social and political ideas of modern India. Dayananda Saraswati and the Arya Samaj represent the militant phase of social and religious reform.' He, along with others, like Swami Vivekananda and Swami Ramtirth and several others gave a new outlook to Indian Political thought. He was primarily a religious reformer who had come to the forefront to rid our society of social evils from which it was seriously suffering. He wanted to give true interpretation of religious laws and expounded these in true sense and spirit. He also wanted to tell the world as to what was contained in our religious scriptures particularly in the Vedas and how true and practical to life our religion was. He came to the conclusion that without a political philosophy religion and society could not go ahead. Swami Dayananda is the sole representative thinker of the ancient Vedic dharma in its pure, pristine and rational simplicity with its merit- based Varnasharam system which ensures goals of Dharma (virtue), Artha (wealth), Kama (pleasure), and Moksha (salvation). Being the first religion of man, our return to it can bring out the Renaissance closer i.e. unity, independence, progress and prosperity of India. He did not give expression to the spirit of the age but also formulated political views which were far in advance of his times. Dayanada's personality had many facets. He was a self-directed, self-sufficient individualist.

Life Sketch

Moolshanker, as his original name, was born in 1824 at Tankara (Gujarat) in an orthodox Brahmana family. The religious orthodoxy of his father and the tender humanitarian outlook of his mother made the young Dayananda a true devotee of the existing religion. At the early age of thirteen, he h a unique experience on the day of Shivaratri fast. In the temple of Lord Shiva he saw a mouse moving over the idol of Shiva and began to eat what the worshippers had placed before the diety with so much reverence and respect. It was an eye awakening event for young Moolshanker who began to question his tender mind as to whether this was the almighty and omnipotent and omnipresent God who even could not save himself from the little mouse. There was a sense of dissatisfaction and discontentment in his young mind which Was finding no solution to this important problem. In order to remove his doubt about idol worship, he made enquires from his father and came to know that the idol was only the symbol of the Lord Shiva and not the God himself. This was the turning point of his life. Dayananda, felt that the he must know the truth. Like the Buddha, he was also shaken by the phenomenon of death. Dayananda was shocked by the sudden death of his sister, when he was in his late twenties, whom he loved very much. Thus these ideas settled in his mind which later on shaped his personality and philosophy of religion; disrespect for idol worship; detachment from the world; and disbelief in ritual ceremonies. Thinking that he must prepare himself for knowing the truth for the service of mankind, Dayananda lelt his home in the month of May, 1846, in order to avoid marriage.

After wandering for fifteen years during which peried he became a Sanyasin and took the name of Dayananda Saraswati. he finally became the disciple of Swami Virjananda of Mathura. He studied under the swamiji for two and half years. At the end of this period, pleased with Dayananda's progress the Swamiji told him that he had successfully completed the acquisition of Vedic knowledge and the time had come for to go and disseminate this knowledge among his misguided brethren who quarrelled over castes and creeds because did not know the Vedas. As his dakshina (customary reward from pupil to his guru or teacher) the Swamiji took a pledge from Dayananda that he would spread the message of the Vedie religion among the masses. With determination and confidence in himself Dayananda set out to fulfil his promise to his Guru.

On November 17, 1869 he engaged in a mighty disputation (Shastrartha) with leaders of Hindu theology and orthodoxy at Kashi. He founded Arya Samaj on April 10, 1875 in Bombay and in 1877 the constitution of the Arya Samaj was finalized at Lahore. His influence spread over mainly in Punjab, Rajputana native states, Gujarat and others, mainly in Northern India. Native princes like Maharana Sajjan Singh of Udaipur, King Agit Singh of Jodhpur, Rao Nahar Singh of Shahpura (Bhilwara) etc. sought his discipleship. On scolding the king of Jodhpur on his indulgence with some prostitute, he was poisoned by the latter through the cook Jaganath. Dayananda as a great sanyasi pardoned him and asked him to leave for Nepal. He died on October 30, 1883. His last wish was that his funeral should be conducted in a manner that no Samadhi is constructed for committing the evil of idol-worship later on by his own followers, and grow into another sect.

Tagore wrote, "Swami Dayanada, the great pathmaker in modern India, who through bewildering tangles of creeds and practices-the dense undergrowth of the degenerate days of our country-cleared a straight path that was meant to lead the Hindus to a simple and rational life of devotion to God and service for man. With a clear sighted vision of truth and courage of determination he preached and worked for our self-respect and vigorous awakement of mind that could strive for a harmonious adjustment with perfect touch with that glorious past of India when it revealed its personality, when in freedom of thought and action, in an unclouded radiance of spiritual realization".

History First Semester Paper II

2021-01-08T11:51:00.001+05:30

B.A. (Sem.l)

B. A. (Pass / Subsidiary) First Semester Examination, Dec - 2019

(Faculty of Arts)

HISTORY

SECOND PAPER

History of Rajasthan-Il (Earliest times to 1956 A.D.)

Paper Code:11113

Time Allowed: Three Hours

Maximum Marks - 70

No supplementary answer book will be given to any candidate. Hence the candidates should write the answers precisely in the main answer book only.

(Attempt all five questions)

Part I (Question No. 1& 2) is compulsory & part II (Question No. 3, 4 & 5) has internal choice.

PART-I

1. Answer all the questions. Each question carries 1 mark.

(Words limit upto 20 words each)

a) Give the title of the two books on music written by Rana Kumbha.

b) Saka

c) Who did the first excavation work of Ahar Civilization?

d) Who was known as the father of Rajasthan History?

e) Write about Badoli.

f) When & between whom was the battle of Khanwa fought?

g) Khanhaddev-Parbandh

h) Khayat

i) Marwar-ra-Pargana-ri-Vigat

i), Who was known as "Rana Pratap of Marwar"?

2. Answer all the questions. Each question carries 3 marks.

(Words limit upto 50 words each)

a), Write a short note on Ganeswar Civilization.

b) Describe the political achievements of Prithviraj Chauhan.

c) Nagaur Conference

d), Describe the main contribution of Raja Man Singh in temple architecture.

e) Write a short note on 'Padamini Rani'.

PART-II

Unit-I

3. Describe main geographical features of Rajasthan which effect the history of Rajasthan.

Describe the main features of Kalibanga Civilization.

Unit -II

4. Describe the main attack of Allauddin Khilji on Rajasthan.

Write a short note on Matsya Janapada.

Unit - III

5. Describe the relations between Maldeo & Shershah Suri.

Describe the political & cultural achievements of Rana Khumbha.

History First Semester Paper I

2021-01-08T11:39:00.000+05:30

B.A. (Sem. I)

B. A. (Pass/Subsidiary) First Semester Examination, Dec - 2019

(Faculty of Arts)

HISTORY

FIRST PAPER

History of India-l (From Beginning to 1200 A.D.)

Paper Coda: 11112

Time Allowed: Three Hours

(1) No supplementary answer book will be given to any candidate. Hence the candidates should write the answers precisely in the main answer book only.

(2) All the parts of one question should he answered at one place in the answer book.

(Attempt all five questions)

Part I (Question No. 1& 2) is compulsory & part II (Question No. 3, 4 & 5) has internal choice.

PART-I

1. Answer all the questions. Each question carries 1 mark.

(Words limit upto 20 words each)

10x1= 10

(a) Punch marked coins

(b) Indica

(d) Prathviraj Raso

(e) Panch Mahavrat

(f) Kautilya

(g) Rajatarangini

(h) Vedang

(i) Upanishads

(j) Kalibanga

2. Answer all the questions. Each question carries 3 marks.

(Word limit upto 50 words each)

a), Explain Sabha and Samiti.

b) What is Dhamma?

c) Samvar and Nirjara

d) Syadwad Who was Maurya?

PART-II

UNIT-I

3. Give an account of the salient features of the Neolithic Culture.

Describe Vedic Culture in brief.

UNIT-II

4. Explain: Sixteen Mahajanpadas.

Explain main teachings of Buddha.

UNIT-III

5. "Chandragupt Maurya was the first national king of India". Discuss.

Discuss the causes responsible for the down fall of the Mauryan Empire.

Economics First Semester Paper II

2021-01-07T18:38:00.000+05:30

B.A./B.Sc. (Sem. I)

B.A./B.Sc.(Pass/Subsidiary) First Semester Examination, Dec-2019

(Faculty of Arts/Science)

ECONOMICS

SECOND PAPER

Indian Economy-I

Paper Code:- 11104

Time Allowed: Three Hours

Maximum Marks - 70 (Arts)

- 80 (Science)

No supplementary answer book will be given to any candidate. Hence the candidates should write the answers precisely in the main answer book only.

(Attempt all five questions.).

Part I (Question No. 1& 2) is compulsory & Part II (Question No. 3, 4 & 5) has internal choice.

PART-I

1. Answer all the questions. All questions carry equal marks.

(Words limit upto 20 words each)

a) What do you understand by Occupational Structure?

b) What is Disguised Unemployment?

c) State the names of two power resources.

d) State any two features of New Public Distribution System in India.

e) Define the Poverty Line in India.

f)„What is Demonetization?

g) What is literacy rate in Rajasthan as per 2011 Census?

h) State the namus of four minerals which are found in large quantity in Rajasthan.

i), What was the sex ratio in India in 2011?

j) What is Poverty ratio in India as per Tendulkar Methodology in year 2011-12?

2. Answer all the questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

(Word limit upto 50 words each)

a) "Occupation structure of India is imbalanced". Discuss the statement.

b) What is the importance of Social Forestry in the economy?

c) Explain the New Agricultural Strategy.

d) What are types of unemployment found in India?

e) Explain the main provisions of Second Green Revolution.

PART-II

Unit I

3. Discuss the latest Population Policy of India.

Describe the main features of Indian economy.

Unit II

4. Discuss the institutional sources of agricultural credit in India.

Discuss the nature and role of agriculture in Indian economy.

Unit III

5. Give your arguments in favour and against of GST in India.

Discuss the salient features of Rajasthan economy.

Economics First Semester Paper I

2021-01-07T18:23:00.000+05:30

B.A./B.Sc. (Sem. I)

B.A./B.Sc.(Pass/Subsidiary) First Semester Examination, Dec - 2019

(Faculty of Arts/Science)

ECONOMICS

FIRST PAPER

Micro Economics

Paper Code:-11103

Time Allowed: Three Hours

Maximum Marks 70 (Arts)

- 80 (Science)

No supplementary answer book will be given to any candidate. Hence the candidates should write the answers precisely in the main answer book only.

(Attempt all fiv e questions.)

Part I (Question No. 1& 2) is compulsory & Part II (Question No. 3, 4 & 5) has internal choice.

PART-I

10X1= 10 Science

10X1.5= 15 Arts

1. Answer all the questions. All questions carry equal marks.

(Words limit upte 20 words each)

a) Define Cross Elasticity of Demand.

b) What is Production Possibility Curve?

c) Distinguish between Micro-Economics and Macro-Economics.

d) Distinguish between inferior and giffin goods.

e) s the slope of demand curve an index of its elasticity?

f) What is Marginal Rate of Substitution?

g) What is meant by returns to a factor?

h)„Distinguish between internal and external economics.

i) Explain least cost combination of factors.

j) Explain Opportunity Cost.

2. Answer all the questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

(Word limit upto 50 words each)

(Arts/Science 5X2-10)

a) What is meant by Break Even Point?

b) Write a short note on Law of Variable Proportion.

c) Write a short note on the Ridge Lines.

d) What is an Indifference Curve? Explain.

e) What is Price Elasticity of Demand?

PART-II

UNIT-I

3. What is Law of Demand? Explain the difference between increase in demand and extension of demand and decrease in demand and contraction an of demand. Discuss the conditions under which increase in price leads to increase in demand.

Define the Micro and Macro Economies. Explain the static and dynamic analysis with the help of diagrams.

UNIT-II

4. Distinguish between total and marginal utility with the help of diagram. Explain the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility.

How Slutsky's approach differs from Hicks approach to consumer equilibrium? Esplain with the diagrams.

UNIT- II

5. What is meant by Returns to Scale? Explain its various phases with diagrams.

Why is short – run average cost curve U shaped? Describe the relationship between average cost and marginal cost.

Political Science Semester I Paper II

2021-01-07T16:15:00.000+05:30

B.A.(Sem.l)

B. A. (Pass / Subsidiary) First Semester Examination, Dec- 2019

(Faculty of Arts)

POLITICAL SCIENCE

SECOND PAPER

Representative Indian Political Thought-l

Paper Code:- 11123

Time Allowed: Three Hours

Maximum Marks: 70

(1) No supplementary answer book will be given to any candidate. Hence the candidates should write the answers precisely in the main answer book only.

(2) All the parts of one question should be answered at one place in the answer book.

(Attempt all five questions)

Part I (Question No. 1& 2) is compulsory & part II (Question No. 3, 4 & 5) has internal choice.

PART-I

1. Answer all the questions. All questions carry equal marks.

(Words limit upto 20 words each)

10X1=10

a) What does Manu mean by 'Dwaidhibhav"?

b) According to Manu what are the four 'Ashrama Dharma"?

c) Write the four branches of knowledge as enunciated by Kautilya.

d) Write the kinds of 'Dand' according to Kautilya.

e) Write the functions of 'Sachiv' as described by Shukra.

f) Write two judicial reforms suggested by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.

g) Write the names of two newspapers started by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.

h) Write the names of two books written by Dayanand Saraswati.

i) Mention any two social reforms of Dayanad Saraswati.

j) Who was the Guru of Vivekanand?

5X3=15

PART - II

2. Answer all the questions. Each question carries 3 marks.

(Words limit up to 50 words each)

a) Discuss elements of Shadgun-Niti of Manu.

b) Explain Kautilya's 'Saptang Theory' of state.

c) Write the views of Shukra on administrative system.

d) Mention reforms as suggest by Raja Ram Mohan Roy to improve the condition of women in India.

e) Write arguments which were given against idol worship by Dayanand Saraswati.

PART-II

UNIT-I

3. Critically evaluate the 'Saptang Theory' of Manu.

Analyse Kautilya's views on judiciary, erime and punishment.

UNIT-II

4. Critically examine the main political ideas ef Shukra.

Discuss the social and religions ideas of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.

UNIT- III

5. Explain the main ideas of Dayanand Saraswati.

Explain the concept of nationalism according to Vivekanand.

First Semester Political Science Paper I

2021-01-07T15:59:00.000+05:30

B.A.(Sem.l)

Pol.SCI. (I) B. A. (Pass/Subsidiary) First Semester Examination, Dec. - 2019

(Faculty of Arts)

POLITICAL SCIENCE

FIRST PAPER

Foundation of Political Science - I

Paper Code:- 11122

Time Allowed: Three Hours

Maximum Marks: 70

(1) No supplementary answer book will be given to any candidate. Hence the candidates should write the answers precisely in the main answer book only.

(2) All the parts of one question should be answered at one place in the answer book.

(Attempt all five questions)

Part I (Question No. 1& 2) is compulsory & part II (Question No. 3, 4 & 5) has internal choice.

PART- 1.

1.Answer all the questions. All questions carry equal marks. (Words limit upto 20 words each)

10X1=10

a) Write down the names of two leading scholars of modern approach to Political Science.

b) Explain the meaning of Political Socialization.

c) Point out three characteristics of political development given by Lucian W. Pye.

d) What is "Feed Back Loop" mentioned in Input - Output Model?

e) Write two causes responsible for the rise of Behaviourism.

f) Who is the author of "Human Nature in Polities"?

g) Write any two features of the traditional Political Science.

h) Define "State".

i) Explain the meaning of Political Culture.

j) What do you understand by Liberty?

PART-II

2. Answer all the questions. Each question carries 3 marks.

5X3=15

(Words limit up to 50 words each)

a) Discuss the differences between traditional and modern Political Science.

b) Explain the meaning of Inter- disciplinary Approach?

c) Define the Concept of Equality.

d) Write important functions of Welfare State.

e) Write short note on 'Political Development'.

PART-III

UNIT-I

3. Discuss the meaning, nature and scope of Political Science according to modern perspective.

What do you understand by Post – Behaviouralism? Critically evaluate its characteristics.

UNIT-II

4. Define Power. Describe its resources and explain different forms of power.

Define Sovereignty and discuss its major characteristics.

UNIT- III

5. Define and explain the basic characteristics of Political Modernization'.

Define 'Political System' and explain David Easton's Input - Output Model.

History II CIA B.A. Pass Course I Semester Test, Oct. - 2019

2021-01-07T12:34:00.000+05:30

S. S. JAIN SUBODH P.G.(AUTONOMOUS) COLLEGE, JAIPUR

Affiliated to University of Rajasthan, Jaipur

II CIA B.A. (Pass/Subsidiary) I Semester Test, Oct. - 2019

History

Duration: 2 Hours

Instructions to the Candidates

Note:- Each paper consists of one major question with internal choice. Students are required to answer any one question from each paper.

Max. Marks - 10

Paper-I

History of India-I ( Beginning to 1200 A.D.)

Q.1 Write a short note on Mahajanapadas.

Discuss the main teachings of Buddhism. What is its contribution to Indian culture?

Paper-II

Max. Marks -10

History of Rajasthan (Earliest Times to 1956 A.D.)

Q.2 Examine critically the various theories regarding the origin of Rajputs.

Give a brief account of Ala - ud - Din's conquest of Ranthambore and Chittor. What were the main causes of his victory?

ANSWERS..

Ans.1

The Mahajanapadas

We recall that a few janapadas arose towards the end of the Vedic period. However, with progress in agriculture and settlement by 500 BC, they became a common feature. Around 450 BC, over forty janapadas covering even Afghanistan and south-eastern Central Asia are mentioned by Panini. However, the major part of southern India was excluded. The Pali texts show that the janapadas grew into mahajanapadas, that is large states or countries. These texts mention sixteen of them. Nine of them also We may occur in Panini not as mahajanapadas but as janapadas. In the age of the Buddha we find sixteen large states called mahajanapadas. Most of these states arose in the upper and mid-Gangetic plains, including the doab area covered by the Ganges, Yamuna, and their tributaries. They were mostly situated north of the Vindhyas and extended from the north-west frontier to Bihar. Of these, Magadha, Koshala, Vatsa, and Avanti seem to have been powerful. Beginning from the east, we hear of the kingdom of Anga which covered the modern districts of Monghyr and Bhagalpur. It had its capital at Champa, which shows signs of habitation in the fifth century BC, and there is a mud fort dating to that century. Eventually the kingdom of Anga was swallowed by its powerful neighbour Magadha.

Magadha embraced the former districts of Patna, Gaya, and parts of Shahabad, and grew to be the leading state of the time. Its earlier capital was Rajgir, and later Pataliputra. Both were fortified, and show signs of habitation around the fifth century BC. North of the Ganges, in Tirhut division lay the state of the Vajjis which included eight clans. However, the most powerful dynasty was that of the Lichchhavis with their capital at Vaishali which is coterminous with the village of Basarh in Vaishali district. The Puranas push the antiquity of Vaishali to a much earlier period, but archaeologically Basarh was not settled until the sixth century BC. Further west we find the kingdom of Kashi with its capital at Varanasi. Excavations at Rajghat show that the earliest habitations started around 500 BC, and the city was enclosed by mud embankments at about the same time. Initially Kashi appears to have been the most powerful of the states, but eventually it succumbed to the power of Koshala.

Koshala embraced the area occupied by eastern UP and had its capital at Shravasti, which is coterminous with Sahet-Mahet on the borders of Gonda and Bahraich districts of UP. Diggings indicate that Sahet-Mahet was barely settled in the sixth century BC, but we see the beginnings of a mud fort. Koshala had an important city called Ayodhya which is associated with the story in the Ramayana. Excavations however show that it was not settled on any scale before the fifth century BC. Koshala also included the tribal republican territory of the Shakyas of Kapilavastu. The capital of Kapilavastu is identified with Piprahwa in Basti district. Habitation at Piprahwa did not occur earlier than c. 500 BC. Lumbini, which is situated at a distance of 15 km from Piprahwa in Nepal, served as another capital of the Shakyas. In an Ashokan inscription, it is called the birthplace of Gautama Buddha.

In the neighbourhood of Koshala lay the republican clan of the Mallas, whose territory touched the northern border of Vajji state. One of the capitals of the Mallas was at Kushinara where Gautama Buddha passed away. Kushinara is coterminous with Kasia in Deoria district.

Further west was the kingdom of the Vatsas, along the bank of the Yamuna, with its capital at Kaushambi near Allahabad. The Vatsas were a Kuru clan who had shifted from Hastinapur and settled at Kaushambi. Kaushambi was chosen because of its location near the confluence of the Ganga and the Yamuna. In the fifth century BC, it had a mud fortification, as excavations reveal.

We also hear of the older states of the Kurus and the Panchalas which were situated in western UP, but they no longer enjoyed the political significance they had attained in the later Vedic period.

In central Malwa and the adjoining parts of MP lay the state of Avanti. It was divided into two parts, the northern part with its capital at Ujjain, and the southern part at Mahishamati. Both these towns became fairly important from the fifth century BC onwards, though eventually Ujjain surpassed Mahishamati. It developed large-scale working in iron and erected strong fortifications.

The political history of India from the sixth century BC onwards was one of struggles among these states for supremacy. Eventually the kingdom of Magadha emerged as the most powerful and founded an empire. In the north-west, Gandhara and Kamboja were important mahajanapadas. Kamboja is called a janapada in Panini and a mahajanapada in the Pali texts. It was located in Central Asia in the Pamir area which largely covered modern Tajikistan. In Tajikistan, the remains of a horse, chariots and spoked wheels, cremation, and svastika, which are associated with the Indo-Aryan speakers dating to between 1500 and 1000 BC, have been found. Around 500 BC, both Sanskrit and Pali were spoken in Kamboja, which was connected with Pataliputra by the uttarapatha.\

Ans.2

On the basis of the different opinions, the origin of the Rajputs can be classified into 5 broader theories.

1. Vedic Kshatriya Origin

2. Agnikund Origin Theory

3. Surya and Chandra Vanshi Origin

4. Brahmin Origin Theory

5. Theory of Foreign Origin

1. Vedic Kshatriya Origin

The Divine origin theory can be traced from the ancient Indian scriptures and texts. This tradition seems to be applicable on the Rajputs too. According to Manusmriti, the Kshatriyas originated from Brahma. From Rg.veda Mandal-X Purush Sukta, it is known that the Kshatriyas were born from the arms of Brahma and the duty of de- fence of the other 3 varnas was their task. After the 7th century the Kshatriyas were unable to perform this task well, but their association with Brahma gained importance. In order to restablish the former glory of the Kshatriya rulers, the bards (Charans and Bhats) reaffirmed the divine origin principle in their poems and compositions. An inscription found at Naddharharan bears the title Raghuvansa Krit it seems that it was a deliberate attempt to establish a link of the Rajputs with Rama and Krishna of the Epic period.

These descriptions point to the fact that if the Rajputs are the descendants of Rama and Krishna of the Ramayana and Mahabharata neriod, then they are the descendent of Vedic Aryans. G.H. Ojha and C.M.Vaidya are the main supporters of this theory. They believe that the Rajputs like ancient Kshatriyas worshipped horse and weap- ons, believed in yajnas and sacrifices. Their physical features bears resemblance with the Aryans. The Kshatriyas laid down their lives for guarding the vedic civilization. They followed the codes of mo- rality and conduct as mentioned in the Epics in the battles with Muslims. Hence all these evidences point to the Rajputs being the descendents of the vedic Aryans.

2. Theory of Agnikund Origin

The fire pit (Agni Kund) origin finds earliest mention in the various puranas, as also in the 10th century work of Padmagupta- Navasaha-sankacharita and also an inscription of the 10th century of Agnikula chief, discovered at Hottal in the Nanded district in Maharastra. According to Padmagupta, Parmara was born from the fire pit of Vashistha to rescue his kamadhenu. This story finds sub- sequent repetition in the Parmara Inscriptions of 11th century. In the Nanded Inscription of the Agnikula chief, the family of chiefs has been mentioned as agnikula, vahni kula, Pavaka kula etc. They owed their allegience to king Someshwara I of the Chalukyas of Kalyani (1042-68 A.D.). Their ancestor rescued the Kamdhenu of Rishi Agastya in the valley of Mount Kailash from some rulers. The rishi produced a strong man, after offering oblation to the fire, who rescued his cow. This man is represented as the progenitor of the Agnikund dynasty. Chandbardai in Prithviraj Raso is the main exponent of this theory. He states that the Rajputs originated from Agnikund / fire al- ter. He writes that some Rishis like Vishwamitra, Gautama & Agastya were conducting religious rituals on the Abu Mountain, which was Obstructed by the demons, Therefore, to kill these demons, Muni Vashistha produced 3 warriors from the Agnikund namely Parmara, Chalukya and Pratihara. When these warriors were unsuccessful against the demons then Vashistha produced the fourth warrior, armed with weapons and named him Chauhan, who secured the blessings of Godess Ashapuri and was able to drive the demons away. In this way four clans of Rajputs originated from these four warriors. The bards ie Charans and Bhats believed in the truth of this account- and repeated it in their compositions subsequently. There are a number of historians, who doubt the historicity of this account and reject this theory. Jagdish Singh Gehlot considers the Agnikund thoery as a product of the mind of the author of Prithviraj Raso. On the basis of modern researches Agnivamsha can- not be accepted as a separate clan. Therefore, Gehlot rejects this theory.

Some historians opine that those Kshatriyas who had adopted Buddhism during ancient time, entered into the folds of Hinduism by undergoing the fire purification ritual and came to be known as Agnivashi. There is also a possibility of the tribals (like bhils and Minas) joining the Kshatriya Varna after fire purification at the Agnikund. There is a third possibility of the opening of the doors of Hindu religion for foreigners like Sakas, Hunas, Yeu-chi etc. who had permanently settled in India, after they were purified by the yajna. A modern scholar opines that the Rajputs were Agnihotri Brahmins, who gave up fire worship, wielded arms instead and were known as Agnivamshi Kshatriya. The wielding of arms and weapons by brahamanas was not a novel feature. Among such diverse views, a little truth about agnikund that can be partially accepted is the element of the fire purification ritual, by undergoing which, an en- trance to the Kshatriya fold was possible by Buddhist and foreigners. Willams Crooke opines that Agnikund refers to purification by fire..through fire alter, the Kshatriyas will purified, to enable them to enter the folds of Hinduism again. On this basis, many foreigt scholars have tried to prove that Rajputs were foreigners, who underwent the fire purification and became a part of the Vedic Kshatrıya Varna. But this tale of the Agnikund Origin of Rajput, seems to be illogical and difficult to accept.

3. Surya & Chandra Vanshi Origin

The Charans while compiling the History of Rajputs, in the 10th century, have referred them to be Surya and Chandra Vamshis. It seems that in emvlation of the Divine Origin theory which was taken up by the rulers at different periods, the Rajputs, too called them- selves as descendents of Rama, which was subsequently accepted by the Charans to appease their patrons. Certain inscriptions of the 13h century also testify to the Surya and Chandra Vamshi Rajput e.g. The Chittor Inscription of 1274 and Ankaleshwar Inscription of 1285. In the Inscription of 1230 in the Tejpal Temple, King Dhrumapala has been called a Surya Vanshi also in the Inscription in the Harshanath temple in Sikar District the Chauhans are referred as Surya Vanshi. This fact is further supported by our ancient texts. Vedvyas has mentioned the names of 57 kings of Suryavamshi from Surya Putra Vaivasnath till Rama. Puranas also throw light to this effect. From the Agnipurana, we get to know that the Rajputs were the descen- dents of Chandra Vamshi Krishna and Arjuna and Surya Vamshi Rama and Luv-Kush. It is probably on this basis only that Shri Jagdish Singh Gehlot remarks the present dynasties of Rajputs are the descendents of Surya and Chandra. Vamshi Kshatriya, who were known in the Vedic and Puranic age as Rajanya, Ugra, Kshatriya etc. They are neither foreigners nor descendents of non-aryans as envisaged by some Europeon writers Dr. Dasrath Sharma further supports this theory, he says that the principle of Agnikund was the imagination of the minds of Charans and Bhats, which was solely based on providing a high status/pedestal to their patrons. The Rajputs were the Surya and Chandra Vamshi only.

4. Brahmin Origin Theory

The earliest exponent of this theory was Dr. Bhandarkar. This theory gains credence from the fact that historically there have been Brahmin kings. Ravana was a Brahmin and ruled Lanka. Brahmins have been revered by the Kshatriya kings for instance King Janak of Mithila and Dashratha of Ayodhya held Rishi Vishwamitra (a Brahmin) in great esteem. It is known that the Pratiharas of Mandore (Jodhpur) were Brahmin, they were the descendents of Brahmin Harishchandra and Madra. The Pratiharas of Abu were the descendents of Rishi Vashistha. Sometimes the rulers took up the Gotra of their Purohit. "Pingalsutra Kriti", an ancient literary scripture states that the Rajputs were the descendents of the Brahmins. Modern Historian Dr. Gopinath Sharma states that the Guhilots of Mewar, whose ancestor was Guhedutt was a Nagar Brahmin Dr. G.H. Ojha accepts

5. Foreign Orign Theory

Many foreign tribes came to India at different time period, settled down and became an integral part of Indian religion and culture. On this basis certain historians have tried too prove that the Rajputs were foreigners. Col James Tod, states that the Rajputs are the descendants of Sakas & Scythians. Tod believes that foreigners like Greek, Sakas, Hunas, Ye-chi (Kushan) came from central asia and so the Rajputs too were foreigners who came from central asia. He accepts the Agnikund theory and on this basis, he tries to prove that the Rajputs were foreigners, who entered India around 6th century. When these invaders carved kingdom for themselves, then by the fire purification ritual they were accepted in the folds of Hinduism because they were warriors and administrators, they were classed as Kshatriya and known as Rajputs. In order tó prove his theory, Tod has found similarities-certain traditions and rituals of Rajputs and Sakas Scythians & Hunas, like worship of horse, weapons ashwamegh yagna, love of liquor, superstitions tradition of Bhats and position of women etc. Rajputs offered blood and liquor to their diety and loved blood sports hence they could not be the descendants of place loving aryan hindus.

V.A.Smith believes that the Rajputs appeared suddenly in the and 9th century hence, were the descendants of Hunas. He believed that the foreign Gurjars, conquered a tract of land and named it Gujarat. In the same way, when the rule of Hunas came to an end they styled themselves as Rajputs. On this basis Smith opines that the Hunas particularly settled and flourished in Rajputana and Punjab area, they were mostly Gurjars.

Besides these, the Rajputs displayed exempläry courage and bravery, in guarding the Vedic culture and civilization, even at the cost of their lives, which was an impossibility, if they were foreigners guarding a foreign culture.

In such a situation, most scholars have considered the Rajputs as descendants of India Aryans (with some foreign blood too). Different foreign invaders came to India, settled down and subsequently accepted Indian civilization and culture. They were also accepted by the India culture. Finally Dr. Kanoongo points out that the story of Agnikund cannot be accepted in this progressive age, the Surya & Chandra. Origin can be a imaginary fact. In whetever form they might have originated, the fact is that they have retained the traditions of Kshatriyas of the Epic Age in History.

Syllabus BA Economics Semester 1 & 2

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B.Sc./B.A.-Semester-I

Paper –I Micro Economics-I

Unit -I

Introduction

Nature and scope of economics, Methods of Economic Analysis –Inductive and Deductive, Static and Dynamic analysis, Choice as an economic problem, Role of price mechanism.Concept of Equilibrium.Law of demand. Elasticity of demand and its measurement.

Unit -II

Consumer's Behaviour

Utility -Cardinal ( law of diminishing marginal utility and Law of equi marginal utility) and Ordinal (Indifference curve) approaches, Normal, Inferior and Giffin goods, Consumer's equilibrium ( Hicks and Slutsky), Derivation of Demand Curve from PCC, price, Income and Substitution effect.

Unit -III

Theory of Costs and Elasticity

Different concepts of cost and revenue curves and their interrelationship, Expansion path. Consumer's surplus.

Theory of Production

Production function, Iso-quant curve, Optimum factor combination, law of variable proportions and Law of Returns to scale.

REQUIRED READINGS:

Ahuja,H.L.: Principles of Economics, S. Chand and Company, New Delhi.

Savator, Dominick: Micro Economics-Theory and Application, Oxford University Press.2008.

Nathuramka ,L.N. :Vyashti Arthesashtra, C.B.H., Jaipur.

Koutsoyiannis, A. (1990), Modern Microeconomics, macmillan.

B.Sc./B.A.-Semester-I

Paper –II Indian Economy -I

Unit –I

Introduction: Characteristics and main features of Indian Economy, Natural resources:land,water, minerals ,forest,and power resources. Population : Size and growth of population, sex composition, labour force, occupational distribution and Population Policy, Human resources development indicators (i.e. literacy, health, nutrition etc.)

Unit –II

Main features of Indian agriculture: Importance, Nature and Role of agriculture in Indian Economy. Productivity trends of major crops (for last fifteen years)in India, Recent Measures for Agricultural Development relating to Irrigation, Finance and Marketing . New Agricultural Strategy and Modernization of Agriculture. Agriculture policy in India,Capital formation in Indian agriculture,

Unit –III

Land reform Legislation. Uses of fertilization and fertilization policy. Problems of poverty and Regional inequality in India Economy of Rajasthan : Salient Features of Rajasthan’s Economy, population,Human resources development indicators (i.e.literacy,health, nutrition etc.) , per capita income. Natural resources : Land,water,livestock and minerals.

REQUIRED READINGS:

Dutt, Ruddar and sundharam, KPM : Indian Economy S. Chand , New Delhi.

L.N.Nathuramka ; Bhartiya Arthvyavstha, C.B.H., Jaipur.

B.Sc./B.A.-Semester-II

Paper –I Micro Economics -II

Unit -I

Market Structure

Types of market, Equilibrium of a firm under perfect competition, monopoly and price discrimination, Measure of mono polypower, Monopolistic competition and oligopoly .

Unit -II

Factor Pricing

Marginal productivity theory of distribution : Modern theory of wage, Wages and collective bargaining, Wage differentials; Rent –Richardian & Modern theory.

Unit -III

Factor Pricing

Profits -Innovation, Risk and uncertainty theories.Interest –Classical and Keynesian theories,

Welfare Economics

Problems in measuring welfare; Classical welfare economics; Pareto's criteria(Production, Consumption and Distribution)

REQUIRED READINGS:

Ahuja,H.L.: Principles of Economics, S. Chand and Company, New Delhi.

Savator, Dominick: Micro Economics-Theory and Application, Oxford University Press.2008.

Nathuramka ,L.N. :Vyashti Arthesashtra, C.B.H., Jaipur.

Koutsoyiannis, A. (1990), Modern Microeconomics, macmillan.

B.Sc./B.A.-Semester-II

Paper –II Indian Economy -II

Unit –I

Industry: role,strategy & challenges in India. Small scale and Cottage Industries-Problems and Measures for the their Development ,Public & private sector industry.Industrial finance.-role of financial institutions & commercial banks.Problem of trade union movement :social security programme. Industrial policy-pre & post reform period, recent industrial policy, New economic policy Disinvestment in public sector undertakings.

Unit –II

Indian foreign trade : Value , Structure and direction , Foreign trade policy of India. Foreign investment trends & its role in economic development in India .Planning in India : Objectives of five year plans, Review of economic progress under the plans. Latest five year plan.

Unit –III

Problem of unemployment & inflation in India. Rural development programmes and policy; Sectoral reforms in infrastructure after 1991- power, communication ,education& health sectors; Globalization and strategies for MNCs. Economy of Rajasthan: Position of Agriculture, Industries & Infrastructure in Rajasthan. Constraints in economic development in Rajasthan & measures to overcome them.

REQUIRED READINGS:

Dutt, Ruddar and sundharam, KPM : Indian Economy S.Chand , New Delhi.

L.N.Nathuramka ; Bhartiya Arthvyavstha, C.B.H., Jaipur.

INTER-STATE RELATIONS OF SHUKRA

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INTER-STATE RELATIONS

In the branch of inter-state relations, Shukra in the fourth chapter of his work Shukraniti refers to the Arthshastra category of the constituents of the state system, while he deals exhaustively with the list of six types of foreign policy and especially the policies of peace and war.

Besides internal administration of the state, Shukra is very much particular about foreign policy and interstate relations. His classification of states is different from that ce Manu and Kautilya. He has not mentioned about Mandal theory. He has classified states into Vijigishu, ally, enemy and neutral. Shukra states that the king should wage war after considering the policies of the four upayas and six gunas in relation to himself as well as his enemy.

Upayas

Shukra, alike Manu recommends the application of four Upayas (expedient or strategies) for dealing with the neighbouring states. These are:

(1) Sama-Sama means appeasement or conciliation. The king should begin with Sama.

(2) Dama or Dana-A ruler had to subdue his enemies by following the policy of offering financial assistance, gifts or bribery.

(3) Bheda-Bheda means creating dissension or division to weaken the enemy.

(4) Danda-A king had to subdue his enemies by the use of force or punishment.

Shukra arranges these expedients in order of descending the importance assigning first place to conciliation (sama). second to gift or bribery (dama), third to division (bheda). and fourth to punishment (danda). Any one or all the four can be used against enemies.

Six Attributes of Statescraft

Alike Manu, Shukra's six fold or Shadgunya policy or the six attributes of statescraft are-

(1) Sandhi (Treaty ]- Sandhi involves those actions by which friendship of a powerful enemy is acquired.

(2) Vigraha (Conflict)- Vigraha spells out actions which harass the enemy. It is the policy by which enemy is oppressed or subjugated. But it would be fruitless to fight against a powerful enemy.

(3) Yana (Attack)-A Yana is expedition for the furtherance of one's own objects and destruction of the enemy's interests. Conditions favourable to the king must be fully exploited.

(4) Aasana (Waiting)- Asana permits to wait till favourable opportunity arrives at to open up conflict with the It is that from which oneself can be protected and the enemy. enemy is destroyed.

(5) Ashraya or Samsraya (Refuge)- Ashraya happens when a weak king, after getting protection from friends, turns powerful, the king is advised to seek his shelter. Thus it is that by which even the weak becomes powerful.

(6) Dwaidibhava (Two fold policy of friendship and hostility) Dwaidibhava is the stationing of one's troops in two parts, one against the enemy and the other to remain with the friend.

Shukra states that these attributes have to be used along with four expedients or upayas.

Shukra explains the methods of cumulative application of the four expedients towards the king's enemies and subjects. Towards the enemy, the policy should be one of conciliation and bribery, of conciliation and division, of dissension and punishment and lastly of punishment alone. Towards the friend, the policy (upaya) should be one of conciliation and gift, and not one of dissension and punishment. To his enemy's subjects, the king should apply the policy of dissension and bribery. To those appressed by the enemy, it should be reconciliation and gift. Towards his own subjects, he advises that the king should apply the strategies of conciliation and bribery, but not those of dissension and punishment.

"When the king has been attacked by a powerful enemy is unable to counteract him by any means, he should desire peace in a dilatory manner, but there can be no peace without giving gifts to the aggressor. In order to conquer enemies, peace should be made even with one's own feudatories. Usually, peace should be made with the very powerful, war with the equal and expedition against the weak; but to friends should be granted refuge as well as residence in the forts. The king should never trust the enemy even after conducting peace. A ruler with small army should never engage in war with a valorous enemy backed by a powerful army. The ruler should pacify his own troops by gifts or rewards and should go ahead accompanied by heroic guards Separation is the best of all methods of policies of work and samasraya or refuge is the best of the six attributes of state-craft. Both these are to be adopted by the aggressor who wants success. Without these two, the king should never commence operations' .

The king should always by gifts and artifices promote military alienation or disaffection among the enemies troops should satisfy the very powerful enemy by service and humiliation, serve the strong ones by honours and presensts, and the weak ones by wars. He should turn over the equal by alliance of friendship and subjugate all by the policy of separation. But a king should follow rules of niti or moral rules so long as one is powerful; because people remain friends till then, just as the wind is the friend of the burning fire. Astra is that which is thrown by means of charms machines or fire, and a shastr is any other weapon eg. sword dagger, kunta etc.

The Army -Army is one of the seven organs or constituents of the state. 'It is of two kinds (1) Swagama that which proceeds independently; (2) Anyagama that which has resort to vehicles, etc. Each of these two is of three kinds :(i) that pertaining to the gods, (ii) that pertaining to monsters and (iii) that pertaining to human beings. The preceding ones are stronger than the following. Without the army there is neither kingdom, nor wealth, nor prowess, as without it no one can overpower even au insignificant enemy. On another basis, the army is of two kinds : one's own and that belonging to the allies. Still on several other bases the army is of two kinds; untrained or trained; officered by the state or not; equipped by the state with arms or supplying their own arms and ammunitions and bringing their own vehicles or supplied with vehicles D the state. Some other types of army are : The mula army that which has been in existence for many years; the saro efficient or useful army which is adept in warfare. A R should have in the army a predominance of foot-soldiers," medium quantity of horse, a small amount of elephant and an equal number of bulls and camels. The ruler whose income is of one lakh of rupees should have every year one hundred reserve force of the same age, well accounted and decently equipped with weapons and missiles'

Diplomacy

Conduct of interstate relations during peace time is done through the system of Ambassadors. He has not classified various types of ambassadors. Shukra mentions Doota among the ten tendencies or prakrities. In the same way he knew the need of spy or intelligence and realized their importance at all levels.

Rules of War

The war must be conducted within limits and rules of war must be observed strictly. The king having attained victory must treat the vanquished king and his people in a dignified manner. Soldiers unwilling to fight or without weapons, diseased or wounded must not be killed. He should make full arrangement for the look after of the family of a king defeated by him in the battlefield.

Conclusion - In the field of inter-state relations, Dr. Ghoshal has come to the following conclusions, in regard to Shukra's view about morality :

(1) It appears that morality may be sacrified for the sake of achieving political ends,

(2) Following Arthashastra's view of state-craft, Shukra recommends to the king that he should not trust others; and this is justified on the ground of man's greedy nature; and

(3) He supports a policy of total war based on deceit and oppression.

In short 'while Shukra has placed politics over morality, in actual practice he has only co-operated in stabilizing the time-honoured practice of Arthashastra, according to which politics is more or less separated from morality. Shukra has not recognized the ordinary principles of morality for the achievement of one's objective even the deceitful battle is justified."

Economic Ideas Of Raja Ram Mohan Roy

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ECONOMIC IDEAS

Ram Mohan Roy regarded the right to property as sacred, natural and inviolable. He justified Zamidari system and other contracts to keep beyond the reach of law. He remains unaware of the evils arising from individual right to property; and consequent inequality. Surely this could not be conducive to the general happiness or democratic principle. His advocacy of the propertied class went to the extend of justifying it on religious basis. Thus, religion was made to stand by the property. He proposed that the government should not interfere with the property relations of the community.

But Roy looked at the economic conditions of India from a sociological angle. Debilitating effects of the Indian climate and dietary habits were not very congenial to physical efficiency. Peasants living in rural areas were innocent, temperate and moral, which he also called as primitive simplicity. The urban centres were in the phase of imbibing the habits and opinions of an alien civilization. Their religious convictions had been shaken without any other principles being implanted in their place. They were, from the view- point of character, inferior to the villagers. The white-collar class was still worse. The rising urban bouregeoisie, if were given opportunities of free trade could improve in its character. But the upper strata were generally dependent upon the demoralized lower strata which was demoralised being the agents of the alien traders. Freedom of trade and enterprise would bring honesty, merit and efficiency. There would be an improvement in the quality of a new urban class.

Wealth had begin to accumulate in the hands of landlords and traders. They formed the new class of bourgeoisie result of Permanent Settlement, extension of cultivation into waste lands and the free flow of trade. In the interest India's economic prosperity, he favoured free trade and enterprise. At least, they should be prevented from further exploitation. Export of rice was lucrative But it aggravated the effect of famine in the country side. On this, he appealed to the government to suspend the rule of free trade. The government was suggested to tap new sources of indirect taxation - transit duties, export duties and excise. The luxury goods could be so tested to compensate for the loss of revenue If the peasant masses were progressively better of, the budgetary source could also increase.

In terms of political economy, Roy thought that if the benefit of Permanent Settlement were extended also to the cultivators, farmers and labourers in every part of the country, the latter would be attached or faithful to the government, as were the landlords to the government. The rulers had created by the Permanent Settlement class of landlords and an upper layer of the middle class which were firmly attached to the government. The government would not need progressively increasing land revenue to support growing standing army if it accepted Roy's suggestion. Roy made a number of other revolutionary proposals. He followed the Benthamite logic of utilitarianism. He had the people's interest in mind. He wanted to protect the poor peasants from the vandalism of the Zamindars and their agents. He looked anti-feudalist. But he also wanted that the government should reduce its demands from the landlords also. He could not see the evil side of the Raj. He had invited the British planters to come and settle in India. He ignored as a the havoc which had been perpetrated by them as well as the Permanent Settlement.

The Revenue System of India and the Indian Peasants

Ram Mohan had a keen perception of the devastating role of the economic abuses consequent upon the Permanent Settlement introduced in Bengal by Lord Cornwallis. It would be incorrect, however, to interpret the economic ideas of the Raja as being inspired either wholly by feudalism or by rising capitalism. He had the interests of the people in mind. He wanted the emanicipation of the poor tenants who were exposed to the vandalism of the Zamindars and their agents. Thus Ram Mohan appeared as an anti-feudalist. He, however, also wanted that the government should reduce its demands upon the landlords.

Law of Female Inheritance

As a true liberal, Ram Mohan also believed in the sanctity of the right to property for both men and women. To him every individual should have the right to own the property he inherits or earns. Ram Mohan was of the considered view that the root cause of the subjugation of Indian woman was "the complete denial of their property rights. He was a champion of the right of Hindu females to inheritance. He criticized the grave injustice done to women by the modern law of inheritance. He wrote a learned essay in 1822 entitled Modern Encroachments on the Ancient Rights of Females according to the Hindu law of Inheritance.' Therein he quoted ancient jurists like Yajnavalkya, Narada, Katyayana, Vishnu, and Brihaspati and pointed out that on the basis of the opinion of ancient law- givers in the property left by the husband, the mother was entitled to a share equal to that of her son and the daughter to one-fourth. He wanted to reduce the economic drain of India's money to England. For this he suggested (i) increased tax over luxuries; (ii) reduction of demands on the zamindars; (iii) appointment of Indian Officers (Collector) in place of European officers; (iv) local militia in place of standing army; (v) no tax on exports; (vi) settlement of immigrants here, and (vii) industrial development. Ram Mohan Roy was the earliest Indian liberal. In India he was the predecessor of the liberal movement of the late nineteenth century. He had respect for property and believed in the freedom of contract. However, he was not a believer in the laissez-faire' policy.

Kautilya's views on judiciary, crime and punishment.

2021-01-04T15:26:00.001+05:30

Kautilya's views on judiciary, crime and punishment.

King was the fountain source of justice and was expected to decide all cases brought before him either at the fires instance or in appeals of the state and the growth of the royal powers, the king came gradually to be regarded as the fountain of justice and a more or less elaborate system of judicial administration came into existence.

Importance of Justice

As the duty of a king consists in protecting his subjects with justice, its observance leads him to heaven. He who does not protect his people or upsets the social order wields his royal sceptre (danda) in vain. It is this power alone which, when exercised by the king with impartiality and proportion to guilt, whether over his son or his enemy, maintains both this world and the next.

Sources of Law

Any matter in disputes shall be judged according to the four bases of justice. These, in order of increasing importance are:

Dharma, which is based on truth;
Evidence, which is based on witness;
Custom, i.e. the tradition accepted by the people; and
Royal Edicts, i.e. law as promulgated."

They are the four legs of law.

Organisation of Courts

In Kautilya's work the king is advised to take ascetics and learned men as his associates in certain special cases, for the purpose of helping him in his judgement; but otherwise we have no information of the constitution of the king's court. When we come to the working of the subordinale courts; we find detailed account of this branch of the judiciary in Kautilya's Arthashastra.

The Arthashastra of Kautilya describes two kinds of courts: (1) Dharmasthiya and (2) Kantakashodhan. In the cities of sangrahana, droanamukha and sthaniya* and at places where districts meet, three members acquainted with sacred laws (dharmasthas) and three ministers of the king (amatyas) should carry on the administration of justice.0 This provision has been made for the administration of justice in civil cases (vyavahara).Three commissioners (pradeshtarah) or three ministers should deal with measures to suppress disturbance to peace (Kantakashod hanamkurymh).

The dharmasthiya courts were concerned with civil matters inheritance, debt, determination of forms of matters agreements, determination of legal disputes, concerning marriage, division of inheritance, buildings, non-performance of agreements, recovery of debts, concerning deposits, rules regarding slaves and labours, cooperative undertakings, recession of purchase and sale, resumption of gifts, sale without ownership, ownership, robbery, defamation, assault, gambling and betting, etc. A case could be appealed as high as the royal courts.

The courts dealing with penal (criminal) law, kantakshodhan, tried political cases, including those concerned with the malfeasance of officials, and other cases of an especially serious or difficult nature such as protection against artisans, protection against merchants, suppression of the wicked living by foul means, seizure of criminals or suspicion or in the very act, examination of sudden death, protection of all kinds of government departments, etc.

There is a dichotomy between the rural and urban branches of judicial administration, the dharmasthas or judges in the rural areas being the counterpart of the pauravyavaharika or the town judge and both being distinguished from the corresponding officers of the executive administration, namely the samaharta in the rural and the nagarka in the urban areas. It may be added that the dharmasthas were required to follow strict method of judicial procedure, failing which they were liable to various penalties ranging from fines to dismissal from office. A dharmastha suspected of taking bribes was to be watched by spies under the direction of the samaharta, and he was banished or dismissed from office if found guilty.

The fact that a judge is called a dharmastha – upholden indicates that the ultimate source of all law is dharma. So long as every Arya follows his svadharma having due regard to his varna and ashram and the king follows hie rajdharma social order will be maintained. Kautilya however recognizes that the customary law of the people of a region or a group is also relevant. Disputes should be decided according to the customs of countries and .districts (janapada). of castes (jati), of guild (sreni), and of families (kula).

'Pradeshta' usually translated as magistrates, were another class of judicial officers. The distinction between judges and magistrates seems to be that, while the former dealt with all cases concerning transactions between two parties, the latter were concerned with crimes against society in general.

Both judges and magistrates were subordinates of the Samaharta, the Chancellor. There is no reference in the book to a hierarchy of courts or to appeals from the decision of a lower court to a higher one. An appeal could always be made to the king.

Court Procedure

In Kautilya's Arthashastra, the judicial procedure has not been described, only a few points have been mentioned in relation to offences of Parokta. These are : the year. the season, the month, the fortnight, the date, the nature and place of the deed, the amount of the debt as well as the country. the residence, the caste, the gotra, the name and Occupation of both the plaintiff and the defendant both of whom must be fit to sue and defend, having been registered first. the statements of the parties shall be taken down in such order as is required by the cases. These statements shall then be thoroughly examined. Fines for witnesses shall cover one-eighth of a pana. Provision proportional to the amount sued for may also be made for the expenses incurreu by witnesses in their journey. The defeated party shall pay these two kinds of costs.

The plaintiff shall reply soon after the defendant has answered the question at issue. If the plaintiff runs away. he shall also be guilty of parokta. Sacred law (dharma), evidence (vyavahara), history (charitra) and edicts of kings (rajashana) are the four legs of law. Of these four in order, the latter is superior to the one previously named. Whenever there is disagreement between history and sacred law or between evidence and sacred law, then the matter shall be settled in accordance with sacred law. But whenever sacred law is in conflict, with rational law (dharmanyaya - king's law) then reason shall be held authoritative. Self- assertion on the part of either of the parties has often been found faulty. Examination, honesty, evidence and observation by oath (shapath)- these alone can enable a man to win his case. Whenever, by means of the deposition of witnesses, statements of either of the parties are found contradictory, and whenever the cause of either of the parties is found through the king's spies to be false, then the decree shall be passed against that party.

It is obligatory to produce three witnesses who are reliable, honest and respected. At least two witnesses acceptable to the parties are necessary; never one witness in the case of debts. Wife's brothers, co-partners, creditors, debtors, enemies, manned persons or persons once punished by the government should not be taken as witnesses. In disputes concerning assault, theft, or abduction, persons other than wife's brothers, enemies, and co-partners, can be witnesses. Witness should be taken from Brahmanas, vessels of water, and fire.

Punishments

When government servants commit for the first time such offences as violation of sacred institutions or pick-pocketing, they should have their thumb and the little fingers cut-off or should pay a fine of 54 panas; when for a second time (they commit the same), they should have their left hand cut-off or pay a fine of 100 panas; when for a third time, they should have their right hand cut-off or pay a fine of 400 panas; and when for a fourth time, they should in any way be put to death.

Taking into consideration the social position of persons, the nature of the offence, the cause, whether grave or slight (that led to the perpetration of the offence), the antecedent and present circumstances, the time and the place, and without failing to notice equitable distinctions among offenders, whether belonging to royal family or to the common people, the commissioner should determine the propriety of imposing the first, middle most, or highest punishments. He who causes a Brahamana to partake of whatever food or drink is prohibited should be punished with the highest punishment. He who causes a Kshatriya to do the same should be punished with the middle Vaishya with the first punishment and a Shudra, with a fine of 54 panas. Further, Kshatriya who commits adultery with an unguarded Brahmana woman should be punished with the highest punishment; a Vaishya doing the same should be deprived of the whole of his property; and Shudra should be burnt alive.

Conclusion-

Thus it is clear that the spirit of rigid organisation which marked the executive, pervaded the judieial administration. Further, impartial justice was recognised to be the bedrock of sound government, although the measure of punishment varied with distinetions of social classes (Varnas). There were two kinds of courts, partly resembling the modern system. The whole judicial administration was presided over by the Chief Judge. Above "him stood the king, assisted by his ministers and lawyers.

The most important question for exams:

Ques: Analyse Kautilya's views on judiciary, crime, and punishment.