Note Book

Planning commission

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Mon, 01 Sep 2014 05:32:00 +0000

திட்டக் குழு என்பது நமது தேசத்தை உருவாக்கியவர்களின் பெரும் கனவு. ஆகஸ்ட் 15-ல் செங்கோட்டையில் தேசியக் கொடியினை ஏற்றிவைத்து உரையாற்றிய பிரதமர், தேசிய திட்டக் குழுவைக் கலைத்துவிடுவதாகவும், அதன் இடத்தில் காலத்தின் தேவைக்கேற்ப ஒரு புதிய அமைப்பை உருவாக்க இருப்பதாகவும் அறிவித்தார். 130 கோடி மக்களை உள்ளடக்கி, பல சமூக, வர்க்க, பிரதேச, கலாச்சார வேறுபாடுகளை உடைய, நாட்டில் ஒன்றுபட்ட வளர்ச்சியை உருவாக்குவதில் கடந்த 60 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு மேல் பெரும் பங்கு வகித்த ஒரு தேசிய நிறுவனத்தை, தகுந்த தயாரிப்பும் மாற்று ஏற்பாடுகளும் இல்லாத சூழ்நிலையில் ‘எடுத்தேன் கவிழ்த்தேன்’ என்று முடக்குவது சரியா என்ற கேள்வி பல தரப்புகளிலும் எழுந்துள்ளது. தேசிய திட்டக் குழு என்பது ஓர் அரசுத் துறை சார்ந்த அலுவலகமல்ல. அதனுடைய நீண்ட வரலாற்றை அறிந்தவர்கள், சுதந்திர இந்தியாவை உருவாக்கத் தங்கள் உயிரைத் தியாகம் செய்த அற்புதமான தலைவர்களின் ஏக்கமும் கனவும் அது என்று தெரிந்துகொள்வார்கள். தேசிய திட்டக் குழு1951-ல் உருவாக்கப்பட்டாலும், அந்த சிந்தனையின் கரு சுதந்திரத்துக்கு முன்பே உருவானது. 1938-ல் அகில இந்திய காங்கிரஸ் தலைவராகத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்பட்ட சுபாஷ் சந்திர போஸிடம் விஞ்ஞானி பி.சி. மகலானோபிஸ் ஒரு வினாவை எழுப்பினார். “அரசியல் சுதந்திரம் பெற்ற பின்பு, இந்த நாட்டு ஏழை மக்களுக்கு சமூக, பொருளாதாரச் சுதந்திரத்தை உறுதிப்படுத்தும் முன்னேற்றத்தை எப்படித் தரப்போகிறீர்கள் ? அதற்கு என்ன திட்டம் வைத்திருக்கிறீர்கள்?” என்று கேட்டார். திகைத்துப்போன போஸ் அவரிடமே “என்ன செய்ய வேண்டும் என்று சொல்லுங்கள்” என்று கேட்டார். அப்போது மகலானோபிஸ், “இந்தியாவைப் போன்ற ஒரு பரந்த தேசத்தின் ஒட்டுமொத்த வளர்ச்சிக்கு நீண்ட காலத் திட்டம் ஒன்று தயாரிக்கப்பட்டு, ஒவ்வொரு கட்டத்திலும் அட்டவணைப்படி அந்தத் திட்டம் நிறைவேற்றப்படுகிறதா என்று மேற்பார்வையிட்டுத் தகுதியான ஆலோசனைகள் வழங்க விஞ்ஞானிகள், பொருளாதார நிபுணர்கள், தொழில்முனைவோர், அரசியல் தலைவர்கள் அடங்கிய ஓர் அமைப்பு வேண்டும்” என்று சொல்லி திட்டமிடுதலின் அவசியத்தை காங்கிரஸ் தலைவர்களுக்கு விளக்கினார். அதன் அவசியத்தை உணர்ந்த சுபாஷ் சந்திர போஸ், கர்நாடக மாநிலத்தைச் சார்ந்த விஞ்ஞானி விஸ்வேஸ்வரய்யா தலைமையில் ‘தேசிய திட்டக் குழு’வை அமைத்தார். ஒரு விஞ்ஞானி தலைவராக இருப்பதைவிட இந்திய மக்களின் அபிலாஷைகளையும் தேவைகளையும் உணர்வுகளையும் புரிந்துகொண்ட ஒரு அரசியல் தலைவர்தான் தலைவராக இருக்க வேண்டும் என்று மகலானோபிஸ் சொன்னதற்கு இணங்க விஸ்வேஸ்வரய்யா மனமுவந்து தனது பதவியை ராஜினாமா செய்த பிறகு, நேரு அதற்குத் தலைவராக ஆனார். 1951-ல் உருவாக்கப்பட்ட தேசிய திட்டக் குழுவுக்குப் பிரதமர் நேருவே தலைவராக இருந்தார். முரண்பாடுகள் நிறைந்த தேசத்தின் முரண்பாடுகளை அகற்றவும், நாடெங்கிலும் மக்களிடையேயும் பிரதேசங்களிடையேயும் இருந்த ஏற்றத்தாழ்வுகளைச் சரிசெய்யவும், வாய்ப்புகள் மறுக்கப்பட்டவர்களைத் தூக்கி நிறுத்தவும் தேசிய திட்டக் குழு வரலாற்றுப் புகழ்மிக்க முயற்சிகள் பலவற்றை மேற்கொண்டது, இன்று திட்டக் குழுவின் மரண உத்தரவில் கையெழுத்திட்டிருப்பவர்களுக்குச் சில வரலாற்று உண்மைகள் தெரிந்தாக வேண்டும்! முதல் மூன்று ஐந்தாண்டுத் திட்டங்களின்போது நிகழந்தவை திட்டக் குழுவின் பொற்காலத் தயாரிப்புகள். தொலைநோக்குப் பார்வை தன்னலமற்ற அணுகுமுறையும் தொலைநோக்குப் பார்வையும், உலக அறிவும் நிரம்பப்பெற்றவர்களாக இருந்த பல சாதனையாளர்கள் திட்டக் குழுவில் அங்கம் வகித்து அதன் பணியைச் செழுமைப்படுத்தினார்கள். அரசு இயந்திரத்தை எந்த வகையிலும் சாராத தன்னாட்சி அமைப்பாகத் திட்டக் குழு இயங்கியது. அரசுத் துறைகளின் வழக்கமான ‘செக்குமாடு’அணுகுமுறை, எதிர்மறைச் சிந்தனை, எஜமானப் பார்வை இல்லாமல் தன் செயல்பாட்டை அமைத்துக்கொண்டது. காங்கிரஸ் இயக்கத்தின் தத்துவங்களோடும் சிந்தனைகளோடும் மிகப்பெரும் கருத்து வேறுபாடுகள் கொண்டவர்கள்கூட திட்டக் கமிஷனில் இடம்பெற்றிருந்தனர். வி.டி. கிருஷ்ணமாச்சாரி, அசோக் மேத்தா, மகலானோபிஸ், பீதாம்பர்பந்த் போன்ற அறிஞர்கள் தத்துவச் சிந்தனைகளையும் அறிவியல் தொழில்நுட்பத்தையும் ஒன்றிணைத்தனர். கால்பிடுரய்த், நிக்கோலஸ் ஜார்ஜ் சூசவ், ரோஜன், ஈ.எஃப். ஷுமாக்கர், காலக்கி போன்றவர்கள் ஆலோசகர்களாக இருந்து, உலகம் முழுவதுமிருந்து திரட்டிய அனுபவங்களை நமது திட்டக் குழுவோடு பகிர்ந்துகொண்டார்கள். இத்தகைய உலக அறிஞர்களோடு காந்திய, சர்வோதயச் சிந்தனையாளர்களான ஜே.சி. குமரப்பா போன்றவர்களும் அமர்ந்து இந்தியாவின் முன்னேற்றத்துக்குத் திட்டங்களைத் தீட்டினார்கள். ஒருமுறை, திட்டக் குழு அலுவலகமான யோஜனா பவனுக்கு அதன் உறுப்பினர் ஜே.சி. குமரப்பா வாடகைக்குப் பிடித்த குதிரை வண்டியில் வர, காவலர் அவரை உள்ளே விட மறுத்துவிட்டார். திட்டக் குழு உறுப்பினர் வாடகைக் குதிரை வண்டியில் வருவாரா என்ற சந்தேகம் அவருக்கு. பின்பு, பிரதமர் நேருவுக்குத் தகவல் தரப்பட்டு, அவர் தலையிட்டுக் குதிரை வண்டியை உள்ளே விடச் செய்தாராம். இந்தத் திட்டக் குழுதான் இந்தியா முழுவதும் உள்ள ஜீவ நதிகளில் கட்டப்பட்ட பெரும் அணைகளுக்குத் திட்டம் தந்தது; பெரும் பொதுத்துறை நிறுவனங்களை உருவாக்கியது; கனரகத் தொழிலை வளர்த்தது, சிறு-குறு மற்றும் குடிசைத் தொழில்களுக்கான ஆதாரங்களை உருவாக்கியது; நிலச்சீர்திருத்தம் வேண்டும் என்று வலியுறுத்தி அதற்கான சட்டங்களை இயற்ற வலியுறுத்தியது; தேசிய நெடுஞ்சாலைகள், உயர் அழுத்த மின்பாதைகள், அனல் மின்நிலையங்கள், துறைமுகங்கள், விமான நிலையங்கள் என்று இன்றைய நவீன பாரதம் உருவாகக் களம் அமைத்துத் தந்தது திட்டக் குழுதான். காட்கிலும் தண்டவதேவும் திட்டக் குழுவின் இரண்டு துணைத் தலைவர்களைப் பற்றிச் சொல்லியே ஆக வேண்டும். இந்தியப் பொருளாதாரம் எப்படி இயங்க வேண்டும் என்ற வரைபடத்தைத் தயாரித்தவர்கள் அவர்கள். ஒருவர் பொருளாதார அறிஞர் டி.ஆர். காட்கில். இந்திரா காந்தியின் கீழ் திட்டக் குழுவின் துணைத் தலைவராக இருந்தார். நமது நிதி ஆதாரங்கள் எவ்வித முன்னுரிமையில் செலவிடப்பட வேண்டும் என்ற வரைபடத்தைக் கொடுத்தவர் அவர். மத்திய அரசின் வருவாயும் நிதி ஆதாரங்களும் மாநில அரசுகளுக்கு எப்படிப் பிரித்துக்கொடுக்கப்பட வேண்டும் என்ற சூத்திரத்தை உருவாக்கியவர் அவர். இன்றுவரை அது ‘காட்கில் பார்முலா’ என்றே அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. அஸ்ஸாம், ஜம்மு காஷ்மீர், நாகாலாந்து போன்ற மாநிலங்களைச் சிறப்புவகை மாநிலங்களாக வகைப்படுத்தி, நிதி ஒதுக்கீட்டில் முன்னுரிமை வழங்க வேண்டும் என்ற பரிந்துரையை வழங்கியவர் அவர். மற்றொருவர் சோஷலிஸ்ட் தலைவர் மது தண்டவதே, வறுமைக்கோட்டு எல்லை எப்படி வரையறுக்கப்பட வேண்டும் என்ற சமூகநீதிக் கணிதத்தை முதலில் வழங்கியவர். பிரதமர் தயவில்… கால வெள்ளத்தின் நெருக்கடியிலும், அரசியல் சுயநலவாதிகளின் தாக்குதலிலும் திட்டக் குழு தனது உயர்ந்த அடையாளங்கள் சிலவற்றைத் தொலைத்தது உண்மை. ஆனால், திட்டக் குழு தோற்றுவிக்கப்பட்டதற்கான காரணங்கள் இன்னும் அப்படியே இருக்கின்றன. சமூக ஏற்றத்தாழ்வுகளும், மாநிலங்களின் வளர்ச்சி மற்றும் முன்னேற்ற மாறுபாடுகளும், நிதி ஆதாரங்களைப் பெருக்குவதிலும் - பங்கிட்டுக்கொள்வதிலும் மத்திய-மாநில அரசுகளுக்கு இருக்கின்ற கருத்து வேறுபாடுகளும் முழுமையாக முடிந்தபாடில்லை. பல்வேறு அரசியல் கட்சிகள், பல சித்தாந்தத் தொகுப்பு கள், பல சமூகப் பின்புலங்களைச் சார்ந்தவர்கள், மாறுபாடான தேவைகளையுடையவர்கள் என்று எல்லோ ரையும், எல்லா மாநிலங்களின் முதலமைச்சர்களையும் நிதி ஆதாரங்களுக்காக ஒரு கோரிக்கை மனுவுடன் பிரதமரின் தயவுக்காக அவரது வரவேற்பறையில் காக்க வைக்கும் சூழ்நிலை ஏற்பட்டுவிடக் கூடாது. மத்திய-மாநில நிதிப் பங்கீட்டை மத்திய நிதி அமைச்சரின் தலையசைவுதான் முடிவுசெய்யும் என்ற நிலை வந்துவிட்டால், கூட்டாட்சித் தத்துவம் சிதறிவிடும். திட்டக் குழுவை எடுத்துவிட்டு, பிரதமருக்கும் மத்திய அரசுக்கும் ஆலோசனை வழங்க அறிஞர்கள் அடங்கிய ஒரு ‘சிந்தனைத் தொட்டி’அமைக்கப்படும் என்று கசிய விடப்படும் தகவல்கள் உண்மையானால் அது மிகப் பெரும் துரதிருஷ்டம். பரந்த இந்த தேசத்தின் புவியியல், பொருளியல், சமூகவியல் சார்ந்த புள்ளிவிவரங்களைத் தொகுத்துத் தரும் தகவல் களஞ்சியமாகவும், தொழில் வளர்ச்சி, தொழில்நுட்ப விரிவாக்கங்கள், அடிப்படைக் கட்டுமானப் பணிகள், சமூக வளர்ச்சித் திட்டங்கள், மனிதவள மேம்பாடு போன்றவற்றில் மேலும் பல பரிமாணங்களுடன் 60 ஆண்டுகளுக்கும் மேலாக தேசத்தின் வளர்ச்சிக்குப் பெரும் பங்காற்றிய ஓர் அமைப்பை ஒரே உத்தரவில் அடித்து நொறுக்குவது புத்திசாலித்தனமான முடிவல்ல. எலிகளுக்குப் பயந்து எஃகுக் கோட்டையை எடுப்பது எப்படிச் சரியாகும்? திட்டக் குழுவை மாற்றியமைக்க வேண்டும் என்பதில் மாற்றுக் கருத்தில்லை. அதற்கு மரணம் மட்டும் தீர்வு என்று சொல்வது நியாயமா? சா. பீட்டர் அல்போன்ஸ், முன்னாள் நாடாளுமன்ற உறுப்பினர்.

மலச் சிக்கல் பல சிக்கல்

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Tue, 26 Aug 2014 18:20:00 +0000

மூலநோயை அர்ஸஸ் என்று ஆயுர்வேதத்தில் கூறுவார்கள். ஆங்கிலத்தில் Hemorrhoids என்று அழைப்பார்கள். ஆசன வாய்ப் பகுதியில் வீங்கி அழற்சியுற்ற ரத்த நாளங்கள் இந்த நோயை உண்டாக்குகின்றன. மிகவும் முக்கிக் கடினமாக மலத்தை வெளியேற்றும்போது அழுத்தம் ஏற்பட்டு இது உருவாகிறது. பேறு காலங்களில் இது அதிகமாகக் காணப்படும். இது உள் மூலம், வெளி மூலம் என்று வகைப்படுத்தப் படுகிறது. ஆசன வாய்க்கு உள்ளே உள்ளது உள் மூலம், ஆசனவாய்க்கு வெளியே தோலைச் சுற்றி உள்ளது வெளி மூலம்.

இதன் அறிகுறிகளாக வலி இல்லாமல் ரத்தக் கசிவு ஏற்படலாம், மலம் போன பிறகு கருஞ்சிவப்பு நிறத்தில் ரத்தக் கசிவைக் காணலாம், ஆசன வாயில் அரிப்பு ஏற்படலாம். வலியோ, அசவுகரியமோ ஏற்படலாம். ஆசன வாயைச் சுற்றி வீக்கம் ஏற்படலாம். சிறிய முளை காணப்படலாம். உள் மூலத்தைப் பார்க்க முடியாது. சில நேரங்களில் அழுத்தம் ஏற்பட்டு நோய் முற்றிப்போய் ரத்தக் கசிவை உண்டாக்குகிறது. இவ்வாறு முக்கும் பொழுது உள் மூலமானது வெளியே வருகிறது.

இதை Prolapsed hemorrhoids என்று சொல்லுவோம். இங்கு வலியும் அரிப்பும் அதிகமாக இருக்கும். சில நேரங்களில் வெளி மூலத்தில் ரத்தம் சேர்ந்து ரத்தக்கட்டி (Thrombus) உருவாகலாம். இதனால் கடும் வேதனை, வீக்கம், அழற்சி போன்றவை உருவாகலாம். கீழ்ப் பகுதி ஆசன வாயிலில் அழுத்தம் ஏற்படுவதால் இந்நிலை உருவாகிறது. மலச்சிக்கல் ஏற்பட்டு முக்கி மலம் போவது, நீண்ட நேரம் ஒரே இடத்தில் அமர்ந்திருப்பது, நீண்ட வயிற்றுப் போக்கு, உடல் பருமன், பேறு காலம், நார்ச்சத்து இல்லாத உணவு வகைகளைச் சாப்பிடுதல் போன்ற வற்றால், இது ஏற்படுகிறது. வயதாக ஆக, இது வரும் வாய்ப்பு அதிகரிக்கும். சில நேரம் மூலத்தில் ரத்தம் அதிகமாகப் போய் ரத்தசோகை (Anemia) வருவதற்கும் வாய்ப்பு உண்டு. சில நேரங்களில் உள் மூலத்தால் வரும் ரத்தம் நின்று போய், திசுக்களே அழியும் நிலை (Stramulation) ஏற்படும்.

நம்முடைய கழிவறையிலேயே மாட்டும்படியான Sitz bathகள் கிடைக்கின்றன. ஆசன வாயைச் சுற்றிச் சுத்தமாக வைத்திருக்க வேண்டும். வென்னீரால் நன்றாகக் கழுவ வேண்டும். சோப்பு போட்டால் சில நேரம் எரிச்சல் அதிகரிக்கும். மிகவும் நார்ச்சத்து உள்ள பழங்கள் மற்றும் காய்கறிகளான வெண்டைக்காய், பீன்ஸ், புடலங்காய், கத்திரிக்காய், சேனை, சிறிய வெங்காயம் போன்றவை மிகச் சிறந்த உணவு வகைகள்.

சின்ன வெங்காயமும் மோரும் இதற்கு மிகவும் சிறந்தது என்று புத்தகங்களில் கூறப்பட்டுள்ளது. இதனால் மலப் பிரவிருத்தி ஏற்பட்டு அபான வாயு கீழ்முகமாக இயங்கும். முக்குதல் குறையும், நிறைய தண்ணீர் குடிக்க வேண்டும். தினசரி 8 டம்ளர் தண்ணீராவது குடிக்க வேண்டும். 30 முதல் 40 கிராம் வரை நார்ச்சத்துள்ள உணவுகளைச் சாப்பிட வேண்டும். மலம் போக வேண்டும் என்று தோன்றினால், உடனே போக வேண்டும்.

மருந்துகள்

# 5 கிராம் ஷட்தர்ண சூர்ணத்தை மோரில் கலந்து இருவேளை சாப்பிடலாம்.

# கடுக்காய் லேகியம் 15 கிராம் இரவு கொடுத்தால் காலையில் மலம் நன்றாகப் போகும்.

# சுகுமார கிருதம் 1 ஸ்பூன் கொடுத்தால் மலம் நன்றாகப் போகும்.

# சிறுவில்வாதி கஷாயத்தில் கைசோர குக்குலு சேர்த்துச் சாப்பிட, ரத்த நாளங்களில் உள்ள அழுத்தம் மிகவும் குறையும்.

# ரத்தக்கசிவு இருக்கும்போது முறிவெண்ணெயும், சததௌத கிருதம் என்று சொல்லக்கூடிய ஆல், அரசு, அத்தி, இத்தி போன்றவற்றால் கடைந்து எடுக்கப்பட்ட நெய்யைப் பஞ்சில் முக்கி வைப்பது மிகவும் நல்லது.

# கடுக்காய்ப் பொடி ஒரு சுலபமான மருந்து. அதை மோரில் கலந்து வெல்லமும் சேர்த்துச் சாப்பிட உடனடியாக நிவாரணம் கிடைக்கும்.

ரத்தப் போக்கு அதிகமாக இருந்தால் தொட்டால்வாடி இலையை அரைத்து 10 மி.லி. மோரில் கலந்து குடிக்க, உடனே பலன் கிடைக்கும்.

மலச் சிக்கல் செய்ய வேண்டியவை

# முதலில் மலச் சிக்கலைத் தவிர்க்க வேண்டும்

# அதிகக் கீரை வகைகளைச் சாப்பிட வேண்டும்.

# ஒரே இடத்தில் நீண்ட நேரம் அமரக் கூடாது.

# அரை மணி நேரத்துக்கு ஒரு முறை எழுந்து சிறிது தூரம் நடக்க வேண்டும்.

# தேங்காய் எண்ணெய் (அ) விளக்கெண்ணெயை ஆசன வாயில் தடவ வேண்டும்.

# Sitz bath என்று சொல்வார்கள். ஆசன வாய் வெதுவெதுப்பான வெந்நீரில் 15 நிமிடம் இருக்கும்படியாக ஒரு தொட்டியில் அமர்தல். இதை ஒரு நாளைக்கு இரண்டு முதல் மூன்று தடவை வரை செய்யலாம்.

உணவில் கவனம்

# அகத்திக் கீரை, துத்திக் கீரை, முடக்கத்தான், சுண்டைக் காய், மாம் பிஞ்சு, பலாப் பிஞ்சு, பப்பாளிக் காய், சிறுகீரை, மணத்தக்காளி, பொன்னாங்கண்ணி ஆகியவற்றை அதிகமாகச் சேர்த்துக்கொள்ளவும்.

# மாதுளம் பழம், கொய்யாப் பழம், அத்திப் பழம் ஆகியவற்றை நிறைய சாப்பிடலாம்.

# கருணைக் கிழங்கு தவிர பிற கிழங்கு வகைகள் கூடாது.

# மீன், கருவாடு, கோழி கூடாது.

# மூலத்தில் அரிப்பு இருந்தால் கத்திரிக்காய், காராமணி, மொச்சைக்கொட்டை ஆகியவற்றைத் தவிர்க்கவும்.

பொதுவான தடுப்பு முறைகள்

# அதிகக் காரம் கூடாது. அதிகப்படியாகப் புளிப்பு, இனிப்பு கூடாது.

# இரவில் நீண்ட நேரம் கண் விழிப்பது, நீண்ட தூரப் பயணம் போன்றவற்றைத் தவிர்க்கவும்.

மலச் சிக்கல்: தொடரும் கோளாறுகள்

# மூல நோய்க்கு மட்டுமல்ல வேறு பல பிரச்சினைகளுக்கும் காரணமாக இருப்பது மலச்சிக்கல்.

# வாயு அதிகமாகி வயிறு உப்புசம் ஏற்படும்.

# பசியின்மை ஏற்பட்டு ரத்தக் குறைவு நோய் உண்டாக்கும்.

# நீடித்த மலச்சிக்கல் அல்சர் உண்டாகும்.

# குடல்வால் நோய் ஏற்படும்.

# மாதவிலக்குக் கோளாறுகள் ஏற்படும்.

UPSC Civil Services: Political Science Prelims Papers

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Tue, 19 Aug 2014 11:14:00 +0000

UPSC Civil Services: Political Science Prelims Papers

Every year the Union Public Service Commission conducts the civil services examination for the prestigious posts of IAS, IPS, IFS, etc. The exam is considered to be one of the toughest ones in our country. Every year lakhs of students sit for the exam. The exam is held in two parts. The first part is the preliminary exam, passing which the candidates are eligible to sit for the mains. Students can choose Political Science as an optional subject for the prelims. The pattern of the prelims is given below.
The exam of Political Science is two hours in time duration and the maximum marks are 300. The questions are 120 in number and are all multiple choice types. All the questions are of equal marks. The questions are given four alternative answers out of which only one is correct. Students have to mark only one answer in the separate answer sheet provided. Negative marking is also there in the exam. For each wrong answer one third of the marks for that question will be deducted. For answers left unanswered no marks will be deducted. Multiple answers are also treated as wrong answer and marks will be deducted for it as per the rule.
Links
http://examrace.com/IASPrelims2010PoliticalSciencePaper.aspx
http://examrace.com/iaspre09polsc.aspx
http://examrace.com/IASpre_polsc_07.aspx
http://www.civilserviceindia.com/upsc_questions/POLITICAL_SCIENCE_PRELIMS_2005.pdf
http://www.civilserviceindia.com/upsc_questions/Political-Science%202003Solved.htm
http://visionias.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/political-science-ias-pre-2008-question-paper.pdf
http://visionias.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/political-science-prelim-2007-question-paper.pdf
http://www.scribd.com/doc/28132183/Upsc-POLITICAL-SCIENCE-Prelims-Exam-Paper
http://exams.qoney.com/political-science-solved-paper-upsc-civil-services-prelims-2009-exam-mcq-political-science-quiz/

Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Tue, 19 Aug 2014 11:02:00 +0000

Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business
in
Lok Sabha

Chapter XXVIIGENERAL RULES OF PROCEDURE

NOTICES
Mode of giving notice
332. (1) Every notice required by these rules shall be given in writing addressed to the Secretary-General and signed by the member giving notice, and shall be left at the Parliamentary Notice Office which shall be kept open for this purpose between the hours to be notified from time to time on every day except Sunday or a public holiday.
(2) Notices left at the Parliamentary Notice Office after the hours notified under sub-rule(1) shall be treated as given on the next open day.
Contingent notice
333. (1) A member may give notice of a motion or resolution or Bill which he may desire to be taken up on the conclusion of other business on which that motion is contingent and if such a notice is admitted by the Speaker it may be included in the list of business under the heading; contingent notice of motion or resolution or Bill, as the case may be
(2) A contingent notice shall be in such form as the Speaker may prescribe and shall be taken up in the House only after the business on which the notice is contingent is disposed of.
Circulation of notices and papers to members
334. (1) The Secretary-General shall make every effort to circulate to each member a copy of every notice or other paper which is required by these rules to be made available for the use of members.
(2) A notice or other paper shall be deemed to have been made available for the use of every member if a copy thereof is deposited in such manner and in such place as the Speaker may, from time to time, direct.
Prohibition of advance publicity of notices
334A. A notice shall not be given publicity by any member or other person until it has been admitted by the Speaker and circulated to members:
Provided that a notice of a question shall not be given any publicity until the day on which the question is answered in the House.
Lapse of pending notices on prorogation of House
335. On the prorogation of the House, all pending notices, other than notices of intention to move for leave to introduce a Bill, shall lapse and fresh notices shall be given for the next session:
Provided that a fresh notice shall be necessary of intention to move for leave to introduce any Bill in respect of which sanction or recommendation has been granted under the Constitution if the sanction or recommendation, as the case may be, has ceased to be operative.
Motion, resolution or amendment moved not to lapse
336. A motion, resolution or an amendment, which has been moved and is pending in the House, shall not lapse by reason only of the prorogation of the House
Power of Speaker to amend notices
337. If in the opinion of the Speaker, any notice contains words, phrases or expressions which are argumentative, unparliamentary, ironical, irrelevant, verbose, or otherwise inappropriate, he may, in his discretion, amend such notice before it is circulated.
MOTIONS
Repetition of motion
338. A motion shall not raise a question substantially identical with one on which the House has given a decision in the same session.
Withdrawal of motion
339. (1) A member who has made a motion may withdraw the same by leave of the House.
(2) The leave shall be signified not upon question but by the Speaker taking the pleasure of the House. The Speaker shall ask: 'Is it your pleasure that the motion be withdrawn?' If no one dissents, the Speaker shall say: The motion is by leave withdrawn. But if any dissentient voice be heard or a member rises to continue the debate the Speaker shall forthwith put the motion:
Provided that if an amendment has been proposed to a motion, the original motion shall not be withdrawn until the amendment has been disposed of.
Adjournment of debate on motion
340. At any time after a motion has been made, a member may move that the debate on the motion be adjourned.
Motion in abuse of rules or dilatory motion
341. (1) If the Speaker is of opinion that a motion for the adjournment of a debate is an abuse of the rules of the House, he may either forthwith put the question thereon or decline to propose the question.
(2) If the Speaker is of opinion that a motion for re-circulation of a Bill to elicit further opinion thereon is in the nature of a dilatory motion in abuse of the rules of the House inasmuch as the original circulation was adequate or comprehensive or that no circumstance has arisen since the previous circulation to warrant the re-circulation of the Bill, he may, forthwith put the question thereon or decline to propose the question.
(3) If the Speaker is of opinion that a motion for recommittal of a Bill to a Select Committee of the House or a Joint Committee of the Houses or circulation or re-circulation of the Bill after the Select Committee of the House or the Joint Committee of the Houses has reported thereon, is in the nature of a dilatory motion in abuse of the rules of the House inasmuch as the Select Committee of the House or the Joint Committee of the Houses, as the case may be, has dealt with the Bill in a proper manner or that no unforeseen or new circumstance has arisen since the Bill emerged from such Committee, he may forthwith put the question thereon or decline to propose the question.
Motion to consider policy, situation, statement or any other matter
342. A motion that the policy or situation or statement or any other matter be taken into consideration shall not be put to the vote of the House, but the House shall proceed to discuss such matter immediately after the mover has concluded his speech and no further question shall be put at the conclusion of the debate at the appointed hour unless a member moves a substantive motion in appropriate terms to be approved by the Speaker and the vote of the House shall be taken on such motion.
ANTICIPATING DISCUSSION
Anticipating discussion
343. No member shall anticipate the discussion of any subject of which notice has been given provided that in determining whether a discussion is out of order on the ground of anticipation, regard shall be had by the Speaker to the probability of the matter anticipated being brought before the House within a reasonable time.
AMENDMENTS
Scope of amendments
344. (1) An amendment shall be relevant to, and within the scope of, the motion to which it is proposed
(2) An amendment shall not be moved which has merely the effect of a negative vote.
(3) An amendment on a question shall not be inconsistent with a previous decision on the same question.
Notice of amendments
345. Notice of an amendment to a motion shall be given one day before the day on which the motion is to be considered, unless the Speaker allows the amendment to be moved without such notice.
Selection of amendments
346. The Speaker shall have power to select the amendments to be proposed in respect of any motion, and may, if he thinks fit, call upon any member who has given notice of an amendment to give such explanation of the object of the amendment as may enable him to form a judgment upon it. Putting of amendments
347. The Speaker may put amendments in such order as he may think fit:
Provided that the Speaker may refuse to put an amendment which in his opinion is frivolous.
COMMUNICATION OF PRESIDENT'S RECOMMENDATION
Mode of communication of recommendation
348. Every sanction or recommendation by the President shall be communicated to the Secretary-General by a Minister in the following terms:-
'The President having been informed of the subject matter of the proposed Bill, motion, demand for grant or amendment accords his previous sanction to the introduction of the Bill or the moving of the amendment or recommends the introduction of the Bill or the moving of the motion, demand for grant or amendment in the House or recommends to the House the consideration of the Bill.'
It shall be printed in the proceedings of the House in such manner as the Speaker may direct.
RULES TO BE OBSERVED BY MEMBERS
Rules to be observed by members in House
349. Whilst the House is sitting, a member-
(i) shall not read any book, newspaper or letter except in connection with the business of the House;
(ii) shall not interrupt any member while speaking by disorderly expression or noises or in any other disorderly manner;
(iii) shall bow to the Chair while entering or leaving the House, and also when taking or leaving his seat;
(iv) shall not pass between the Chair and any member who is speaking;
(v) shall not leave the House when the Speaker is addressing the House;
(vi) shall always address the Chair; (vii) shall keep to his usual seat while addressing the House;
(viii) shall maintain silence when not speaking in the House;
(ix) shall not obstruct proceedings, hiss or interrupt and shall avoid making running commentaries when *1[another member is speaking;]
(x) shall not applaud when a stranger enters any of the Galleries, or the Special Box;
*2[(xi) shall not shout slogans in the House;]
*3[(xii) shall not sit or stand with his back towards the Chair;]
(xiii) shall not approach the Chair personally in the House. He may send chits to the officers at the Table, if necessary;
(xiv) shall not wear to display badges of any kind in the House;
(xv) shall not bring or display arms in the House;
(xvi) shall not display flags, emblems or any exhi-bits in the House;
(xvii) shall not leave the House immediately after delivering his speech;
(xviii) shall not distribute within the precincts of Parliament House any literature, questionnaire, pamphlets, press notes, leaflets, etc. not connected with the business of the House;
(xix) shall not place his hat/cap on the desk in the House, bring boards in the Chamber for keeping files or for writing purposes, smoke or enter the House with his coat hanging on the arms;
(xx) shall not carry walking stick into the House unless permitted by the Speaker on health grounds;
(xxi) shall not tear off documents in the House in protest;
(xxii) shall not bring or play cassette or tape recorder in the House; and
(xxiii) shall avoid talking or laughing in Lobby loud enough to be heard in the House.]
Only member called by Speaker entitled to speak
350. When a member rises to speak, his name shall be called by the Speaker. If more members than one rise at the same time, the member whose name is so called shall be entitled to speak.
Mode of addressing House
351. A member desiring to make any observations on any matter before the House shall speak from his place, shall rise when he speaks and shall address the Speaker:
Provided that a member disabled by sickness or infirmity may be permitted to speak sitting.
Rules to be observed while speaking
352. A member while speaking shall not-
(I) refer to any matter of fact on which a judicial decision is pending;
(ii) *4[make personal reference by way of making an allegation imputing a motive to or questioning the bona fides of any other member of the House unless it be vimperatively necessary for the purpose of the debate being itself a matter in issue or relevant thereto;]
(iii) use offensive expressions about the conduct or proceedings of Parliament or any State Legislature;
(iv) reflect on any determination of the House except on a motion for rescinding it;
(v)reflect upon the conduct of persons in high authority unless the discussion is based on a substantive motion drawn in proper terms;
Explanation:-The words 'persons in high authority' mean persons whose conduct can only be discussed on a substantive motion drawn in proper terms under the Constitution or such other persons whose conduct, in the opinion of the Speaker, should be discussed on a substantive motion drawn up in terms to be approved by him;
(vi) use the President's name for the purpose of influencing the debate;
(vii) utter treasonable, seditious or defamatory words;
*5[*** *** ***]
(viii) use his right of speech for the purpose of obstructing the business of the House.
*6[(ix) make any reference to the strangers in any of the galleries;
(x) refer to Government officials by name; and
(xi) read a written speech except with the previous permission of the Chair.]
Procedure regarding allegation against any person
353. No allegation of a defamatory or incriminatory nature shall be made by a member against any person unless the member has given *7[adequate advance notice] to the Speaker and also to the Minister concerned so that the Minister may be able to make an investigation into the matter for the purpose of a reply:
Provided that the Speaker may at any time prohibit any member from making any such allegation if he is of opinion that such allegation is derogatory to the dignity of the House or that no public interest is served by making such allegation.
Restriction on quoting speeches made in Council
354. No speech made in the Council shall be quoted in the House unless it is a definite statement of policy by a Minister:
Provided that the Speaker may, on a request being made to him in advance, give permission to a member to quote a speech or make reference to the proceedings in the Council, if the Speaker thinks that such a course is necessary in order to enable the member to develop a point of privilege or procedure.
Questions to be asked through Speaker
355. When, for the purposes of explanation during discussion or for any other sufficient reason, any member has occasion to ask a question of another member on any matter then under the consideration of the House, he shall ask the question through the Speaker.
Irrelevance or repetition
356. The Speaker, after having called the attention of the House to the conduct of a member who persists in irrelevance or in tedious repetition either of his own arguments or of the arguments used by other members in debate, may direct him to discontinue his speech.
Personal explanation
357. A member may, with the permission of the Speaker, make a personal explanation although there is no question before the House, but in this case no debatable matter may be brought forward, and no debate shall arise.
ORDER OF SPEECHES, RIGHT OF REPLY AND CONCLUSION OF DEBATE
Order of speeches and right of reply
358. (1) After the member who moves a motion has spoken, other members may speak to the motion in such order as the Speaker may call upon them. If any member who is so called upon does not speak, he shall not be entitled except with the permission of Speaker, to speak to the motion at any later stage of the debate.
(2) Except in the exercise of right of reply or as otherwise provided by these rules, no member shall speak more than once to any motion, except with the permission of the Speaker.
(3) A member who has moved a motion may speak again by way of reply, and if the motion is moved by a private member, the Minister concerned may, with the permission of the Speaker, speak (whether he has previously spoken in the debate or not) after the mover has replied:
Provided that nothing in this sub-rule shall be deemed to give any right of reply to the mover of an amendment to a Bill or a resolution save with the permission of the Speaker.
Conclusion of debate
359. Subject to the provisions of sub-rule (3) of rule 358 the reply of the mover of the original motion shall in all cases conclude the debate.
ADDRESS BY SPEAER
Address by Speaker
360. The Speaker may himself, or on a point being raised or on a request made by a member, address the House at any time on a matter under consideration in the House with a view to aid members in their deliberations, and such expression of views shall not be taken to be in the nature of a decision.
PROCEDURE WHEN SPEAKER RISES
Procedure when Speaker rises
361. (1) Whenever the Speaker rises he shall be heard in silence and any member who is then speaking or offering to speak shall immediately resume his seat.
(2) No member shall leave his seat while the Speaker is addressing the House.
CLOSURE AND LIMITATION OF DEBATE
Closure
362. (1) At any time after a motion has been made, any member may move: 'That the question be now put', and unless it appears to the Speaker that the motion is an abuse of these rules or an infringement of the right of reasonable debate, the Speaker shall then put the motion 'That the question be now put'.
(2) Where the motion: 'That the question be now put' has been carried, the question or questions consequent thereon shall be put forthwith without further debate:
Provided that the Speaker may allow a member any right of reply which he may have under these rules.
Limitation of debate
363. (1) Whenever the debate on any motion in connection with a Bill or on any other motion becomes unduly protracted, the Speaker may, after taking the sense of the House, fix a time limit for the conclusion of discussion on any stage or all stages of the Bill or the motion, as the case may be.
(2) At the appointed hour, in accordance with the time limit fixed for the completion of a particular stage of a Bill or a motion, the Speaker shall, unless the debate is sooner concluded, forthwith put every question necessary to dispose of all the outstanding matters in connection with that stage of the Bill or the motion.
DECISION OF HOUSE
Question on motion made
364. A matter requiring the decision of the House shall be decided by means of a question put by the Speaker on a motion made by a member.
Proposal and putting of question
365. When a motion has been made, the Speaker shall propose the question for consideration, and put it for the decision of the House. If a motion embodies two or more separate propositions, those propositions may be proposed by the Speaker as separate questions.
No Speech after voices collected
366. A member shall not speak on a question after the Speaker has collected the voices both of the Ayes and of the Noes on that Question.
DIVISION
Procedure regarding division
367. (1) On the conclusion of a debate, the Speaker shall put the question and invite those who are in favour of the motion to say 'Aye' and those against the motion to say 'No'.
(2) The Speaker shall then say: 'I think the Ayes (or the Noes, as the case may be) have it.' If the opinion of the Speaker as to the decision of a question is not challenged, he shall say twice: 'The Ayes (or the Noes, as the case may be) have it' and the question before the House shall be determined accordingly.
(3) (a) If the opinion of the Speaker as to the decision of a question is challenged, he shall order that the Lobby be cleared.
(b) After the lapse of*8 [three minutes and thirty seconds] he shall put the question a second time and declare whether in his opinion the 'Ayes' or the 'Noes' have it.
(c) If the opinion so declared is again challenged, he shall direct that the votes be recorded either by operating the automatic vote recorder or by using 'Aye' and 'No' Slips in the House or by the Members going into the Lobbies:
Provided that, if in the opinion of the Speaker, the Division is unnecessarily claimed, he may ask the members who are for 'Aye' and those for 'No' respectively to rise in their places and, on a count being taken, he may declare the determination of the House. In such a case, the names of the voters shall not be recorded.
Division by automatic vote recorder
367A. (1) Where the Speaker directs under clause (c) of sub-rule (3) of rule 367 that the votes be recorded by operating the automatic vote recorder, it shall be put into operation and the members shall cast their votes from the seats respectively allotted to them by pressing the buttons provided for the purpose.
(2) After the result of the voting appears on the indicator board, the result of the Division shall be announced by the Speaker and it shall not be challenged.
(3) A member who is not able to cast his vote by pressing the button provided for the purpose due to any reason considered sufficient by the Speaker, may, with the permission of the Speaker, have his vote recorded verbally by stating whether he is in favour of or against the motion, before the result of the Division is announced.
(4) If a member finds that he has voted by mistake by pressing the wrong button, he may be allowed to correct his mistake provided he brings it to the notice of the Speaker before the result of the Division is announced.
Division by distribution of 'Aye' and 'No' slips
367AA. (1) Where the Speaker directs under clause (c) of sub-rule (3) of rule 367 that the votes shall be recorded by members on 'Aye' and 'No' slips, the Division Clerks shall supply to each member at his seat, an 'Aye' or 'No' slip, according to the choice indicated by him. A member shall record his vote on the slip by signing and indicating his Division Number thereon.
(2) After the members have recorded their votes, the Division Clerks shall collect the 'Aye' and 'No' slips and bring them to the Table where the votes shall be counted by the Officers at the Table and the totals of 'Ayes' and 'Noes' presented to the Speaker.
(3) The result of the Division shall be announced by the Speaker and it shall not be challenged.
Division by going into Lobbies
367B. (1) Where the Speaker directs under clause (c) of sub-rule (3) of rule 367 that the votes shall be recorded by the members going into the Lobbies, he shall direct the 'Ayes' to go into the Right Lobby and the 'Noes' into the Left Lobby. In the 'Ayes' or 'Noes' Lobby, as the case may be, each member shall state his Division Number and the Division Clerk, while marking off his number on the Division List, shall simultaneously call out the name of the member.
(2) After voting in the Lobbies is completed, the Division Clerks shall bring the Division Lists to the Table when the votes shall be counted by the officers at the Table and the totals of 'Ayes' and 'Noes' presented to the Speaker.
(3) The result of the Division shall be announced by the Speaker and it shall not be challenged.
(4) A member who is unable to go to the Division Lobby owing to sickness or infirmity may, with the permission of the Speaker, have his vote recorded either at his seat or in the Lobby before the result of the Division is announced.
(5) If a member finds that he has voted by mistake in the wrong Lobby, he may be allowed to correct his mistake, provided he brings it to the notice of the Speaker before the result of the Division is announced.
(6) When the Division Clerks have brought the Division Lists to the Table, a member who has not upto that time recorded his vote but who then wishes to have his vote recorded may do so with the permission of the Speaker before the result of the Division is announced.

PAPERS TO BE LAID ON THE TABLE
Papers quoted to be laid
368. If a Minister quotes in the House a despatch or other State paper which has not been presented to the House, he shall lay the relevant paper on the Table:
Provided that this rule shall not apply to any documents which are stated by the Minister to be of such a nature that their production would be inconsistent with public interest:
Provided further that where a Minister gives in his own words a summary or gist of such despatch or State paper it shall not be necessary to lay the relevant papers on the Table.
Authentication and treatment of papers laid
369. (1) A paper or document to be laid on the Table shall be duly authenticated by the member presenting it.
(2) All papers and documents laid on the Table shall be considered public.
Document containing advice or opinion disclosed to be laid
370. If, in answer to a question or during debate, a Minister discloses the advice or opinion given to him by any officer of the Government or by any other person or authority, he shall ordinarily lay the relevant document or parts of document containing that opinion or advice, or a summary thereof on the Table.
[For rules relating to Committee on Papers laid on the Table, see Chapter XXVI of these rules.]
OBJECTION TO VOTE OF A MEMBER ON GROUNDS OF PERSONAL, PECUNIARY OR DIRECT INTEREST
Objection to vote of a member
371. If the vote of a member in a division in the House is challenged on the ground of personal, pecuniary or direct interest in the matter to be decided, the Speaker may, if he considers necessary, call upon the member making the challenge to state precisely the grounds of his objection and the member whose vote has been challenged to state his case and shall decide whether the vote of the member should be disallowed or not and his decision shall be final:
Provided that the vote of a member or members is challenged immediately after the division is over and before the result is announced by the Speaker.
Explanation.- For the purposes of this rule the interest of the member should be direct, personal or pecuniary and separately belong to the person whose vote is questioned and not in common with the public in general or with any class or section thereof or on a matter of State policy.
STATEMENT BY MINISTER
Statement by Minister
372. A statement may be made by a Minister on a matter of public importance with the consent of the Speaker but no question shall be asked at the time the statement is made.
WITHDRAWAL AND SUSPENSION OF MEMBERS
Withdrawal of member
373. The Speaker may direct any member whose conduct is, in his opinion, grossly disorderly to withdraw immediately from the House, and any member so ordered to withdraw shall do so forthwith and shall absent himself during the remainder of the day's sitting.
Suspension of member
374. (1) The Speaker may, if he deems it necessary, name a member who disregards the authority of the Chair or abuses the rules of the House by persistently and wilfully obstructing the business thereof.
(2) If a member is so named by the Speaker, the Speaker shall, on a motion being made forthwith put the question that the member (naming him) be suspended from the service of the House for a period not exceeding the remainder of the session:
Provided that the House may, at any time, on a motion being made, resolve that such suspension be terminated.(3) A member suspended under this rule shall forthwith withdraw from the precincts of the House.
Automatic Suspension of a member
*9 374A. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in rules 373 and 374, in the event of grave disorder occasioned by a member coming into the well of the House or abusing the Rules of the House persistently and wilfully obstructing its business by shouting slogans or otherwise, such member shall, on being named by the Speaker, stand automatically suspended from the service of the House for five consecutive sittings or the remainder of the session, whichever is less:
Provided that the House may, at any time, on a motion being made, resolve that such suspension be terminated.
(2) On the Speaker announcing the suspension under this rule, the member shall forthwith withdraw from the precincts of the House.
ADJOURNMENT OF HOUSE OR SUSPENSION OF SITTING DUE TO GRAVE DISORDER
Power of Speaker to adjourn House or suspend sitting
375. In the case of a grave disorder arising in the House, the Speaker may, if he thinks it necessary to do so, adjourn the House or suspend any sitting for a time to be named by him
POINTS OF ORDER
Points of order and decisions thereon
376. (1) A point of order shall relate to the interpretation or enforcement of these rules or such Articles of the Constitution as regulate the business of the House and shall raise a question which is within the cognizance of the Speaker.
(2) A point of order may be raised in relation to the business before the House at the moment:
Provided that the Speaker may permit a member to raise a point of order during the interval between the termination of one item of business and the commencement of another if it relates to maintenance of order in, or arrangement of business before, the House.
(3) Subject to conditions referred to in sub-rules (1) and (2) a member may formulate a point of order and the Speaker shall decide whether the point raised is a point of order and if so give his decision thereon, which shall be final.
(4) No debate shall be allowed on a point of order, but the Speaker may, if he thinks fit, hear members before giving his decision.
(5) A point of order is not point of privilege.
(6) A member shall not raise a point of order -

to ask for information; or
to explain his position; or
when a question on any motion is being put to the House; or
which may be hypothetical; or
that Division Bells did not ring or were not heard.
*10[Raising a matter which is not a point of order
377. A member who wishes to bring to the notice of the House a matter which is not a point of order, shall give notice in writing to the Secretary-General specifying clearly and precisely the text of the matter to be raised. The member shall be permitted to raise it only after the Speaker has given his consent and at such time and date as the Speaker may fix.]
*11[Conditions of admissibility
377A. In order that a notice may be admissible it shall satisfy the following conditions:-
it shall not refer to a matter which is not primarily the concern of the Government of India;
it shall not relate to a matter which has been discussed in the same session or which is substantially identical to the matter already raised by a member under this rule during the session;
it shall not exceed 250 words;
it shall not raise more than one issue;
it shall not contain arguments, inferences, ironical expressions, imputations, epithets or defamatory statements; and
it shall not refer to proceedings of a parliamentary/consultative committee.]
Time for tabling notices and their validity
377B. (1) Notices received during a week commencing from its first sitting till 10.00 hours on the last day of the week on which the House sits shall be valid for that week.
(2) Notices received after 10.00 hours on the last day of the week on which the House sits shall be valid for the next week. Notices received after 10.00 hours and upto 10.30 hours on that day shall be deemed to have been received at the same point of time and these shall be balloted to determine the inter-se priority of members. Notices received subsequently shall be arranged in accordance with the date and time of their receipt.
(3) Notices not selected during the week for which they have been tabled, shall lapse at the end of the week: Provided that a notice referred for facts under order of the Speaker shall not lapse till it is finally disposed of.
Restriction on raising matters
377C. (1) No member shall raise more than one matter during a week.
(2) Only the text approved by the Speaker shall go on record.]

MAINTENANCE OF ORDER
Speaker to preserve order and enforce decisions
378. The Speaker shall preserve order and shall have all powers necessary for the purpose of enforcing his decisions
PROCEEDINGS OF THE HOUSE, PARLIAMENTARY PAPERS AND CUSTODY OF PAPERS
Preparation and publication of proceedings
379. The Secretary-General shall cause to be prepared a full report of the proceedings of the House at each of its sittings and shall, as soon as practicable, publish it in such form and manner as the Speaker may, from time to time, direct.
Expunction
380. If the Speaker is of opinion that words have been used in debate which are defamatory or indecent or unparliamentary or undignified, he may, in his discretion, order that such words be expunged from the proceedings of the House.
Indication in proceedings regarding expunction
381. The portion of the proceedings of the House so expunged shall be marked by asterisks and an explanatory footnote shall be inserted in the proceedings as follows:
'EXPUNGED AS ORDERED BY THE CHAIR'
Printing and publication of Parliamentary papers
382. (1) The Speaker may authorise printing, publication, distribution or sale of any paper, document or report in connection with the business of the House or any paper, document or report laid on the Table or presented to the House or a Committee thereof.
(2) A paper, document or report printed, published, distributed or sold in pursuance of sub-rule (1) shall be deemed to have been printed, published, distributed or sold under the authority of the House within the meaning of clause (2) of article 105 of the Constitution.
(3) If a question arises whether a paper, document or report is in connection with the business of the House or not, the question shall be referred to the Speaker whose decision shall be final.
Custody of papers
383. The Secretary-General shall have custody of all records, documents and papers belonging to the House or any of its Committees or Lok Sabha Secretariat and he shall not permit any such records, documents or papers to be taken from the Parliament House without the permission of the Speaker.
CHAMBER OF THE HOUSE
Restriction on use of Chamber of House
384. The Chamber of the House shall not be used for any purpose other than the sittings of the House.
ADMISSION OF OFFICERS OF THE COUNCIL
Admission of officers of Council to House
385. Any officer of the Secretarial staff of the Council shall be entitled to admission to the House during any sitting of the House.
ADMISSION, WITHDRAWAL AND REMOVAL OF STRANGERS
Admission of strangers
386. The admission of strangers during the sittings of the House to those portions of the House which are not reserved for the exclusive use of members shall be regulated in accordance with orders made by the Speaker.
Withdrawal of strangers
387. The Speaker may, whenever he thinks fit, order the withdrawal of strangers from any part of the House.
Removal and taking into custody of strangers
387A. An officer of the Secretariat authorised in this behalf by the Speaker shall remove from the precincts of the House or take into custody, any stranger whom he may see, or who may be reported to him to be, in any portion of the precincts of the House which is reserved for the exclusive use of members, and also any stranger who, having been admitted into any portion of the precincts of the House, misconducts himself or wilfully infringes the regulations made by the Speaker under rule 386 or does not withdraw when the strangers are directed to withdraw under rule 387 while the House is sitting
BUSINESS PERTAINING TO STATE UNDER PRESIDENT'S RULE
Application of rules to business pertaining to State under President's Rule
387B. These rules shall, with such variations or modifications, as the Speaker may from time to time make, apply to the business pertaining to a State, the powers of whose Legislature are, by virtue of a Proclamation issued by the President under article 356 of the Constitution exercisable by or under the authority of Parliament.
SUSPENSION OF RULES
Suspension of rules
388. Any member may, with the consent of the Speaker, move that any rule may be suspended in its application to a particular motion before the House and if the motion is carried the rule in question shall be suspended for the time being.
RESIDUARY POWERS
Residuary powers
389. All matters not specifically provided for in these rules and all questions relating to the detailed working of these rules shall be regulated in such manner as the Speaker may, from time to time, direct.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[*1] Sub. by L.S. Bn. (II) dated 9-5-1989, para 2930.
[*2] Subs. ibid.
[*3] Added ibid.
[*4] Sub. by L.S. Bn. (II) dated 9-5-1989, para 2930.
[*5] Omitted by L.S. Bn. (II) dated 9-5-1989, para 2930.
[*6] Added ibid.
[*7] Sub. ibid.
[*8] Sub. by L.S. Bn. (II) dated 9-5-1989, para 2930.
*9 Added by L.S. Bn.(II) dt. 5.12.2001, Para 2430
[*10] Sub. by L.S. Bn. (II) dated 9-5-1989, para 2930.[*11] Added by L.S. Bn. (II) dated 9-5-1989, para 2930.

source - parliamentofindia.nic.in

Gandhi in indian freedom struggle

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Tue, 19 Aug 2014 05:13:00 +0000

Mahatma Gandhi is the most influential and revered of all the leaders who participated in the freedom struggle of India.

In January 1915, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi returned to India after spending two decades in South Africa.

It was in South Africa he first focused the distinctive techniques of non-violent protest known as Satyagraha and Promoted harmony between religions.

On Gokhale’s advice he spent one year traveling around British India to know the land and its peoples.

His first major public appearance was at the opening of the Banaras Hindu University in February 1916.

Here in his speech Gandhiji Charged the Indian elite with a lack of concern for the labouring poor .

He successfully organized Satyagraha at Champaran (Bihar in 1917);

Ahmedabad and Kheda in 1918. In 1919 Gandhiji called for a century wide campaign against the “Rowlatt Act”.

It was the Rowlatt Satyagraha that made Gandhiji a truly national leader.

In 1920 After Jalianwala Bagh Massacre he called for a campaign of non cooperation with British Rule and joined hands with the Khilafat movement.

The British Raj was shaken to its foundations for the first time since the Revolt of 1857. Non-cooperation movement was suspended in 1922 after Chauri-Chaura incident.

Causes of Gandhiji’s popularity among Indians-he dressed like them lived like them and speak their language.

Mahatma Gandhi was released from prison in February 1924 devoted himself in constructive work like promotion of home-spun cloth khadi, abolition of untouchability, Hindu-Muslim unity etc.

In 1928 Gandhiji began to think of reentering politics. After the failure of Simon Commission in its annual session at Lahore Congress demanded Purna Swaraj and decided to observe 26th January 1930 as Independence Day.

12th March 1930-Dandi Satyagraha, Salt March. On 6th April 1930 broke the salt law.

Across large parks of India peasants breached forest laws, factory workers went on the strike, lawyers boycotted courts and students refused to attend government run educational institutions.

1930- First Round Table conference- Gandhiji did not attend.

1931- Gandhi-Irwin pact, 2nd Round Table Conference- Gandhi attended but it failed.

1935- Government of India Act 1937- Provincial Election, Congress formed ministries in 8 out of 11 provinces.

1939- World War II broke out, Individual Satyagraha.

1940- Two Nation Theory put forward by Jinnah.

1942- Failure of Cripps Mission.

9th August 1942- Quit India Movements by Gandhiji. Gandhiji along with all prominent leaders sent to jail.

1946- Cabinet Mission- Failed to get the Congress and the League to agree on the federal system.

16th August 1946- Direct Action Day and Communal riots in Bengal, Bihar, U.P and Punjab.

1947- Mountbatten was appointed as viceroy.

15th August 1947- Formal transfer of power, announcement of partition and India got her independence.

The last heroic days of Gandhiji:- -

On 15th August 1947 Gandhiji was not at Delhi to witness the festivities. He was at Calcatta and undertook a 24 hour fast. - Due to initiative of Gandhiji and Nehru Congress passed a resolution on the rights of the minorities.

After working to bring peace to Bengal Gandhiji shifted to Delhi from where he hoped to move on to the riot-torn districts of Punjab.

On 30th January 1948 Gandhiji was shot dead by Nathuram Godse.

Sources to know more about Gandhiji:-

1. Public voice and private scripts.
2. Series of Personal letters published by Hand him Gandhi ji in his journal Harijan.
3. A bunch of old letters edited by Nehru.
4. Fortnightly Reports of the Home Department.

1857 revolt rebels

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Mon, 18 Aug 2014 16:02:00 +0000

1. Why did the Indian think during British period that their religion was in danger?
Ans.
(i) Conservative Indians were angered by the various social reforms initiated by the British. The abolition of sati, legalizing of widow remarriages were regarded as unwanted interference in Indian Social.
(ii) Indian sentiments were also hurt by the Christian Missionaries.
(iii) In 1850, the government passed the Hindu property law under which even after converting to Christianity one could inherit one's ancestral property.
(iv) The people's resentment was further fuelled by the Maulvis and Brahmins whose cry that their respective religions were in danger cloaked their selfish interests as these classes now lost their former importance.

2. What was the system of Subsidiary Alliance? How did it help the Britishers to consolidate their position in India?
Ans. The Subsidiary Alliance was a Boat of agreement between the British and on Indian ruler on the basis of Mutual understanding for performing administrative, military and political function. Provisions of the Subsidiary Alliance:
(i) The Indian ruler accepting the Alliance would not enter into alliance with any other power.
(ii) Would not declare was against any power without permission of the British.
(iii) World allows the British resident to stay in his state.
(iv) Would acknowledge the Britishers as the paramount power.
(v) Would maintain some British force at his own expense in his state.
(vi) In return for accepting all these condition, the British would protect the Indian ruler from internal and external danger.

Advantages of the Subsidiary System to the British.
(i) The British were able to raise army at the expense of the Indian rulers.
(ii) They were able to raise army at the expense of the Indian rulers.
(iii) Successful in checking the French.
(iv) Increased their control without waging war.
(v) Chances of revolts on the part of Indian ruler were minimised.

Thinkers beliefs - indian culture

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Mon, 18 Aug 2014 15:57:00 +0000

CBSE Assignment for Class XII History -Thinkers Beliefs and Buildings Cultural Development. Based on CBSE and CCE guidelines. The students should read these basic concepts to gain perfection which will help him to get more marks in CBSE examination. Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings, Cultural Developments (600 BCE to 600 CE) Q.1 Why had Magadha become the centre of the new religious movement? Ans. (i) The people of Magadha responded readily to the Budhism because they were looked down upon the orthodox Brahmanas. (ii) The role of the rulers of the Magadha. They took keen interest on spreading the religion in India as well in other countries. (iii) The wealth of Magadha also helped in spreading new religious movements. Q.2 How far the Indian Rulers were responsible for the preservation of the Stupa of Sanchi? Ans. The role played by Rulers of India special the rulers of Bhopal could protect the many monuments. The role of the kings of Bhopal for protection of Sanchi monuments is as under. (i) In nineteenth century Europeans were very much interested in structure at Sanchi. In fact, the French requested Shahjehan Begum for permission to take away eastern gateway, which was the best preserved, to be displayed in a Museum in French. For a while some Englishmen also wished to do the same but fortunately both the French and the English were satisfied with carefully prepared plaster cast copies and the originalremained at the site, part of the Bhopal state. (ii) The ruler of Bhopal, Shahjehan Begum and her successor Sultan Jehan Begum provided money for preservation of the ancient site. She funded the Museum that was built there as well as the guest house where she lived. She funded the publication of the volumes as well. (iii) So if the Stupa complex has survived, it is in no small measure due to wise decisions of Begums and to good luck in escaping from the eyes of railway and to carry away to the Museums of Europe. Q.3 Why do you think the Budha advised his followers to be lamps unto yourselves? Ans. We think the Budha advised his followers to be lamps unto yourselves because he regarded the social world as the creation of human according to him is has no divine origin. Therefore he advised rulers and chief of the families to be human and athetical according to him. Only individual efforts were expected to transformed social relation. It was also expected to lead to self realisation and nirbhan, literally the blowing out of the ego and desire, and thus and the cycle of suffering for those who renounced the world. According to Budhist tradition, his last words to his followers were "I am reaching the end to my life."

Buddha - jain difference

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Mon, 18 Aug 2014 15:21:00 +0000

Buddhism & Jainism The school of Buddhism evolved in the eastern part of India in 563 BCE. More or less at the same time (in & around 550 BCE) another school, Jainism, with almost similar thoughts, was developing in the same part of India. The founder of Jainism, Lord Mahavira was a contemporary of Lord Buddha, the founder of Buddhism and even the Buddhist texts called Lord Mahavira 'an enlightened being'. In the sixth century BCE and the preceding era, when both the schools of thought were developing and spreading their horizon, no rivalry seemed to have existed between them. This was because of the fact that both the religions almost believed in the same facts and philosophy of life. However, both differed on some of the views such as salvation and soul which led to their separate ways. Similarities Between Buddhism And Jainism On God Buddhism : The original Buddhist doctrine does not entail any godly figures, though the later Buddhist sects introduced some Godly figures. The Buddhists believe in the Godlike figures or the Bodhisattvas, who take interest in the welfare of the world and work for its liberation. Jainism : Alike Buddhism, Jainism also denies the existence of God, though they acknowledge the presence of the Jinas or Kevalins, who are higher than human beings in status but subject to change and evolution. However, unlike the Bodhisattvas, the Kevalins are rather indifferent to the prayers and problems and remain unaffected. On Nirvana Buddhism : In Buddhism, nirvana is freedom from the cycle of rebirth, when a being turns into a state of non-being, or Sunya, looses its identity and becomes nothing. Jainism : In Jainism, nirvana is a state of moksha, where a being looses its identity and is free from the cycle of birth and death. On Liberation Buddhism : The path of liberation in Buddhism goes through good conduct and good deeds, as mentioned in Eightfold path, Four Noble Truths, Five Preceptions and other moral conducts. Jainism : Similarly, the path of liberation in Jainism is to follow right perception, right knowledge, and right conduct. One has to overcome the worldly desires and feelings to attain liberation or to become a perfect soul. On Yogic Practices Buddhism : Buddhism emphasises on the practice of mediation and other forms of Yoga to concentrate on inner self. Jainism : In Jainism as well, meditation and other yogic practices are essential for self purification and liberation. On Non-Violence Buddhism : Buddhism is a peaceful religion with non-violence at the heart of its thoughts and behaviour. Jainism : Non-violence followed in action, thought, and speech is the highest morale in Jainism. Difference Between Buddhism And Jainism On Karma Buddhism : Buddhism believes in the universality of Karma, which is a result of one's action. Jainism : Jainism also believes in the universality of karma and its effect on human beings. But, unlike Buddhism, karma, according to Jainism, is not a mere effect of one's actions, but a real substance that flows into each individual body or jiva. This karmic substance remains with a being until good conduct and self purification eliminates them. On Soul Buddhism : According to Buddhism, soul is an individuality that does exist in plants and animals, but not in non-living or inanimate things. Jainism : According to Jainism, soul is present in every animate and inanimate object of the universe including its elements - earth, water, wind, fire and air. On The Status And Evolution of Individual Beings Buddhism : After Nirvana, there is no soul, but the individuality of an individual that passes into nothingness, which is beyond any description and speculation. Jainism : After Nirvana, the soul continues to remain as an individual soul, but in the highest state of purity and enlightenment. Survival And Disappearence : Over a period of time, while Buddhism disappeared from the Indian soil, Jainism survived in India, with its teachings intact, mostly untouched by the overwhelming philosophy and practices of Hinduism, at the same time imparting to the later some of its noblest ideas. Besides, a major difference lies in the dominions of both the religions. Though both, Buddhism and Jainism, originated and developed individually in the same geographical area of India, but difference lies in their spread. While Buddhism crossed the frontiers of its motherland and went to other parts of the Indian subcontinent, Central Asia, far eastern countries, and parts of North America and Europe as well, whereas Jainism, on the other hand, remained confined to India, the land of its origin.

Difference between buddhism and jainism

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Mon, 18 Aug 2014 15:01:00 +0000

Buddhism Jainism Founder Gautama Buddha (born as Prince Siddhartha) Mahavira. Place of origin Nepal, India India. Place of worship Monasteries, nunneries, pagodas and temples. Temple Goal of religion To attain enlightenment and be released from the cycle of rebirth and death, thus attaining Nirvana. To gain liberation, adopt a path of non-violence towards all living beings. Practices Practices of the Threefold Training: Morality, Concentration, and Wisdom. Non violence Literal Meaning Buddhists mean those who follow the teachings of the Buddha To become a Jina(liberated soul). Status of women No gender bias in Buddhism. In the Discourse related to householders, named 'Tein-gala-wada', certain duties and obligations were mentioned and applied to specific gender i.e. duties of a husband to a wife and vice versa, by the Buddha. Women can become nuns. Use of statues and pictures Common Common. Clergy Monks and Nuns, who unitedly and exactly follow the teachings of the Buddha under the name 'Sangha'. Monks, nuns. Birth of Jesus Not relevant to Buddhism. N/A. Second coming of Jesus Irrelevant to Buddhism. Pure Buddhism perfectly rejects such kinds of irrelevant concepts or ideas. N/A. Death of Jesus Not relevant to Buddhism N/A. Status of Adam Not relevant to Buddhism and this was merely a created concept which seemed to be imaginary to Buddhists. N/A. View of the Buddha Founder of Buddhism or the Four Noble Truths N/A. sects Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana, and so on. Digambara, Svetambara. Principle This life is suffering, and the only way to escape from this suffering is to dispel one's cravings and ignorance by practising the Eightfold Path. Respect all living things. Time of origin 2,500 years ago, circa 563 B.C.E. (Before Common Era) Approx.500 B.C. Abrahamic Lineage N/A. N/A. About Following the teachings of the Buddha Following the teachings of Mahavira. Rites Generally common. Generally common. Religion which atheists may still be adherents of Buddhists deny the existence of a God or gods. So Buddhism is not a religion, but the teachings of the Buddha. Yes. Authority of Pope Absolutely irrelevant to Buddhism N/A. Use of statues Used often. Used often. Concept of Deity Instead of deities, Devas or celestial beings are accepted as those suffering in the samsara. Numerous deities known as Tirthenkaras. Authority of Dalai Lama Merely belonging to Tibetan Buddhism and has no relevance to Theravada Buddhism. N/A. Names of God Brahma, Avalokitesvara Ghantakarna Mahavir. Belief of God Buddhism does not believe in a Creator God. Jainism does not believe in a Creator God. Identity of Jesus Not relevant to Buddhism N/A. Resurrection of Jesus N/A N/A. Concept of God A God or gods have always been rejected wholly by Theravada Buddhists. Their only refuges are the three jewels: The Buddha, The Dhamma, and The Sangha. Numerous deities. Followers Buddhists Jains. Virtue on which religion is based upon Compassion Ahimsa (meaning non-violence, or pacifism). Praying to Saints,Mary, and Angel

Syllogism

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Mon, 18 Aug 2014 14:46:00 +0000

UP is universal positive
UN is universal negative
PP is particular positive
PN is particular negative

Paintings in india

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Mon, 18 Aug 2014 14:28:00 +0000

INDIAN PAINTING

When you go to the market or to a museum you will find many paintings, wall hangings or work done on terracotta. Do you know that these paintings have their origin in our ancient past. They depict the life and customs followed by the people of those times. They also show how the kings and queens dressed or how the courtiers sat in the royal assembly. Literacy records which had a direct bearing on the art of painting show that from very early times painting both secular and religious were considered an important form of artistic expression and was practiced. This need for expression is a very basic requirement for human survival and it has taken various forms since prehistoric times. Painting is one such form with which you may have been acquainted in some way or the other. Indian painting is the result of the synthesis of various traditions and its development is an ongoing process. However while adapting to new styles, Indian painting has maintained its distinct character. “Modern Indian painting in thus a reflection of the intermingling of a rich traditional inheritance with modern trends and ideas”.

OBJECTIVES

After reading this lesson you will be able to:  trace the origin of painting from the prehistoric times;  describe the development of painting during the medieval period;  recognize the contribution of Mughal rulers to painting in India;  trace the rise of distinct schools of painting like the Rajasthani and the Pahari schools;  assess the development of painting in local centres like Kangra, Kulu, and Basoli;  appreciate the contribution of Raja Ravi Varma to Indian painting;  assess the role played by Rabindranath Tagore and Abanindranath Tagore in the emergence of the Bengal School of Art;  appreciate the role specialty of the progressive artists group of Francis Newton Souza;  recognise the contribution of folk art forms like the Mithila painting, Kalamkari painting, Warli painting and Kalighat painting in adding numerous new dimensions in the field of painting.

11.1 ANCIENT PERIOD: ORIGIN

Painting as an art form has flourished in India from very early times as is evident from the remains that have been discovered in the caves, and the literary sources. The history of art and painting in India begins with the pre-historic rock painting at Bhimbetka caves (M.P.) where we have drawings and paintings of animals. The cave paintings of Narsinghgarh (Maharashtra) show skins of spotted deer left drying. Thousands of years ago, paintings and drawings had already appeared on the seals of Harappan civilization. Both Hindu and Buddhist literature refer to paintings of various types and techniques for example, Lepyacitras, lekhacitras and Dhulitcitras. The first was the representation of folklore, the second one was line drawing and painting on textile while the third one was painting on the floor. The Buddhist text Vinayapitaka (4th–3rd century) describes the existence of painted figures in many royal buildings. The play Mudrarakshasa (5th Century A.D.) mentions numerous paintings or Patas. The 6th Century AD text on aesthetics-Kamasutra by Vatsyayana has mentioned painting amongst 64 kinds of arts and says that it was based on scientific principles. The Vishnudharmottara purana (7 th century A.D.) has a section on painting called Chitrasutra which describes the six organs of painting like variety of form, proportion, lustre and portryal of colour etc. Thus, archaeology and literature testify to the flourishing of painting in India from pre-historic times. The best specimens of Gupta paintings are the ones at Ajanta. Their subject was animals and birds, trees, flowers, human figures and stories from the Jataka. Mural paintings are done on walls and rock surfaces like roofs and sides. Cave no. 9 depicts the Buddhist monks going towards a stupa. In cave no. 10 Jataka stories are depicted. But the best paintings were done in the 5 th – 6 th centuries AD during the Gupta age. The murals chiefly depict religious scenes from the life of the Buddha and the Buddhist Jataka stories but we also have secular scene. Here we see the depiction of all aspects of Indian life. We see princes in their palaces, ladies in their chambers, coolies with loads

over their shoulders, beggars, peasants and ascetics, together with all the many beasts, birds and flowers of India. Materials used in the paintings Different materials were used in different types of paintings. Mention of chitra shalas (art gallery) and Shilpasashtra (technical treatises on art) have been made in literary sources. However, the principal colours used were red ochre (dhaturaga), vivid red (kum kum or sindura), yellow ochre (haritala), indigo (blue) lapis lazuli blue, lampblack (kajjala), chalk white (Khadi Mitti) terra verte (geru mati) and green. All these colours were locally available except lapis lazuli which came from Pakistan. Mixed colours e.g. grey were used on rare occasions. Use of colours were decided by the theme and local atmosphere. Remains of Buddhist paintings have also been found at the Buddhist caves at Bagh in the North and at various Deccan and southern sites of sixth and ninth centuries. Though the theme of these paintings is religious but in their inner meanings and spirit, nothing could be more secular, courtly and sophisticated. Though only a small part remains of these paintings but they depict a crowded world of Gods and goddesses semi divine being like kinnars and apsaras, a rich and varied flora and fauna, gaiety, love, grace and charm. Example can be seen in cave 3 at Badami (Karnataka), at temples of Kanchipuram, at Jain caves of Sittanavasal (Tamil Nadu) and the Kailasa and Jain caves at Ellora (eighth and ninth centuries). Many other South Indian temples such as Brihadeshwara temple at Tanjavur are decorated with wall paintings on themes from epics and mythology. If Bagh, Ajanta and Badami represent the classical tradition of the North and Deccan at its best, Sittana Vassal, Kanchipuram, Malayadipatti and Tirunalaipuram show the extent of its penetration in the south. The paintings of Sittanavasal (abode of the Jaina Siddhas) are connected with jaina themes while the other three are Saiva or Vaishnava in theme and inspiration. Despite having a very traditionally secular design and theme the paintings of these times started showing the impact of medieval influences i.e. flat and abstract surfaces on the one hand and linear and somewhat angular designs on the other.

11.2 ART IN MEDIEVAL INDIA D

uring the period of Delhi Sultanate, mural painting has been reported from the royal palaces and royal bed-chambers and mosques. These chiefly depict flowers, leaves and plants. During the time of Iltutmish (1210-36) we have references of paintings. During the time of Alauddin Khalji (1296-1316) we have mural painting, miniature painting (of illustrated manuscripts) and paintings on cloths. During the Sultanate period, we notice the Persian and Arabic influences on Indian painting. We have references of the coming of Persian and Arabic illustrated manuscripts from Iran and the Arab world for the Muslim elites. During this period, we have paintings from other regional states. The decorative paintings of the palace of the Gwalior king Man Singh Tomar impressed both Babur and Akbar.

During 14th– 15th centuries A.D. miniature painting emerged as a powerful movement in Gujarat and Rajasthan and spread to Central, North and Eastern India because of the patronage of rich Jain merchants. Mandu in M.P., Jaunpur in Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bengal in Eastern India were other great centres of manuscripts illustrated with paintings. In Eastern India, in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, during the Pala kingdom in the 9 th– 10th entury A.D., a new kind of painting developed called the miniature painting. The miniature, as the name suggests, were small works which were made on perishable materials. In this category, Buddhist, Jain and Hindu manuscripts were illustrated, on palm leaves. They resemble the Ajanta style, but on a miniature scale. These were made on the request of the merchants, who donated them to the temples and monasteries. From the thirteenth century onwards, the Turkish Sultans of northern India brought with them important features of Persian court culture. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries illustrated manuscripts of Persian influence were produced at Malwa, Bengal, Delhi, Jaunpur, Gujarat and the Deccan. The interaction of Indian painters with Persian traditions resulted in the synthesis of the two styles evident in the works of the sixteenth century. During the early sultanate period, significant contribution to the art of painting was made by the Jain community of Western India. Illustrated manuscripts of Jain scriptures were presented to temple libraries. These manuscripts depicted the lives and deeds of the Tirthankars. The art of textual illustration got a new look under the Mughals. Akbar and his successors brought revolutionary changes to painting and sensual illustrations. From this period book illumination or individual miniatures replaced wall painting as the most vital form of art. Emperor Akbar patronised artists from Kashmir and Gujarat; Humayun brought two Persian painters to his court. For the first time painters’ names were recorded in inscriptions. Some great painters of this period were Abd-us-Samad Dasawanth and Basawan. Beautiful illustrations are found on the pages of Baburnama and Akbarnama. Within a few years an integrated and dynamic style resulted from the synthesis of Persian and Indian style and the independent style of Mughal painting was developed. Between 1562 and 1577 a series of nearly 1400 cloth paintings were produced representing the new style and were placed in the imperial studio. Akbar also encouraged the art of making portraits. The art of painting reached its climax during the period of Jahangir who himself was a great painter and connoisseur of art. Artists began to use vibrant colours such as peacock blue and red and were able to give three dimensional effects to paintings. Mansur, Bishan Das and Manohar were the most gifted painters of Jahangir’s time. Mansur had made an outstanding portrait of the artist Abul Hasan and specialised in paintings of birds and animals. Though Shah Jahan was more interested in architectural splendours, his eldest son Dara Shikoh patronised painting like his gradfather. He preferred depicting natural elements like plants and animals in his painting. However withdrawal of royal patronage to painting under Aurangzeb led to the dispersal of artists to different places in the country. This helped in the development of the art of painting in Rajasthan and the Punjab hills giving rise to distinct schools of paintings, for example, Rajasthani and Pahari Schools.

These works were painted on a small surface and were called miniature painting. They painted themes drawn from epics, myths and legends. Other themes were Barahmasa (seasons) and Raga mala (melodies). Miniature painting was also developed at local centres like Kangra, Kulu, Basoli, Guler, Chamba, Garhwal, Bilaspur, and Jammu. The rise of the Bhakti movement in India in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries also inspired illustrative texts on the themes of Vaishnava devotional cults. In the pre-Mughal era mural paintings on the walls of temples gained prominence in the northern part of India.

11.3 ART IN THE MODERN PERIOD

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries paintings comprised semi westernised local styles which were patronised by British residents and visitors. Themes were generally drawn from Indian social life, popular festivals, and Mughal monuments. These reflected the improvised Mughal traditions. Shaikh Zia-ud-Din’s bird studies for Lady Impey and the portrait paintings of Ghulam Ali Khan for William Fraser and Colonel Skinner are the examples of some excellent paintings of this period. In the later nineteenth century art schools on the European model were established in major Indian cities like Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. Oil paintings of Raja Ravi Varma of Travancore depicting mythological and social themes became highly popular at this time. Rabindranath Tagore, Abanindranath Tagore, E.B. Havell and Ananda Kehtish Coomaraswamy played an important role in the emergence of the Bengal school of Art.

The Bengal School had a great flowering at Shantiniketan where Rabindranath Tagore set up the Kala Bhavan. Talented artists like Nandalal Bose, Binod Behari Mukherjee and Ramkinkar Baij rendered training to aspiring artists. Nandalal often derived inspiration from Indian folk art and also from Japanese painting while Binod Behari Mukerjee was deeply interested in oriental traditions. Jamini Roy, another great painter of this period, drew inspiration from Qrissa’spata painting and Kalighat painting of Bengal. Amrita Shergil, a great painter received education in Paris and Budapest. Considered a prodigy from a Sikh father and Hungarian mother, she painted on Indian themes in bright colours specially Indian women and peasants. Though she died very young, she left behind a rich legacy of Indian paintings. Gradually some deeper changes took place in the thinking of the English educated urban middle class which began to be reflected in the expressions of the artists. Increasing awareness about British rule, ideals of nationalism and the desire for a national identity led to creations which were distinct from earlier art traditions. In 1943, during the period of the second world war Calcutta painters led by Paritosh Sen, Niroda Majumdar and Pradosh Dasgupta formed a group who depicted the condition of the people of India through new visual language, and novel techniques.

Another significant development was the formation of the Progressive Artists Group in Bombay in 1948 under Francis Newton Souza. The group also included S .H. Raza, M.F. Hussain, K.M. Ara, S.K. Bakre and H.A. Gode. This group broke away from Bengal School of Art and represented the modern forceful art of independent India. In the 1970s artists began to critically survey their environment. Daily encounters with poverty and corruption, the political morass of the country, the explosive communal tension, and other urban issues became the themes or subject matter of their works.

The Madras School of Art under Debi Prasad Roy Chowdhury and K.C.S Paniker emerged as an important art centre in post independence period and influenced a new generation of modern artists. Some of the artists who made their mark as modern Indian artists are Tyeb Mehta, Satish Gujral, Krishan Khanna, Manjit Bawa, K.G. Subramaniyan Ram Kumari, Anjolie Ela Menon, Akbar Padamsee, Jatin Das, Jehangir Sabavala and A. Ramachandran. Two government institutions have been set up to promote art, music etc in India. The National Gallery of Modern Art has the largest collection of modern art under one roof. The second one is the Lalit Kala Akademi which recognises and patronizes artists in all fields.

INTEXT QUESTIONS

11.1 Answer the following questions: 1. Which is the famous excavated site in Madhya Pradesh? _______________________________________________________________ 2. What are the three types of painting found in Brahmanical and Buddhist literature in ancient India? _______________________________________________________________ 3. Where are the dhulitchitras paintings normally done? _______________________________________________________________ 4. What was the theme of the Ajanta cave painting? _______________________________________________________________ 5. Give the names of two sites where Buddhist painting of sixth & ninth centuries were found? _______________________________________________________________ Indian 6. What are miniature painting? _______________________________________________________________ 7. Who withdew the royal patronage to painters in the medieval period? _______________________________________________________________ 8. What were the themes in the paintings of the urban English educated artists? _______________________________________________________________ 9. Name the two government institutions set up to promote art, music in India. _______________________________________________________________ 10. Which state is famous for Patta painting? _______________________________________________________________ 11. Name the institution set up by Rabindra Nath Tagore at Shantiniketan? _______________________________________________________________ 12. Why was Raja Ravi Varma of Travancore famous? _______________________________________________________________

11.4 DECORATIVE ART

The artistic expression of the Indian people is not limited to painting on canvas or paper only. Decorative painting on walls of homes even in rural areas is a common sight. Rangoli or decorative designs on floor are made for auspicious occasions and pujas whose stylised designs have been passed on from one generation to the other. The designs are called rangoli in the North, alpana in Bengal, aipan in Uttaranchal, rangavalli in Karnataka, Kollam in Tamilnadu and mandana in Madhya Pradesh. Usually rice powder is used for these paintings but coloured powder or flower petals are also used to make them more colourful. Adorning walls of houses and huts is also an old tradition. The following are some of the examples of folk art of this kind.

11.5 MITHILA PAINTING

Mithila painting also known as Madhubani folk art is the traditional art of the Mithila region of Bihar. They are produced by village women who make three dimensional images using vegetable colour with few earthen colours and finished in black lines on cow dung treated paper. These pictures tell tales especially about Sita’s exile, Ram-Laxman’s forest life, or Indian Painting

depict the images of Lakshmi, Ganesha, Hanuman and others from Hindu mythology. Apart from these women also paint celestial subjects like sun and moon. Tulsi, the holy plant also is to be found in these paintings. They also show court scenes, wedding and social happenings. Drawings in Madhubani pictures are very conceptual. First, the painter thinks and then she “draws her thought”. No pretence is there to describe the figures accurately. Visually they are images that speak in lines and colours and are drawn for some rituals or festivals on household and village walls to mark the seasonal festivals or special events of the life cycle. Intricate flora, animal and birds motifs can also be found along with geometrical designs to fill up the gap. In some cases it is a special practice for mothers to make these art items in advance for their daughters as a marriage gift. These paintings also convey advice on ways to lead a good married life. There is also a social variation in subjects and use of colours. One can identify the community to which the painting belongs from the colours that are used in them. Paintings made by the upper, more affluent classes are colourful while those made by the lower caste people use red and black line work. But the technique of painting is safely and zealously guarded by the women of the village to be passed on by the mother to the daughter. Nowadays Madhubani art is being used as decorative gift items, greeting cards and has become a source of income for local women folk.

11.6 KALAMKARI PAINTING

The literal meaning of Kalamkari is a painting done by kalam (pen). This art got enriched as it came down from one generation to another. These paintings are made in Andhra Pradesh. It is hand painted as well as block printing with vegetable dyes applied on cloth. Vegetable dyes are used for colour in the Kalam Kari work. A small place Sri-Kalahasti is the best known centre of Kalamkari art. This work is also found at Masaulipatnam in Andhra Pradesh. This art is mainly related to decorating temple interiors with painted cloth panels, which was developed in the fifteenth century under the patronage of Vijaynagar rulers. Subjects are adopted from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and Hindu religious mythology. This art form is a continuous legacy from father to son. After deciding the subject of the painting, scène after scene is painted. Every scene is surrounded by floral decorative patterns. These paintings are made on cloth. They are very durable and flexible in size and made according to theme. Figures of deities have a very rich border embellishments and were created for the temples. Owing to Muslim rulers in Golconda, the Masulipatnam kalamkari was widely influenced by Persian motifs and designs. The outlines and main features are done using hand carved blocks. The finer details are later done using the pen. This art was started on garments, bed covers and curtains. The artists use a bamboo or date palm stick pointed at one end with a bundle of fine hair attached to the other end to serve as brush or pen. The kalamkari dyes are obtained by extracting colours from plant roots, leaves, along with salts of iron, tin, copper, alum etc. Orissa Patachitra Similar to Kalighat Pats, one comes across another kind of Pats which are found in the state of Orissa. The Orissa patachitras, mostly painted on cloth are more detailed and more colourful and most of these depict stories of Hindu gods and goddesses. Phad Paintings Phad is a type of scroll painting. The paintings depicting exploits of local deities are often carried from place to place and are accompanied by traditional singers, who narrate the theme depicted on the scrolls. This type of painting is a most famous painting of Rajasthan, mainly found in the Bhilwara district. Phad painting depicts the heroic deeds of a heroic figure, the daily life of a peasant, rural life, animals and birds, flora and fauna. These paintings are created using bright colours and subtle colours. The outlines of the paintings are first drawn in black and later filled with colours. The main themes of the phad paintings depict the deities and their legends and the stories of erstwhile Maharajas. Raw colours are used for these paintings. The unique features of phad paintings are the bold lines and a two dimensional treatment of figures with the entire composition arranged in sections. The art of painting the phads is approximately 700 years old. It is said that it was originated in Shahpura, some 35 kms from Bhilwara in Rajasthan. The continuous royal patronage gave a decisive impetus to the art which has survived and flourished for generations. Gond Art A very highly sophisticated and abstract form of Art works are also produced by the Santhals in India. The Gond tribe of the Godavari belt who are as old as the Santhals produce figurative works. Batik Print Not all the folk arts and crafts are entirely Indian in their origin. Some of the crafts and techniques have been imported from the Orient like the Batik. But these have now been Indianised and Indian Batik is now a matured art, immensely popular and expensive.

INTEXT QUESTIONS

11.2 Answer the following questions. 1. Match the follwoing decorative art with the state of origin. AB Rangoli Tamil Nadu Alpana Madhya Pradesh

Aipan North India Rangavalli Bengal Kollam Uttaranchal Mandana Karnataka _______________________________________________________________ 2. Through which paintings were advices given to the younger girls? _______________________________________________________________ 3. How is Kalam Kari work done? _______________________________________________________________ 4. What is special about Kalamkari painting? _______________________________________________________________ 5. Which is the most famous place for Kalam Kari art? _______________________________________________________________ 11.7 WARLI PAINTING Warli painting derives its name from a small tribe inhabiting the remote, tribal regions of Maharashtra. These are decorative paintings on floors and walls of ‘gond’ and ‘kol’ tribes’ homes and places of worship. Trees, birds, men and women collaborate to create a composite whole in a Warli painting. These paintings are made mostly by the women as part of their routine at auspicious celebrations. Subjects are predominantly religious with simple and local materials like white colour and rice paste and local vegetable glue on a plain contrasting background, made in a geometric patterns like squares, triangles, and circles. Dots and crooked lines are the units of these composition. Flora and fauna and people’s day to day life also form a part of the painted. The paintings are expanded by adding subject after subject in a spiraling manner. The rhythm of the Warli way of life is beautifully captured in simple images. Unlike other tribal art forms, Warli paintings do not employ religious iconography and is a more secular art form. 11.8 KALIGHAT PAINTING Kalighat painting derives its name from its place of origin Kalighat in Kolkata. Kalighat is a bazaar near the Kali temple in Kolkota. Patua painters from rural Bengal came and settled in Kalighat to make images of gods and goddesses in the early nineteenth century. These paintings on paper made with water colours comprise clear sweeping line drawings using bright colours and a clear background. Subjects are images of Kali, Lakshmi, Krishna, Ganesha, Shiva, and other gods and goddesses. In this process, artists developed a unique

new form of expression, and effectively portray a wide range of subjects commenting on the social life of Bengal. Similar kind of pata paintings may be found in Orissa. This painting form has its roots in the culture upheavds of 19 th century colonial Bengal. As its market grew, the artists began to liberate themselves from the routine depiction of Hindu deities and began to explore the world of contemporary social events in their paintings. The genre derived much inspiration from the introduction of photography, western style theatrical performances, the rise of babu culture in Bengal as a result of the impact of British colonial and administrative system. The emergence of the unique lifestyle of the nouveau riche of Kolkota in response to these diverse influence also inspired these paintings. All these stimuli gave birth to a new imagery that occupied the centre stage of Bengali literature, theatre and visual arts of the period. Kalighat paintings became the best mirror of this cultural and aesthetic shift. Based on their preexisting models of the Hindu deities, the artists created a whole repertoire of images, courtesans, actresses, heroines, pompous babus and conceited dandies, resplendent in their fancy attire and hair styles, smoking pipes and playing the sitar. Kalighat paintings are often referred to as the first works of art that came from Bengal.

11.9 INDIAN HANDICRAFTS

India is a virtual treasure house of the most exquisite handicrafts. Simple objects of daily life have been crafted with delicate design which give expression to the creativity of the Indian artisan. Every state of India can boast of some unique creation which is special to the region, for example, Kashmir is famous for embroidered shawls, carpets, namdar silk and walnut wood furniture. Rajasthan is famous for its tie-and-dye (bandhnï) fabrics, jewellery, using precious stone and jems, blue glazed pottery and minakari work. Andhra Pradesh is famous for Bidri work and Pochampalh saris while Tamil Nadu is well known for bronze sculpture and Kajeevaram silk saris. Mysore is well known for silk, sandalwood items and Kerala is famous for ivory carvings and rosewood furniture. Chanderi and kosa silk of Madhya Pradesh, chikan work of Lucknow, Brocade and silk saris of Benaras, cane furniture and goods of Assam, Bankura terracotta modelling and handloom items of Bengal are just a few examples of unique traditional decorative arts and crafts which constitute the heritage of modern India. These arts have been nurtured for thousands of years and provided employment to a great number of artisans who carried forward the art to the next generation. Thus you see how the Indian artisans with their magic touch can transform a piece of metal, wood or ivory into objects of art.

INTEXT QUESTIONS

11.3 1. Where do you find Warli Painting? _______________________________________________________________ Indian Painting Notes 165 Indian Culture and Heritage Secondary Course MODULE – V Painting, Performing Arts and Architecture 2. Which tribe is famous for Warli paintings? _______________________________________________________________ 3. What is special about Warli painting? _______________________________________________________________ 4. What are some unique creations of art and crafts form of Kashmir state? _______________________________________________________________

WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT 

The earliest specimens of creative painting in India can be traced to the prehistoric times.  References to paintings of various types and their techniques are available in both Brahminical and Buddhist literature.  Buddhist rock-cut caves of Ajanta in the western Deccan are famous for their wall paintings.  The Mughals began a new era in painting by synthesising Indian painting with the Persian tradition.  The Rajasthani and Pahari schools of painting have contributed significantly in the enrichment of Indian painting.  In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, painting comprised of semi-westernised local styles based on Indian themes.  Establishment of art schools on European model in major Indian cities like Calcutta, Bombay and Madras and particularly the emergence of the Bengal school of art were the other milestones in Indian painting during the modern period.  The progressive artists like Francis Newton Souza, S.H. Raza, and M.F. Hussain broke away from the Bengal School of Art to represent the modern forceful art of independent India.  Various folk art forms like Mithila paintings (Madhubani), Kalamkari painting, Warli painting and Kalighat painting took Indian painting to new heights by adding new dimensions to it. TERMINAL EXERCISE 1. How will you describe the development of painting art during the medieval era? Indian Painting Notes Indian Culture and Heritage Secondary Course 166 MODULE – V Painting, Performing Arts and Architecture 2. Define the Madhubani art form. How are the drawings in Madhubani paintings very conceptual? 3. Differentiate the Kalamkari painting with Mithilla painting? 4. Various forms of culture of Bengal is depicted in Kalighat paintings. Elaborate? 5. The Indian artisans with their magic touch can transform a piece of metal, wood or ivory into objects of art. Elaborate. 6. What was the contribution of the Mughals to painting as an art? 7. Write short notes on: i) Kalamkari art ii) Pahari art iii) Kalighat art

ANSWERS TO INTEXT QUESTIONS

11.1 1. Bhimbhetka 2. Lepyacitras, Lekhacitras and dhulitcitras. 3. It is done on the floor 4. They depict scenes from Jataka stories and Buddhist themes. 5. Bagh in the North badami (Karnataka) south 6. On a small surface depicting themes drawn from epics, myths and legends, seasons and Rogamala (melodies) 7. Aurangzeb 8. (a) Evil nature of British rule (b) Ideals of nalienalism (c) Desire for a national identity 9. (a) The National Gallery of Modern Art. (b) Lalit Kala Akademi 10. Orissa state. 11. Kala Bhawan Indian Painting Notes 167 Indian Culture and Heritage Secondary Course MODULE – V Painting, Performing Arts and Architecture 12. Oil painting depicting mythological and social themes became highly famous in modern India. 11.2 1. Rangoli North India Alpana Bengal Aipan Uttranchal Rangavalli Karnataka Kollam Tamil Nadu Mendana Madhya Pradesh 2. Mithila Paintings 3. It uses vegetables dyes 4. These are made on Hindu religions mythodology which scence after scene is painted. It is surrounded by floral decorative patterns on top and bottom. 5. Sri Kalhasti 11.3 1. In Maharshtra state of India 2. Gond and Kol tribes 3. It uses a geometric pattern and the subject after subject are added in a spirating manner. 4. Embroidered shawls, carpets, namdar silks and walnut furniture.

Travellers to ndia - history

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Mon, 18 Aug 2014 12:17:00 +0000

[History] Foreign travellers in ancient & medieval India
MOST IMPORTANT FOREIGN TRAVELLERS

NAME
COUNTRY
PERIOD
INFO
MEGASTHENES
GREECE
AFTER THE BATTLE BETWEEN CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA AND SELUCAS(305 B.C-DEBATABLE).
Ø Ambassador of Selucus I of Syria.
Ø Came to court of Sandrokottes(Chandragupta maurya).
Ø Described the social and administrative conditions under the mauryas.
Ø Wrote Indica.
Ø In Indica we found the royal palace Magadha made by wood.
Ø 7 division of Indian cast system.
PTOLEMY
GREECE
130 A.D
Ø Wrote “the geography of India”-which describes ancient Indian geography.
FA-HIEN
CHINA
399 A.D-412 A.D
Ø Visited India during Chandragupta II(Vikramaditya).
Ø Visited Lumbini, the birth place of Buddha.
Ø Journey described in his travelogoue as “Record of Buddhist Kingdoms”.
Ø Wrote Fo-Kyo-Ki.
HIUEN TSANG
CHINA
629 A.D-645 A.D
Ø Visited the court of Harshavardhana.
Ø Came through Tashkent and Swat valley.
Ø His book “Si-yu-ki or the records of western world”.
AL BERUNI
MIDDLE ASIA
1000A.D-1025A.D
Ø Came along with Mahmud of Ghajni.
Ø First Muslim scholar to study India.
Ø Known as founder of Indology.
Ø Wrote Tarikh al Hind/kitab-ul-hind.
IBN BATUTA
MORROCCO
1333A.D
Ø Was appointed a Qadi or judge, by Md. Bin Tughlaq.
Ø Wrote Kitab-ul-rahla.
MARCOPOLO
ITALY
1288A.D-1292A.D
Ø Visited Kakatiya state under Rudrmadevi(pandayas).
Ø Well known European travellar who visited many eastern countries.
NICOLO CONTI
ITALIAN
1420-1421 A.D
Ø Came during the rule of Devraya Iof Sangam dynasty of Vijayanagar empire.
Ø Has given a graphic account of Vijayanagars capital.
ABDUL RAZZAK
PERSIAN
1442-1445 A.D
Ø Ambassador of Shahrukh of Timurid dynasty.
Ø Came during the rule of Devraya II of Sangam dynasty of Vijayanagar empire.
Ø Given a brief account of the country side, in his Matla us saddin wa majuma ul Baharain.
AFNASY NIKITIN
RUSSIA
1469-1472 A.D
Ø A Russian merchant who documented his Indian visit in a narrative”The journey beyond 3 seas”.
Ø He had visited the Bahamani sultanate.
DOMINGO PAES
PORTUGAL
1520-1522A.D
Ø Came during the rule of Krishnadevaraya(1509-1529) of Tuluv dynasty of Vijayanagar empire.
FERNAO NUNES
PORTUGAL
1535-1537 A.D
Ø He was a chronicler and a horse trder.
Ø Came during the rule of Achutya devaraya(1529-1542A.D) of Tuluv dynasty of Vijayanagar empire.
Ø Informs us that a large number of kings paid tribute to him.
WILLIAM HAWKINS
BRITAIN
1609-1611A.D
Ø He was an ambassador of King James I.
Ø Visited the court of Jahangir.
SIR THOMAS ROE
BRITAIN
1615A.D
Ø He was the ambassador of King James I.
Ø Arrived at Jahangirs court.
Ø By 1618 he obtained 2 farmans confirming free trade.
(His Journal of the mission to the Mogul Empire, several times printed, has been re-edited, with an introduction
by W Foster, for the Hakluyt Society (1899). This is a valuable contribution to the history of India in the early 17th century. Of his correspondence)
PIETRO DELLA VALLE
ITALY
1623-1624A.D
Ø Visited the king of Vekatappa nayaka of Keladi in India.
SIR WILLIAM NORRIS
BRITAIN
-
Ø He was the companies ambassador to the Mughal empire.
Ø Visited during Auranjeebs reign.

OTHER FOREIGNER TRAVELERS (OF THE ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD)

NAME
PERIOD
Significant points(if any)
Unknown greek sailor
MID FIRST CENTURY
Ø Wrote a book named “Periplus of the erethraean sea”.-describing
navigation and trading
opportunities from Roman
Egyptian ports like
Berenice along the coast
of the Red Sea, and
others along Northeast
Africa and the Indian
subcontinent
ST.THOMAS
14-15 A.D
Ø An apostle who spread Christianity in Kerala.
CHENG-HI
1421-1431A.D
Ø Came during the reign of Jalauddin(Bengal)
LUDVICO DE VORTHEMA
1502-1508 A.D
Ø Italian merchant who visited India in 1502-1508 A.D left his memoirs in Egypt, India, Syria etc.
BARTOLOMIU-DIAS(PORTUGUESE)
1503-1508 A.D
Ø Came in Deccan.
Ø In 1488 he sailed around the tips of Africa the first European to have done so.
EDWARDO BARBOSA
1516-1518A.D
Ø Came during the reign of Krishnadevaraya.
ANTHONY MONSERRATE
1578-1582A.D
Ø Came during the reign of Akbar
RALPH FITCH
1585-1591A.D
Ø Came during the reign of Akbar.
CAESAR FREIDRICK
16 TH CENTURY
Ø Came to Vijayanagar.
JOHN LISCONTEN
16TH CENTURY
Ø Came to Vijayanagar.
LAMA TARANATH
16TH CENTURY
Ø Came to east India.
WILLIAM FITCH
1608-1612A.D
Ø Came during Jahangir.
JOHN-JOURDIAN
1608-1617A.D
Ø Came during Jahangir.
NICHOLAS DOWNTON
1608-1615A.D
Ø Came during Jahangir.
NICHOLAS WITHINGTON
1612-1616A.D
Ø Came during Jahangir.
THOMAS CORYET
1612-1617A.D
Ø Came during Jahangir.
EDWARD TERRY
1616-1619A.D
Ø Came during the rule of Jahangir.
PAUL CANNIN(BRITISH)
1615-1625
Ø Came during the rule of Jahangir.
FRANSISCO PELASERT
1620-1627 A.D
Ø Came during Jahangir.
PIETRA DELLAVALE
1622-1633A.D
Ø Jahangir.
JOHN LAIT
1626-1633A.D
Ø Came during Shahjahan..
PETER MUNDY
1630-1634A.D
Ø Shahjahan.
MANUCCI
1656-1687A.D
Ø Aurangjeeb.
BERNIER
1658-1668A.D
Ø Aurangjeeb.
JEAN DE THEVENOT
1666-1668A.D
Ø Aurangjeeb.
GEMELLI CARERI
1695-1699A.D
Ø Came to Bijapur.

v The list of the travelers is much more than the above mentioned ones but significant ones has been mentioned.

v Add in the list according to the need.

The boiling frog syndrome

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Thu, 14 Aug 2014 17:29:00 +0000

THE BOILING FROG SYNDROME..!!

Put a frog in a vessel of water and start heating the water...

As the temperature of the water rises, the frog is able to adjust its body temperature accordingly...

The frog keeps on adjusting with increase in temperature...

Just when the water is about to reach boiling point, the frog is not able to adjust anymore...

At that point the frog decides to jump out...

The frog tries to jump but is unable to do so, because it lost all its strength in adjusting with the water temperature...

Very soon the frog dies. What killed the frog?

Many of us would say the boiling water...

But the truth is what killed the frog was its own inability to decide when it had to jump out...

We all need to adjust with people and situations, but we need to be sure when we need to adjust and when we need to confront / face...

There are times when we need to face the situation and take the appropriate action...

If we allow people to exploit us physically, mentally, emotionally or financially, they will continue to do so...

We have to decide when to jump...

Let us jump while we still have the strength.

67th independence day - president speech

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Thu, 14 Aug 2014 16:51:00 +0000

Fellow citizens:

On the eve of 67thanniversary of our Independence, I extend warm greetings to you and to all Indians around the world. I convey my special greetings to members of our armed forces, paramilitary forces and internal security forces. I also congratulate all our sportspersons, who have participated and won laurels in the recently-concluded Commonwealth Games held at Glasgow.
Friends:

1.Freedom is a celebration; independence is a challenge. In the 68thyear of freedom, we have reaffirmed the power of our individual and collective liberties by electing through a remarkably peaceful electoral process, a stable government with a clear majority for a single party, after three decades. The increase in voter turnout to 66 per cent from the last election’s 58 per cent shows the vitality of our democracy. This achievement has given us an opportunity to take up the challenge of governance by reforming the policies, practices and systems of governance so that the enormous aspirations of our people can be fulfilled with vision, commitment, integrity, speed and administrativecapability.

2.Stagnant minds create immobile systems which become roadblocks to growth. India demands creative thinking in governance that enables fast-track development and ensures social harmony. The nation has to be placed above partisan impulses. The people come first.

Friends:

3.In a democracy, good governance is exercise of power for efficient and effective management of our economic and social resources for the well-being of the people. This power has to be exercised within the framework of the Constitution through the institutions of state. With the passage of time and changes in the eco-system, distortions do appear making some institutions dysfunctional. When one institution does not function in the manner expected of it, phenomenon of overreach sets in. While some new institutions might become necessary, the real solution lies in re-inventing and restoring the existing ones to serve the purpose of effective government.

4.Good governance is critically dependent on rule of law, participatory decision-making, transparency, responsiveness, accountability, equity and inclusiveness. It calls for wider involvement of the civil society in the political process. It calls for deeper engagement of the youth with the institutions of democracy. It calls for quick dispensation of justice to the people. It calls for ethical and responsible behaviour from the media.

5.A country of our size, heterogeneity and complexity calls for culture-specific governance models. It calls for cooperation in the exercise of power and assumption of responsibility, by all stakeholders. It calls for constructive partnership between the state and the citizen. It calls for taking a responsive administration to the door step of every hut and habitation in the land.

Fellow Citizens:

6.The decisive challenge of our times is toendthe curse of poverty. The focus of our policies now has to move from alleviation of poverty to elimination of poverty. The difference is not mere semantics: alleviation is a process; elimination is a time-defined objective. In last six decades, the poverty ratio has declined from over 60 per cent to less than 30 per cent. Even then, nearly one-third of our population still lives below the poverty line. Poverty is not a mere statistic. Poverty has a face, which becomesunbearable when it scars the visage of a child. The poor cannot, and will not, wait for yet another generation to see the very essentials of life - food, shelter, education and employment - being denied to them. The benefits from economic development must percolate down to the poorest of the poor.

7.In the last decade, our economy grew at an average rate of 7.6 per cent per year. Though the growth rate was subdued at below 5 per cent during the last two years, I sense renewed vigour and optimism in the air. Signs of revival are visible. Our external sector has strengthened. Fiscal consolidation measures are beginning to show results. Notwithstanding occasional spurts, inflation has started moderating. However, food prices still remain a matter of serious concern. Record food grains production last year helped agriculture sector to grow at a healthy 4.7 per cent. Employment has increased by an average of about 4 per cent per year in the last decade. Manufacturing sector is on the rebound. The stage is now set for our economy to move on a high growth trajectory of 7 to 8 per cent, which is essentialto ensure the availability of adequate resources for equitable development.

Fellow Citizens:

8.Economy is the material part of development. Education is the essential part of it.A sound education system is the bedrock of an enlightened society. It is the bounden duty of our educational institutions to provide quality education and inculcate the core civilizational values of love for motherland; compassion for all; tolerance for pluralism; respect for women; performance of duty; honesty in life; self-restraint in conduct, responsibility in action and discipline in young minds. By the end of the Twelfth Five Year Plan, we would have achieved a literacy rate of eighty per cent. But would we be able to say that we have provided quality education and skills to our children to be good citizens and successful professionals?

Fellow Citizens:

9.Our thoughts are influenced by our environment. "Yadrishi Bhavana Yasya; Siddhir Bhavati Tadrishi”. It means, "Whatever are one’s thoughts, so will be the outcomes”. Clean environment breeds clean thoughts. Cleanliness is a markof self-respect. Ancient travellers like Megasthenes in the 4th Century BC, Fa Hien in the 5thCentury AD andHiuen Tsang in the 7thCentury AD, when they came to India, have written about the efficient administrative systems, with planned settlements and good urban infrastructure.What has gone wrong with us now? Why can’t we keep ourenvironment free of filth? The Prime Minister's call to honour the memory of Mahatma Gandhi on his 150th birth anniversary, by making India a clean country by 2019 is commendable, but it can be achieved only if eachIndian converts this into a national mission. Every road, every path, every office, every home, every hut, every river, every stream, every particle in the air around us can be kept clean, if we but cared just a little. We must nurture nature, so that nature continues to nurture us.
My fellow citizens:

10. Though an ancient civilization, India is a modern nation with modern dreams. Intolerance and violence is a betrayal of the letter and spirit of democracy. Those who believe in the poison drip of inflammatory provocation do not understand India's values or even its presentpolitical impulses. Indians know that progress, economic or social, is difficult without peace. This may be the appropriate moment to recall the great Shivaji's letter to Aurangzeb when the latter imposed jizya. Shivaji told the emperor that Shah Jehan, Jehangir and Akbar could also have levied this tax "but they did not give place to bigotry in their hearts, as they considered all men, high and low, created by God to be examples of the nature of diverse creeds and temperaments". This 17th century epistle of Shivaji carries a message, which is universal. It must become a living testament that guides our behaviour today.

11. We can least afford to forget this message at a time when an increasingly turbulent international environment has sparked off rising dangers in our region and beyond, some clearly visible, and some crawling out of the debris of unprecedented turmoil. Across parts of Asia and Africa, attempts are being made by radical militias to redraw the maps of nations to create ageography for theocratic ideology. India will feel the heat of blowback, particularly as it represents the values that reject extremism in all its manifestations. India is a beacon of democracy, equilibrium, inter-and-intra faith harmony. We must defend our secular fabric with vigour. Our security and foreign policies must combine the steel of strength with the velvet of diplomacy even as we persuade the like-minded as well as the hesitant to recognise the substantial dangers that breed within indifference.

Fellow Citizens:

12. Our Constitution is a consequence of our democratic culture, which reflects our ancient values.It pains me to notethat thisgreat national asset is becoming increasingly vulnerable to rash excess. Our right to freedom continues to flourish, and may that always be the case, but what about our duty to the people? I sometimes wonder: has our democracy become too noisy? Have we lost the art of contemplation and calm thinking? Is it not the time to restore the grandeur and glory of our institutions that have sustained and nourished our beautiful democracy? Should not Parliament again become the great hall of sombre thought and well-debated legislation? Should not our courts of law become temples of justice? This calls for collective action by all the stakeholders.

13. A nation is very young at 68. India has the will, energy, intellect, values and unity to claim the 21stcentury. The vision to win the battle of freedom from poverty is set; the journey will seemformidable only to those without conviction. As an old saying goes, "Sidhir Bhavati Karmaja”, which means, "success is born of action”.

14. Now is the time for action!

Jai Hind.

ஜனநாயகச் சமதர்மம், மதநல்லிணக்கத்தின் கலங்கரை விளக்கமாகத் திகழும் இந்தியாவில், மதச்சார்பின்மை என்ற கட்டிடத்தை உறுதியாகக் காத்து நிற்க வேண்டும் என்று குடியரசுத் தலைவர் பிரணாப் முகர்ஜி கூறினார்.

மேலும், வன்முறையும், நாட்டைக் காட்டிக்கொடுக்கும் துரோகமும் மன்னிக்க முடியாதவை என்றும், நாட்டில் அமைதி இல்லாவிடில் சமூக, பொருளாதார முன்னேற்றத்தை அடைய முடியாது என்றும் அவர் பேசினார்.

68-வது சுதந்திர தினத்தை முன்னிட்டு குடியரசு தலைவர் பிரணாப் முகர்ஜி, நாட்டு மக்களுக்கு ஆற்றிய உரையின் முழு வடிவம்:

"நமது நாட்டின் 67-வது சுதந்திரன விழா தினத்தன்று எனது அன்பான வாழ்த்துக்களை உங்களுக்கும் உலககெங்கும் உள்ள இந்தியர்களுக்கும் தெரிவித்துக் கொள்கிறேன். முப்படையினருக்கும், துணைப்படையினருக்கும், உள்நாட்டுப் பாதுகாப்புத் துறையச் சார்ந்தவர்களுக்கும் எனது சிறப்பு வாழ்த்துகளை தெரிவித்துக் கொள்கிறேன்.

சமீபத்தில் கிளாஸ்கோவில் நடந்து முடிந்த காமன்வெல்த் விளையாட்டுப் போட்டிகளில் பங்கேற்று பதக்கங்களை வென்ற விளையாட்டு வீரர்களுக்கு எனது பாராட்டுகளை தெரிவித்துக்கொள்கிறேன்.

ஜனநாயகத்தின் உற்சாகம்!

சுதந்திரம் என்பது கொண்டாட்டம்; சுதந்திரம் என்பது சவாலும் கூட. 68 ஆம் ஆண்டு சுதந்திரத்தில் நாம் தேர்தலை அமைதியாக நடத்தி தலைவர்களை தேர்ந்தெடுத்ததன் மூலம் நமது தனிபட்ட மற்றும் கூட்டு உரிமையை நிலைநாட்டி இருக்கிறோம். 30 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு பிறகு தனிப்பெரும்பான்மையோடு ஒரு கட்சி ஆட்சி அமைத்துள்ளது.

கடந்த தேர்தலில் 58 சதவீதமாக இருந்த வாக்குப்பதிவு இந்த ஆண்டு இந்த தேர்தலில் 65 சதவீதமாக உயர்ந்துள்ளது. இது நமது ஜனநாயகத்தின் உற்சாகத்தை காட்டுகிறது. கொள்கைகள், நடைமுறைகள், ஆட்சி முறைகள் ஆகியவற்றின் சீர்திருத்தங்களை கொண்டு வரும் சவால்களுக்கான வாய்ப்பை இந்த சாதனை அளித்துள்ளது. இந்த சவால்களை நிறைவேற்றுவதால் மக்களின் மகத்தான ஆசைகளை தெளிவான நோக்கத்தோடும், அர்ப்பணிபோடும், நேர்மையாகவும், விரைவாகவும், நிர்வாக திறனோடும் நிறைவேற்ற முடியும்.

ஆக்கப்பூர்வ சிந்தனை தேவை

மந்தமான உள்ளங்கள் அமைப்பை அசைவற்றதாக மாற்றிவிடும். அது வளர்ச்சிக்கு தடையாகிவிடும். இந்தியாவின் ஆட்சி முறைக்கு ஆக்கபூர்வமான சிந்தனை தேவை. அது வளர்ச்சி பாதையை வேகமாக்கி சமூக நல்லிணக்கத்தை உறுதி செய்யும். பல்வேறு பிரிவினை வாதங்களை மீறி மக்களை முதன்மையாக கொண்டு நாட்டை உயர்த்தி பிடிக்க வேண்டும்.

உருமாற்றுதலும் மறுசீரமைப்பதும் அவசியம்

ஜனநாயகத்தில் நாட்டு மக்களின் நலனுக்காக பொருளாதாரம் மற்றும் சமூக வளங்களை திறமையாகவும் பயன் உள்ளதாகவும் மேலாண்மை செய்வதே நல்லாட்சியின் அதிகாரம் ஆகும். இந்த அதிகாரத்தை அரசியல் அமைப்பு சட்டத்திற்குள் அரசு நிறுவனங்களை கொண்டு பயன்படுத்த வேண்டும். காலப்போக்கில் சுற்றுச்சூழலில் ஏற்படும் மாற்றங்களினால் பல சிதைவுகள் ஏற்பட்டு சில நிறுவனங்களை செயலற்றதாக்கிவிடுகிறது. ஒரு நிறுவனம் எதிர்பார்த்ததை போல் செயல்படாதபோது, அது இன்னும் மேலே செல்ல முடியாது என்ற நிலை ஏற்படுகிறது. சில நிறுவனங்கள் அவசியமானதாக உள்ள போதிலும் பயனுள்ள அரசாக மக்களுக்கு சேவை செய்ய உண்மையான தீர்வு காண ஏற்கெனவே உள்ள நிறுவனங்களை உருமாற்றுதலும் மறுசீரமைப்பதும் அவசியமாகும்.

சமுதாய அமைப்புகளின் பங்கு

சட்டத்தின் ஆட்சி, முடிவெடுப்பதில் அனைவரின் பங்கு வெளிப்படைத்தன்மை, மறுமொழி பகிர்தல், பொறுப்புணர்வு, அனைவருக்கும் உரிமை ஆகியவற்றை சார்ந்தே நல்லாட்சி அமைகிறது. இது அரசியல் நடைமுறையில் சமுதாய அமைப்புகளின் பங்கின் முக்கியதுவத்தை காட்டுகிறது. அது ஜனநாயகம் எனும் நிறுவனத்தின் இளைஞர்களின் உறுதியான ஈடுபாட்டை அழைக்கிறது. அது மக்களுக்கு விரைவாக நீதியை வழங்குவதில் அவசியத்தை சுட்டிக்காட்டுகிறது. ஊடகங்கள் நீதி நெறியுடனும் அக்கறையுடனும் இருக்க வேண்டும் என்பதை காட்டுகிறது.

பொறுப்பான மேலாண்மை

நமது நாட்டின் அளவு, பன்முகத்தண்மை மற்றும் சிக்கல்கள் காரணமாக கலச்சாரத்துக்கு ஏற்ற அரசாங்க முறை தேவை. அனைத்து பங்குதாரர்களும் ஒருங்கிணைந்த அதிகார பயன்பாடு மற்றும் பொறுப்பேற்றுக்கொள்ளவேண்டும். மாநிலத்திற்கும் குடிமகனுக்கும் இடையே ஆன உறவை வளர்க்கும் வகையில் அமைய வேண்டும். பொறுப்பான மேலாண்மை இதை நாட்டில் உள்ள ஒவ்வொரு குடிசைக்கும் வீட்டுக்கும் கொண்டு செல்லும்.

வறுமை ஒழிப்பே சவால்

வறுமை ஒழிப்பே நமது காலத்தின் பெறு சவாலாகும். வறுமை அதிகரப்பில் இருந்து வறுமை ஒழிப்பு என்பதில் நமது திட்டத்தின் குறக்கோளாக உள்ளது. பொருட்களில் மட்டும் இந்த வித்தியாசம் இல்லை: அதிகரிப்பு என்பது செயல்முறை; ஒழிப்பு என்பது நேரம் சார்ந்த குறிக்கோளாகும். கடந்த 60 ஆண்டுகளாக வறுமை விகிதம் 60 சதவீதத்திலிருந்து 30 சதவீதத்திற்க்கு கீழ் குறைந்துள்ளது. அப்படி இருந்தும் நமது மக்கள் தொகை மூன்றில் ஒரு பங்கு வறுமை கோட்டுக்கு கீழாகவே உள்ளது.

வறுமை என்பது வெறும் புள்ளிவிபரம் அல்ல. வறுமைக்கென்று ஒரு முகம் உள்ளது அதன் தழும்பு குழந்தையின் முகத்தில் வரும் போது அது தாங்க முடியாத ஒரு நிலைக்கு கொண்டு செல்கிறது. வாழ்கையின் அத்யாவசிய தேவையான உணவு, தங்கும் இடம், கல்வி, வேலைவாய்ப்பு ஆகிய வற்றை அடுத்த தலைமுறை பார்க்கும் வகையிலோ அல்லது மறுக்க படுவதையோ வறுமையில் உள்ளவர்கள் காத்திருக்க மாட்டார்கள் காத்திருக்கவும் வேண்டாம். பொருளாதார மேம்பாட்டின் பயனை வருமையிலும் வருமையுற்றவர்களுக்கு சென்றடையவேண்டும்.

பொருளாதார வளர்ச்சி

கடந்த 10 ஆண்டுகளாக நமது பொருளாதார வளர்ச்சி வீதம் ஒர் ஆண்டுக்கு 7.6 சதவீதமாக இருந்தது. கடந்த இரண்டு ஆண்டுகளில் வளர்ச்சி வீதம் ஐந்து சதவீதத்திற்கு கீழ் இருந்தாலும் சுறுசுறுப்பும், நம்பிக்கையும் இருந்து கொண்டே தான் இருக்கிறது. மீண்டும் எழுவதற்கான அறிகுறிகள் தெரிகிறது. நமது வெளியுறவு பிரிவு வலுவடைந்துள்ளது. நிதி ஒருங்கிணைப்பு நடவடிக்கைகள் தீர்வுக்கான ஆரம்பித்துள்ளது. தீடீர் விலை உயர்வுகளை தாக்கு பிடிக்கமுடியாமல் மிதமாக மாறிவருகிறது. ஆனாலும், உணவு பொருட்களின் விலை முக்கிய கவலையாக உள்ளது. கடந்த ஆண்டு, உணவு தானிய உற்பத்தியின் பதிவு வேளாண்மைத் துறையின் 4.7 சதவீத வளர்ச்சிக்கு உதவியது. வேலைவாய்ப்பு கடந்த 10 ஆண்டுகளின் 4 சதவீதமாக உயர்ந்துள்ளது. உற்பத்தி துறை மீண்டு வரும் தருணத்தில் உள்ளது. சமமான வளர்ச்சிக்கு தேவையான வளங்களை கொண்டுவருவதற்கான பொருளாதாரத்தின் வளர்ச்சி 7ல் இருந்து 8 சதவீதம் வரை வளர இந்த மேடை தயாராக உள்ளது.

வளர்ச்சியின் அடிப்படை பொருளாதாரம் ஆகும். கல்வி, வளர்ச்சிக்கு முக்கியத்துவம் வாய்ந்த ஒரு பகுதியும். அதனால் கல்வி நிறுவனங்கள் தரமான கல்வி அளிப்பது முக்கிய பொறுப்பாக கொள்ள வேண்டும். பணிரெண்டாம் ஐந்தாண்டு திட்டம் முடியும் போது எழுத்தறிவு 80% ஆக உயர்வதற்கு வாய்ப்புள்ளது, என்றால் இந்த எழுத்தறிவு வழியாக நல்ல குடிமக்களையும், வெற்றிகரமான பணியாளர்களையும் உருவாக்க முடிந்ததா என்பது தான் கேள்வி.

தூய்மையான இந்தியா

சுற்றுச்சூழல் தான் நம்முடைய எண்ணங்களை உருவாக்குகிறது. ஒருவன் என்ன நினைக்கிறானோ அதுவே செயலாகிறது என்று சொல்கிறது ஒரு சமஸ்கிருதச் சொல். மாசு இல்லாத சுற்றுச்சூழல், குற்றமற்ற, நேர்மையான எண்ணங்களுக்கு வித்திடுகிறது என்பதாகும். நேர்மை, சுயமரியாதையின் வெளிப்பாடு.

கிறிஸ்து பிறப்பதற்கு நான்கு நூற்றாண்டுகளுக்கு முன்பு இந்தியாவிற்கு வந்த சுற்றுலா பயணி மெகஸ்தனீஸ், கிறிஸ்து பிறந்த பின் ஐந்தாம் நூற்றாண்டில் வந்த ஃபாஹின், ஏழாம் நூற்றாண்டில் வந்த ஹியுன்சாங் ஆகியோர், நாட்டில் நிலவிய திறமையான நிர்வாகமுறை, திட்டமிட்ட குடியேற்றம், சிறப்பான நகர்ப்புற கட்டமைப்பு குறித்து பாராட்டி எழுதி உள்ளனர்.

இப்போது நம்மிடம் என்ன தவறு? நம்முடைய சுற்றுச்சூழலை மாசில்லாமல் உருவாக்க முடியாதா? மகாத்மா காந்தியின் 150-வது பிறந்த நாளின் போது உரையாற்றிய பிரதமர் நரேந்திரமோடி, 2019 -ஆம் ஆண்டிற்குள் தூய்மையான இந்தியாவை உருவாகக்க வேண்டும். என்று நாட்டு மக்களுக்கு வேண்டுகோள் விடுத்தார்.

இது பாராட்டிற்கு உரியது. இந்தியர் ஒவ்வொருவரும் இந்த வேண்டுகோளை தேசிய கொள்கையாக மதித்து செயல்பட்டால் மட்டுமே தூய்மையான இந்தியாவை உருவாக்குவது சாத்தியமாகும். ஒவ்வொரு சாலையும், ஒவ்வொரு வழியும், ஒவ்வொரு அலுவலகமும், ஒவ்வொரு வீடும், ஒவ்வொரு குடிசையும், ஒவ்வொரு நதியும், ஒவ்வொரு அருவியும், காற்றின் ஒவ்வொரு துகளும் சுத்தமாக வைத்துக்கொள்ளப்பட வேண்டும். நாம் சிறிதளவு கவனம் செலுத்தி உழைக்க வேண்டும். இயற்கையை நாம் பேணிக்காத்தல், இயற்கை எப்போதும் நம்மைப் பேணிக்காத்துக் கொண்டே இருக்கும்.

வன்முறையும் துரோகமும் மன்னிக முடியாதது!

பாரத நாடு பழம் பெரும் நாடாக இருந்தாலும், நம்முடைய நாடு நவீன கனவுகளைக் கொண்ட நவீன நாடு. வன்முறையும், நாட்டைக் காட்டிக்கொடுக்கும் துரோகமும் மன்னிக்க முடியாதவை. நாட்டில் அமைதி இல்லாவிடில் சமூக, பொருளாதார முன்னேற்றத்தை அடைய முடியாது என்பது இந்தியர்களுக்குத் தெரியும்.

சத்திரபதி சிவாஜி, மொகலாய பேரரசர் ஒளரங்கசீப்பிற்கு எழுதிய கடிதத்தை இத்தருணத்தில் நினைவுகூற விரும்புகிறேன். ஒளரங்கசீப் ஜியா என்ற வரியை விதித்தார். அவருக்கு சிவாஜி ஒரு கடிதம் எழுதினார். ஷாஜஹான், ஜஹாங்கிர், அக்பர், ஆகியோரும் இந்த வரியை மக்களிடம் வசூலித்தனர். ஆனால் அவர்கள் தங்கள் இதயத்தில் மதவெறிக்கு இடம் கொடுக்கவில்லை.

மனிதர்களில் உயர்ந்தவர்களோ, தாழ்ந்தவர்களோ இல்லை அனைவரும் கடவுளால் படைக்கப்பட்டவர்கள் என்பதை ஏற்றுக்கொண்டார்கள். சத்திரபதி சிவாஜியால் 17-ம் நூற்றாண்டில் எழுதப்பட்ட இந்த மடல் ஒரு செய்தியைத் தாங்கி உள்ளது. இன்றைய நாளில் நம்முடைய நடத்தையை வழிநடத்தும் சாசனமாகத் திகழ்கிறது.

சர்வதேச சூழ்நிலைகளின் விளைவாக நம்முடைய மண்டலத்திலும் அதைச் சுற்றிலும் அபாயகரமான நிகழ்வுகள் ஏற்பட்டிருக்கும் சூழ்நிலையில், சிவாஜி நமக்கு வழங்கி இருக்கும் செய்திகளை மறக்க முடியாது.

மதச்சார்பின்மை

ஜனநாயகச் சமதர்மம், மதநல்லிணக்கம் இவற்றின் கலங்கரை விளக்கமாக இந்தியா திகழ்கிறது. சமயச்சார்பின்மை என்ற கட்டிடத்தைநாம் உறுதியாகக் காத்து நிற்க வேண்டும்.

நம்முடைய பாதுகாப்பு கொள்கைகளும் அயல்நாட்டுக் கொள்கைகளும் உருக்கைப்போன்ற வலிமையும், பட்டுத் துணியைப்போன்ற மென்மையும் கொண்டவை.

எனது கவலை

நம்முடைய அரசியல் அமைப்புச்சட்டம். நம்முடைய நாட்டின் தொன்மையான மதிப்பை எதிரொலிக்கிறது. நம் நாட்டின் மாபெரும் மதிப்பு, நம்முடைய அஜாக்கிரதையால் வீணாகிறதோ என்ற எண்ணம் என்னை கவலைப்பட வைக்கிறது. நாம் சுதந்திரமாகச் செயல்படும் நிலை அதிகரித்து வருகிறது.

மக்களுக்கு நாம் ஆற்ற வேண்டிய கடமைகள் என்ன? சில நேரங்களில் ஆச்சரியப்பட வைக்கிறது. நம்முடைய ஜனநாயகம் வெறும் சத்தமாக மட்டுமே மாறுகிறதா? நம்முடைய சிந்தனைத் திறனை நாம் இழந்து வருகிறோமா? நம்முடைய பழம்பெருமையும் வாய்ந்த ஜனநாயத்தைப் பேணிக் காக்க வேண்டிய நேரம் அல்லவா இது?

நாடாளுமன்றம் என்பது ஆரோக்கியமான விவாதங்களையும், மிகச் சிறந்த சட்டங்களையும் உருவாக்கும் இடம் அல்லவா? நம்முடைய நீதிமன்றங்கள், நீதி வழங்கும் ஆலயங்கள் அல்லவா? இதற்கு அனைவரும் சேர்ந்து உழைக்க வேண்டும் என்பது உறுதி.

வறுமையோடு போராட்டம்

நம் நாடு 68 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு பிறகும் இளமையான நாடு. ஆற்றல், பெருமை, சமத்துவம், ஆகியவற்றுக்கு 21-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் உரிமை கொண்டாடும் நாடு. மக்களை வாட்டும் வறுமையுடன் போராடி வெற்றி காண இலக்கு நிர்ணயிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. கடுமையான உழைப்பின் மூலமே வெற்றி காண முடியும்

செயல்பட இதுவே தருணம்!

ஜெய்ஹிந்த்."

தேடவேண்டிய இடத்தில் தேடு

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Fri, 08 Aug 2014 03:38:00 +0000

தேடவேண்டிய இடத்தில் தேடு

இருக்கும் இடத்தை விட்டு இல்லாத இடம் தேடி எங்கெங்கோ அலைகின்றார் ஞானத்தங்கமே! அவர் ஏதும் அறியாரடி ஞானத்தங்கமே! . . . என்ற பாட்டை நீங்கள் கேட்டிருப்பீர்கள். தனி மனிதனை மனதில் வைத்து பாடப்பட்ட பாடல் அது. வியாபார நிறுவனங்களும் சில ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன் வரை பை(கை)யில் வெண்ணெயை வைத்துக்கொண்டு நெய்க்கு அலைந்துகொண்டிருந்தார்கள் என்றே சொல்லலாம்.

எந்த வாடிக்கையாளர் என்னென்ன பொருட்களை வாங்குவார், எந்தெந்த பிராண்டுகளை ஒரு சேர உபயோகிப்பார், நம்முடைய தயாரிப்பில் எந்த வசதிகள் கட்டாயம் தேவை, எது தேவையேயில்லை என்பதெல்லாம் குறித்து ஆய்வு செய்ய நிறுவனங்கள் தங்களுடைய கணினிகளில் புதைந்திருக்கும் டேட்டா குவியல்களை பிரித்து மேய்ந்தாலே பல உண்மைகளைக் கண்டுபிடிக்க முடியும் என்ற உண்மையை உறைக்க வைத்ததுதான் பிசினஸ் அனலிட்டிக்ஸ். அட அதையெல்லாம் விடுங்கள்.

இணையதள வியாபாரத்தில் யார் விலையை கேட்டுவிட்டு நைசாக நழுவிவிடுவார், யார் விலை கேட்டுவிட்டு உடனடியாக வாங்குவார் என்ற கணக்குகளையெல்லாம் கூட போட்டுவிடமுடியும், பிசினஸ் அனலிடிக்ஸை வைத்துக்கொண்டு. உங்கள் வீட்டின் அருகில் இருக்கும் மருந்துக்கடையில் உங்கள் தாத்தாவிற்கு மாதாமாதம் முதல் வாரத்தில் அந்த மாதம் முழுவதற்கும் தேவையான மருந்து வாங்குகின்றீர்கள்.

தாத்தாவோ நீங்கள் ஆபீஸிற்கு அவசரமாக கிளம்பிக்கொண்டிருக்கும் போது பேராண்டி இதுதான் கடைசி மாத்திரை என உங்களிடம் காண்பித்து உங்கள் ஞாபக மறதியை குத்திக்காட்டி மாத்திரையை வாயில் போடும் குணம் கொண்டவர். அட! என்னவொரு மறதி என்று நினைத்து உடனே அருகில் உள்ள வாடிக்கையான கடைக்கு ஓடினால் கைவசம் இல்லை சார். நாளைக்கு நிச்சயம் வந்துவிடும் என்கின்றார்.

ரத்த அழுத்தமோ, சர்க்கரையோ தாத்தாவுக்கு நாளைக்குள் ஏ

Breastfeeding

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Fri, 08 Aug 2014 03:25:00 +0000

Breastfeeding contributes to emotional and psychological development of infants. Breastfeeding is Key to healthy life and one of the most critical interventions which can help bring down infant mortality. The constitutional mandate for breast feeding is provided under Article 42 of the constitution of India which says that the State shall make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. Dalai Lama also said that our very first act after birth is to suck our mother’s milk. This is an act of affection, of compassion. Without that act, we cannot survive. “

The first week of August is globally marked as World Breast feeding week to promote, protect and support breastfeeding. This year the theme is ‘Breastfeeding: A Winning Goal - for Life!’ highlighting that achieving the Millennium Development Goals requires more early, exclusive and continued breastfeeding. Breastfeeding can contribute to each of the MDGs in a substantial way. Breastfeeding is key to the MDGs which focus on eradicating extreme poverty and hunger. Breastfeeding provide high quality nutrients and adequate energy, and can help prevent hunger and malnutrition. It is a natural and low-cost way of feeding babies and children.

Early initiation of breastfeeding within one hour, exclusive breastfeeding till six months of age and appropriate complementary feeding after six months with continued breastfeeding till at least two years can help bring down under infant and under five mortality rate. The World Health Organization and UNICEF recommends early initiation of breastfeeding within the first hour after the birth; exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months; and continued breastfeeding for two years or more, together with safe, nutritionally adequate, age appropriate, responsive complementary feeding aftersixth month.

Breast milk provides appropriate concentrations of almost all the nutrients for infants. During the first few days after delivery, the mother produces colostrums, a thin yellowish fluid, and rich in protein and antibodies that provide immunity to the baby at the time of birth. Colostrum also helps the newborn's digestive system to grow and function properly. Mother’s milk comprises of various components such as anti-microbial factors, digestive enzymes and growth modulators that promote the infant’s growth and development. Breastfeeding is one of the most effective interventions for child survival particularly to address morbidity and mortality related to three major conditions i.e. neonatal infections, diarrhoea and pneumonia. Breastfeeding has a protective effect against childhood obesity and lowers the risk of several chronic conditions including asthma, diabetes and heart disease, in adult life and thus contributes to long-term benefits. It has been found to have direct positive impact on brain development. Breastfeeding has many health benefits for the mother too. It reduces anemia. Obesity is less common among nursing mothers as it helps the mother to regain her normal figure. It is protective against breast and ovarian cancers. It also helps in spacing pregnancies as breastfeeding is the effective contraceptive.

The increased availability of infant milk substitutes in the market has lead to extensive promotions by the infant food manufacturing companies, through advertisements, free samples, gifts to mothers and health workers to convince them that bottle feeding is as good as breastfeeding. This undermines breastfeeding in many ways and has contributed to the decline of breastfeeding rates.To prohibit this and promote breastfeeding there exists the Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles and Infant Foods (Regulation of Production, Supply and Distribution) Act, 1992 (The IMS Act) which came into force on August 1, 1993. The Act aims to prohibit the promotion of infant foods, infant milk substitutes and feeding bottles.

The Act Prohibits the advertisement of infant milk substitutes and feeding bottles to" ensure that no impression is given that feeding of these products is equivalent to, or better than, breastfeeding. It Prohibits providing free samples and gifts to pregnant women, mothers of infants and members of the families, donation of free or subsided supplies of products for health care institutions and prohibits incentives and gifts to health workers and also display of posters at health care facilities / hospitals /health centers. The act also prohibits any contact of employers manufacturing and distributing company with pregnant women, even for providing educational material to them. The Act also prescribes that all labels of IMS /Infant food, must say in English and local, languages that breastfeeding is the best. Also, the labels must not have pictures of infants or women or phrases designed to increase the sale of the product. There is also MATERNITY BENEFIT ACT, 1961 to regulate the employment of women for certain period before and after child-birth and to provide for maternity benefit and certain other benefits.

Some of the possible reasons for suboptimal breastfeeding are primarily lack of proper information to mothers, lack of counseling on feeding of infants, unawareness about health care support, inability of the health care providers to help mothers experiencing breastfeeding difficulty and lack of proper support structures at the community and work place for working women. Besides this practice of mixed feeding, or giving other liquids and/or foods together with breast milk to infants under 6 months of age, poses risks to an infant’s health because it can increase the chance of their getting diarrhea and other infectious diseases. Giving water or other liquids can also cause the supply of breast milk to decrease as the baby sucks less at the breast. Babies do not need liquids other than breast milk, not even water; in the first 6 months as breast milk contains all the water a baby needs.

To overcome these challenges there is need to focus onInformation, Education and Communication approaches including the use of electronic ; TV, radio, video , print medium including posters, counseling cards, flip charts, manuals, newspapers, magazines, effective use of Social media, interpersonal communication and community activities to motivate mothers, families and the community to promote breastfeeding. Community based strategy must involve peer counseling on the one hand and Print and electronic media to disseminate the message to the people on the other hand. This shall facilitate skilled peer counseling and also help in removing mistaken beliefs and blind faiths such asColostrum is not good or even dangerous for babies. The facilitators of peer counseling are Medical officers, Staff Nurses, ASHAs, AWWs, skilled Mother support groups, traditional birth attendant/an active mother from the village, Spouse, Family Members and also People at Work. This includes individual or group counseling and home visits to ensure counseling services at all levels. This should be available for all members of the family who exert important influence on infant feeding behaviour including the father and the grandmother of the baby.

Each child deserves the best possible start in life, thus there is a need to educate not only pregnant women and mothers of infants but also each member of her family about the benefits of breastfeeding. This is not only responsibility of the state but also duty of the society to facilitate breastfeeding.

* Pooja P. Vardhan is Asst Director PIB Indore .

Ibps 2014-2015

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Sat, 24 May 2014 09:53:00 +0000

The online examinations for CWE IV for recruitment in Participating Organisations (for vacancies of 2015-16) are scheduled to be held as follows :

Sr. No. Cadre Tentative Dates 1

CWE PO/MT-IV

11.10.2014 12.10.2014 18.10.2014 19.10.2014 01.11.2014 02.11.2014 2

CWE CLERKS-IV 06.12.2014 07.12.2014 13.12.2014 14.12.2014 20.12.2014 21.12.2014 27.12.2014 3

CWE SPECIALIST-IV 14.02.2015 15.02.2015 21.02.2015

The examination may be held on some/ all/ additional dates. The dates are tentative and may be subject to change for administrative reasons. Detailed Notification will be issued in due course

Ibps 2014 dates

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Sat, 24 May 2014 09:49:00 +0000

Institute of Banking Personnel Selection Notification Calendar of CWE- RRBs 2014-15 (Tentative)

The online examinations for CWE RRB-III are tentatively scheduled to be held as follows :

06.09.2014, 07.09.2014, 13.09.2014, 14.09.2014, 20.09.2014, 21.09.2014 & 27.09.2014

The examination may be held on some/ all/ additional dates. The dates are tentative and may be subject to change for administrative reasons. Detailed Notification will be issued in due course.

test

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Sun, 20 Apr 2014 20:39:00 +0000

ganesh ias class audio notes - polity NRI and PIO

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Wed, 09 Apr 2014 20:19:00 +0000

Quantum computing

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Wed, 09 Apr 2014 02:21:00 +0000

Since the invention of Optical fiber and Lasers, use of light in computers and communication systems is being increasingly explored. Quantum computing means using light instead of electricity for data storage and transmission. Optical communication system had brought revolution in the transmission industry and communication network.

Efforts are being made to develop Silicon Lasers to replace silicon electronic chips. This would not only improve the speed, but also give energy efficient devices. Research and development is going on to design

optoelectronic devices using optical component with silicon. The research in the field of photo-electronics would help in developing cost effective next generation devices that would use both electrons and photons to process information. The development of photo-electronic devices is being done with collaborative effort of

engineers and scientists from various fields as optics, chemistry, electronics and material science.

Apart from optical communication systems, optical devices such as optical mouse, optical hard disk, optical sensors etc. have been/are being developed to meet consumer electronic sectors.

what is Big O notion n CS??

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Wed, 09 Apr 2014 02:15:00 +0000

It shows how an algorithm scales.

O(n2):

1 item: 1 second
10 items: 100 seconds
100 items: 10000 seconds

Notice that the number of items increases by a factor of 10, but the time increases by a factor of 102. Basically, n=10 and so O(n2) gives us the scaling factor n2 which is 102.

O(n):

1 item: 1 second
10 items: 10 seconds
100 items: 100 seconds

This time the number of items increases by a factor of 10, and so does the time. n=10 and so O(n)'s scaling factor is 10.

O(1):

1 item: 1 second
10 items: 1 second
100 items: 1 second

The number of items is still increasing by a factor of 10, but the scaling factor of O(1) is always 1.

That's the gist of it. They reduce the maths down so it might not be exactly n2 or whatever they say it is, but that'll be the dominating factor in the scaling.

Nanotechnology for dummies

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Wed, 09 Apr 2014 02:12:00 +0000

Nanotechnology is a technology for building or constructing materials, devices, tools etc. in smallest or lowest possible form i.e. on the scale of atom and molecule. One nanometre is a one billionth of a meter. Nanotechnological inventions would bring enormous benefits and luxury in human life. It is widely believed that nanotechnology has got the much needed potential to be effective in terms of energy consumption besides being environment friendly. It is also expected to solve major health problems. Applications of this technology will help manufacturing products at reduced cost which will be smaller, lighter and cheaper.

The Nanotechnology is believed to be very promising in bringing solutions in the fields of health and sanitation, food security and environmental issues.

NCERT VIII- COMBUSTION AND FLAME

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Mon, 22 Jul 2013 14:56:00 +0000

CBSE Class VIII (8th) Science

Chapter 6. COMBUSTION AND FLAME

Lesson Exercises

Question 1. List conditions under which combustion can take place.

Answer : Conditions under which combustion take places :

Some Fuel is is required for combustion. During combustion a fuel substance reacts with oxygen to give off heat.The fuel may be solid, liquid or gas.
Oxygen in air is essential for combustion. Combustion can not take place in the absence of air (oxygen).
For a combustion, an inflamabe substance must be heated to its ignition tempreture. Ignition temperature is the lowest temperature at which a combustible substance catches fire.

Question 2. Fill in the blanks:

(a) Burning of wood and coal causes Pollution of air.

(b) A liquid fuel, used in homes is kerosene .

(d) Fire produced by oil cannot be controlled by water .

Question 3. Explain how the use of CNG in automobiles has reduced pollution in our cities.

Answer : Our cities generally have high numbers of automobiles vehicals. The use of diesel and petrol as fuels in automobiles is a major cause of air pollution to day. During combustion, these fuel release unburnt carbon particles. These fine particles are dangerous pollutants causing respiratory diseases, such as asthma.Incomplete combustion of these fuels gives carbon monoxide gas. It is a very poisonous gas.Combustion of most fuels releases carbon dioxide in the environment. Increased emission of carbon dioxide in the air is one of the major cause for global warming.

The use of diesel and petrol as fuels in automobiles is being replaced by CNG (Compressed Natural Gas), because CNG produces the harmful products in very small amounts. CNG is a cleaner fuel. It has high fuel efficiency. Hence use of CNG in automobiles has reduced pollution in our cities to a noticable extent .

Question 4. Compare LPG and wood as fuels.

Answer :

Comparasion LPG and Wood as Fuel
LPG	Wood as Fuel
LPG is a costly fuel but readily available, combustible and easy to transport in cylinders and tanker. LPG is more energy efficient Its calorific value is 55000 kJ/kg It causes less air pollution and prevent deforestation by supplementing the fuel need in place of wood as fuel It is an exhaustible natural resource.	Wood is a cheep fuel, not readily available in cities and not readily combustible. Wood as Fuel in not much energy efficient Its calorific value is 17000-22000 kJ/kg It causes air pollution and deforestation. It is not an exhaustible natural resource as trees can be grown in 5-10 yrs.

Question 5. Give reasons:

(a) Water is not used to control fires involving electrical equipment.

(b) LPG is a better domestic fuel than wood.

Answer :

(a) Water is not used to control fires involving electrical equipment : As water may conduct electricity and harm those trying to douse the fire.

(b) LPG is a better domestic fuel than wood : As LPG is a affordable, readily available, combustible and easy to transport in cyllinders and tanker.

LPG is more energy efficient. Its calorific value is 55000 kJ/kg where as that of wood is just 17000-22000 kJ/kg. It causes less air pollution and prevent deforestation by supplimenting the fuel need in place of wood as fuel

(c) Paper by itself catches fire easily whereas a piece of paper wrapped around an aluminium pipe does not : Because for burning or combustion, a substance must me heated to its ignition temperature. Paper wrapped around an aluminium pipe does not catch fire as on heating, it is unable to attain the ignition temperature due to transfer of heat to aluminium pipe which is good conductor of heat.

Question 6. Make a labelled diagram of a candle flame.

Answer :

Question 7. Name the unit in which the calorific value of a fuel is expressed.

Answer : The amount of heat energy produced on complete combustion of 1 kg of a fuel is called its calorific value. The calorific value of a fuel is expressed in a unit called kilojoule per kg (kJ/kg).

Question 8. Explain how CO2 is able to control fires.

Answer : CO2, being heavier than oxygen, covers the fire like a blanket. Since the contact between the fuel and oxygen is cut off, the fire is controlled. For fires involving electrical equipment and inflammable materials like petrol, carbon dioxide (CO2) is the best extinguisher. The added advantage of CO2 is that in most cases it does not harm the electrical equipment.

It not only forms a blanket around the fuel fire and cut off oxygen supply, it also brings down the temperature of the fuel. That is why it is an excellent fire extinguisher.

Question 9. It is difficult to burn a heap of green leaves but dry leaves catch fire easily.

Explain.

Answer : A heap of green leaves contains a lot of water and has very high ignition tempreture. Water is a natural fire extinguisher and do not let leaves catch fire easily where as dry leaves contains no water and have low ignition temprature and catch fire easily.

Question 10. Which zone of a flame does a goldsmith use for melting gold and silver and why?

Answer : A goldsmith use outermost zone of the flame with a metallic blow-pipe for melting gold and silver as it is the hottest part of flame.

Question 11. In an experiment 4.5 kg of a fuel was completely burnt. The heat produced was measured to be 180,000 kJ. Calculate the calorific value of the fuel.

Answer : Calorific value of the fuel = Amount of heat energy produced / Weight of Fuel burnt

= 180,000 /4.5 kJ/kg

= 40,000 kJ/J

Question 12. Can the process of rusting be called combustion? Discuss.

Answer :Yes, to some extent, the process of rusting can called slow combustion .The Rusting of iron is a oxidation process. In this iron using oxygen and water, gets oxidized and is rusted out.It is a slow process which does produce heat at a very slow rate. The combustion process is also a oxidation process and a chemical reaction by which fuel and an oxidizer react and produce heat or light. Combustion needs heat, an oxidizer, and fuel. Combustion is much faster than rusting.

Question 13. Abida and Ramesh were doing an experiment in which water was to be heated in a beaker. Abida kept the beaker near the wick in the yellow part of the candle flame. Ramesh kept the beaker in the outermost part of the flame. Whose water will get heated in a shorter time?

Answer : A candle flame is less hot near the wick as this is Innermost zone of unburnt wax vapours. where as outer most part of flame is the zone of complete combustion and is the hottest. There for, in case of Ramesh, water will get heated in a shorter time than that of Abida

river basin draft bill, 2013

noreply@blogger.com (Sae) — Sun, 21 Jul 2013 21:08:00 +0000

Centre unveils river basin draft bill, 2013

The Centre has released a Draft River Basin Management bill which aims to set up 12 river basin authorities in the country to settle inter-state water disputes, prevent flood and pollution.

The Draft River Basin Management Bill, which seeks to amend the River Boards Act, 1956, proposed to create a mechanism for integrated planning, development and management of water resources of a river basin. The current river boards do not have the provision.

The bill proposes a two-tier structure for each of the 12 river basin authorities-Brahamani-Baitarini basin, Cauvery basin, Ganga basin, Godavari basin, Indus basin, Krishna basin, Mahanadi basin, Mahi basin, Narmada basin, Pennar basin, Subarnreakha basin and Tapi basin.