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Menguasai Tenses

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 4 Jun 2013 01:52:00 +0700

1. Simple Present Tenses

Kita menggunakan simple present tense untuk menyatakan kebiasaan yang masih dilakukan saat mengatakannya. Juga digunakan untuk situasi yang berulang ulang dan suatu kebenaran umum.

Misalnya :

* She goes to her office everyday.

(Dia pergi ke kantornya setiap hari)

* My uncle lives behind my house.

( Paman saya tinggal dibelakang rumah saya)

* The sun is hot.

(Matahari panas)

Simple present tense juga sering menggunakan keterangan waktu yang letaknya dibelakang subyek seperti berikut :

Often (sering) Never (tidak pernah)

Seldom (jarang) Ever (pernah)

Occasionally (adakalanya) Always (selalu)

Sometimes (kadang – kadang) Usually (biasanya)

Keterangan waktu yang biasanya terletak dibelakang kalimat :

Every day Four times a week ( empat kali seminggu)

Every week On monday

Every monday Twice a year (dua kali setahun)

Catatan:

* Subyek tunggal seperti She, He, Anton, Father, It dll

memakai to be : is

V1 + s/es (pada kalimat positive)

memakai does (pada kalimat negative)

* Subyek jamak seperti They, We, You, (Anton and Joni)

memakai to be : are

V1 tanpa s/es (pada kalimat positive)

memakai do (pada kalimat negative)

* Khusus subyek ‘ i ‘

Memakai to be : am

V1 tanpa s/es (pada kalimat positive)

Memakai do (pada kalimat negative)

Contoh:

* He needs a computer right now.

(Dia membutuhkan computer sekarang)

* They never work on Sundays.

(Mereka tidak pernah bekerja pada hari minggu)

* I am a student.

(saya adalah seorang siswa)

Pola Kalimat Aktif

+	S + V1 (s/es)	Sandy works hard everyday Sandy bekerja keras setiap hari
-	S + do / does + not + V1	Sandy does not work hard everyday Sandy tidak bekerja keras setiap hari
Y/N ?	Do / Does + S + V1	Does Sandy work hard everyday? Yes,she does. No, she does not Apakah Sandy bekerja keras setiap hari ? Ya /tidak
Wh ?	Wh + do / does + S + V1	Why does Sandy work hard everyday? Mengapa Sandy bekerja keras setiap hari?
Wh-s?	Wh + V1	Who works hard everyday? Siapa yang bekerja keras setiap hari?

+	S + is/am/are + Adjc/N/Adv	The world is round Dunia itu bulat
-	S + is/am/are + not + Adjc/N/Adv	The world is not round Dunia itu tidak bulat
Y /N?	Is/am/are + S + Adjc/N/Adv	Is the world round? Apakah dunia itu bulat?
Wh ?	Wh + is/am/are +S + Adjc/N/Adv	Why is the world round? Mengapa dunia itu bulat?
Wh -S?	Wh + is/am/are + Adjc/N/Adv	What is round? Apa yang bulat

Pola Kalimat Pasif

+	S + is/am/are + V3 + by….	Piano is palyed by Asti Piano dimainkan oleh Asti
-	S \|+ is/am/are + not + V3 + by…	Piano is not played by Asti Piano tidak dimainkan oleh Asti
Y/N ?	Is/am/are + S + V3 + by…..	Is piano played by Asti? Apakah piano dimainkan oleh asti?
Wh ?	Wh + is/am/are V3 + by……	What is played by Asti? Apa yang dimainkan oleh Asti?

Latihan Percakapan 1

Ucapkan dalam bahasa inggris sesuai dengan bahasa indonesianya.

CD : Do you drink milk everyday?

Anda : Saya tidak biasa minum susu.

CD : Why don’t you usually drink milk?

Anda : Karena saya tidak suka susu.

CD : Don’t you usually also have breakfast?

Anda : Setiap hari saya makan pagi.

CD : What do you usually have for breakfast?

Anda : Saya biasanya makan nasi goreng dan telur dadar

Tentu saja saya minum teh panas.

CD : Is your tea sweat?

Anda : Tidak. Saya tidak suka teh manis.

Latihan Percakapan 2

Ucapkanlah dalam bahasa inggris sesuai dengan bahasa indonesianya.

CD : Franda always plays badminton every Sundays.

Anda : Di mana Franda selalu bermain badminton?

CD : She always plays badminton in school stadium.

Anda : Jam berapa biasanya dia bermain badminton?

CD : She usually plays badminton from seven to nine in the evening.

Anda : Dengan siapa biasanya dia bermain badminton?

CD : She always plays badminton with her co- workers.

Anda : Berapa orang biasanya yang bermain badminton bersama Franda?

CD : Franda usually plays badminton with three people. They play double.

Anda : Apakah kamu tahu nama nama mereka?

CD : I know all of their names.

Anda : Baiklah. Tapi kamu tidak perlu menyebutkan nama- nama mereka.

2. Present Continuous Tense

Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan/kejadian yang sedang berlangsung/masih kita lakukan saat kita mengatakanya.Misalnya:

* Reihan needs an umbrella because it is raining.

Reihan perlu payung karena saat ini (sedang) hujan.

* Look ! He is singing on the stage.

Lihat ! Dia (sedang) menyanyi di atas panggung.

Selain itu, kegiatan kegiatan itu bisa juga sedang dilakukan / berlangsung selama seminggu ini,bulan ini, tahun ini. Misalnya:

* Edo is taking math course this month.

Edo (sedang) mengikuti kursus matematika bulan ini.

* Edo is painting his house this week.

Edo (sedang) mengecat rumahnya minggu ini.

Contoh kalimat diatas menunjukkan bahwa saat ini (bulan ini atau minggu ini) Subyek sedang mengikuti kursus maupun mengecat rumah bukan sedang di dalam kelas ataupun sedang memegang kuas.

Pola Kalimat Aktif

+	S + is/am/are + V-ing	Andre and Cintiya are having dinner together Andre dan Cintiya sedang makan malam bersama
_	S + is/am/are + not + V-ing	Andre and Cintiya are not having dinner together Andre dan Cintiya tidak sedang makan malam bersama
Y/N ?	Is/am/are + S + V- ing	Are Andre and Cintiya having dinner together? Apakah Andre dan Cintiya sedang makan malam bersama?
Wh ?	Wh + is/am/are + S + V-ing	Where Andre and Cintiya having dinner together? Dimana Andre dan Cintiya sedang makan malam bersama?
Wh-S ?	Wh + is/am/are + V-ing	Who are having dinner together? Siapa yang sedang makan malam bersama?

Pola Kalimat Pasif

+	S + is/am/are + being + V3 + by….	My guitar is being played by Herman Gitar saya sedang dimainkan oleh Herman
-	S + is/am/are + not + being + V3 + by….	My guitar is not being played by Herman Gitar saya tidak sedang dimainkan oleh Herman
Y /N ?	Is/am/are + S + being + V3 + by…..	Is my guitar being played by Herman? Apakah gitar saya sedang dimainkan oleh Herman?
Wh ?	Wh + is/am/are + S + being + V3 + by…	Where is my guitar played by Herman? Dimana gitar saya dimainkan oleh Herman?
Wh-S ?	Wh + is/am/are + being + V3 + by…..?	What is being played by Herman? Apa yang sedang dimainkan oleh Herman?

Latihan Percakapan 1

Ucapkanlah dalam bahasa inggris sesuai dengan bahasa indonesianya.

CD : How many times a week do you learn English?

Anda : Kami belajar bahasa inggris seminggu tiga kali (simple present) tetapi sekarang kami tidak belajar bahasa inggris.

CD : Why aren’t you learning English right now?

Anda : Karena sekarang kami sedang membantu ibu kami.

CD : What are you doing?

Anda : Kami sedang membuat pizza untuk makan malam.

CD : What else are you doing?

Anda : Banyak, kami sekarang juga sedang ngobrol tentang banyak makanan- makanan lain. Ngomong-ngomong, kamu sekarang sedang apa?

CD : I am cooking as well . But I am not cooking European food, I am cooking Indonesian food.

Anda : Mengapa kamu tidak memasak masakan Eropa?

CD : I don’t like European food, so I am cooking Indonesian food. You can try it.

Anda : Ya. Tentu saja. Terima kasih.

Latihan Percakapan 2

Ucapkanlah dalam bahasa inggris sesuai dengan bahasa Indonesianya.

CD : Why doesn’t Deo come on time? We cannot play basket ball.

Anda : Saya tidak tahu mengapa dia tidak bisa datang tepat waktu (simple present).

CD : He usually comes at five in the afternoon.

Anda : Y a. Kita biasanya main basket sekitar jam setengah enam sore (simple present).

CD : I think, John is riding his motor cycle to come here.

Anda : Dengan siapa dia naik sepeda motornya kesini?

CD : He usually rides his motorcycle with Devan to come here, but as long as I know he is riding his motorcycle alone.

Anda : Lihat itu! Deo datang. Tetapi dia naik sepeda motor dengan Addya. Dia biasanya tidak naik sepeda motor dengan Addya (simple present).

CD : Of course he is riding a motorcycle right now, because it is Addya motorcycle.

Anda : Ya betul. Sepeda motor itu bukan milik Deo (simple present).

CD : Okay , now let’s start to ply basket ball.

Look at that! Dea is playing basketr ball too in another field.

Anda : Ya.Dengan siapa dia bermain basket?

Dia biasanya tidak bermain basket di sini (simple present)

Mengapa dia sekarang bemain basket di sini?

CD : He is playing basket ball with his friends. May be they want to meet us.

3. Present Prefect Tense

Kita gunakan untuk mnyatakan tindakan atau situasi yang sudah pernah terjadi ( atau belum pernah terjadi) hingga saat mengatakannya/ saat ini. Tidak begitu penting untuk mengatakan waktu persis kapan tindakan atau situasi itu terjadi. Perhatikan kalimat-kalimat berikut ini.

* I have read that book.

Saya sudah membaca buku itu.

* Have you ever heard that song?

Pernahkah kamu mendengar lagu itu?

* Sersan Burhan has already interrogated four suspects.

Sersan Burhan sudah menginterogasi empat tersangka.

* I have never been to Bali.

Saya belum pernah ke Bali.

Kita pun bisa mengucapkan bentuk present perfect tense dengan singkat seperti ini.

I have = I’ve	I have not = I haven’t
You have = You’ve	You have not = You haven’t
He has = He’s	He has not = He hasn’t
She has = She’s	She has not = She hasn’t
It has = It’s	It has not = It hasn’t
We have = We’ve	We have not = We haven’t
They have = They’ve	They have not = They haven’t

Disamping itu,present perfect tense juga dipakai untuk menyatakan pengulangan suatu kegiatan yang dilakukan sebelum saat mengatakan/saat ini. Waktu persisnya kapan setiap pengulangan tindakan itu tidak terlalu penting untuk dikatakan. Contoh:

* He has had many test so far this year.

Sejauh ini dia sudah mempunyai banyak tes pada tahun ini.

* I have met many students in that school since 2007.

Saya sudah berjumpa dengan banyak murid di sekolah itu sejak tahun 2007.

* He has car accident many times.

Dia sudah mengalami kecelakaan mobil berkali kali.

Bila digunakan dengan kata selama (for) atau sejak (since), present perfect tense dipakai untuk menyatakan tindakan atau situasi yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan berlanjut sampai saat mengatakannya/saat ini. Apa yang akan terjadi setelah mengatakannya (baik masih dilakukan atau tidak) tidak terlalu penting untuk dikatakan. Contoh:

* He has three cups of coffe since he got up this morning.

Dia sudah minum tiga cangkir kopi sejak bangun pagi.

* Letnan Joni has interrogated the suspect since two o’clock.

Letnan Joni sudah menginterogasi tersangka sejak jam dua.

* I have had this watch for ten years.

Saya sudah memiliki arloji ini selama sepuluh tahun.

* Anggar has watched the television for three hours.

Anggar sudah menonton televise selama tiga jam.

Present perfect tense juga digunakan dengan keterangan waktu ‘tidak tentu’ (misalnya : ever ,never, yet ,already,before) yang mengandung arti kapan pun saat ini atau menjelang saat ini.

Contoh:

* Have you ever won a competition.

Pernahkah kamu memenangkan sebuah lomba.

* She’s never held a snake.

Dia tidak pernah memegang ular.

* Has Miranda seen a ghost yet.

Apakah Miranda sudah pernah melihat hantu?

* Rize has already flown an airplane.

Rize sudah menerbangkan pesawat.

* I’m sure you’ve read this book before.

Saya yakin kamu sudah membaca buku ini sebelumnya.

Pola Kalimat Aktif

+	S + has/have +V3	Alfi has taught biologi for ten years. Alfi sudah mengajar biologi selama setahun.
-	S + has/have + not + V3	Alfi has not taught biologi for ten years. Alfi sudah tidak mengajar biologi selama sepuluh tahun.
Y / N	Has/have + S + V3	Has Alfi taught biologi for ten years? Apakah Alfi sudah mengajar biologi selama sepuluh tahun?
Wh ?	Wh + has/have + S + V3	How long has Alfi taught biology? Berapa lama Alfi sudah mengajar biologi?
Wh-S?	Wh + has/have + S + V3	Who has taught biology for ten years? Siapa yang sudah mengajar biologi selama sepuluh tahun?

+	S + has/have + been + Adj/N/Adv	I have been in the city since 2005. Saya sudah berada di kota ini sejak tahun 2005.
-	S + has/have + been + Adj/N/Adv	I have not been in this city since 2005. Saya sudah tidak berada di kota ini sejak tahun 2005.
Y /N ?	Has/have + S + Been +Adj/N/Adv?	Have I been in this city since 2005? Apakah saya sudah berada di kota ini sejak tahun 2005?
Wh ?	Wh + has/have + been + Adj/N/Adv?	How long have I been in this city ? Berapa lama saya sudah berada di kota ini?
Wh-S?	Wh + has/have + been + Adj/N/Adv?	Who have been in this city since 2005? Siapa yang sudah berada di kota ini sejak tahun 2005?

+	S + has/have + been + V3 + by….	The book has been returned to the library by Anya. Buku sudah dikembalikan ke perpustakaan oleh Anya.
-	S + has/have + been + V3 + by….	The book has not been returned to the library by Anya. Buku belum dikembalikan ke perpustakaan oleh Anya.
Y / N?	Has/have + S + been + V3 + by….?	Has the book been returned to the library by Anya? Apakah bukunya sudah dikembalikan ke perpustakaan oleh Anya.
Wh ?	Wh + has/have + S + been + V3 + by….?	When has the book been returned to the library by Anya? Kapan bukunya sudah dikembalikan ke perpustakaan oleh Anya?
Wh-S?	Wh + has/have + been + V3 + by….?	What has been returned to the library by Anya ? Apa yang sudah dikembalikan ke perpustakaan oleh Anya?

Latihan Percakapan 1

Ucapkanlah dalam bahasa inggris sesuai dengan bahasa Indonesianya.

CD : Have you had lunch?

Anda : (Sampai saat ini) saya sudah makan siang.

CD : Where do you usually have lunch?

Anda : Saya biasanya maka siang di sini (simple present).

Saya sudah berada di sini sejak jam dua belas siang.

CD : So, how long have you been here?

Anda : Saya berada di sini sudah lebih dari dua jam.

CD : What else have you done while you have been?

Anda : Saya juga (sampai saat ini) sudah minum es teh dua gelas dan membaca buku ini.

CD : Oh, that is my book. How long have you borrowed my book?

Anda : Saya (sampai saat ini) sudah meminjamnya selama tiga bulan.

CD : Have you finished reading it ?

Anda : Ya. Terima kasih.

Latihan Percakapan 2

Ucapkanlah dalam bahasa inggris sesuai dengan bahasa Indonesianya.

CD : I am hungry now. I haven’t eaten yet today.

Anda : Mengapa kamu belum makan?

CD : I haven’t had time to eat because I have been trying to finish my work since seven o’clock in the morning.

Anda : Apa yang sudah kamu kerjakan sejak jam tujuh pagi ?

CD : I have done some assignments. Have you done your assignments.

Anda : Saya juga sudah mengerjakan beberapa tugas. Tapi ada satu tugas yang belum saya buat.

CD : What assignment haven’t you done yet?

Anda : Saya belunm mengerjakan tugas bahasa inggris.

CD : Oh,,, that is the easiet assignment. I have done it . Do you want to see it?

Anda : Tentu saja.

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Berbeda dengan present perfect tense, present perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan lamanya (durasi), sudah atau belumnya suatu kegistsn atau situsi yang dimulai di waktu lampau dan masih berlanjut hingga saat mengatakanya/ saat ini. Setelah mengatakanya, kegiatan atau situasi tersebut akan masih dilakukan /terjadi. Mari kita bandingkan kalimat-kalimat berikut ini.

1. Present perfect continuous tense

I have been watching TV.

Saya sudah sedang menonton TV.

(= Saya belum selesai menonton dan masih akan menontonnya.)

* Present perfect teense:

I have watched TV.

Saya suda menonton TV (=Saya sudah selesai menontonnya.)

2. Present perfect continuous tense:

I have been studying English all afternoon.

Saya sudah (sedang) mempelajari bahasa inggris sepanjang sore.

(=Saya masih mempelajari.)

* Present perfect tense :

I have studied English.

Saya sudah mempelajari bahasa inggris.

(=Saya sudah tidak mempelajari karena sudah tahu.)

3. Present perfect continuous tense:

She has been waiting for five hours.

Dia sudah (sedang) menunggu selama lima jam. (= Dia masih menunggu.)

*Present perfect tense:

She has waited for five hours.

Dia suadah menunggu selama lima jam. (= Dia sudah tidak menunggu lagi.)

Di samping itu, present perfect continuous tense juga digunakan dengan keterangan waktu, seperti for, since, all morning, all day, all week. Misalnya, dalam situasi sekarang Randy sedang duduk di dekat meja, kita bisa mengatakan:

a. Randy has been sitting here since two o’clock.

Randy sudah (sedang) duduk di sini sejak jam dua.

(=masih duduk).

b. Randy has been sitting for two hours.

Randy sudah (sedang) duduk di sini selama dua jam.

(=masih duduk)

Contoh lainnya:

c. They have been swimming for three hours. Why don’t they take a break?

Mereka sudah (sedang) berenang selama tiga jam. Mengapa mereka tidak istirahat? (=masih sedang berenang.)

d. She has been working all day. She is still working right now.

Dia sudah (sedang) bekerja sepanjang hari. Sekarang pun dia sedang bekerja. (=masih sedang bekerja)

Pola Kalimat Aktif

+	S + has/have + been + V-ing	Sinta has been talking on the phone for an hour. Sinta telah sedang berbicara di telepon selama satu jam.
_	S + has/have + not + been + V-ing	Sinta has not been talking on the phone for an hour. Sinta sudah tidak sedang berbicara di telepon selama satu jam.
Y/ N ?	Has/have + S + been + V-ing	Has Sinta been talking on the phone for an hour? Apakah Sinta telah sedang berbicara di telepon selama satu jam.
Wh ?	Wh + has/have + S + been + V-ing	How long has Sinta been talking on the phone? Berapa lama Sinta telah sedang berbicara di telepon?
Wh-S ?	Wh + has/have + been + V-ing	Who has been talking on the phone for an hour? Siapa yang sudah sedang berbicara di telepon selama satu jam?

Present perfect continuous tense tidak memiliki pola kalimat:

S + has/have + been + Adj/N/Adv + ing

* Ihave been happying.

Pola Kalimat Pasif

Ucapkanlah dalam bahasa inggris sesuai dengan bahasa indonesianya.

CD : Has Bob been waiting for Helen?

Anda : Ya. Dia sudah (sedang) menunggu Helen.

CD : How long has he been waiting for Helen?

Anda : Dia sudah (sedang) menunggu Helen selama tiga puluh menit.

CD : Has Bob met Helen?

Anda : Kelihatannya mereka belum berjumpa ( simple present).

CD : Why haven’t they met yet?

Anda : Karena Helen belum datang (present perfect).

CD : Why hasn’t Helen come yet?

Anda : Karena dia sudah (sedang) mengerjakan pekerjaan rumahnya.

CD : Have they talked to each other?

Anda : Mereka belum berbicara satu sama lain (present perfect).

CD : How lonh haven’t they been talking to each other?

Anda : Mereka sudah tidak (sedang) berbicara satu sama lain selama dua bulan.

Latihan Percakapan 2

Ucapkanlah dalam bahasa inggris sesuai dengan bahasa Indonesianya.

CD : Dimas has been listening to music in his room. What about Irma?

What is she doing?

Anda : Irma sedang membersihkan kamarnya. Dia sudah (sedang) membersihkan kamarnya sejak jam enam pagi.

CD : How long has she been cleaning her room?

Anda : Saya kira sekitar tiga jam.

CD : Shre cleans her room very often. So, why has she been cleaning her room for three hours?

Anda : Dia sudah (sedang) membersihkan kamarnya selama tiga jam karena hari ini libur. Apakah kamu sudah membersihkan kamarmu? (present perfect)

CD : I haven’t cleaned my room.

Anda : Mengapa kamu belum membersihkan kamarmu? (present perfect)

CD : Yes, because I am too lazy to clean it.

Anda : Bagus. Itu alas an yang bisa diterima.

5. Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan atau situasi yang dimulai dan berakhir pada waktu tertentu pada waktu lampau. Pada waktu melaksanakannya /saat ini kegiatan atau situasi tersebut sudah selesai dilakukan/terjadi. Contoh:

* I called Raisa yesterday.

Saya menelepon Raisa kemarin.

* We really enjoyed our vacation last year.

Kami betul-betul menikmati liburan kami tahun lalu.

* It rained this morning, and now the sun is shinning brightly.

Tadi pagi hujan, dan sekarang matahari sedang bersinar cerah.

Biasanya simple past tense juga digunakan dengan keterangan waktu, seperti yesterday, last…..(misalnya: last week, last month, last year dsb), in …..(misalnya: in 2009, in August 1987), atau ……ago ( misalnya: three minutes ago, five hours ago, six days ago, dsb).

Bentuk negative dari past tense dapat diucapkan dengan singkat seperti ini.

I did not = I didn’t	I was not = I wasn’t
You did not = You didn’t	You were not = You weren’t
She did not = She didn’t	She was not = She wasn’t
He did not = He didn’t	He was not = He wasn’t
It did not = It didn’t	It was not = It wasn’t
We did not = We didn’t	We were not = We weren’t
They did not = They didn’t	They were not = They weren’t

Pola Kalimat Aktif

+	S + V2	*Reza bought a hat yesterday.* Reza membeli sebuah topi kemarin.
-	S + did + not + V1	*Reza did not buy a hat yesterday.* Reza tidak mambeli sebuah topi kemarin.
Y /N ?	Did + S + V1	*Did Reza buy a hat yesterday?* Apakah Reza membeli sebuah topi kemarin?
Wh ?	Wh + did + V1	*Where did Reza buy a hat yesterday?* Di mana Reza membeli sebuah topi kemarin?
Wh-S?	Wh + V2	*Who bought a hat yesterday?* Siapa yang membeli sebuah topi kemarin?

+	S + was/were + Adj/N/Adv	*Rangga was in the office this morning.* Rangga berada di kantor tadi pagi.
-	S + was/were + not + Adj/N/Adv	*Rangga was not in the office this morning.* Rangga tidak berada di kantor tadi pagi.
Y / N ?	Was/were + S+ Ajc/N/Adv	*Was Rangga in the office this morning?* Apakah Rangga berada di kantor pagi ini?
Wh ?	Wh + was/were + S + Ajc/N/Adv	*Where was Rangga this morning?* Di mana Rangga tadi pagi?
Wh-S?	Wh + was/were + Ajc/N/Adv	*Who was in the office this morning?* Siapa yang berada di kantor tadi pagi?

Pola Kalimat Pasif

+	S + was/were + V3 + by….	This bicycle was bought by my father. Sepeda ini dibeli oleh ayahku.
-	S + was/were not + V3 + by…	This bicycle was not bought by my father. Sepeda ini tidak dibeli oleh ayahku.
Y / N ?	Was/were + S + V3 + by….	Was this bicycle bought by my father? Apakah sepeda ini dibeli oleh ayahku?
Wh?	Wh + was/were + S + V3 + by….	When was this bicycle bought by my father? Kapan sepeda ini dibeli oleh ayahku?
Wh-S?	Wh + was/were + V3 + by…..	What was bought by my father? Apa yang dibeli oleh ayahku?

Latihan Percakapan 1

Ucapkanlah dalam bahasa inggris sesuai dengan bahasa Indonesianya.

CD :Two days ago my director called and told me that he was in Semarang.

Anda : Kapan directurmu pergi ke Semarang?

CD : He went to Semarang five days ago.

Anda : Naik apa dia ke sana?

CD : He went there by Garuda.

Anda : Mengapa kamu tidak pergi ke Semarang bersama direkturmu?

CD : When my director went to the airport, I didn’t know.

Anda : Mengapa kamu tidak tahu?

CD : Because I didn’t go to the office on that day.

Anda : Mengapa kamu tidak pergi ke kantor pada hari itu?

CD : I didn’t go to the office because I was sick.

Anda : Apakah kamu periksa ke dokter pada hari itu?

CD : Yes. I went to Dr. Wiratno.

Anda : I went there with my big brother.

Latihan Percakapan 2

Ucapkanlah dalam bahasa inggris sesuai dengan bahasa Indonesianya?

CD : Yesterday I didn’t go campus.

Anda : Mengapa kamu tidak pergi ke kampus kemarin?

CD : I was not well, and I slept all day.

Anda : Apakah kamu sudah periksa ke dokter?

CD : Yes. But the dokter asked me to take a rest the whole day.

How were the lectures yesterday?

Anda : Kemarin tidak ada kuliah karena dosennya tidak datang.

CD : So I was lucky because there were no lectures yesterday. What did you do then yesterday?

Anda : Saya membaca buku di perpustakaan.

CD : What kind of book did you read in the library?

Anda : Tentu saja buku ilmiah terbaru.

6. Past Continuous Tense

Kita menggunakan past continuous tense untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang kita lakukan / berlangsung di waktu lampau. Pada saat mengatakannya / saat ini kegiatan tersebut sudah selesai dilakukan / terjadi.

* Emira was sleeping.

Emira (sedang) tidur.

* The monkeys were climbing.

Monyet - monyet (sedang) memanjat.

* The students were playing football.

Murid – murid (sedang) bermain sepak bola.

Biasanya past continuous tense dipakai untuk mengatakan kegiatan yang dimulai lebih dahulu dan masih (sedang) berlangsung ketika ada kegiatan/kejadian lain yang menyusul kemudian. Pada saat mengatakanya, kedua kegiatan tersebut suda selesai dilakukan/ terjadi.

* I was reading magazine, when Susi came to my house.

Saya sedang membaca majalah, ketika Susi datang ke rumahku.

* Amanda was cleaning her room when her mother called her.

Amanda sedang membersihkan kamarnya ketika ibunya memanggilnya.

Past continuous tense kadang-kadang digunakan pada kedua klausa (dua kegiatan/kejadian) dalam satu kalimat majemuk (kalimat yang memilki beberapa klausa/induk kalimat dan anak kalimat). Dalam kalimat seperti ini kedua kegiatan/kejadian tersebut sedang berlangsung pada waktu bersamaan di waktu lampau dan pada saat mengatakannya kedua kegiatan tersebut sudah selesai dilakukan/terjadi.

Contoh :

* The thieves were breaking the door while we were sleeping.

Pencuri sedang merusak pintu sementara kami sedang tidur.

* While Nanda was playing computer game, her brother sitting down beside her.

Sementara Nanda sedang bermain game computer, adiknya sedang duduk di sebelahnya.

Pola Kalimat Aktif

+	S + was/were + V- ing	Joni was watching TV last night. Joni sedang menonton TV tadi malam.
-	S+ was/were + not + V-ing	Joni was not watching TV last night. Joni tidak sedang menonton TV tadi malam.
Y /N ?	Was/were + S + V-ing?	Was Joni watching TV last night? Apakah Joni menonton TV tadi malam?
Wh ?	Wh + was/were + S + V-ing	Where was Joni watching TV last night? Di mana Joni sedang menonton TV tadi malam?
Wh-S?	Wh + was/were +V-ing	Who was watching TV last night? Siapa yang menonton TV tadi malam?

Past continuous tense tidak memiliki pola kalimat:

S + was/were + Adj/N/Adv + ing

* I was happying

Pola Kalimat Pasif

+	S + was/were + being + V3 + by....	This book was being read by Irma yesterday. Buku ini sedang dibaca oleh Irma kemarin
-	S + was/were + not + being + V3 + by….	This book was not being read by Irma yesterday. Buku ini tidak sedang dibaca oleh Irma kemarin.
Y / N ?	Was/were + S + being + V3 + by….	Was this book being read by Irma yesterday ? Apakah buku ini sedang dibaca oleh Irma kemarin?
Wh ?	Wh + was/were + S + being + V3 + by….	Where was this book being read by Irma yesterday? Di mana buku ini sedang dibaca oleh Irma kemarin?
Wh-S?	Wh + was/were + S + being + V3 + by…..	What was being read by Irma yesterday? Apa yang sedang dibaca oleh Irma kemarin?

Latihan Percakapan 1

Ucapkanlah dalam bahasa inggris sesuai dengan bahasa Indonesianya.

CD : Yesterday afternoon when I was working in my office, my wife called me.

Anda : Mengapa istrimu meneleponmu? (simple past)

CD : She called me because she wanted to know where Manda was.

Anda : Saya bertemu Manda kemarin (simple past). Dia sedang bekerja di kantornya. Kantornya di sebelah kantor saya (simple present).

CD : At that time she was working in her office, and I was working in my office too.

Anda : Jam berapa kamu bertemu dia kemarin? ( simple past)

CD : We met at around eleven a.m .

Anda : Apakah kamu bertemu direkturnya juga? ( simple past )

CD : Yes.

Anda : Apa yang sedang dikerjakan direkturnya ? Apakah dia sedang menerima tamunya?

CD : Yes. He was having his visitorfrom Japan.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 4 Jun 2013 01:48:00 +0700

Kata Ganti Perorangan

Subject	Object	Possessive Adjective	Possessive Pronoun	Reflesive Pronoun
I	me	My…….	Mine (milikku)	Myself (aku sendiri)
You	you	Your…..	yours	yourself
They	them	Their…..	theirs	themselves
We	us	Our…..	ours	ourselves
She	her	Her…..	hers	Herself
He	him	His…..	his	Himself
It	it	Its…….	-	Itself

Kegunaan:

1. Subject: Kebanyakan terletak pada awal kalimat sebagai pelaku.

Example: They help me ; I love you ; You are clever.

2. Object: Kebanyakan terletak pada akhir / tengah kalimat sebagai orang / objek yang dikenai pekerjaan.

Example: They help me; She loves you; I take it.

3. Possessive adjective / Kata sifat kepemilikan: Bisa terletak dimana saja dalam kalimat yang berfungsi melengkapi kata benda untuk menunjukkan kepemilikan. Jadi, ia tidak bisa berdiri sendiri.

Example: My hobby is reading; That is your book.

4. Possessive Pronoun / Kata ganti kepemilikan : Bisa terletak dimana saja dalam kalimat yang berfungsi menggantikan “ Possessive Adjective + Kt benda ” . Jadi , ia tidak bisa berdiri sendiri.

Example: This is my bicycle, and where is yours? Oh, It’s mine.

=( Ini sepeda saya dan dimana milikmu? Oh ini milikku).

5. Reflexive Pronoun / Kata ganti diri : Biasanya terletak setelah kata kerja yang berfungsi untuk menunjukkan :

a. Pekerjaan itu dilakukan sendiri oleh subjek tersebut .

Example: Please , help yourself; We can finish this job by ourselves.

b. Pekerjaan itu mengarah kepada diri sendiri si pelaku sendiri.

Example: I believe in myself, just look at yourself !

c.Pekerjaan itu dilakukan sendirian tanpa adanya orang lain disekitarnya / sendirian tanpa teman.

Example: I like fishing by myself; Antony lives here by himself.

=(Saya suka memancing sendirian ; Antony tinggal di sini sendirian).

d.Pekerjaan itu benar- benar dilakukan oleh si pelaku / berfungsi untuk menguatkan kalimat pertanyaan.

Example: I my self will help him, =( saya sendirian yang akan membantunya)

Kesesuaian Antara Subjek dan Kata Kerja

Apa itu Concord / Agreement ?

Concord / Agreement adalah kesesuaian antara subyek (pelaku ) dengan predikat ( kata kerjanya).

Maksudnya yaitu apabila bentuk Subjek adalah Tunggal maka harus diikuti dengan kata kerja bentuk tunggal. Dan apabila bentuk Subjek adalah jamak maka harus diikuti dengan kata kerja bentuk jamak.

Pelajari ketentuan-ketentuan berikut ini:

A. Subjek Yang Selalu Diikuti Kata Kerja Bentuk Tunggal :

1. Subjek dengan kata ganti orang ketiga tunggal ( he, she, it ) dan I ( khusus untuk penggunaan ‘was’ dan ‘am’ ).

Example: He wants to be an actor.

She takes a pen.

It was late to see him now.

I am thirsty and he is too / I was thirsty and he was too.

Perhatikan:

- I have done my homework and he has too.

( Kata ‘I’ disini bertemu dengan kata kerja bantu bentuk jamak tapi bukan berarti kata ‘I’ atau saya tersebut merupakan subjek jamak . Yang benar bahwa subjek ‘I’ memang selalu di ikuti “have dan do” bukannya “ has atau does” sebagaimana subjek tunggal yang lain.

2. Subjek tunggal dengan frasa kata depan :(together with, accompanied by, along with,as well as; dan juga kata depan seperti ; on, in, of, dan lain lain.

Example: - The leader of the gangsters is sick.

- The President accompanied by five minister, often visits market.

- The flood in many big cities has many bad impacts.

Akan tetapi behati hatilah dengan kalimat :

- The books in the library are not so interesting for us.

- Some rooms of the hotel have been occupied.

3. Gerund / kata kerja bentuk –ing yang berfungsi sebagai subject.

Example: - Playing card is not good for children.

- Using computer in the class has helped teacher to explain lesson.

4. Subject dengan kata ganti yang selalu dianggap tunggal :anyone, anybody (siapapun), anything (apapun), ,everyone(semua orang), everything(segalanya),none(tak satupun), no one /no body( tak seorangpun),someone / some body(seseorang), something(sesuatu), each (tiap-tiap).

Example: -Nobody is perfect.

-Someone has stolen my wallet.

-Everything is good when Steven is here.

-No one wants to help him.

5. Subjek dengan kata benda kolektif (Collective Noun) : Yaitu kata benda jamak tapi menggunakan kata kerja bentuk tunggal: ( family, goverment, team, group, organization, committee, congress, class, club, jury, public, ministry, firm, staff, crowd,dll).

Example: -The government has decided to rise the fund in education.

-My family is the happiest family in the word.

-The committee is deciding who will be the winner of the game.

6. Subjek yang menyatakan jumplah jarak, berat, uang, waktu, prosentase, volume dianggap tunggal.

Example: - 24 hours is the amount of hours in a day.

- 12 month has 365 days.

- sixty percent of Indonesian people is farmer.

B. Subjek Yang Selalu Diikuti Kata kerja Bentuk Jamak:

1. Subjek dengan kata benda yang selalu berbentuk jamak : ( trousers, scissors, jeans, shorts, pants, shoes, glasses, parents, dll).

Example:- These shoes are expensive.

- My parents are really busy right now.

Catatan:

Akan tetapi bila diimbuhi dengan kata “ a pair of; a couple of ” maka kata kerjanya harus berbentuk tunggal.

Example: - A pair of shoes is under the chair.

- A pair of glasses I bought last night was very beautiful.

2. Subject dengan kata benda khusus selalu jamak walaupun tidak memiliki imbuhan plural ‘s’ . contoh: police, cattle, people.

Example: - The police have arrested the thief.

- Cattle were regarded as capital in nearly societies.

Catatan:

Bila anda menjumpai ‘kata benda + s/es’ biasanya anda langsung menganggapnya sebagai ‘kata benda jamak’ padahal itu tidak selamanya benar.

Karena ada beberapa ‘kata benda + s/ es’ yang merupakan kata bend tunggal biasanya ‘uncountable noun’ , contoh:

1. News(berita) , means( sarana) , measles (cacar air), species, series.

2. Mathematics(ilmu matematika), economics(ilmu ekonomi),politics.

Kita juga harus tahu bahwa tidak semua kata benda jamak memakai imbuhan’s/ es’ . Karena ada yang berubah bentuk dan ada yang tidak berubah bentuknya.

Perhatikan:

child children

man men

mouse mice

person people

tooth teeth

deer deer

C. Subjek Yang Bisa Diikuti Kata Kerja Tunggal maupun Jamak

1. Pada penggunaan “Either….or ” dan “ Neither “ ….nor “

a. Jika sebelum kata kerja adalah kata benda tunggal

Either	+Kata benda +	or	+Kata benda Tunggal+	Kata kerja Tunggal
Neither		nor

Example: - Either Andy or John is handsome.

- Neither Maya nor Lusi likes studying English.

b. Jika sebelum kata kerja adalah Kata benda bentuk jamak

Either	+Kata benda+	or	+Kata benda Jamak+	Kata benda Jamak
Neither		nor

Example: - Either johan or his parents are stingy.

- Neither the teacher nor students go to school on time.

Keterangan:

Kunci untuk menjawab soal neither and either adalah dengan melihat subjek terakhir.

2. Subjek dengan kata ‘a number of ‘ dan ‘ the number of ’.

Example: - A number of students have gone home earlier.

( = Sejumplah siswa sudah pulang lebih awal )

- A number of birds are flying across the sky.

(= Sejumplah burung sedang terbang melintasi langit ).

Akan tetapi coba perhatikan !

-The number of months in a year is twelve.

(= Jumplah bulan dalam setahun adalah dua belas)

- The number of students in the classroom is 38.

(= Jumplah siswa di kelas ini adalah 38)

3. Pada penggunaan “ Not only….but also….”

Example: - She not only loves flowers but also cares about the environment.

V1+ s v1+s

- We not only love animals but also care about the environment.

V1 v1

- The girl is not only beautiful but also smart.

Kata sifat kata sifat

- The successful foot ball players got not only medals but also money.

Kata benda kata benda

Tips:

Penggunaan “But also “ harus seimbang ,jika sebelumnya kata sifat ,maka setelah ‘but also’ harus kata sifat,begitu pula jika menggunakan kata benda.

To Be dan Kata Kerja Bantu

To Be Sekarang	To Be Lampau	Auxiliary Verb ‘have’
I è am You They are We He She is It	I He She Was It You We Were They	I You They have / had We He She has / had It

A. TO BE :

1. Digunakan untuk menggantikan posisi kata kerja jika suatu kalimat tidak memiliki kata kerja asli.

Example: - You are student; Her brother is a barber; She is at park now.

2. Digunakan untuk membantu kata kerja asli untuk membentuk makna baru dari kata kerja asli tersebut. Dalam hal ini ‘to be’ berperan sebagai ‘ Auxiliary Verb ’ dan bukan sebagai ‘to be ‘.

Example: - I am waiting a bus. (‘am’ menunjukkan arti sedang )

- The cake was eaten by Susan. (‘was’ menunjukkan makna pasif ‘di’)

B. AUXILIARY VERB:

Dibagi dalam 3 kelompok yaitu: Be, Do dan Have.

1. Be : Adalah “ to be ” yang berfungsi sebagai kata kerja bantu/ Auxiliary Verb dan berfungsi membentuk makna sedang dan bentuk pasif pada kata kerja asli. Lihat contoh penggunaan “to be “ yang kedua.

2. Do : Adalah bentuk Auxiliary Verb yang terdiri dari ‘Do,Does,dan Did’. Bentuk ini berfungsi membantu kata kerja asli untuk membentuk kalimat tanya, kalimat negative dan kalimat sopan.

Example: Do you love me?

He didn’t tell me yesterday.

Do come in! ( Silahkan masuk )

3. Have : Adalah bentuk Auxiliary Verb yang terdiri dari ‘Have, Has dan Had’. Bentuk ini berfungsi membentuk makna ’sudah’ atau bentuk ‘Perfect’ pada kata kerja asli.

Example: Have you done your homework?

I had turned the light off before I went out last night.

POSSIBILITY AND IMPOSSIBILITY

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 4 Jun 2013 01:45:00 +0700

POSSIBILITY AND IMPOSSIBILITY

(Kemungkinan / Ketidakmungkinan)

Possibility	Impossibility
There’s more chance of + v-ing There’s a good chance……… There’s possibility It’s possible It’s reasonable It’s likely It make sense Perhaps May / might……	There’s a little chance of v-ing There’s very little chance….. There’s no possibility It’s impossible It’s doubtful It’s highly unlikely It doesn’t make any sense It’s out of the question May not / might not….

CERTAINTY AND UNCERTAINTY

(Kepastian / Ketidakpastian)

Certainty	Uncertainty
To be + sure To be + certain To be + convinced Of course Certainly I know I am positive I have no doubt There’s no doubt at all Absolutely Yes, definitely I am assured	To be + not sure To be + uncertain To be + not convinced I can’t say for sure I can’t make up my mind I don’t know I am not positive I doubt it It’s very doubtful I have my doubts May be I am not assured

EXPRESSING APOLOGY AND REGRET

( Permintaaan Maaf dan Penyesalan )

Apology / Regret	Response
I’m sorry for…… Please forgive me for…… I want to apologize for…… I regret for…….. How stupid of me	Never mind No problem That’s all right / it’s all right Just forget it Well , it’s not your own fault

AGREEMENT / DISAGREEMENT

(Kesetujuan / Ketidaksetujuan)

Agreement	Dissagreement
I agrere with you I accept it I don’t have any objection I’m in line with you I’m with ( it / you ) Oh, I think I agree with you I’m of the same opinion That’s a nice idea I think so	I don’t agree with you I don’t accept it I object to your opinion I’m not in line with you I’m not with ( it / you) I don’t think I agree with you I’m not of the same opinion That’s not good idea I don’t think so

Internet Marketing Bachelor's Degree

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Feb 2013 02:41:00 +0700

Organizations are increasingly reliant on the Internet and other digital media to connect with and engage potential customers, reflecting the fact that we, as consumers, are living our lives online more and more each day.

Full Sail’s online Internet Marketing bachelor of science degree program is designed to give its students a practical education in the rapidly progressing world of integrated marketing. It will show you the basic components that are core of any successful marketing plan, while bringing newer online channels into focus.

To start, you’ll build your knowledge with courses that introduce marketing fundamentals, as well as the terminology and concepts found in the Internet marketing world. You’ll also learn about the cornerstones of web design and technology and their impact on online marketing. Through the study of concepts such as web design, web interface, and usability, you’ll learn the language necessary to communicate within the ever-changing business environment.

Once you have a solid marketing foundation, you’ll move on to applying concepts such as search engine optimization, affiliate marketing, and social media. You’ll also tackle important marketing plan components such as web metrics, IT and systems overviews, and global and cultural Internet issues.

Finally, you’ll put all this knowledge and experience together to develop your own cohesive Internet marketing strategy. By building upon marketing principles with today’s tools and technology, the Internet Marketing bachelor’s degree program not only shows you how this fast-moving industry operates today, but it enables you to adapt with the industry as it continues to evolve.

Referensi : http://www.fullsail.edu/degrees/online/internet-marketing-bachelors

Benefits of Social Network

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 12 Feb 2013 00:18:00 +0700

At this time the online media is becoming increasingly familiar in the community. Even at this saai not only the rich who can nikmatin wrote thrill "surfing on the internet" or surf the Internet rather than goods Mewa again today. Coupled with the presence of many of his social networking allows us to connect at other people on the internet. From parents to children must have a social network account nih, for example facebook, twitter, youtube, etc..

Social networks or the more cool ya called social networking has many benefits and many vices. but we will discuss ga ugliness, we talk about the benefits of social networks.

Unfortunately some people just tough it is for existing social network is, for entertainment only. but it's a conversion of a small part of the many benefits of social network which we often does not know. Well here are some of the benefits of social network

1. First nih benefits we can get from social networks is that we can relate to other people quickly, safely, and inexpensively. Some social network offers a very satisfactory as we could chattingan other people anywhere and anytime with only social network account. So at this point to relate to others from anywhere around the world was very easy with the help of social network.

2. Social networks can also be a means of buying and selling online. Today with the help of internet sem, ua was easy, trading activities do not have to bring sellers and buyers. enough to advertise in social networks will be seen pembli eat stuff that the goods we sell will be sold. In other words, the Internet or rather the social network also involved in trading activities around the world

3. The last and equally important ga is a social network can also be beneficial in terms of education. If we use the social networks wisely, and with positive activities ate use scial network itself can be optimized benefits. education in terms of social networks can also speed up or help the learning process.

Such are some of the benefits of social networks. There are many more things we can do bermanfaa with social networks. Hopefully useful,

Internet for Education

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 11 Feb 2013 23:56:00 +0700

Internet originated from educational and research institutions in the United States. Use of the Internet for the benefit of new business done in 1995, barely six (6) years ago. In other countries, the Internet is often associated with universities, while in Indonesia, the Internet is more associated with the business (ISP, e-commerce) and entertainment.

Benefits of the Internet for education

Somewhat unusual for the author to write the benefits of the Internet for education. However, to clarify the writer will briefly review the benefits of the Internet for education.

Access to information sources. Before the advent of the Internet, the main problems faced by education (in the world) is the access to information resources. Conventional library is a source of information that unfortunately is not cheap.

Books and journal must be purchased at high prices. Good management is not easy. Which results in many places in various locations around the world (including in the Western world) who do not have a complete library. The Internet allows access to sources of information that became available a lot. In other words, the issue of access should not be a problem anymore.

In Indonesia, the problem of scarcity of conventional sources of information (library) is more severe than elsewhere. The Internet is one of the ultimate solution to this problem.

Access to experts. Internet eliminates the limits of space and time that allow a student to communicate with experts in other places. A student in Makassar can consult with faculty in London or even in Palo Alto, USA.

Media cooperation. Collaboration or cooperation between the parties involved in education can occur more easily, efficiently, and cheaper.

Problems Internet For Education

Translation of the above of course brings us to the question why we have not much use the Internet for educational purposes in Indonesia. There are several reasons, some of which will be disclosed in the sections below.

The lack of English language proficiency. Like it or not, most of the information on the Internet is available in English. Mastery of English to be one of the benefits (advantages).

Lack of information sources in the Indonesian language. We realize that not everyone will learn English Indonesia. For the source of information must be available in the Indonesian language. Today not many sources of educational information available in Indonesian. The concept of sharing (sharring), for example by creating educational materials on the Internet, yet pervasive. Initiatives like this are rare there, but still lacking a lot.

Internet access is still expensive

Although readily available, access to the Internet is still expensive. However this is expected to be cheaper in the future. Expected price declines accelerated primary focus of the Government. Another mechanism is the existence of government subsidies to educational institutions.

Internet access is still difficult to obtain. Some areas in Indonesia still do not have a phone line that can be used to access the Internet.

Teachers not ready. Teachers in Indonesia are still not ready to use the Internet as part of their teaching. Though the teacher is one who can take advantage of the Internet as well as possible. One example is looking for practice questions for the class. If every teacher in Indonesia to make two (2) questions and save them on the Internet, there will be thousands and even millions of questions that can be used to practice in the classroom.

Cover

Internet is one of the products of technology that can help us improve the standard of living through education. Although there are still many challenges, we are still able to use the Internet as much as possible.