<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3119968167512466313</id><updated>2024-09-02T00:47:41.355-07:00</updated><title type='text'>ILMU EKONOMI</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>DODO</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08262483986036061386</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='16' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNY19LhgZLtHa434yBLwFIhCRfN_3ZHEMS3SvXDf0DlcdFb8rNR_psYrJ14P4apxFkf0uR98zx82ikpmVyA6uRm4DsYY6kuIvDS7eHyJbU00b8xdhmI4PYtA3p4XvYOA/s220/Amazon-Kindle-Fire-7.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>11</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3119968167512466313.post-5034532947568754752</id><published>2012-04-27T21:05:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2012-04-27T22:05:31.320-07:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>DOWLOAD PPT EKONOMI MANAJERIAL :&lt;span style=&quot;display: block;&quot; id=&quot;formatbar_Buttons&quot;&gt;&lt;span onmouseover=&quot;ButtonHoverOn(this);&quot; onmouseout=&quot;ButtonHoverOff(this);&quot; onmouseup=&quot;&quot; onmousedown=&quot;CheckFormatting(event);FormatbarButton(&#39;richeditorframe&#39;, this, 8);ButtonMouseDown(this);&quot; class=&quot; down&quot; style=&quot;display: block;&quot; id=&quot;formatbar_CreateLink&quot; title=&quot;Tautan&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Tautan&quot; class=&quot;gl_link&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bab1&lt;br /&gt;Bab2 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ziddu.com/download/19245183/kel1bab2optimasiek.ppt.html&quot;&gt;Optimisasi ekonomi 1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ziddu.com/download/19245178/kel2bab2optimisasiek.ppt.html&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bab3 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ziddu.com/download/19245179/kel3bab3penawarandanpermin.ppt.html&quot;&gt;Penawaran dan permintaan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ziddu.com/download/19245179/kel3bab3penawarandanpermin.ppt.html&quot;&gt; 1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ziddu.com/download/19245181/kel4bab3penawarandanpermin.ppt.html&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bab4 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ziddu.com/download/19245176/kel5bab4AnalisisPermintaan.PPT.html&quot;&gt;Analisis permintaan 1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ziddu.com/download/19245182/kel6Bab4analisispermin.ppt.html&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bab5 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ziddu.com/download/19245175/kel7bab5ESTIMASIPERMINTAAN1.ppt.html&quot;&gt;Estimasi Permintaan 1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ziddu.com/download/19245180/kel8bab5estimasipermintaan.ppt.html&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bab6 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ziddu.com/download/19245184/kel10bab6peramalan.ppt.html&quot;&gt;Peramalan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bab7 &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ziddu.com/download/19245177/kel11bab7produksi.ppt.html&quot;&gt;produksi&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/feeds/5034532947568754752/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/2012/04/dowload-ppt-ekonomi-manajerial-bab1.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default/5034532947568754752'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default/5034532947568754752'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/2012/04/dowload-ppt-ekonomi-manajerial-bab1.html' title=''/><author><name>DODO</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08262483986036061386</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='16' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNY19LhgZLtHa434yBLwFIhCRfN_3ZHEMS3SvXDf0DlcdFb8rNR_psYrJ14P4apxFkf0uR98zx82ikpmVyA6uRm4DsYY6kuIvDS7eHyJbU00b8xdhmI4PYtA3p4XvYOA/s220/Amazon-Kindle-Fire-7.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3119968167512466313.post-3966023045585398053</id><published>2012-04-26T01:00:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-12-09T03:32:46.010-08:00</updated><title type='text'>BAB 1 - Permasalahan Ekonomi</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
BAB 1&lt;br /&gt;
A. Pengertian Kebutuhan&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;kebutuhan : adalah sesuatu yang kita butuhkan dan harus dipenuhi untuk mempertahankan kelangsungan hidup. contoh : makan, pakaian dan tempat tinggal.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Keinginan : adalah sesuatu yang ingin kita miliki, namun jika kita tidak mendapatkannya maka tidak akan mengganggu kelangsungan hidup. contoh: keinginan terhadap barang mewah, ingin berlibur, ingin punya baju bagus, dll.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
B. Penggolongan kebutuhan&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1.&amp;nbsp;Menurut intensitas&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;kebutuhan primer adalah kebutuhan yang mutlak harus dipenuhi karena merupakan kebutuhan pokok dan untuk mempertahankan kelangsungan hidup. contoh : keinginan terhadap barang mewah, ingin berlibur, ingin punya baju bagus, dll&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;kebutuhan sekunder adalah kebutuhan yang timbul setelah kebutuhan primer terpenuhi dan sebagai penunjang untuk memelihara kelangsungan hidup. contoh : rumah mewah, mobil, kapal pesiar, dll&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
2. Menurut waktu&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kebutuhan Sekarang&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;kebutuhan Mendadak/tidak terduga&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kebutuhan yang akan datang&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
3. Menurut Sifat&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kebutuhan Jasmani&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kebutuhan Rohani&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
4. Menurut Subjek&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kebutuhan Individu&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kebutuhan Kolektif&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
C. Faktor yang mempengaruhi kebutuhan&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
1. Kondisi Alam&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
2. Peradaban&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
3. Adat Istiadat&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
4. Agama dan kepercayaan&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
5. Pendidikan&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
6. pekerjaan&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
7. Penghasilan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
8. Usia&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/feeds/3966023045585398053/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/2012/04/bab-1-permasalahan-ekonomi.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default/3966023045585398053'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default/3966023045585398053'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/2012/04/bab-1-permasalahan-ekonomi.html' title='BAB 1 - Permasalahan Ekonomi'/><author><name>DODO</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08262483986036061386</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='16' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNY19LhgZLtHa434yBLwFIhCRfN_3ZHEMS3SvXDf0DlcdFb8rNR_psYrJ14P4apxFkf0uR98zx82ikpmVyA6uRm4DsYY6kuIvDS7eHyJbU00b8xdhmI4PYtA3p4XvYOA/s220/Amazon-Kindle-Fire-7.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3119968167512466313.post-6484398345830983198</id><published>2012-04-18T00:45:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-04-18T00:53:22.154-07:00</updated><title type='text'>KUALITAS PELAYANAN</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kualitas Pelayanan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Melalui
serangkaian penelitian terhadap berbagai macam industry jasa, Parasuraman,
Zeithaml, dan Berry (1985) berhasil mengidentifikasi sepuluh dimensi pokok
kualitas jasa: 1. Reliabilitas (performance) 2. Responssivitas 3. Kompetensi 4.
Akses 5. Kesopanan (courtesy) 6. Komunikasi 7. Kredibilitas 8. Keamanan
(security) 9. Kemampuan memahami pelanggan 10. Bukti fisik (tangibles). Namaun
dalam riset selanjutnya, Parasuraman, Zeithaml, dan Berry (1988) menemukan
adanya overlapping diantara beberapa dimensi diatas. Oleh sebab itu, mereka
menyederhanakan sepuluh dimensi tersebut menjasi lima simensi pokok.
Kompetensi, kesopanan, kredibilitas, dan keamanan disatukan menjadi &lt;i&gt;assurance&lt;/i&gt; (jaminan). Sedangkan akses,
komunikasi, dan kemampuan memahami pelanggan diintegrasikan menjadi &lt;i&gt;empathy&lt;/i&gt; (empati). Dengan demikian,
terdapat lima dimensi utama yang disusun sesuai urutan tingkat kepentingan
relatifnya sebagai berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;a.&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Reliability &lt;/i&gt;(reliabilitas), berkaitan
dengan kemampuan perusahaan untuk memberikan layanan yang akurat sejak pertama
kali tanpa membuat kesalahan apapun dan menyampaikan jasanya sesuai dengan
waktu yang disepakati.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;b.&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Responsiveness&lt;/i&gt;
(daya tanggap), berkenaan dengan kesediaan dan kemampuan para karyawan untuk
membantu para pelanggan dan merespons permintaan mereka, serta menginformasikan
kapan jasa akan diberikan dan kemdian memberikan jasa secara cepat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;c.&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Assurance&lt;/i&gt; (jaminan), yakni perilaku para
karyawan mampu menumbuhkan kepercayaan pelanggan terhadap perusahaan dan
perusahaan bias menciptakan rasa aman bagi para pelanggannya. Jaminan juga
berarti bahwa para karyawan selalu bersikap sopan dan menguasai pengetahuan dan
keterampilan yang dibutuhkan untuk menangani setiap pertanyaan atau masalah
pelanggan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;d.&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Empathy &lt;/i&gt;(empati), berarti perusahaan
memahami masalah para pelanggannya dan bertindak demi kepentingan pelanggan,
serta memberikan perhatian personal kepada para pelanggan dan memiliki jam
operasi yang nyaman.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;e.&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Tangibles &lt;/i&gt;(bukti fisik), berkenaan
dengan daya tarik fasilitas fisik, perlengkapan, dan material yang digunakan
perusahaan, serta penampilan karyawan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/feeds/6484398345830983198/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/2012/04/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-x-none.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default/6484398345830983198'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default/6484398345830983198'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/2012/04/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-x-none.html' title='KUALITAS PELAYANAN'/><author><name>DODO</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08262483986036061386</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='16' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNY19LhgZLtHa434yBLwFIhCRfN_3ZHEMS3SvXDf0DlcdFb8rNR_psYrJ14P4apxFkf0uR98zx82ikpmVyA6uRm4DsYY6kuIvDS7eHyJbU00b8xdhmI4PYtA3p4XvYOA/s220/Amazon-Kindle-Fire-7.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3119968167512466313.post-1415859661420392055</id><published>2012-01-01T19:49:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-01T19:49:05.195-08:00</updated><title type='text'>CO-BRANDING</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;A.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt;&quot;&gt;Pendahuluan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt;&quot;&gt;Suksesnya suatu bisnis atau produk konsumen
tergantung pada kemampuan target pasar dalam membedakan satu produk dengan
produk lainnya. Merek adalah alat utama yang digunakan oleh pemasar untuk
membedakan produk mereka dari produk pesaing. Asosiasi Pemasar Amerika
mendefinisikan merek (brand) sebagai “nama, istilah, tanda, simbol, atau rancangan,
atau kombinasi dari semuanya, yang dimaksudkan untuk mengidentifikasi barang
atau jasa penjual atau kelompok penjual dan untuk mendiferensiasikannya dari
barang atau jasa pesaing” (Kotler&amp;amp;Keller:2009).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Paper
ini akan membahas masalah Co-branding, Dalam strategi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;co-branding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;,
dua merek melakukan aliansi, misalnya, dengan melansir produk baru dengan
menggabungkan dua merek (seperti Sonny-Erricson, Philips-Alessi). Dalam kasus
ini ada merek &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;utama (&lt;i&gt;header) &lt;/i&gt;dan merek
penguat&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;(modifier&lt;/i&gt;). Kategori produk dari produk co-brandinglah yang
menentukan merek mana yang berfungsi sebagai header brand. Karena produk
Philips-Alessi termasuk kategori peralatan (elektrik) rumah tangga, maka
kaitannya lebih ke produk yang dihasilkan Philips (Alessi sendiri memproduksi
asesoris dan peralatan nonelektrik). Jadi, Philips bisa dianggap sebagai header
brand.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;B.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt;&quot;&gt;Merek bersama (Co-branding)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt;&quot;&gt;Penetapan merek bersama (Co-branding) adalah salah
satu strategi yang berguna ketika kombinasi dari nama merek meningkatkan gengsi
dan persepsi nilai produk itu sendiri atau ketika memberikan manfaat bagi
pemilik merek dan pemakai. Penetapan merek bersama juga dapat digunakan ketika
dua atau lebih organisasi berkenan bekerjasama untuk menawarkan sebuah produk
seperti Sereal Nabisco &amp;amp; Kraft Foods’ Post bekerjasama menawarkan Sereal
Oreo O’s (Lamb,Hair&amp;amp;McDaniel:2001). Atau ketika dua nama merek terkenal
dari dua perusahaan berbeda digunakan untuk produk yang sama contohnya
Bravo!foods dan MasterFoods dalam memasarkan produk susu Slammers
(Kotler&amp;amp;Amstrong:2008).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;med1&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;A branding strategy
where a marketer with its own brand seeks to partner with an established brand
owned by another organization in hopes the synergy of the two brands is even
more powerful than a single brand alone.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;med1&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; (Wiyanto Suroso &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2009).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt;&quot;&gt;Penetapan merek bersama (cobranding) memerlukan dua
atau lebih nama merek pada sebuah produk atau kemasannya. Ada tiga jenis
penetapan merek bersama (Co-branding) antara lain :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt;&quot;&gt;Penetapan merek
bahan (ingredient branding), mengidentifikasi sebagian merek yang membuat
produk. Contohnya dari merek bahan antara lain adalah Intel ( sebuah
MicroProcessor) yang ada dalam computer pribadi, seperti Compaq
(Lamb,Hair&amp;amp;McDaniel:2001). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt;&quot;&gt;Penetapan merek
kerjasama (coorperative branding) dimana dua merek menerim perlakuan yang sama
dalam meminjam ekuitas merek satu sama lainnya, seperti Citibank dan Amerika
Airlines (Lamb,Hair&amp;amp;McDaniel:2001).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt;&quot;&gt;Penetapan merek
saling melengkapi (complementary branding). Dimana produk diiklankan atau
dipasarkan bersama untuk menganjurkan penggunaan, seperti merek minuman keras
(Seagram’s) dan alat campuran yang cocok &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(Lamb,Hair&amp;amp;McDaniel:2001).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Co-branding adalah aliansi antara dua merek yang sengaja dibuat jelas di
mata konsumen. Fokus co-branding adalah sinergi yang saling menguntungkan, baik
kognitif, emosional maupun perilaku&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Uyung
Sulaksana:2001)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;. Co-branding mengacu pada proses
bersama dalam pembangunan merek Co-branding mengambil tiga bentuk yang
berlainan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Pada tataran produk: suatu produk baru lahir bersumberkan dari dua
produk (seperti Häagen-Dazs dengan Baileys, Sonny-Ericson, dan Philips-Alessi).
Karena fokus co-branding lebih pada &lt;i&gt;mutual advantages, merchandise&lt;/i&gt; tidak
kita anggap sebagai satu bentuk co-branding. Ingat tujuan produk merchandise
hanyalah memberi stimulasi pada penjualan produk lainnya! produk co-brand itu
sendiri juga harus mampu meraup manfaat dari strategi ini. Kasus Philips-Alessi
bisa menggambarkan hal ini. Ada 5 peralatan dapur yang dilansir dengan nama
Philips-Alessi: mesin kopi, alat pemanggang, ketel listrik, pemeras jeruk dan
blender. Untuk produk-produk ini merek Philips berfungsi sebagai jaminan mutu
produk yang tinggi (sifatnya teknis), sementara Alessi mampu menambah nilai yang
mengacu segala sesuatu yang terkait dengan desain Italia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;. (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Uyung
Sulaksana:2001)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Berdasarkan
kriteria tersebut, co-branding pada tataran produk didefinisikan sebagai
berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Co-branding adalah peluncuran produk baru
dengan 2 nama merek: (1) milik dua perusahaan atau unit usaha yang berbeda, (2)
yang dipakai secara independen di antara keduanya dan (3) yang saling
menguntungkan dan memberi kontribusi bagi nilai tambah produk gabungan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Uyung
Sulaksana:2001)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;articlebody&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Co-branding merupakan suatu bentuk kerja sama antara
dua brand atau lebih untuk bersama-sama menggunakan kekuatan dari setiap brand
dalam upaya meningkatkan kinerja dan mencapai tujuan dari setiap brand secara
simultan. Contoh co-branding adalah kerja sama antara brand Happy Meal dari
McDonald dengan brand Disney. Happy meal merupakan lini produk McDonald yang
ditargetkan untuk anak-anak dan Disney merupakan produsen film, karakter dan
media hiburan lain yang memiliki target utama yang sama. McDonald berhak
menggunakan karakter mainan dari film Disney untuk meningkatkan daya tarik dari
produk mereka dan Disney memperoleh keuntungan berupa promosi film mereka yang
baru.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/Reza%20Ashari%20&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Reza
Ashari Nasution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;:2008).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Pada tataran distribusi: satu produk (secara temporer) dijual
berkombinasi dengan produk lainnya atau masing-masing perusahaan saling
mendistribusikan produk partnernya di pasar di mana mereka telah teruji
menguasai jaringan distribusi. Ada dua bentuk co-branding pada tataran
distribusi: (1) produk dijual secara gabungan dengan produk lain, dan (2) kedua
perusahaan saling mendistribusikan produk partnernya di pasar di mana mereka
telah memiliki jaringan distribusi yang kuat. Yang pertama biasanya dilakukan
untuk dua produk berbeda (namun, umumnya terbatas pada ‘in-atau on-pack
premium’). Bentuk co-branding ini bisa menjadi pilihan dalam rangka
pengembangan merek rute anggaran rendah. (Lantaran dengan cara ini, produk baru
bisa ‘menumpang’ penjualan produk yang sudah mapan). Distribusi produk dan perusahaan
lain umumnya hanya terjadi bagi produk-produk yang tidak saling bersaing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;. (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Uyung
Sulaksana:2001)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Pada tataran komunikasi: satu produk dipuji dan direkomendasikan dalam
komunikasi pemasaran merek lain. Co-branding pada tataran komunikasi disarankan
hanya bila nilai tambah dua merek tersebut berbeda. Bentuk co-branding ini
cukup bermanfaat bila merek yang akan dikembangkan tak cukup mampu
membangkitkan persepsi kualitas. Jenis co-branding ini akan menguntungkan bagi
merek yang membutuhkan &lt;i&gt;quality perception boost.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Uyung
Sulaksana:2001)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;C.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt;&quot;&gt;Keuntungan Cobranding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt;&quot;&gt;Co-branding menawarkan banyak keuntungan. Karena
masing-masing merek mendominasi kategori yang berbeda, merek yang digabungkan
menciptakan tampilan konsumen yang lebih luas dan ekuitas merek yang lebih
besar. Co-branding juga memungkinkan perusahaan memperluas merek yang sudah ada
kedalam suatu kategori yang mungkin sulit jika dimasuki sendirian. Sebagai
contoh, perhatikan usaha co-branding SunTrust Banks dan Wal-Mart, dimana SunTrust
mendirikan cabang dalam toko co-branding sebagai “Wal-Mart Money Center by
SunTurst.” (Kotler&amp;amp;Amstrong:2008).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;D.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt;&quot;&gt;Keterbatasan Co-branding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt;&quot;&gt;Co-branding juga mempunyai keterbatasan. Hubungan
semacam ini biasanya melibatkan kontak hukum yang kompleks dan perizinan. Mitra
co-branding harus mengkoordinasikan iklan, promosi penjualan, dan usaha
pemasaran lainnya dengan cermat. Terakhir, ketika melakukan co-branding,
masing-masing mitra harus percaya bahwa mitranya akan memperlakukan merek itu
dengan baik (Kotler&amp;amp;Amstrong:2008).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt;&quot;&gt;DAFTAR PUSTAKA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 85.5pt; tab-stops: 40.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Sulaksana, Uyung. 2001. &amp;nbsp;Integrated
Marketing Communications. Pustaka Pelajar. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://uyungs.wordpress.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;http://uyungs.wordpress.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt; diakses tgl 22
12 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 85.5pt; tab-stops: 40.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 85.5pt; tab-stops: 40.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Kotler, Philip &amp;amp; Gary
Amstrong. 2008. Prinsip-prinsip Pemasaran. Jil.1.ed.12. PT. Gelora Aksara
Pratama&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 85.5pt; tab-stops: 40.5pt 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Lamb, Hair &amp;amp; McDaniel. 2001.
Pemasaran. Jil.1. Jakarta : PT. Salemba Empat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Kotler, Philip &amp;amp; Kevin Keller.
Manajemen Pemasaran. Jil.1 ed.12. PT. Indeks.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;N&lt;span class=&quot;MsoHyperlink&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;asution,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/Reza%20Ashari%20&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Reza Ashari &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. 2008.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Co-Branding dan Pilpres. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://k-center.sbm.itb.ac.id/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;http://k-center.sbm.itb.ac.id&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 85.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;diakses
tgl. 29 12 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 85.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;med1&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Suroso, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.proz.com/profile/1037215&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Wiyanto &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Heading1Char&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2009.
Co-branding. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.proz.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;http://www.proz.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; diakses tgl 29 12 2011 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/feeds/1415859661420392055/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/2012/01/co-branding.html#comment-form' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default/1415859661420392055'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default/1415859661420392055'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/2012/01/co-branding.html' title='CO-BRANDING'/><author><name>DODO</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08262483986036061386</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='16' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNY19LhgZLtHa434yBLwFIhCRfN_3ZHEMS3SvXDf0DlcdFb8rNR_psYrJ14P4apxFkf0uR98zx82ikpmVyA6uRm4DsYY6kuIvDS7eHyJbU00b8xdhmI4PYtA3p4XvYOA/s220/Amazon-Kindle-Fire-7.jpg'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3119968167512466313.post-3558626949623515210</id><published>2011-12-15T17:19:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-12-15T17:22:15.458-08:00</updated><title type='text'>PROSES KOMUNIKASI DAN DASAR-DASAR PERILAKU KONSUMEN</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Section1&quot;&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;A.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Komunikasi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Pemasaran&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Pengertian Komunikasi Pemasaran&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Menurut
Fandi Tjiptono (2008:219) komunikasi Pemasaran adalah aktivitas pemasaran yang
berusaha menyebarkan informasi, mempengaruhi, membujuk dan atau mengingatkan
pasar sasaran atas perusahaan dan produknya bersedia meminta, membeli, dan
loyal pada produk yang ditawarkan perusahaan yang bersangkutan.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Menurut
Philip Kotler Terjemaahan Benyamin Molan (2004;604) Komunikasi pemasaran adalah
konsep menjadi dasar bagi perusahaan memadukan dan mengkoordinasikan semua
saluran komunikasinya untuk menyampaikan pesan yang jelas, konsisten, dan
berpengaruh kuat tentang organisasinya dan produk-produknya.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Tujuan Komunikasi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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1. Membangkitkan keinginan akan suatu kategori
produk.&lt;/div&gt;
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Setiap organisasi
pemasaran bertujuan untuk meraih konsumen agar memilih produknya dan bukan
produk pesaingnya. Konsumen harus mempunyai keinginan terhadap suatu kategori
produk terlebih dahulu. Hal inilah yang dimaksud para pemasar dengan
membangkitkan keinginan akan suatu produk, yang juga disebut sebagai usaha
menciptakan permintaan primer ( &lt;i&gt;primary demand &lt;/i&gt;). Setiap pengenalan
suatu produk baru membawa konsekuensi akan tanggung jawab dari sang inovator
untuk membangkitkan keinginan konsumen secara agresif. Para pemasar dalam
kategori yang telah mapan perlu melakukan berbagai usaha untuk mempertahankan
atau membangun kategori produk mereka.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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2. Menciptakan kesadaran akan merek (brand
awareness).&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Kesadaran ( &lt;i&gt;awareness &lt;/i&gt;) adalah &lt;/span&gt;upaya&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; untuk membuat
konsumen familiar melalui iklan, promosi penjualan, dan Komunikasi &lt;/span&gt;Pemasaran&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; lainnya akan suatu merek, memberikan informasi kepada orang banyak
tentang ciri dan manfaatnya, serta menunjukkan perbedaannya dengan merek
pesaing, dan menginformasikan bahwa merek yang ditawarkan lebih baik ditinjau
dari sisi fungsional atau simbolisnya. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; style=&quot;mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
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3.&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Mendorong sikap positif terhadap produk dan mempengaruhi niat
(intentions)&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Jika komunikator sukses menciptakan kesadaran konsumen akan mereknya,
konsumen dapat membentuk sikap ( &lt;i&gt;attitudes &lt;/i&gt;) positif terhadap merek
tersebut, dan mungkin akan muncul niat ( &lt;i&gt;intention &lt;/i&gt;) untuk membeli merek
tersebut, ketika timbul keinginan untuk membeli suatu produk di masa yang akan
datang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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4. Memfasilitasi pembelian&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Iklan dapat menciptakan kesadaran konsumen akan merek dan membangun
sikap positif, namun jika sebuah merek baru tidak tersedia di tempat - tempat
pembelian atau jika konsumen menganggapnya terlalu mahal dibandingkan merek
pesaing, maka kemungkinan merek tersebut untuk dibeli akan berkurang. Jika
usaha komunikasi pemasaran sebuah perusahaan benar - benar efektif, konsumen
akan memahami mengapa harga merek tersebut lebih tinggi dan mungkin akan
dianggap lebih menarik dengan harga premiumnya tersebut. Iklan yang efektif, &lt;i&gt;display
&lt;/i&gt;yang menarik di dalam toko, serta variabel Komunikasi Pemasaran lainnya
berfungsi untuk memfasilitasi pembelian dan memberikan solusi atas persoalan
yang ditimbulkan oleh variabel bauran pemasaran nonpromosi ( produk, harga dan
distribusi ).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Default&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Proses Komunikasi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Menurut Rubent dan Steward
yang di kutip Adi Prakosa (2008:1) &lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Komunikas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;adalah proses yang melibatkan individu-individu dalam suatu hubungan,
kelompok, organisasi dan masyarakat yang merespon dan menciptakan pesan untuk
beradaptasi dengan lingkungan satu sama lain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;. Dari pengertian tersebut inti
dari komuniksi adalah menciptakan pesan yang di sampaikan komunikator dan di
terima dengan baik oleh komunikan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Agar suatu pesan dapat efektif, proses pengkodean dari pengirim harus
berhubungan dengan proses penguraian kode oleh penerima. Artinya, pesan yang
terbaik adalah pesan yang disampaikan dengan tanda-tanda yang dikenali oleh
penerimanya. Apabila pengirim memiliki pengalaman dengan penerima pesan, maka
komunikasi yang dilakukan akan lebih efektif. Tugas pengirim adalah
mengupayakan pesannya sampai kepada penerima&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Menurut Kotler&lt;/span&gt; dan
Amstrong Terjemaahan Benyamin Molan,&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; (200&lt;/span&gt;4&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;608&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;) Ada 9 &lt;/span&gt;unsur&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; yang terlibat dalam
aktivitas komunikasi. Dua elemen mewakili pihak utama dalam komunikasi, yaitu
pengirim dan penerima. Dua elemen mewakili alat komunikasi utama, yaitu pesan
dan media. Empat elemen mewakili fungsi komunikasi, yaitu pengkodean, penguraian
kode, tanggapan, dan umpan balik. Elemen terakhir dalam sistem ini adalah
gangguan (seperti pesan sembarang dan bersaing yang mungkin mencampuri
komunikasi yang sedang berlangsung).”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Adapun proses komunikasi menurut Kotler&lt;/span&gt; dan Amstrong&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;2004:609&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;) adalah sebagai berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Sumber: Philip Kotler &amp;amp; Amstrong (2004:604)&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Gambar&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;:
Proses Komunikasi&lt;/span&gt; pemasaran&lt;/div&gt;
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Kewajiban pengirim dalam proses komunikasi
adalah agar pesan dapat di kirimkan dan di terima dengan cepat, tepat, dan
jelas oleh si penerima. &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Unsur
Komunikasi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ada
beberapa material komunikasi pemasaran yang penting , yaitu:&lt;/div&gt;
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a.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Gagasan,&lt;/i&gt; yaitu materi pokok yang hendak disampaikan pengirim.&lt;/div&gt;
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b.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Pesan&lt;/i&gt;, yaitu himpunan berbagai symbol (oral, verbal, atau non verbal) dari
suatu gagasan.&lt;/div&gt;
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c.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Media,&lt;/i&gt; yaitu pembawa (&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;transporter&lt;/i&gt;)
pesan komunikasi. Pilihan media komunikasi bisa bersifat personal maupun non
personal.&lt;/div&gt;
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d.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Response&lt;/i&gt;, yaitu reaksi pemahaman atas pesan yang diterima oleh penerima.&lt;/div&gt;
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e.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Feed-back&lt;/i&gt;, yaitu pesan balik dari sebagian atau keseluruhan respon yang dikirim
kembali oleh penerima.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
f.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Gangguan
(noise),&lt;/i&gt; &amp;nbsp;yaitu segala sesuatu yang dapat menghambat
kelancaran proses komunikasi.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Proses Komunikasi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Proses
penyampaian pesan (dari pengirim kepada penerima) memerlukan dua penerima yaitu
:&lt;/div&gt;
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a.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Encoding
adalah proses merancang atau mengubah gagasan secara simbolik menjadi suatu
pesan untuk disampaikan kepada penerima.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
b.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Decoding
adalah proses penguraian atau mengartikan symbol sehingga pesan yang di terima
dapat di pahami.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Komunikasi
Pemasaran Dan Arti&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Hal
yang mendasar dari peoses komunikasi adalah konsep &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;arti (meaning)&lt;/i&gt; yang dimilikinya. Para pemasar berusaha menunjukkan
arti merek mereka, sedangkan konsumen memperoleh arti yang sama atau mungkin
juga berbeda dengan apa yang dimaksudkan oleh komunikator pemasaran.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Sifat-sifat
Tanda&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Komunikasi
pemasaran dengan segala bentuk variasinya, menggunakan tanda –tanda dalam
menciptakan pesan dan memberikan arti. Tanda &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;(sign)&lt;/i&gt; adalah suatu bentuk fisik yang dapat dirasakan oleh panca
indera kita, yang merepresentasikan atau menunjukkan sesuatu (disebut &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;referent)&lt;/i&gt; kepada seseorang (disebut &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;interpreter)&lt;/i&gt; dalam suatu kontek.&amp;nbsp; Bayangkan sebuah truck &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;pickup&lt;/i&gt; sebagai obyek konsumsi. Arti primer dan implicit, atau
disebut juga dengan arti &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;denotatif&lt;/i&gt;
dari truk &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;pickup&lt;/i&gt; tersebut adalah:
sebuah kendaraan dengan bagian depan yang tertutup untuk parab penumpang, serta
bagian belakang untuk mengangkut berbagai barang. Arti sekunder dan implicit,
atau arti konotatif dari truk pickup terdiri dari berbagai definisi yang
berbeda. Sebauh pickup diartikan sebagai perilaku yang bagus dan perilaku
konsumen yang cerdas bagi sebagian orang, sedangkan bagi sebagian lainnya, ia
mereepresentasikan gaya hidup yang kasar dan tidak layak.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Arti
dari Arti&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Arti
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;(meaning)&lt;/i&gt; dapat dianggap sebagai
persepsi &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;(pemikiran)&lt;/i&gt; dan reaksi
affective (perasaan) atas stimulus yang timbul dalam diri seseorang ketika
berhadapan dengan sebuah tanda, misalnya nama merek, dalam sebuah kontek
tertentu. Seharusnya jelas sekarang bahwa bagi seorang individu arti adalah hal
yang internal, dan bukan eksternal. Arti, dengan kata lain, adalah &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;subyektif.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Bayangkan,
misalnya, dua konsumen duduk di depan pesawat televise sedang menonton iklan
sebuah merek baru produk makanan kucing. Bagi salah satu konsumen, iklan
tersebut merepresentasikan hewan-hewan menggemaskan yang mengkonsumsi merek
tersebut sehingga si konsumen sekarang akan mempertimbangkan utntuk kucingnya
sendiri. Bagi konsumen yang lain, yang bukan merupakan pecinta binatang, iklan
tersebut merepresentasikangambaran yang “menjijikkan” dari binatang-binatang
yang tidak menarik, yang sedang makan sebuah produk yang tidak enak. Jelaslah
bahwa pesan yang sama mempunyai arti yang berbeda bagi kedua konsumen ini.&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;B.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Landasan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Perilaku Konsumen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; Dari Komunikasi
Pemasaran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Para komunikator pemasaran mengarahkan usaha
mereka untuk mempengaruhi kepercayaan, sikap, reaksi emosional, dan
pilihan-pilihan konsumen yang berhubungan dengan merek. Pada akhirnya, tujuan
mereka adalah utnuk mendorong konsumen memilih produk yang mereka tawarkan
bukan tawaran competitor. Untuk mencapai tujuan ini, komunikator pemasaran
merancang pesan-pesan iklan, promosi, kalimat-kalimat dalam kemasan, nama
merek, presentasi penjualan, dan aktivitas komunikasi lainnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;The Consumer Processing Model (CPM)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;
Dari perspektif CPM perilku dilihat
sebagai hal yang rasional, amat kognitif, sistematis dan beralasan.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Pemrosesan informasi oleh konsumen dalam
delapan tahap yang saling berkaitan:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Exposure
terhadap informasi.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Atensi
yang selektif.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Pemahaman
mengenai informasi yang disampaikan.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Persetujuan
mengenai informasi yang telah dipahami.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Penyimpanan
dalam memori mengenai informasi yang telah diterima.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;6.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Perbaikan
informasi dari dalam memori.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;7.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Pembuatan
keputusan dari altenatif yang ada.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;8.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Tindakan
yang dilakukan berdasarkan keputusan yang telah diambil.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Exposure terhadap informasi.&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
Exposure secara sederhana adalah konsumen
berinteraksi dengan pesan dari pemasar (mereka melihat iklan majalah, mendengar
iklan radio, dan lain-lain). Walaupun exposure merupakan tahap awal yang
penting menuju tahap-tahap selanjutnya dari proses informasi, fakta yang ada
mengexpose konsumen kepada pesan komunikator pemasaran tidak menjamin bahwa
pesan akan memberikan pengaruh. Memperoleh exposure adalah suatu keharusan
namun tidak cukup memperoleh keberhasilan komunikasi. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Atensi yang Selektif&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
Atensi (attention) berarti focus kepada dan
mempertimbangkan pesan yang telah diekspos kepada seseorang. Konsumen
memperhatikan hanya sebagian kecil dari stimulus komunikasi pemasaran karena
permintaan yang dibuat berdasarkan atensi jumlahnya besar; karenanya, atensi
menjadi amat selektif. Selektivitas diperlukan karena kapasitas pemrosesan
informasi terbatas dan utilisasi efektif dari kapasitas ini membutuhkan alokasi
energy mental dari konsumen (kapasitas processing) kepada pesan-pesan yang
relevan dan sesuai dengan &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;current goal.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Pemahaman ats Apa yang Dimaksudkan&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
Memahami adalah mengerti dan dapat menciptakan
arti dan stimulus dan symbol-simbol yang ada. Komunikasi menjadi efektif ketika
arti yang ingin disampaikan oleh komunikator pemasaran sesuia dengan apa yang
benar-benar ditangkap oleh konsumen dari pesannya. Istilah pemahaman
(prehension) sering digunakan bergantian dengan persepsi (perception); kedua
istilah tersebut disebut juga interprestasi.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
Proses perceptual dalam menginterprestasi
stimulus dikenal dengan istilah perceptual encoding. Proses ini terdiri dari
dua tahap utama. Feature analysis merupakan tahap awal dimana penerima pesan
melihat cirri dasar (basic feature) dari stimulus (seperti ukuran, bentuk,
warna, angle) dan membuat klasifikasi pendahuluan. Tahap kedua dari perceptual
encoding, yaitu active synthesis, tidak hanya melakukan “pemeriksaan” terhadap
cirri-ciri fisik, kontek atau situasi di mana informasi diterima mempunyai
peran penting dalam menentukan apa yang diterima dan diinterprestasikan, atau
dengan kata lain, dalam menentukan arti apa yang diperoleh. Interprestasi
dihasilkan dari usaha mengkombinasikan atau synthesizing cirri-ciri stimulus
dengan ekspektasi yang semestinya sesuia dengan kontek yang diinginkan. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Menyetujui apa yang dipahami&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Default&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
Tahap
keempat dalam i&lt;i&gt;nformation - processing &lt;/i&gt;adalah persoalan mengenai apakah
konsumen menyetujui argumen pesan yang dipahaminya. Adalah penting dari
perspektif Komunikasi Pemasaran bahwa konsumen tidak hanya memahami sebuah
pesan tetapi juga menyetujui pesan tersebut. ( dan tidak “ melawan ” atau
menolaknya ). Pemahaman itu sendiri tidak menjamin bahwa pesan akan mengubah
sikap konsumen atau mempengaruhi perilaku mereka. Persetujuan ( &lt;i&gt;agreement &lt;/i&gt;)
bergantung kepada apakah pesan tersebut dapat dipercaya, atau apakah ia
mengandung informasi dan daya tarik yang sesuai dengan nilai - nilai yang
dianggap penting bagi konsumen.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Default&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Penyimpanan dan Pencarian/Pemanggilan Kembali Informasi yang Tersimpan&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
Dari perspektif Komunikasi Pemasaran, memori
dilibatkan berbagai masalah yang dapat diingat konsumen ( &lt;i&gt;recognize &lt;/i&gt;dan &lt;i&gt;recall
&lt;/i&gt;) mengenai stimulus pemasaran, dan bagaimana mengakses dan memanggil
kembali ( &lt;i&gt;retrieve &lt;/i&gt;) informasi tersebut ketika sedang membuat pilihan
membuat untuk mengkonsumsi. Subyek mengenai memori tidak terpisahkan dari
proses pembelajaran ( &lt;i&gt;learning &lt;/i&gt;), karenanya paragraf berikut akan
terlebih dulu membahas dasar - dasar memori, kemudian menelaah dasar
pembelajaran dan terakhir, menekankan kepada aplikasi praktis dari prinsip -
prinsip memori dan pembelajaran dalam Komunikasi Pemasaran.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Default&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pencarian dan Pemanggilan
Informasi &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Default&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
Informasi
yang dipelajari dan disimpan dalam memori hanya berpengaruh dalam perilaku
konsumen jika ia dicari ( &lt;i&gt;search &lt;/i&gt;) dan dipanggil ulang ( &lt;i&gt;retrieve &lt;/i&gt;).
&lt;i&gt;Retrieval &lt;/i&gt;difasilitasi kerika sebuah informasi baru dihubungkan, atau
diasosiasikan dengan konsep lain yang dikenal dan mudah untuk diakses. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Default&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Default&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Menentukan Pilihan di antara
Alternatif yang Ada &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Default&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
Ketika
berpikir untuk membeli sebuah produk kategori tertentu, bagaimana seorang
konsumen memutuskan merek mana yang akan dipilihnya ? Jawaban yang sederhana
adalah bahwa ia akan memilih merek “ terbaik ”. Namun tidak selalu jelas mana
yang merupakan merek yang terbaik, khususnya yang mengingat bahwa konsumen
umumnya menyimpan, dalam memori jangka panjang mereka, berbagai informasi
mengenai setiap merek yang masuk dalam daftar pertimbangan mereka. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
Konsumen sering menggunakan strategi
penyederhanaan, disebut &lt;i&gt;heuristic&lt;/i&gt;, untuk sampai pada keputusan yang
setidaknya memuaskan jika tidak dapat dikatakan sempurna. Bentuk paling
sederhana dari semua keputusan &lt;i&gt;heuristic &lt;/i&gt;adalah &lt;i&gt;affect referal&lt;/i&gt;.
Dengan strategi ini individu dengan mudah dapat “ memanggil ” dari memorinya
sikap atau pengaruh tertentu mengenai alternatif yang ada dan memilih
alternatif yang pengaruhnya paling positif. Secara umum, jenis strategi ini
biasa digunakan untuk produk - produk yang sering dibeli, di mana resiko
pembeliannya minimum. Produk - produk semacam itu umumnya dikategorikan sebagai
&lt;i&gt;low - involvement purchaces&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Bertindak berdasarkan keputusan yang telah diambil&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
Perilaku konsumen dalam menentukan pilihan
sepertinya terlihat sederhana dan pasti. Namun, sebenarnya tidak demikian.
Orang tidak selalu berperilaku konsistem sesuai dengan preferensinya. Alas an
utama dari hal ini adalah adanya presence of event atau factor situasional yang
mengganggu, menghalangi, atau bahkan mencegah seseorang menuruti keinginannya.
Factor situasional khususnya muncul dalam kasus perilaku konsumen mengenai
produk high involvement.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Hedonic Experiential
Model (HEM)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;
Model Hem
mungkin lebih baik dalam menjelaskan bagaimana konsumen memproses informasi dan
mengambil keputusan ketika mereka merasa bebas, bahagia, dan dihadapkan kepada
informasi yang positif.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;
Dalam
perspektif CPM, konsumen dianggap memeiliki tujuan”melakukan pembelian
termuran”, mendapatkan yang terbaik semurah mungkin” dan “memaksimalkan
utilitas”; sedangkan perspektif HEM melihat seseorang seringkali mengkonsumsi
produk semata-mata hanya untuk kesenangan, atau mengejar fantasia tau stimulasi
sensorik. Komunikasi produk dari perspektif hedonic menghasilakan antisipasi
untuk bersenang-senang, memenuhi fantasi, atau memperoleh perasaan senang.
Sebagai perbandingan, perilaku pemilihan produk dari perspektif CPM didasarkan
pada evaluasi yang cermat, bahwa alternative yang dipilih akan bersiafat lebih
fungsional atau memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dibandingkan alternative lain
yang tersedia.&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/feeds/3558626949623515210/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default/3558626949623515210'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default/3558626949623515210'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo.html' title='PROSES KOMUNIKASI DAN DASAR-DASAR PERILAKU KONSUMEN'/><author><name>DODO</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08262483986036061386</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='16' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNY19LhgZLtHa434yBLwFIhCRfN_3ZHEMS3SvXDf0DlcdFb8rNR_psYrJ14P4apxFkf0uR98zx82ikpmVyA6uRm4DsYY6kuIvDS7eHyJbU00b8xdhmI4PYtA3p4XvYOA/s220/Amazon-Kindle-Fire-7.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3119968167512466313.post-6131601872348331756</id><published>2011-11-24T17:26:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-24T17:30:16.853-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Sasaran Komunikasi Pemasaran Demografis,  Psikografis, dan Geodemografis</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Sasaran Komunikasi Pemasaran
Demografis,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Psikografis, dan Geodemografis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;A.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tinjauan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pentingnya melakukan penentuan
sasaran kepada kelompok konsumen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tujuan
bab ini adalah untuk memperluas pembahasan mengenai penentuan sasaran
(targeting). Bahwa usaha targeting dan micromarketing memungkinkan komunikator
pemasaran menyampaikan pesan mereka secara lebih tepat dan mencegah terjadinya
kesiasiaan dalam penyampaian pesan kepada orang-orang diluar target pasar
mereka. Dalam bab ini kita akan memfokuskan pembahasan pada tiga set
karakteristik konsumen yang secara independen atau bersama-sama mempengaruhi
konsumsi seseorang dan bagaimana mereka merespon komunikasi pemasaran, yaitu :
demografi, psikografi, dan geodemografi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Variable
demografis terdiri atas karakteristik seperti usia, pendidikan, dan etnis.
Dengan memonitor perubahan demografis, para pemasar dapat secara lebih baik : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Mengidentifikasi
dan memilih segmen pasar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Meramalkan
penjualan produk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Memilih
media untuk meraih target pelanggannya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Aspek
gaya hidup konsumen seperti aktivitas, ketertarikan, dan opini mereka merepresentasikan
karakteristik psikografis mereka. Pola pembelian seringkali lebih dipengaruhi
oleh gaya hidup kita dibandingkan latar belakang demografis kita. Geodemografi
merupakan sebuah kombinasi dari karakteristik demografis dan gaya hidup
konsumen dalam &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;cluster &lt;/i&gt;geografis seperti
kode pos area dan lingkungan rumah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Namun
penekanan utama dalam bab ini adalah kepada karakteristik demografis karena
sejauh ini ruang lingkupnya bergerak secara dinamis. Tiga topik utama mengenai
demografi yang akan dibahas :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Struktur
usia populasi Amerika serikat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Perubahan
yang terjadi dalam rumah tangga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Perkembangan
etnis populasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;B.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pertumbuhan populasi dan penyebaran
geografis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Populasi
manusia didunia berjumlah sekitar 6 miliar jiwa ditahun 2000. Populasi dunia
diperkirakan tumbuh menjadi sekitar 8 miliar jiwa pada tahun 2025. Populasi
amerika serikat akan berjumlah sekitar 275 juta ditahun 2000 dan mencapai
sekitar 335 juta jiwa ditahun 2025. Mungkin aspek yang paling menarik dari
populasi amerika ini adalah perubahan yang terjadi pada distribusi geografis
mereka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Perubahan struktur usia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Salah
satu ciri yang menonjol dari populasi amerika adalah usia yang terus bertambah.
Rata – rata usia dari orang amerika adalah 28 tahun ditahun 1970, 30 ditahun
1980, dan 33 ditahun 1990, terus meningkat hingga hampir 36 tahun pada tahun
2000, dan diperkirakan bertambah lagi menjadi 38 tahun pada tahun 2025. Bagian
selanjutnya akan membahas kelompok usia utama dalam populasi Amerika dan
implikasinya pada usaha komunikasi pemasaran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;a.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Generasi
Baby-Boomers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Perubahan struktur usia&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/b&gt;diamerika serikat sebagian besar diakibatkan oleh baby boomer, 75
juta orang Amerika yang lahir pada tahun 1946 hingga 1964. Periode populasi
muncul setelah perang dunia II (pada tahun 1945) dan berlangsung selama hamper
dua dekade. Dengan menggunakan tahun 2000 sebagai titik referensi, baby boomer
yang tertua akan berusia 54 tahun pada saat datangnya awal millennium baru,
sedangkan yang termuda dalam kategori ini akan berusia 36 tahun. Efek dari
adanya baby boomer ini dimanifestasikan kedalam perkembangan – perkembangan
besar dalam populasi :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Baby
boomers yang asli melahirkan baby boomer kecil ketika mereka telah cukup umur. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Disebabkan
oleh tingkat kelahiran yang rendah pada pertengahan tahun 1960-an hingga
1970-an (sebelum periode dimana sebagian besar baby boomers mempunyai anak).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Jumlah
orang berusia setengah baya (sekitar 35-54 tahun) telah meningkat secara
dramatis. Kematangan para baby booomers ini kemungkinan merupakan perkembangan
demografi yang paling signifikan yang dihadapi para pemasar selama dekade
1990-an.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Perkembangan
yang terjadi sebelumnya memberikan suatu janji kepada banyak pemasar namun
menimbulkan banyak masalah bagi orang lain. Para pemasar yang menjadikan remaja
dan dewasa muda sebagai target pasar mereka selama 1970-an sampai 1980-an,
menderita ditahun 1990-an karena ukuran pasar ini menjadi lebih sempit. Contoh
industry blue jeans, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;b.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Konsumen
berusia setengah baya dan mapan (Mature)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dengan bertambahnya usia populasi Amerika serikat,
dekade 1990-an merupakan dekade pemasaran yang ditujukan bagi baby boomers
berusia setengah baya dan konsumen yang mapan walaupun tidak terlalu tepat
demikian, kita dapat menentukan bahwa usia paruh baya berada pada rentang usia
35 hingga 54 tahun, titik dimana kemapanan telah dicapai.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Berbagai implikasi timbul dari usaha komunikasi
pemasaran yang ditujukan kepada pasar kelompokberusia mapan. Dalam iklan yang
ditujukan pada kelompok ini, disarankan untuk menggambarkan mereka sebagai
orang-orang yang aktif, vital, sibuk, berpandangan kedepan, dan ingin berpenampilan
menarik dan romantis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;c.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Anak
-&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Anaka Dan Remaja&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Di
ujung lain dari spektrum usia terdapat anak – anak dan remaja. Kelompok orang –
orang Amerika muda berusia antara 19 tahun ke bawah ini telah menurun secara
dinamis persentasenya, yaiti 40 persen dari totaal populasi pada tahun 1956 di
proyeksikan menjadi sekitar 29 persen dari total populasi di tahun 2000. Dengan
demikin mereka tetap merupakan kelompok yang penting, terdiri dari 80 juta
anggota &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;di tahun 2000.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Para pemasar pada umumnya menganggap anak – anak
berusia 4 hingga 12 tahun sebagai &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;“kids” &lt;/i&gt;untuk
membeadakan kelompok ini dari &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;toddlers &lt;/i&gt;dan
remaja. Diperkirakan bahwa anak – anak dari pengelompokan yang luas ini
melakukan atau mempengaruhi pembelian senilai miliaran dolar setiap tahun. Anak
-&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;anak &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;usia prasekolah &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;mempersentasikan kelompok penting yang telah
tumbuh cepat pada tahun belakangan ini. Angka kelahiran bayi di Amerika Serikat
tahun 1990 lebih banyak (4,5 juta) dibandingkan dengan tahun 1957 pada puncak&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; baby boom &lt;/i&gt;(4,3 juta). Produk dan jasa
yang menarik bagi keluarga dan rumah tangga telah meningkat untuk dipasarkan
pada para bayi. Dan menarik minat para orang tua juga anak -&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;anak prasekolah, begitupula produk &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;fashion &lt;/i&gt;yang diilustrasikan iklan untuk
Baby Gap.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Anak – anak &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;usia
sekolah dasar &lt;/i&gt;(6 – 11 tahun) secara langsung mempengaruhi pembelian produk
dan secara tidak langsung mempengaruhi apa yang orang tua mereka beli, seperti
produk baju, mainan, dan bahkan pilihan merek dari produk seperti pasta gigi.
Bentuk iklan dari komunikasi pemasaran yang ditujukan pada anak kecil atau
keluarga mereka telah meningkat di tahun belakangan ini. Komunikator pemasaran
telah mendatangi ruang – ruang kelas di semua tingkat dengan pesan promosi yang
kadangkala n”dikemas” sebagai alat belajar yang sering mengundang khawatir para
orang tua dan pengajar, yang mempertanyakan etika dari praktik – pratik semacam
ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Para &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;remaja &lt;/i&gt;(13
– 19 tahun) yang jumlahnya di Amerika Serikat sekitar 27 juta orang,&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;memiliki &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;earning
power &lt;/i&gt;yang sangat berpengaruh beasar terhadap pembelian personal atau rumah
tangga. Kelompok ini, yang disebut konsultan pemasaran sebagai Generasi Y
(berbeda dari generasi sebelumnya yang dinamakan dengan &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;generasi X&lt;/i&gt;), adalah kelompok usia yang mempunyai pengaruh penting
terhadap pembelian. Para remaja mempunyai pengaruh dan kekuatan dalam pembelian
yang turut adil dalam perkembangan program komunikasi pemasaran yang ditujukan
pada kelompok ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Remaja dikenal sebagai konsumen yanag sangat dapat
menyesuaikan diri, sangat memuja penampilan fisik (&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;narcissistic&lt;/i&gt;) dan tidak loyal. Karakteristik ini memberi paluang
dan tantangan yang sangat besar bagi para komunikator pemasaran. Sebuah produk
yang dapat diterima dapat sukses dengan gemilang, ketika para remaja memilih
suatu merek sebagai ciri/tanda diri yang membedakan mereka dari yang lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;d.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Generasi
X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tidak
ada kelompok yang mendapat perhatian banyak diwaktu lalu kecuali Generasi X,
dimana kelompok ini yang sebagian besar anggotanya adalah mahasiswa. Kelompok
ini diklasifikasikan berada pada usia 20-an, yang sering disebut dengan &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;baby usters &lt;/i&gt;dan &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;twentysomethings. &lt;/i&gt;Pelebelan itu tidak hanya berhenti begitu saja,
mereka dihadapkan pada ungkapan klise yang lebih banyak dibandingkan kelompok
usia lain dalam sejarah. Sebagian besar perbedaan itu adalah berbagai ejekan,
seperti: pemalas, sinis, pengeluh, anak &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;grunge&lt;/i&gt;,
tidak mempunyai harapan. Salah satu penelitian mengklasifikasikan para Gen X
kepada 4 klompok berdasarkanprofil sikap mreka yaitu: &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;yup &amp;amp;Comers, bystanders, play boys, dan drifters.&lt;/i&gt; Para
komunikator pemasaran yang tujukan pada usia 20 tahun keatas harus menggunakan
daya tarik yang ditargetkan kepada subkelompok yang spesifik seperti &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;yup &amp;amp; Comers &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;yang dibandingkan dengan stereotip yang tidak
cukup hanya mengenakan pada suatu sub segmen saja.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pada kelompok Gen X, walaupun mereka mendapat
berbagai pelabelan bukanlah suatu kelompok dengan demografi dan preferensi gaya
hidup yang sama, dan seharusnya tidak terlalu dianggap sebagai segmen pasar.
Akan tetapi Gen X ini dapat di jadikan sebagai target yang menarik bagi para
pemasar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Perubahan Yang Terus Terjadi Dalam
Rumah Tangga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sebuah
rumah tangga mempersentasikan kesatuan rumah yang independen, baik peoperti
yang disewa ataupun properti yang dimiliki sendiri. Rumah tangga Amerika
Serikat tradisional yang digambarkan secara stereotip&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dalam program televisi untuk para &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;baby boomer&lt;/i&gt;, misalnya &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;leave in to beaver dan happy day &lt;/i&gt;yang
selama ini hanya terdiri atas ayah, ibu, dengan kedua atau ketiga anaknya.
Rumah tangga Amerika Serikat telah diubah untuk selamanya oleh efek gabungan
dari pola perubahan perkawinan, meninggalnya jumlah wanita yang bekerja, dan
semakin tingginya tingkat perceraian.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Jumlah
rumah tangga terus bertambah namun ukurannya semakin kecil dan mengalami
perubahan karakter. Jumlah rumah tangga baru meningkat dua kali lipat dari
tingkat pertumbuhan populasi, namun dilain pihak ukuran rumah tangga menurun.
Perubahan kombinasi dari rumah tangga Amerika Serikat ini mepunyai berbagai
implikasi bagi para komunikator pemasaran, khususnya periklanan. Para pengiklan
akan wajib merefleksikan berbagai situasi kehidupan yang ada dalam rentang yang
luas. Banya pengiklanan membuat daya tarik khusus bagi keinginan pembeli dan
kebutuhan para lajang, yang merupakan daya tarik bagi produk makanan, misalnya
pemenuhan kebutuhan yang menyiapkan makan secara cepat dan mudah. Untuk meraih
itu diperlukan usaha seleksi media khusus karena mereka:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;a.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Cenderung
bukan penonton program televisi &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;prime
time, &lt;/i&gt;melainkan lebih malam dari itu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;b.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sangat
suka menonton acara – acara dalam televisi kabel dibanding populasi yang lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;c.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Merupakan
pembaca majalah yang setia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;3. Perkembangan
Populasi Etnis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Amerika
telah lama menjadi &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;melting pot&lt;/i&gt;, namun
beberapa dekade Amerika semakin menjalankan peran ini. Kelompok etnis terbesar
di amerika serikat adalah orang berkulit hitam (african- american) dan amerika
latin (hispanic-American), dimana keduanya mengalami pertumbuhan yang sangat
pesat. Memahami peran yang semakin berkembang dari kelompok etnis ini maka
selanjutnya akan dibahas implikasi komunikasi pemasaran terhadap orang-orang
kulit hitam, latin dan asia di Amerika. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Penduduk
African- American&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Walaupun banyak orang amerika berkulit
hitam yang mempunyai kebudayaan yang sama, dimana mereka berbagi nilai-nilai,
kepercayaan dan perilaku yang sama tetapi mereka tidak merepresentasikan sebuah
pasar seperti yang berlaku bagi orang-orang kulit putih. Beberapa faktor
menjelaskan mengapa orang-orang African-American merupakan konsumen yang
menarik perhatian banyak perusahaan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;a.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Populasi
african- american tumbuh lebih cepat dibandingkan populasi lainnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;b.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Rata-rata
usia orang-orang kulit hitam umumnya lebih muda dari pada orang-orang kulit
putih&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;c.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Orang-orang
african-american secara geografis terkonsentrasi kira-kira dua pertiga dari
orang-orang kulit hitam tinggal di dalam pasar yang merupakan Top 15 di&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;amerika.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;d.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Orang-orang
african-american cenderung membeli produk-produk bermerek dan mempunyai
prestise dalam proporsi yang lebih banyak di bandingkan orang-orang kulit putih&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;African-
American menunjukan perilaku pembelian yang berbeda sesuai dengan gaya hidup,
nilai-nilai, dan faktor demografis mereka.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Karenanya perusahaan harus menggunakan media iklan, jalur distribusi,
tema iklan serta strategi harga yang berbeda mengingat mereka memasarkan produk
kepada berbagai subsegmen dari populasi african-amaerican.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Penduduk
Hispanic – American&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Komunikator umumnya belum memberikan
perhatian yang cukup kepada para hispanic – american. Frekuensi penampilan
orang hispanic – american dalam iklan televisi lebih rendah dibandingkan
proporsi mereka dalam populasi. Komunikator pemasaran harus menyadari bahwa
adanya beberapa faktor yang penting ketika berusaha meraih konsumen hispanic.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;a.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Hispanic-american
dalam persentase besar hanya berbahasa spanyol atau menguasai sedikit berbahasa
inggris. Karenanya banyak orang-orang hispanic yang hanya dapat diraih melalui
media berbahasa spanyol.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;b.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Persentase
terbesar dari orang-orang hispanic umumnya menggunakan media berbahasa spanyol
adalah penting untuk menyampaikan pesan kepada beberapa kelompok orang hispanic
menggunakan metode ini. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;c.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kunci
utama dalam merancang iklan yang efektif untuk orang-orang hispanic adalah
dengan menggunakan bahasa yang dominan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;d.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pengiklan
perlu amat berhati-hati dalam berbahasa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Penduduk
Asian – American&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Penting untuk ditekankan bahwa seperti
halnya tidak ada pasar tunggal untuk warga kulit hitam atau warga hispanic, hal
yang sama berlaku bagi warga asia. Tidak ada pasar untuk warga asia. Beberapa
perusahaan telah sukses dalam menargetkan pemasaran kepada kelompok asia
tertentu dengan menyesuaikan program pemasaran khusus kepada nilai-nilai dan
gaya hidup mereka dan tidak hanya terpaku kepada penerjemahan Anglo program.
Pemasar-pemasar utama mempunyai pilihan media yang jauh lebih besar dari pada
sebelumnya dalam upaya meraih warga Asia – american. Stasiun radio yang
mengudara dengan bahasa-bahasa asia sekarang telah muncul di berbagai tempat
dimana terdapat konsentrasi warga asia yang besar. Direct marketing malalui surat
merupakan media yang paling utama untuk micromarketing kepada kelompok tertentu
dari warga asian - american.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dari penjelasan diatas sudah jelas bahwa
implikasi para pemasar dan komunikasi pemasaran perlu malakukan tugas yang
lebih baik dalam mengembangkan produk, program pemasaran, dan strategi
komunikasi pemasaran yang dirancang untuk memenuhi kebutuhan yang unik dari
tiap-tiap kelompok etnis karena merupakan peran yang penting dalam mengarahkan
perilaku konsumen.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;C.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Penetapan
Sasaran Berdasarkan Psikografis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Penelitian
tentang psikografi yang paling dikenal adalah model klasifikasi &lt;i&gt;Values and
Lifestyles&lt;/i&gt; (VALS) yang dikembangkan oleh Stanford Research Institute (SRI).
Dalam model terbaru, yang dikenal dengan VALS 2, diidentifikasi delapan kategori
berdasarkan kombinasi faktor demografi dan gaya hidup seperti usia, pendapatan,
pendidikan, tingkat percaya diri, kesehatan, dan ketertarikan terhadap
masalah-masalah yang ditemui konsumen. Kedelapan kategori VALS 2 dapat
diringkas sebagai berikut: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Konsumen
&lt;i&gt;principle-oriented&lt;/i&gt; yang bertindak berdasarkan pandangan mereka mengenai
bagaimana seharusnya dunia berjalan, adalah: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Fulfillers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
adalah para profesional yang matang, bertanggung jawab, dan berpendidikan
tinggi, yang &lt;i&gt;well-informed&lt;/i&gt; mengenai berbagai perkembangan terkini.
Mereka memiliki tingkat pendapatan yang tinggi namun merupakan konsumen yang
praktis dan &lt;i&gt;value-oriented&lt;/i&gt;. Aktivitas mereka di waktu senggang terpusat
di rumah. &lt;i&gt;Fulfillers&lt;/i&gt; merupakan target pasar yang potensial bagi produk-produk
kesehatan, seperti produk makanan dengan kadar kolesterol, gula, garam, dan
lemak yang rendah. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Believers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
adalah konsumen konservatif dan mudah ditebak yang memilih merek-merek yang
sudah mapan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Konsumen
&lt;i&gt;status-oriented&lt;/i&gt; dipandu oleh tindakan dan opini orang lain:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Achievers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
adalah orang-orang yang sukses, berdedikasi pada pekerjaan, yang meraih
kepuasan terutama karena pekerjaan dan keluarga mereka. &lt;i&gt;Achievers&lt;/i&gt; adalah
target pasar untuk perusahaan mobil mewah, pakaian kelas atas, dan toko-toko
khusus yang mahal. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Strivers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
mempunyai karakteristik yang serupa dengan achievers namun sumberdaya ekonomi,
sosial, dan psikologisnya lebih sedikit. Gaya adalah faktor penting bagi mereka
karena mereka terus berusaha meniru orang-orang yang mereka kagumi. Perusahaan
yang meniru produk-produk mahal seperti tas tangan para desainer, akan
menganggap &lt;i&gt;strivers&lt;/i&gt; sebagai target pasar yang &lt;i&gt;receptive&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Konsumen
&lt;i&gt;action-oriented&lt;/i&gt; yang dipandu oleh keinginan mereka akan keragaman dan
risiko aktivitas sosial maupun fisik:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Experiencers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
mewakili yang termuda dari segmen ini merupakan para &lt;i&gt;experiencers&lt;/i&gt; yang
suka berpetualang dan mengeluarkan biaya besar untuk pakaian, makanan cepat
saji, musik dan aktivitas kalangan muda lainnya. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;6.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Makers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
adalah konsumen yang praktis dan &lt;i&gt;self-sufficient&lt;/i&gt; yang memfokuskan diri
pada keluarga, pekerjaan, dan rekreasi fisik. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dua
kategori konsumen lain yang dikelompokkan berdasarkan tingkat sumber daya
mereka, baik yang berada di atas maupun di bawah keenam kategori sebelumnya:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;7.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Strugglers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
memiliki tingkat pendapatan yang paling rendah dan sumber daya paling minim
untuk dimasukkan ke dalam kategori &lt;i&gt;self-orientation consumer&lt;/i&gt; manapun.
Mereka cenderung merupakan konsumen yang setia terhadap merek, tentunya sebatas
kemampuan mereka. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;8.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Actualizers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
menikmati tingkat pendapatan yang tinggi, &lt;i&gt;self-esteem&lt;/i&gt; yang kuat, dan
sumber daya yang berlimpah. Citra adalah penting dan karenanya mereka membeli
barang-barang “terbaik di dunia”. Mereka merepresentasikan pasar yang potensial
bagi perusahaan produk-produk kelas atas, seperti mobil mewah, kapal pesiar
pribadi (&lt;i&gt;yachts&lt;/i&gt;), dan perjalanan udara dengan pesawat Concorde. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Para
pemasar menggunakan informasi rinci yang diperoleh dari model VALS 2 ini untuk
memposisikan merek mereka, memilih bentuk media, dan menentukan seberapa besar
berbagai potensi yang dimiliki oleh segmen pasar, serta kebutuhan produk yang
sesuai dengannya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;D.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Penetapan
Sasaran Berdasarkan Geodemografis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dasar
pemikiran yang menjadi landasan &lt;i&gt;geodemographic targeting&lt;/i&gt; adalah bahwa
orang-orang yang menetap di daerah atau area yang sama, misalnya bertetangga
atau dalam satu kawasan kode area, juga memiliki persamaan dalam demografi dan
gaya hidup. Sehingga, dengan mengetahui di mana orang-orang menetap dapat
diperoleh informasi mengenai &lt;i&gt;market place&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;behavior&lt;/i&gt; mereka secara
umum. Beberapa perusahaan mengembangkan layanan yang menghilangkan batas area
geografis ke dalam common group, atau cluster, dimana terdapat orang-orang
dengan karakteristik demografis serta gaya hidup yang sama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;*****&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;DAFTAR PUSTAKA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Shimp, Terence A. 2003. Periklanan Promosi aspek
tambahan Komunikasi Pemasaran Terpadu. Jil.1.ed.5. PT.Gelora Aksara Pratama&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/feeds/6131601872348331756/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/2011/11/sasaran-komunikasi-pemasaran-demografis.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default/6131601872348331756'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default/6131601872348331756'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/2011/11/sasaran-komunikasi-pemasaran-demografis.html' title='Sasaran Komunikasi Pemasaran Demografis,  Psikografis, dan Geodemografis'/><author><name>DODO</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08262483986036061386</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='16' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNY19LhgZLtHa434yBLwFIhCRfN_3ZHEMS3SvXDf0DlcdFb8rNR_psYrJ14P4apxFkf0uR98zx82ikpmVyA6uRm4DsYY6kuIvDS7eHyJbU00b8xdhmI4PYtA3p4XvYOA/s220/Amazon-Kindle-Fire-7.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3119968167512466313.post-2684692888666400652</id><published>2011-10-17T19:21:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-11-24T17:30:55.544-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Riset Pemasaran dan Sistem Informasi Pemasaran</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;Riset Pemasaran dan Sistem
Informasi Pemasaran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;I.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Riset
pemasaran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Riset pemasaran sebagai perancangan,
pengumpulan, analisis dan pelaporan data sistematis serta temuan yang relevan
terhadap situasi pemasaran tertentu yang dihadapi perusahaan. Perusahaan
biasanya menentukan anggaran riset pemasaran sebesar 1% sampai 2% dari
penjualan perusahaan. Persentase besar dari anggaran itu dihabiskan untuk jasa
diluar perusahaan. Perusahaan riset pemasaran dapat dibagi dalam tiga kategori
:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Perusahaan
riset yang terindikasi dengan jasa : perusahaan ini mengumpulkan informasi
konsumen dan perdagangan, yang mereka jual untuk mendapatkan imbalan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Perusahaan
riset pemasaran sesuai pesanan: perusahaan ini dipekerjakan untuk melaksanakan
proyek khusus. Mereka merancang study dan melaporkan temuan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Perusahaan
riset spesialis lini : perusahaan ini memberikan layanan riset yang
terspesialisasi. Contoh terbaiknya adalah perusahaan layanan lapangan, yang
menjual jasa wawancara dilapangan kepada perusahaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Perusahaan
kecil dapat menyewa jasa dari perusahaan riset pemasaran atay mengadakan riset
dalam cara yang kreatif dan terjangkau, seperti :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Melibatkan
mahasiswa atau professor untuk merancang dan melaksanakan proyek.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Menggunakan
internet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Memeriksa
pesaing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;II.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Proses
Riset Pemasaran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Riset
pemasaran yang efektif mengikuti enam langkah sebagai berikut :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Mendefinisikan
masalah, alternative keputusan, dan tujuan riset.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Mengembangkan
rencana riset.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Mengembangkan
rencana paling efektif untuk mengumpulkan informasi yang diperlukan dan berapa
biayanya. Untuk merancang rencana riset kita harus mengambil keputusan tentang
sumber data, pendekatan riset, instrument riset, rencana pengambil sampel, dan
metode kontak.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Mengumpulkan
informasi.pemasaran &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Fase
pengumpulan data riset pemasaran biasanya adalah fase termahal dan paling
cenderung mengandung kesalahan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Menganalisis
informasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Penyimpulan
temuan dengan mentabulasikan data dan mengembangkan distribusi frekuensi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Mempresentasikan
temuan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Periset
mempresentasikan temuan yang relevan dengan keputusan pemasaran utamayang
dihadapi manajemen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;6.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Mengambil
keputusan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Manajer
yang memerintahkan dilakukan riset harus mempertimbangkan bukti.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;III.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kajian Konsep &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dalam pasar yang kompleks dan berubah
dengan cepat saat ini, manajer pemasaran memerlukan informasi yang lebih banyak
serta lebih baik untuk membuat keputusan yang efektif dan cepat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kebutuhan informasi yang lebih besar ini
sesuai dengan ledakan teknologi informasi yang menyediakan informasi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dengan teknologi baru saat ini, sekarang
perusahaan dapat memperoleh jumlah informasi yang besar, kadang-kadang terlalu
banyak &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tetapi para pemasar sering mengeluh
bahwa mereka kekurangan jenis informasi yang tepat atau mempunyai terlalu
banyak informasi yang &lt;i&gt;salah &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sebagai tanggapannya, sekarang banyak
perusahaan mempelajari kebutuhan informasi manajernya dan merancang sset
informasi untuk membantu manajer mengembangkan dan mengelola pasar serta
informasi pelanggan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;IV.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pentingnya Informasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pemahaman
Pasar dan Konsumen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level6 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Proses
pemasaran dimulai dengan pemahaman penuh tentang pasar dan kebutuhan serta keinginan
konsumen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level6 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Oleh
karena itu, perusahaan membutuhkan informasi yang dapat dipercaya untuk
menghasilkan nilai dan kepuasan yang tinggi bagi pelanggan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Aset
bagi Strategi Pemasaran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level6 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Perusahaan
juga memerlukan informasi tentang pesaing, penjual perantara, dan pelaku serta
kekuatan lain di pasar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level6 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Semakin
banyak pemasar yang memandang informasi bukan hanya sekadar masukan untuk
membuat keputusan yang lebih baik tetapi juga sebagai sset strategi penting dan
alat pemasaran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;V.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sistem Informasi Pemasaran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sistem informasi pemasaran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
(&lt;i&gt;marketing information system&lt;/i&gt;—MIS) terdiri dari orang, peralatan, dan
prosedur untuk mengumpulkan, memilah, menganalisis, mengevaluasi, dan
mendistribusikan informasi yang diperlukan secara tepat waktu dan akurat kepada
pembuat keputusan pemasaran &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sistem informasi yang dirancang dengan
baik berawal dari dan berakhir dengan pengguna &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;VI.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tahap – Tahapan Sistem Informasi
Pemasaran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pertama-tama,
MIS &lt;i&gt;menilai kebutuhan informasi &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;–&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sistem informasi pemasaran terutama
melayani manajer pemasaran perusahaan dan manajer lainnya, tetapi juga
memberikan informasi untuk mitra eksternal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Lalu,
MIS &lt;i&gt;mengembangkan informasi&lt;/i&gt; dari database internal, kegiatan intelijen
pemasaran, dan riset pemasaran &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;–&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Database internal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
memberikan informasi tentang operasi dan departemen perusahaan sendiri .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;–&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Data semacam itu dapat diperoleh dengan
cepat dan murah tetapi sering kali harus disesuaikan dengan keputusan pemasaran
.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;–&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Aktivitas &lt;i&gt;intelijen pemasaran&lt;/i&gt;
menyediakan informasi setiap hari tentang perkembangan di lingkungan pemasaran
eksternal. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;–&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Riset pasar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
terdiri dari kumpulan informasi yang relevan dengan masalah pemasaran tertentu
yang dihadapi oleh perusahaan .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Terakhir,
MIS &lt;i&gt;mendistribusikan informasi&lt;/i&gt; yang dikumpulkan dari sumber-sumber ini
untuk manajer yang tepat dalam bentuk yang tepat dan pada saat yang tepat. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;*****&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;DAFTAR PUSTAKA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kotler, Philip dan
Kevin lane keller. Manajemen pemasaran. Ed.13 jil.1 penerbit: Erlangga.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Ktler, Philip dan
Amstrong Gary. Prinsip – prinsip manajemen pemasaran. Ed.12.jil.1 penerbit :
Erlangga.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/feeds/2684692888666400652/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/2011/10/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-x-none_17.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default/2684692888666400652'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default/2684692888666400652'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/2011/10/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-x-none_17.html' title='Riset Pemasaran dan Sistem Informasi Pemasaran'/><author><name>DODO</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08262483986036061386</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='16' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNY19LhgZLtHa434yBLwFIhCRfN_3ZHEMS3SvXDf0DlcdFb8rNR_psYrJ14P4apxFkf0uR98zx82ikpmVyA6uRm4DsYY6kuIvDS7eHyJbU00b8xdhmI4PYtA3p4XvYOA/s220/Amazon-Kindle-Fire-7.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3119968167512466313.post-2033709740942933963</id><published>2011-10-16T10:11:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-11-24T17:31:17.673-08:00</updated><title type='text'>HUBUNGAN KARYAWAN</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;HUBUNGAN KARYAWAN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Kesehatan, keselamatan, dan keamanan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Istilah
kesehatan, keselamatan dan keamanan saling berkaitan. Istilah yang lebih luas
dan lebih umum adalah kesehatan ( health), yang merujuk pada keadaan umum dari
kesejahteraan fisik, mental dan emosional. Seseorang yang sehat bebas dari
keadaan sakit luka-luka, atau masalah mental dan emosional yang menggangu
aktivitas manusia normal. Praktik manejmen kesehatan di organisasi berusaha
keras untuk mempertahankan lesejahteraan para individu secara keseluruhan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Biasanya,
keselamatan (safety) merujuk pada perlindungan terhadap kesejahteraan fisik orang-orang.
Tujuan utama dari program keselamatan yang efektif dalam organisasi adalah
mencegah luka-luka dan kecelakaan yang berhubungan dengan pekerjaan. Tujuan
dari keamanan (security) adalha melindungi karyawan dan fasilitas
organisasional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Tanggung jawab kesehatan, keselamatan, dan keamanan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Tujuan
umum dari pemberian sebuah tempat kerja yang aman, terjamin dan sehat dicapai
oleh manajer operasional dan anggota staf SDM yang bekerja bersama. Tanggung
jawab utama kesehatan, dan keselamatan dan keamanan dalam organisasi biasanya
menjadi tanggung jawab supervisor dan manajer. Seorang manajer SDM atau
spesialis keselamatan dapat membantu membantu mengoordinasikan program
kesehatan dan keselamatan, serta mengadakan pelatihan keselamatan yang formal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Ergonomi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ergonomi
adalah studi dan rancangan lingkungan kerja untuk menghadapi tuntutan
psikologis dan tuntutan fisik para individu. Dilokasi kerja studi, ergonomi
melihat faktor-faktor seperti kelelahan, penerangan, alat-alat, susunan
peralatan dan susunan pengendalian.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Beberapa komponen dari sebuah ergonomi:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;harus ada komitmen manajerial untuk
mengurangi luka-luka karena ergonomi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;keterlibatan karyawan untuk mendapatkan
dukungan dari manjerial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;meninjau pekerjaan dimana masalh CTD dapat
terjadi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;para supervisor juga harus mengamati
tanda-tanda CTD dan cara merespon keluhan karyawan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Manajemen keselamatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Manajemen
keselamatan yang efektif membutuhkan sebuah komitmen organisasional pada
kondisi bekerja yang aman. Tetapi yang lebih penting, program keselamtan yang
dirancang dan dikelola dengan baik dapat memberikan keuntungan yaitu mengurangi
kecelakaan dan biaya-biaya terkait, seperti kompensasi para pekerja dan denda.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Komitmen dan budaya keselamatan organisasional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Inti
dari manajemen keselamatan adalah komitmen organisasional pada usaha
keselamatan yang komprehensif. Usaha ini harus dikoordinasi dari manajemen
tingkat atas untuk memasukkan semua anggota organisasi dan juga harus tercermin
dalam tindakan-tindakan manajerial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Ada tiga tindakan berbeda yang digunakan oleh para
pemberi kerja dalam mengatur keselamatan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;pendekatan organisasional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;merancang
pekerjaan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;mengembangkan
dan mengimplementasikan kebijakan keselamatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;menggunakan
komite-komite keselamatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;mengoordinasikan
investigasi kecelakaan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;pendekatan teknik mesin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;merancang
lokasi dan peralatan kerja&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;meninjau
pealatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;menerapkan
prinsip-prinsip ergonomi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;pendekatan individual&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;menguatkan
motivasi dan sikap keselamatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;memberikan
pelatihan keselamatan karyawan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;memberikan
penghargaan keselamatan melalui program insentif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;keselamatan dan teknik mesin,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;para pemberi kerja dapat
mencegah beberapa kecelakaan dengan membuat area mesin, area peralatan dan area
kerja.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Pertimbangan individual dan keselamatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Para insinyur menerapkan
keselamatan dengan perspektif perancang ulang mesin-mesin atau area kerja&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Komite-komite keselamatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Karyawan
yang sering berpartisipasi dalam perencanaan keselamatan melalui komite-komite
keselamatan, yang sering kali terdiri atas para pekerja yang berasal dari
berbagai tingkat dan departemen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Pelatihan keselamatan dan komunikasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Salah
satu cara untuk mendorong keselamatan karyawan adalah dengan melibatkan semua
karyawan dalam pelatihan keselamatan kapanpun.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Motivasi keselamatan karyawan dan intensif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Untuk
mendorong agar karyawan bekerja dengan selamat, banyak organisasi mengunakan
kontes-kontes keselmatan dan memberikan insentif kepada para karyawan atas
perilaku kerja yang aman.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Inspeksi, investigasi kecelakaan, dan evaluasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Tidak
perlu untuk menunggu menginspeksi area kerja karena risiko-risiko keselamatan.
Inspeksi dapat dilakukan oleh komite keselamatan atau oleh seorang koordinator
keselamtan. Inspeksi tersebut harus dilaksanakan secara teratur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Kesehatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Persoalan kesehatan ditempat kerja&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;penyalahgunaan
     obat-obatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;persoalan kesehatan
     emosional/mental&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;promosion kesehatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; promosi
kesehatan adalah sebuah pendekatan suportif guna memudahkan danmendorong para
karyawan untuk meningkatkan tindakan dan gaya hidup yang sehat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Tingkat-tingkat promosi kesehatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Tingkat 1. informasi dan kesadaran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;brosur dan
     material&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;pemeriksaan
     resiko kesehatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;tes dan
     ukuran kesehatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;peristiwa
     dan kelas khusus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Tingkat 2.
kesejahteraan gaya hidup&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;program
     pendidikan kesejahteraan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;kelas
     kesehatan yang reguler&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;program
     bantuan karyawan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;kelompok
     pendukung&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;insentif
     kesehatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Tingkat 3. kesehatan organisasional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;tunjangan
     yang terintegrasi dengan program-program&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;sumber dan
     fasilitas yang resmi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;promosi
     kesehatan yang kontinyu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;kurikulum
     pendidikan kesehatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;keamanan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;persoalan keamanan yang utama ditempat kerja,
menurut urutan sebagai berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;kekerasan
     ditempat kerja&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;keamanan
     internet/intranet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;pemulihan
     gangguan/bencana bisnis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;kejahan
     kerah putih&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;persoalan
     penyeleksian/penyaringan karyawan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;pencurian
     karyawan umum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;pelaksanaan
     bisnis yang tidak etis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;pencurian
     peranti keras/peranti lunak komputer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;profil dari seorang karyawan yang kemungkinan
besar melakukan tindak kekerasan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;frustasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;sejarah
penyerangan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;obsesi/dendam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;penyendiri&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;stres&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;kerja
merupakan satu-satunya aktivitas utama&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;kemarahan/amarah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Menyeimbangkan persoalan keamanan pemberi kerja dan hak karyawan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Hak privasi ( right to privacy) seseorang
didefinisikan dalam istilah hukum sebagai kebebasan dari gangaguan yang
keterlaluan terhadap urusan pribadi mereka. Semakin gangguan teknologi di
organisasi-organisasi menjadikannya lebih sulit untuk menyeimbangkan hak
keamanan pemberi kerja dengan persoalan privasi karyawan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Disatu sisi, para pemberi kerja memiliki hak yang
sah untuk memastikan bahwa karyawan melakukan pekerjaan merekadengan
sebaik-baiknya disebuah lingkungan yang aman. Disisi lain, para karyawan
memiliki harapan-harapan bahwa hak-hak privasi yang mereka miliki diluar kerja
juga ada di tempat kerja.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Kebijakan, prosedur, dan peraturan SDM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Hal-hal
yang dapat mempengaruhi hak karyawan dan disiplin karyawan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;kebijakan,
     bertindak sebagai garis pedoman umum yang berfokus pada tindakan-tindakan
     organisasional. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;prosedur, menyediakan
     metode-metode penangananaktivitas yang umum dan lebih spesifik daripada
     kebijakan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;peraturan
     adalah garis pedoman khusus yang mengatur dan membatasi perilaku para
     individu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Tanggung jawab koordinasi kebijakan SDM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Agar kebijakan, prosedur, dan peraturan
efektif,koordinasi antara unir SDM dan para manajer sangatlah penting. Para
manajer meupakan pengguna dan penyelenggara peraturan, prosedur, dan kebijakan
yang utama, dan mereka harus menerima sedikitpelatihan dan penjelasan tentang
cara menjalankan peraturan, prosedur, dan kebijakan tersebut. Unit SDM mndukung
para manajer, meninjau peraturan disipliner, dan melatih para manajer untuk
menggunakannya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Buku pedoman karyawan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Buku
pedoman karyawan memberi sumber referensi atas kebijakan dan peraturan
perusahaan kepada para karyawan dan dapat menjadi sebuah alat yang positif
untuk manajemen sumber daya manusia yang efektif.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Mengkomunikasikan informasi SDM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Komunikasi
SDM berfokus pada penerimaan dan penyebaran data dan informasi SDM diseluruh
organisasi. Komunikasi kebawah mengalir dari manajemen puncak keseluruh
organisasi. Sedangkan komunikasi keatas mengalir dari seluruh organisasi ke
puncak.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Sistem
saran adalah metode formal untuk mendapatkan masukan dari karyawan dan
komunikasi keatas, program-program ini memberi peluang bagi karyawan untuk
mengusulkan perubahan atau cara bagaimana operasi dapat diperbaiki, yang dapat
mendorong kesetiaan dan komitmen pada organisasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Disiplin karyawan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Disiplin
adalah bentuk pelatihan yang menjalankan peraturan- peraturan organisasional.
Yang paling dipengaruhi oleh sistem-sistem disiplin dalam organisasi adalah
karyawan yang menyusahkan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Pendekatan pada disiplin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo9; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;a.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;pedekatan disiplin yang positif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;empat langkah menuju disiplin yang positif:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;a.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;konseling&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;b.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;dokumentasi tertulis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;c.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;peringatan terakhir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;d.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;pemberhentian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo9; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;b.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Pendekatan disiplin progresif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; sistem
disiplin progresif:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo2; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;pelanggaran pertama, peringatan secara
lisan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo2; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;pelanggaran kedua, teguran tertulis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo2; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;pelanggaran ketiga, penskorsan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo2; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;pelanggaran keempat, pemecatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Disiplin yang efektif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; disiplin
yang efektif harus diarahkan pada perilaku bukan pada karyawan tersebut secara
pribadi, karena alasan dari disiplin adalah untuk memperbaiki kinerja.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Sifat hubungan manajemen serikat pekerja&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Sebuah
serikat pekerja adalah sebuah asosiasi formal para pekerja yang mendukung minat
para anggotanya melalui tindakan kolektif. Keadaan dan sifat hubungan serikat
pekerja-manajemen berbeda-beda diberbagai negara.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Mengapa karyawan membentuk serikat kerja&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ada
dua alasan :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;mereka
     tidak puas denga cara mereka diperlakukan oleh para pemberi kerja mereka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;mereka
     yakin bahwa serikat-erikat pekerja dapat memperbaiki situsi-situasi kerja
     mereka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Faktor penentu utama mengenai apakah
karyawan-karyawan akan membentuk serikat pekerja adalah manajemen. Apabila
manajemen meperlakukan para karyawan sbagai sumberdaya manusia yang berharga,
pada karyawan biasanya tidak merasakan kebutuhan dan perwakilan dari luar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Tawar-menawar kolektif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Tawar menawar kolektif adalah langkah terakhir
dalam pembentukan serikat kerja, adalah proses dengan jalan mana wakil-wakil
manajemen dan pekerja menegosiasikan upah, jam kerja, serta arti dan kondisi
pekerjaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/feeds/2033709740942933963/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/2011/10/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-x-none.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default/2033709740942933963'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default/2033709740942933963'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/2011/10/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-x-none.html' title='HUBUNGAN KARYAWAN'/><author><name>DODO</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08262483986036061386</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='16' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNY19LhgZLtHa434yBLwFIhCRfN_3ZHEMS3SvXDf0DlcdFb8rNR_psYrJ14P4apxFkf0uR98zx82ikpmVyA6uRm4DsYY6kuIvDS7eHyJbU00b8xdhmI4PYtA3p4XvYOA/s220/Amazon-Kindle-Fire-7.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3119968167512466313.post-4492962803684716687</id><published>2011-10-14T23:05:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-14T23:05:53.493-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Perencanaan Strategis dan Proses Pemasaran</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;   &lt;o:RelyOnVML/&gt;   &lt;o:AllowPNG/&gt;  &lt;/o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;   &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;   &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;   &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;   &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;   &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;   &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;   &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;   &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;   &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;   &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;    &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;    &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;    &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;    &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;    &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;    &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;    &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;    &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;   &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;   &lt;m:mathPr&gt;    &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;--&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;    &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;   &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  DefSemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; DefQFormat=&quot;false&quot; DefPriority=&quot;99&quot;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;  &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;
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&lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Perencanaan Strategis dan Proses Pemasaran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;A.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Pemasaran dan nilai pelanggan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Proses penyerahan nilai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Pandangan tradisional tentang pemasaran adalah perusahaan membuat sesuatu dan kemudian menjualnya. Dalam pandangan ini pemasaran mengambil tempat dalam paruh kedua dari proses. Perusahaan mengetahui apa yang harus dibuat dan pasar akan membeli cukup banyak unit untuk menghasilkan laba.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Penciptaan nilai dan pengurutan penyerahan. Proses itu terjadi dari tiga bagian. Pertama, memilih nilai, menggambarkan “pekerjaan rumah” yang harus dilakukan pemasaran sebelum adanya produk apapun.staf pemasaran harus membuat segmentasi pasar, menyeleksi sasaran pasar yang tepat, dan mengembangkan posisi nilai dari tawaran. Resep “STP” merupakan hakikat dari pemasaran stratejik. Begitu unit bisnis memilih nilai, fase kedua adalah menyediakan nilai. pemasaran harus menentukan cirri produk spesifik, harga dan distribusi. Tugas dalam fase ketiga adalah mengomunikasikan nilai dengan memanfaatkan kekuatan penjualan, promosi penjualan, iklan dan alat-alat komunikasi lain untuk mengumumkan dan mempromosikan produk. Setiap fase nilai ini memiliki implikasi biaya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Rantai Nilai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Michael Porter dan Harvard mengusulkan rantai nilai sebagai alat untuk mengidentifikasi cara-cara menciptakan lebih banyak nilai pelanggan. Menurut model yang diberikan oleh Porter dan Harvard, setia perusahaan merupakan sintesa dari kegiatan yang dilakukan untuk merancang, menghasilkan, memasarkan, memberikan, dan mendukung produknya. Rantai nilai mengidentifikasikan Sembilan kegitan strategis dan relevan yang menciptakan nilai dan biaya didalam bisnis tertentu. Kesembilan kegiatan yang menciptakan nilai itu terdiri dari lima kegiatan utama dan empat kegiatan pendukung.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Keberhasilan perusahaan bukan hanya bergantung pada keberhasilan masing-masing bagian dalam melakukan tugasnya, melainkan juga keberhasilan dalam mengkoordinasikan berbagai kegiatan bagian tersebut untuk melakukan proses bisnis inti. Proses-proses bisnis inti ini mencakup hal-hal sebagai berikut :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;a.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Proses memahami pasar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;b.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Proses realisasi produk baru&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;c.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Proses mendapatkan pelanggan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;d.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Proses manajemen relasi pelanggan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;e.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Proses manajemen pemenuhan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Kompetisi Inti&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Untuk melaksanakan proses bisnis intinya, sebuah perusahaan memerlukan sumberdaya – tenaga kerja, bahan baku, mesin, informasi, energi. Secara tradisional, perusahaan memiliki dan mengontrol sebagian besar sumberdaya yang memasuki bisnis mereka, tetapi situasi ini sudah berubah.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Dewasa ini banyak perusahaan memutuskan untuk menggunakan sumber luar untuk sumberdaya yang tidak terlalu penting jika mereka dapat memperolehnya dengan kualitas yang lebih baik dan/atau dengan biaya yang lebih rendah. Jadi, kuncinya adalah memiliki serta memelihara sumberdaya dan kemampuan utama yang merupakan inti setiap usaha.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Orientasi Pemasaran Holistik dan Nilai Pelanggan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Orientasi pemasaran holistic dapat juga memberikan pengertian yang mendalam tentang bagaimana merebut nilai pelanggan. Satu konsepsi pemasaran holistic melihatnya sebagai “pemaduan eksplorasi nilai, penciptaan nilai, dan kegiatan penyerahan nilai dengan tujuan membangun hubungan yang saling memuaskan dalam jangka panjang dan kesejahteraan bersama dikalangan para pemegang saham utam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Kerangka kerja pemasaran holistic dirancang untuk menjawab 3 pertanyaan manajemen kunci berikut ini:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;a.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Eksplorasi nilai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;b.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Penciptaan nilai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;c.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Penyerahan nilai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Peran Sentral dari /Manajemen Stratejik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dengan demikian pemasaran yang sukses mengharuskan perusahaan memiliki kapabilitas memahami nilai pelanggan, mencitakan nilai pelanggan, menyerahkan nilai pelanggan, merebut nilai pelanggan, dan mendukung nilai pelanggan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Menciptakan, menyediakan, dan mengkomunikasikan nilai menurut banyak kegiatan pemasaran yang berbeda. Perencanaan stratejik memang yang terpenting untuk memastikan bahwa kegiatan yang tepat telah dipilih dan dilaksanakan. Perencanaan strategis menurut aksi dalam tiga bidang utama. Yang pertama adalah mengelola bisnis perusahaan sebagai suatu portofolio investasi. Kedua mencakup penilaian setiap kekuatan bisnis dengan mempertimbangkan angka pertumbuhan pasar dan posisi perusahaan serta pencocokan dengan pasar itu. Ketiga adalah memantapkan strategi. Bagi masing-masing bisnis, perusahaan harus mengembangkan satu rencana permainan untuk mencapai tujuan jangka panjangnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;B.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Perencanaan stratejik divisi dan perusahaan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dengan mempersiapkan pernyataan misi, kebijakan, strategi, dan tujuan,kantor pusat menetapkan kerangka kerja. Dalam kerangka kerja itulah divisi dan unit bisnis mempersiapkan rencana mereka. Beberapa perusahaan memberikan sejumlah kebebasan keada unit bisnis mereka untuk menetapkan tujuan penjualan dan laba serta strategi mereka sendir. Yang lain menetapkan tujuan untuk bisnis mereka, namun membiarkan mereka mengembangkan strategi mereka sendiri.yang lain lagi menetapkan tujuan dan berpartisipasi dalam mengembangkan strategi unit bisnis individual.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Semua kantor pusat perusahaan melakukan empat aktivitas perencanaan :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Menetapkan misi perusahaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Membangun unit bisnis strategi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Menetapakan sumberdaya untuk setiap SBU, dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;4)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Menilai peluang pertumbuhan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt; Organisasi dan Budaya Organisasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Organisasi perusahaan terdiri dari struktur, kebijakan, dan budaya koorporatnya, yang semuanya dapat tidak berfungsi dalam lingkungan bisnis yang berubah dengan cepat.manajer dapat mengubah struktur dan kebijakan (meskipun sulit), namun budaya perusahaan sangat sulit diubah. Penyesuaian budaya sering menjadi kunci bagi keberhasilan penerapan strategi baru.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 2;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Apa sebenarnya budaya koorporat itu? Sebagian besar pebisnis sulit menggambarkan konsep elusif ini, yang didefinisikan oleh bebrapa orang sebagai “pengalaman,cerita, kepercayaan, dan norma yang dimiliki bersama dan menentukan karakter berorganisasi”. Tetapi, masuklah ke dalam perusahaan dan hal pertama yang mengejutkan anda adalah budaya koorporat : cara orang berpakaian, berbicara satu sama lain, dan menyapa pelanggan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt; Inovasi Pemasaran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Inovasi dalam pemasaran adalah hal yang sangat penting. Pandangan tradisional menyatakan bahwa manajer senior harus memberikan strategi dan menyerahkannya kebawahannya. Gary Hamel&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;menawarkan pandangan sebaliknya, bahwa ide imajinatif tentang strategi ada di semua tempat dalam perusahaan. Manajer senior harus mengidentifikasi dan mendorong ide-ide segar dari tiga kelompok yang cenderung tidak ditampilkan dalam pembentukan strategi: karyawan dengan perspektif muda, karyawan yang jauh dari kantor pusat perusahaan, dan karyawan baru dalam industri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;C.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Perencanaan Stratejik Unit Bisnis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Proses perencanaan strategis unit bisnis terdiri dari langkah-langkah :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Misi Bisnis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Setiap unit bisnis perlu mendefinisikan misi spesifiknya dalam lingkup misi perusahaan yang lebih luas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Analisis SWOT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Ealuasi terhadap keseluruhan kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang, dan ancaman disebut analisis SWOT. Tercakup disini pemantauan lingkungan pemasaran internal dan eksternal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;a.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Analisis Lingkungan Eksternal (analisis peluang dan ancaman)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Suatu unit bisnis harus memantau kekuatan lingkungan makro ( demografi-ekonomi, teknologi, politik-hukum, dan social-budaya) dan pelaku lingkungan mikro utama (pelanggan, pesaing, saluran distribusi, pemasok) yang memengaruhi kemampuannya memperoleh laba.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;b.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Analisis Lingkungan Internal ( analisis kekuatan dan kelemahan)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Selain mengetahui peluang yang menarik dilingkungannya, unit bisnis perlu juga memiliki keahlian yang dibutuhkan untuk berhasil memanfaatkan peluang tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Perumusan Sasaran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Setelah perusahaan mebuat analisis SWOT, ia dapat mengembangkan sasaran spesifik untuk suatu periode perencanaan. Taha proses perencanaan strategis itu dinamakan perumusan sasaran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Perumusan strategi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Sasaran menunjukkan apa yang ingin dicapai oleh suatu unit bisnis, Startegi adalah suatu rencana permainan untuk mencapainya. Setia bisnis harus merancang strategi untuk mencapai tujuannya, yang terdiri dari strategi pemasaran, dan strategi teknologi serta strategi sumber yang cocok.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Perumusan dan Implementasi Program&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Setelah unit bisnis mengembangkan strategi utamanya, unit bisnis tersebut harus mengembangkan program pendukung yang terinci. Strategi pemasaran yang besar dapat disabotase oleh implementasi yang jelek. Kalau unit bisnis memutuskan untuk unggul dalam teknologi, unit bisnis tersebut harus merencanakan program untuk memperkuat departemen litbangnya, mengumpulkan intelejen teknologi, mengembangka produk mutakhir, melatih para staf penjual teknis, dan membuat iklan untuk mengomunikasikan keunggulan teknologinya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;6.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Umpan Balik dan Pengendalian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Ketika melaksanakan starateginya, perusahaan perlu menelusuri hasilnya dan memantau perkembangan baru. Beberapa lingkungan bersifat stabil dari tahun ke tahun. Yang lain perlahan-lahan berevolusi dengan urutan langkah yang dapat diperkirakan. Namun ada juga lingkungan yang mengalami perubahan yang besar, cepat, dan tidak dapat diramalkan. Meskipun demikian, perusahaan dapat memperhitungkan satu hal : pasar akan berubah; ketika itu terjadi, perusahaan harus meninjau ulang dan merevisi kegiatan pelaksanaan, program, strategi, atau bahkan tujuannya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;D.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Perencanaan Produk: Sifat dan Isi Rencana Pemasaran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Rencana pemasaran adalah dokumen tertulis yang meringkaskan apa yang sudah dipelajari oleh pemasar tentang tempat pasar dan menunjukkan cara perusahaan berencana mencapai tujuan pemasarannya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Isi rencana pemasaran :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Ikhtisar eksekutif dan daftar isi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Analisis situasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Strategi pemasaran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Proyeksi financial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Pengendalian implementasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;DAFTAR PUSTAKA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Kotler, Philip dan Kevin lane keller. Manajemen pemasaran. Ed.13 jil.1 penerbit: Erlangga.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Kotler, Philip dan Kevin lane keller. Manajemen pemasaran. Ed.12 jil.1 2009 penerbit: PT. Indeks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/feeds/4492962803684716687/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/2011/10/perencanaan-strategis-dan-proses.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default/4492962803684716687'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default/4492962803684716687'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/2011/10/perencanaan-strategis-dan-proses.html' title='Perencanaan Strategis dan Proses Pemasaran'/><author><name>DODO</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08262483986036061386</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='16' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNY19LhgZLtHa434yBLwFIhCRfN_3ZHEMS3SvXDf0DlcdFb8rNR_psYrJ14P4apxFkf0uR98zx82ikpmVyA6uRm4DsYY6kuIvDS7eHyJbU00b8xdhmI4PYtA3p4XvYOA/s220/Amazon-Kindle-Fire-7.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3119968167512466313.post-8834550490551737249</id><published>2011-06-07T20:23:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2012-05-01T21:35:54.834-07:00</updated><title type='text'>TEORI ORGANISASI</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3 class=&quot;post-title entry-title&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3 class=&quot;post-title entry-title&quot;&gt; &lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;post-header&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;BEBERAPA PILIHAN DESAIN ORGANISASI&lt;div class=&quot;post-body entry-content&quot; id=&quot;post-body-5058100020216701808&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -1in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Pendukung konfigurasi standar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Sejak  akhir tahun 1970-an, makin berkembang pencarian untuk mengidentifikasi  jenis organisasi atau konfigurasi yang sama. Termasuk dalam usaha  tersebut adalah keyakinan bahwa sebenarnya terdapat sejumlah  keterbatasan konfigurasi yang cukup sama dalam kategori mereka, tetapi  ini berarti berbeda dari organisasi dari kategori yang lain. Setiap  konfigurasi mengandung sekelompok elemen kompleks yang secara internal  bersatu padu dan dimana keberadaan beberapa elemen menunjuk pada  kemungkinan adanya hal yang sama pada yang lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Elemen- elemen umum dalam organisasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;            Henry Mintzberg menyatakan bahwa setiap organisasi mempunyai lima bagian dasar, di antaranya :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;The      operating core.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;The      strategic apex.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;The middle      line.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;The      technostructure.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;The      support staff.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;1. Struktur sederhana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;             Struktur sederhana digambarkan sebagai sebuah organisasi yang datar,  dengan operating core yang organik dan hampir semua orang melapor kepada  seorang strategik apex dimana kekuasaan pembuatan keputusan  disentralisasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;a.&lt;span style=&quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none;  font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7pt;&quot;  &gt;       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Ciri-ciri :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Tidak      rumit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Kompleksitas      rendah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Sedikit      formalisasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Disentralisasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;b.&lt;span style=&quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none;  font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7pt;&quot;  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Kekuatan dan kelemahan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;kekuatan :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none;  font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7pt;&quot;  &gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Terletak pada kesederhanaannya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none;  font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7pt;&quot;  &gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Struktur cepat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none;  font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7pt;&quot;  &gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Fleksibel dan membutuhkan sedikit biaya unutk pemeliharaannya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none;  font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7pt;&quot;  &gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Tidak terdapat lapisan dari struktur yang rumit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none;  font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7pt;&quot;  &gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Pertanggungjawabannya elasketakpastian tujuan minimum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none;  font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7pt;&quot;  &gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Mudah melihat pekerjaan seorang karyawan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Kelemahan :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none;  font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7pt;&quot;  &gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Penggunaannya yang terbatas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none;  font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7pt;&quot;  &gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Tidak dapat memenuhi kebutuhan pada besaran yang bertambah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none;  font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7pt;&quot;  &gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Mengkonsentrasikan kekuasaan ditangan satu orang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Bilamana anda harus menggunakannya?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;             Struktur sederhana efektif jika jumah pegawai hanya sedikit. Kecilnya  besaran biasanya berarti kurangnya pekerjaan yang diulnag-ulang pada  operating core,dengan demikian standarisasi menjadi kurang menarik.  Komunikasi yang tepat adalah komunikasi informal. Selama strukturnya  tetap kecil, “one person show” dapat mengawasi semua kegiatan dengan  efektif, mengetahui masalah utama, dan menjalanka semua keputusan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;2. Birokrasi Mesin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;             Mempunyai tugas operasi rutin yang sangat tinggi, peraturan yang sangat  diformalisasi, tugas yang dikelompokkan ke dalam departemen-departemen  fungsional, wewenang yang disentralisasi, pengambilan keputusan  mengikuti rantai komando dan sebuah struktur administrasi yang rumit  dengan perbedaan tajam antara aktivitas lini dan staf.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Kelemahan dan kekuatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Kekuatan  utama dari birokrasi mesin terletak pada kemampuannya untuk melakukan  aktivitas yang di standarisasi dengan cara sangat efisien. Sedangkan  salah satu kelemahan utama birokrasi mesin adalah kenyataan bahwa  spesialisasi menciptakan konflik pada sub-sub unit. Tujuan fungsional  unit-unit dapat mengalahkan tujuan keseluruhan organisasi tersebut.  Kelemahan utama lainnya dari birokrasi mesin adalah sesuatu yang pernah  kita alami pada suatu saat ketika kita harus berhadapan dengan orang  yang bekerja dalam organisasi tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Bilamana anda harus menggunakannya?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;             Birokrasi mesin paling efisien untuk organisasi dengan ukuran besar,  lingkungan yang stabil dan sederhana, dan tekno;ogi yang terdiri dari  pekerjaan rutin yang dapat distandarisasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;3. Birokrasi profesional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;             Birokrasi profesional diciptakan untuk memberi kesempatan kepada  organisasi untuk mempekerjakan apesialis yang sangat terlatih bagi  operating core-nya, sambil tetap memperoleh efisiensi dari standarisasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Kekuatan dan kelemahan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;             Kekuatan birokrasi profesional adalah bahwa ia dapat mengerjakan tugas  yang terspesialisasi – yaitu yang membutuhkan keterampilan profesional  yang sagat terlatih – dengan efisiensi yang relatif sama seperti yang  dapat dilakukan oleh birokrasi mesin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;             Kelemahan dari birokrasi profesional adalah sama seperti yang terdapat  pada bentuk mesin. Pertama, ada kemungkinan berkembangnya konflik antara  sub-unit. Berbagai fungsi profesional tersebut mencoba untuk mengejar  tujuan sempit mereka, sering membuat kepentingan fungsi lain dan  organisasi secara keseluruhan tampak menjadi tidak penting. Kedua, para  spesialis pada birokrasi profesional, seperti juga counterpart mereka  pada birokrasi mesin, bersifat kompulsif dalam tekadnya untuk mengikuti  peraturan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Bilamana anda harus menggunakannya?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;             Birokrasi mesin paling baik untuk organisasi dengan ukuran besar,  lingkungan yang stabil dan kompleks, dan teknologi rutin yang  diinternalkan lewat profesionalisasi. Operating core organisasi tersebut  didominasi oleh profesional terampil yang telah menghayati prosedur  yang sukar untuk dipelajari namun didefinisikan dengan baik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;4. Struktur divisional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;             Kekuasaan dala struktur divisional terletak pada manajemen menengah.  Alasannya adalah bahwa struktur divisional tersebut sebetulnya adalah  sejumlah unit yang otonom, masing masig secara khas adalah birokrasi  mesin, yang dikoordinasi secara terpusat oleh sebuah kantor pusat.  Karena divisi-divisi tersebut berdiri sendiri, ia memberi kepada  manajemen menengah – para manajer divisi – kontrol yang cukup besar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Kekuatan dan kelemahan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;             Salah satu kekuatan dan kelemahan dari struktur divisional adalah bahwa  ia berusaha untuk mengobati masalah tersebut dengan cara menempatkan  tanggungjawab penuh bagi sebuah produk atau jasa ditangan sorang manajer  divisi. Kekuatan lain dari struktur divisioal adalah bahwa ia  membebaskan staf kantor pusat dari perhatiannya mengenai rincian  kegiatan sehari-hari sehingga mereka dapat lebih memberi perhatian  kepada masalah jangka panjang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;             Kelemahan struktur divisional – pertama, duplikasi kegiatan dan  sumberdaya. Kekurangan lainnya adalah kecenderungan dari bentuk  divisional tersebut yang dapat mendorong terjadinya konflik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Bilaman anda harus menggunakannya?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;             Kriteria utama yang menentukan penggunaan struktur divisional adalah  keanekaragaman produk atau pasar. Jika sebuah organisasi memilih sebuah  strategi diversifikasi – untuk menjadi organisasi multiproduk atau multi  pasar – bentuk divisional tersebut lebih disukai dibandingkan birokrasi  mesin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;5. Adhocracy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;             Adhocracy dicirikan oleh diferensiasi horisontal tinggi, diferensiasi  vertical yang rendah, formalisasi yang rendah, desentralisasi,  fleksibilitas dan daya tanggap yang tinggi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Kekuatan dan kelemahan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;             Kekuatan Adhocracy adalah tim dapat ditukar, dan bergantung dari sifat  dan kompleksitas dari tugas tersebut, kelompok tersebut dapat dibagi  kedalam sub-unit, masing-masing bertanggung jawab atas berbagai faset  dari pekerjaan yang harus diselesaikan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;             Kelemahan dari Adhocray adalah konflik, terdapat ketakjelasan  pengertian mengenai wewenang dan tanggung jawab. Kegiatan tidak dapat  digolong-golongkan. Pendek kata, adhocracy tidak mempunyai keunggulan  jika dibandingkan dengan pekerjaan yang distandarisasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Bilamana anda harus menggunakannya?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;             Teknologi pada suatu adhocracy  bersifat non-rutin. Teknologi non-rutin  harus digunakan untuk menanggapi perubahan dari strategi yang akan  digunakan oleh organisasi. Teknologi tersebut akan mempunyai sedikit  formalisasi, menyandarkan diri pada keahlian para profesional untuk  memberikan tanggapan yang tepat. Selain itu, teknologi tersebut akan  bersifat kompleks.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;post-footer&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;post-footer-line post-footer-line-1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;post-author vcard&quot;&gt; Diposkan oleh &lt;span class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;TAFSIR&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;post-timestamp&quot;&gt; di &lt;a class=&quot;timestamp-link&quot; href=&quot;http://tafsir-ilmuekonomi.blogspot.com/2010/12/teori-organisasi.html&quot; rel=&quot;bookmark&quot; title=&quot;permanent link&quot;&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;published&quot; title=&quot;2010-12-22T08:05:00-08:00&quot;&gt;08:05&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;post-comment-link&quot;&gt; &lt;a class=&quot;comment-link&quot; href=&quot;http://tafsir-ilmuekonomi.blogspot.com/2010/12/teori-organisasi.html#comments&quot;&gt;0 komentar&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt; 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&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;post-footer-line post-footer-line-3&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;post-location&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 class=&quot;date-header&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Rabu, 08 Desember 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3119968167512466313&amp;amp;postID=8834550490551737249&quot; name=&quot;8298442770852493104&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;h3 class=&quot;post-title entry-title&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;post-header&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/feeds/8834550490551737249/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/2011/06/teori-organisasi.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default/8834550490551737249'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default/8834550490551737249'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/2011/06/teori-organisasi.html' title='TEORI ORGANISASI'/><author><name>DODO</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08262483986036061386</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='16' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNY19LhgZLtHa434yBLwFIhCRfN_3ZHEMS3SvXDf0DlcdFb8rNR_psYrJ14P4apxFkf0uR98zx82ikpmVyA6uRm4DsYY6kuIvDS7eHyJbU00b8xdhmI4PYtA3p4XvYOA/s220/Amazon-Kindle-Fire-7.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3119968167512466313.post-3048519836605952167</id><published>2011-06-03T01:30:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-06-03T01:30:17.554-07:00</updated><title type='text'>MARKETING MIX</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; 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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;   &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;  &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;
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&lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: #6aa84f; line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;&quot;&gt;Marketing Mix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;Dalam teori pemasaran, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;&quot;&gt;unt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;uk &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;memasarkan suatu produk &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;memerlukan Strategi Marketing Mix yang mencakup 4P, yakni : product, price, place dan promotion telah diakui manfaat dan efektivitasnya oleh para praktisi pemasaran&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;(McCarthy, 1981).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Kemudian untuk jasa, ahli marketing&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;menambahkan marketing mix dengan tiga hal yaitu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;people, process dan customer service, sehingga menjadi&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;: (1) &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Product&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, jasa atau produk seperti apa yang ingin ditawarkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;&quot;&gt;. Produk merupakan keseluruhan konsep objek atau proses yang memberikan sejumlah nilai manfaat kepada konsumen. Perlu diperhatikan dalam produk adalah konsumen tidak hanya membeli fisik dari produk itu saja, tetapi membeli &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;benefit&lt;/i&gt; dan &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;value &lt;/i&gt;dari produk tersebut yang disebut &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;the offer&lt;/i&gt;. Terutama pada produk jasa yang kita kenal tidak menimbulkan beralihnya kepemilikan dari penyedia jasa kepada konsumen. Pembahasan tentang produk berarti yang menjadi focus utama adalah kualitas. Untuk jasa kualitas sangat bergantung pada &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;reliability, responsiveness, assurance, &lt;/i&gt;dan&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; empathy&lt;/i&gt;. Marketer harus dapat mengembangkan value tambahan dari produknya selain &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;basic features&lt;/i&gt;-nya supaya dapat dibedakan dan bersaing dengan produk lain, dengan kata lain memiliki image tersendiri&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;; (2) &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Price&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, bagaimana strategi penentuan harga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;&quot;&gt;. Strategi penentuan harga (&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;pricing&lt;/i&gt;) sangat signifikan dalam pemberian value kepada konsumen dan mempengaruhi image produk, serta keputusan konsumen untuk membeli. Pricing juga berhubungan dengan pendapatan dan turut mempengaruhi supply atau marketing channels. Akan tetapi, yang paling penting adalah keputusan dalam pricing harus konsisten dengan strategi pemasaran secara keseluruhan. Untuk memutuskan strategi dalam pricing harus diperhatikan tujuannya. Tujuan pricing tersebut antara lain &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;survival, profit maximization, sales maximization, prestige&lt;/i&gt; dan ROI &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;; (3) &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Promotion&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, bagaimana promosi yang harus dilakukan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;&quot;&gt;. Perlu diperhatikan dalam promosi adalah pemilihan bauran promosi (&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;promotion mix&lt;/i&gt;). Promotion mix terdiri atas &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;advertising, personal selling, sales promation, public relation, word of mouth &lt;/i&gt;dan&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; direct mail&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Promosi merupakan salah satu faktor penentu keberhasilan suatu program pemasaran. Betapa pun berkualitasnya suatu produk atau jasa, bila konsumen belum pernah mendengarkannya dan tidak yakin bahwa produk itu akan berguna bagi konsumen, maka konsumen tidak akan pernah membeli dan memanfaatkannya. Pada hakikatnya promosi adalah suatu bentuk komunikasi pemasaran. Komunikasi pemasaran adalah aktivitas pemasaran yang berusaha menyebarkan pasar sasaran atas perusahaan dan produknya agar bersedia menerima, membeli dan loyal pada produk atau jasa yang ditawarkan perusahaan yang bersangkutan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;; (4) &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Place&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, bagaimana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;sistem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;pengantaran (delivery system) yang akan ditetapkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;&quot;&gt;. Place dalam service merupakan gabungan antara lokasi dan keputusan atas saluran distribusi. Dalam hal ini, perlu berhubungan dengan bagaimana cara penyampaian jasa kepada konsumen dan di mana lokasi yang strategis. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;; (5) &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;People&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, tipe kualitas dan kuantitas orang yang akan terlibat dalam pemberian jasa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;&quot;&gt;. Dalam pemasaran jasa, people yang berfungsi sebagai service provider sangat mempengaruhi kualitas jasa yang diberikan. Keputusan dalam people ini sangat berarti sehubungan dengan seleksi, training, motivasi, dan manajemen sumber daya manusia. Untuk mencapai kualitas yang terbaik, pegawai harus dilatih untuk menyadari pentingnya pekerjaan mereka, yaitu memberikan konsumen kepuasan dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya. Pentingnya people dalam pemasaran jasa berkaitan erat dengan internal marketing. Internal marketing adalah interaksi atau hubungan antara setiap karyawan dan departemen dalam suatu perusahaan yang dalam hal ini dapat diposisikan sebagai internal customer dan internal supplier. Tujuannya adalah untuk mendorong people dalam kinerja memberikan kepuasan kepada konsumen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;(6) &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Process&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, bagaimana proses dalam operasi jasa tersebut&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;&quot;&gt;. Proses merupakan gabungan semua aktivitas, umumnya terdiri atas prosedur, jadwal pekerjaan, mekanisme aktivitas, dan hal-hal rutin di mana jasa dihasilkan dan disampaikan kepada konsumen. Proses dapat dibedakan dalam dua cara sebagai berikut : &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;complexity&lt;/i&gt;, berhubungan dengan langkah-langkah dan tahap dalam proses;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;divergence&lt;/i&gt;, berhubungan dengan adanya perubahan dalam langkah atau tahap proses&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;; (7) &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Customer Services&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, tingkat service yang bagaimana yang akan diberikan kepada konsumen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;&quot;&gt;. Customer service pada pemasaran jasa lebih dilihat sebagai outcome dari kegiatan distribusi dan logistik, dimana pelayanan diberikan kepada konsumen untuk mencapai kepuasan. Customer service meliputi aktivitas untuk memberikan kegunaan waktu dan tempat (time and place utilities) termasuk pelayanan pra-transaksi, saat transaksi dan pasca-transaksi. Kegiatan sebelum transaksi akan turut mempengaruhi kegiatan pendahuluannya harus sebaik mungkin sehingga konsumen memberikan respons yang positif dan menunjukkan loyalitas yang tinggi. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/feeds/3048519836605952167/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/2011/06/marketing-mix.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default/3048519836605952167'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3119968167512466313/posts/default/3048519836605952167'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ilmuekonomi-hidayati.blogspot.com/2011/06/marketing-mix.html' title='MARKETING MIX'/><author><name>DODO</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08262483986036061386</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='16' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNY19LhgZLtHa434yBLwFIhCRfN_3ZHEMS3SvXDf0DlcdFb8rNR_psYrJ14P4apxFkf0uR98zx82ikpmVyA6uRm4DsYY6kuIvDS7eHyJbU00b8xdhmI4PYtA3p4XvYOA/s220/Amazon-Kindle-Fire-7.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry></feed>