MEDICAL VIDEOS

Fracture of Olecranon

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Fri, 1 Jul 2016 08:44:00 -0700

Fracture Of Olecranon Video Lecture

Olecranon fracture is a fracture of the bony portion of the elbow. The injury is fairly common and often occurs following a fall or direct trauma to the elbow. The olecranon is the proximal extremity of the ulna which is articulated with the humerus bone and constitutes a part of the elbow articulation.

Simple method to calculate IV FLUIDS in children

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Tue, 28 Jun 2016 10:11:00 -0700

How to give intravenous ﬂuids to a child in shock with severe malnutrition

Give this treatment only if the child has signs of shock (usually there will also be a reduced level of consciousness, i.e. lethargy or loss of consciousness):

Insert an IV line (and draw blood for emergency laboratory investigations).
Weigh the child (or estimate the weight) to calculate the volume of ﬂuid to be given.
Give IV ﬂuid at 15 ml/kg over 1 h. Use one of the following solutions according to availability:

– Ringer’s lactate with 5% glucose (dextrose);
– Half-strength Darrow’s solution with 5% glucose (dextrose); – 0.45% NaCl plus 5% glucose (dextrose).
4 kg 60 ml
6 kg 90 ml
8 kg 120 ml
10 kg 150 ml
12 kg 180 ml
14 kg 210 ml
16 kg 240 ml
18 kg 270 ml

If there are signs of improvement (pulse rate falls, pulse volume increases or respiratory rate falls) and no evidence of pulmonary edema
– repeat IV infusion at 15 ml/kg over 1 h; then
– switch to oral or nasogastric re hydration with ReSoMal at 10 ml/kg/hour up to 10 h;
– initiate re-feeding with starter F-75 (see p. 209).

If the child fails to improve after two IV boluses of 15 ml/kg,
– give maintenance IV ﬂuid (4 ml/kg per h) while waiting for blood;
– when blood is available, transfuse fresh whole blood at 10 ml/kg slowly over 3 h (use packed cells if the child is in cardiac failure); then
– initiate re-feeding with starter F-75 ;
– start IV antibiotic treatment.

If the child deteriorates during IV re hydration (breathing rate increases by 5/min and pulse rate increases by 15/min, liver enlarges, ﬁne crackles throughout lung ﬁelds, jugular venous pressure increases, galloping heart rhythm develops), stop the infusion, because IV ﬂuid can worsen the child’s condition by inducing pulmonary edema.

Simple method to calculate IV FLUIDS in children

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Tue, 28 Jun 2016 09:54:00 -0700

How to give intravenous ﬂuids to a child in shock without severe malnutrition

Check that the child is not severely malnourished, as the ﬂ uid volume and rate are different. (Shock with severe malnutrition,)
Insert an IV line (and draw blood for emergency laboratory investigations).
Attach Ringer’s lactate or normal saline; make sure the infusion is running well.
Infuse 20 ml/kg as rapidly as possible.

Age (weight) and Volume of Ringer’s lactate or normal saline solution (20 ml/kg)

2 months (< 4 kg) 50 ml
2–< 4 months (4–< 6 kg) 100 ml
4–< 12 months (6–< 10 kg) 150 ml
1–< 3 years (10–< 14 kg) 250 ml
3–< 5 years (14–19 kg) 350 ml

Reassess the child after the appropriate volume has run in.
Reassess after ﬁ rst infusion:
• If no improvement, repeat 10–20 ml/kg as rapidly as possible. • If bleeding, give blood at 20 ml/kg over 30 min, and observe closely.

Reassess after second infusion:
• If no improvement with signs of dehydration (as in profuse diarrhoea or cholera), repeat 20 ml/kg of Ringer’s lactate or normal saline.
• If no improvement, with suspected septic shock, repeat 20 ml/kg and consider adrenaline or dopamine if available.
• If no improvement, see disease-speciﬁc treatment guidelines. You should have established a provisional diagnosis by now.

After improvement at any stage (pulse volume increases, heart rate slows, blood pressure increases by 10% or normalizes, faster capillary reﬁ ll < 2 s)

Posterior Dislocation of Hip

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Sat, 25 Jun 2016 00:12:00 -0700

Posterior Dislocation of Hip

Dislocation of the hip is a common injury to the hip joint. Dislocation occurs when the ball–shaped head of the femur comes out of the cup–shaped acetabulum set in the pelvis. This may happen to a varying degree. A dislocated hip, much more common in females than in males.

The location of many of the muscles associated with the hip joint and pelvic girdle depend on the action. The posterior side exhibits primarily hip extension with help from the gluteus maximus, hamstring muscles (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus), and the six deep external rotators (piriformis, obturator externus, obturator internus, gemellus superior, gemellus inferior, and quadrates femoris).

Nine out of ten hip dislocations are posterior. The affected limb will be shortened and internally rotated in this case. Posterior dislocations with an associated fracture are categorized by the Thompson and Epstein classification system.
In an anterior dislocation the limb will not be shortened as noticeably and will be externally rotated.
In both cases, the affected leg is virtually immovable by the patient, and is usually extremely painful.

Treatment that can be used on newborns or infants is called a Pavlik harness. The Pavlik harness is a soft harness-like device that has straps that hold the legs apart and bent at the knee, in an attempt to keep the femur (ball) in the acetabulum (socket) in the correct position. Another treatment method that can be used to fix the condition is closed reduction under anesthesia. This particular procedure can be done on children from the ages of six months to two years old. If the closed reduction treatment does not work, then open reduction (surgery) is another option to use. After the closed or open surgery is performed, the child may use a cast or brace in order to keep the hip bone in the socket while it is healing. By using one of these treatment methods the child can have normal hip joint function.

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Galeazzi fracture

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Fri, 24 Jun 2016 23:56:00 -0700

Galeazzi fracture

The Galeazzi fracture is a fracture of the radius with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint. It classically involves an isolated fracture of the junction of the distal third and middle third of the radius with associated subluxation or dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint; the injury disrupts the forearm axis joint. They are seen most often in males.

They are associated with a fall on an outstretched arm.After the injury, the fracture is subject to deforming forces including those of the brachioradialis, pronator quadratus, and thumb extensors, as well as the weight of the hand. The deforming muscular and soft-tissue injuries that are associated with this fracture cannot be controlled with plaster immobilization.

Galeazzi fractures are sometimes associated with wrist drop due to injury to radial nerve, extensor tendons or muscles. loss of the pinch mechanism between the thumb and index finger.

Galeazzi fractures are best treated with open reduction of the radius and the distal radio-ulnar joint^.It has been called the "fracture of necessity," because it necessitates open surgical treatment in the adult. However, in skeletally immature patients such as children, the fracture is typically treated with closed reduction.Nonsurgical treatment results in persistent or recurrent dislocations of the distal ulna

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Malaria in Children VIDEO LECTURE

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Tue, 21 Jun 2016 09:40:00 -0700

Malaria in Children VIDEO LECTURE

Children are the worst affected, especially children aged 6 months to 5 years.There were an estimated 438 000 malaria deaths around the world in 2015, of which approximately 69% were in children under 5 years of age.Severe anemia, hypoglycemia and cerebral malaria are features of severe malaria more commonly seen in children than in adults.

WHO recommends the following package of interventions for the prevention and treatment of malaria in children:

use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs);
prompt diagnosis and effective treatment of malaria infections.
in areas of moderate-to-high transmission in sub-Saharan Africa, intermittent preventive therapy for infants (IPTi), except in areas where WHO recommends administration of seasonal malaria chemoprevention SMC;
in areas with highly seasonal transmission of the Sahel sub-region of Africa, seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) for children aged between 3 and 59 months;

Diagnosis and treatment

children with suspected malaria should have parasitological confirmation of diagnosis before treatment begins, provided that diagnosis does not significantly delay treatment.

Artemisinin derivatives are safe and well tolerated by young children, so the choice of ACT will be determined largely by the safety and tolerability of the partner drug. Many antimalarials lack paediatric formulations, necessitating the division of adult tablets, which can lead to inaccurate dosing.

WHO recommends new adjusted dosing schemes for dihydro-artemisinin + piperaquine in children weighing less than 25 kg and for parenteral artesunate in children weighing less than 20 kg. For infants weighing less than 5 kg with uncomplicated P. falciparum, WHO recommends treatment with an ACT at the same mg/kg body weight dose as for children weighing 5 kg.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Tue, 21 Jun 2016 09:24:00 -0700

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), previously known as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), adult respiratory distress syndrome, or shock lung, is a medical condition occurring in critically ill patients characterized by widespread inflammation in the lungs.ARDS is a life-threatening lung condition that prevents enough oxygen from getting to the lungs and into the blood. Infants can also have respiratory distress syndrome.

Causes

Breathing vomit into the lungs (aspiration)
Inhaling chemicals
Lung transplant
Pneumonia
Septic shock (infection throughout the body)
Trauma

Symptoms

Symptoms usually develop within 24 to 48 hours of the injury or illness. Often, people with ARDS are so sick they cannot complain of symptoms. Symptoms can include any of the following:

Difficulty breathing
Low blood pressure and organ failure
Rapid breathing
Shortness of breath

Investigations to diagnose ARDS include:

Arterial blood gas
Blood tests, including CBC and blood chemistries
Blood and urine cultures
Bronchoscopy in some people
Chest x-ray
Sputum cultures and analysis
Tests for possible infections

An echocardiogram may be needed to rule out heart failure, which can look similar to ARDS on a chest x-ray.

Treatment

ARDS often needs to be treated in an intensive care unit (ICU).
The goal of treatment is to provide breathing support and treat the cause of ARDS. This may involve medicines to treat infections, reduce inflammation, and remove fluid from the lungs.
A ventilator is used to deliver high doses of oxygen and positive pressure to the damaged lungs. People often need to be deeply sedated with medicines. During treatment, health care providers make every effort to protect the lungs from further damage. Treatment is mainly supportive until the lungs recover.

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Long Leg Cast Application

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Wed, 15 Jun 2016 06:04:00 -0700

Long Leg Cast Application

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Laryngeal Mask Airway Insertion

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Wed, 15 Jun 2016 06:02:00 -0700

Laryngeal Mask Airway Insertion

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ARM SPLINT APPLICATION VIDEO DEMONSTRATION

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Wed, 15 Jun 2016 05:57:00 -0700

ARM SPLINT APPLICATION VIDEO DEMONSTRATION

https://youtu.be/_tEDBar4ZqM

YOU WILL KNOW HOW TO APPLY ARM SPLINT APPLICATION AFTER WATCHING THIS VIDEO

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Hand Examination

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Sun, 12 Jun 2016 05:30:00 -0700

Hand Examination in pediatric age group

In the first segment about assessing the hand demonstrates the initial, superficial test.

In the Second segment about assessing the hand demonstrates the tendon compartments exam.

3rd segment demonstrates the motor exam

4th segment demonstrates the motor neuro exam

5th Segment demonstrates the sensory neuro exam

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PERTHES DIEASE

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Sat, 11 Jun 2016 14:44:00 -0700

Perthes disease

Perthes disease also known as Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, or Calve Perthes disease, or avascular necrosis or Coxa plana is a disease of the hip joint that tends to affect children between the ages of three and 11 years approximately 1 in 1200 children.Most common in boys than girls.

Perthes disease occurs when blood supply is temporarily interrupted to the ball part (femoral head) of the hip joint.Due to the lack of blood flow, the bone dies (osteonecrosis or avascular necrosis) and stops growing. Most often, only one hip is affected, although it can occur on both sides.

The first symptom is often limping, which is usually painless. Sometimes there may be mild pain that comes and goes.

other symptoms include

Hip stiffness

Knee pain

Limited range of motion

Thigh or groin pain that does not go away

Shortening of the leg, or legs of unequal length

Muscle loss in the upper thigh

During a physical examination, the health care provider will look for a loss in hip motion and a typical limp. A hip x-ray or pelvis x-ray may show signs of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. An MRI scan may be needed.

The goal of treatment is to keep the ball of the thigh bone inside the socket. The reason for doing this is to make sure the hip continues to have good range of motion. A short period of bed rest to help with severe pain. Limiting the amount of weight placed on the leg by restricting activities such as running

Physical therapy to help keep the leg and hip muscles strong
Taking anti-inflammatory medicine, such as ibuprofen, to relieve stiffness in the hip joint
Wearing a cast or brace to help with containment.Using crutches or a walker

Surgery may be needed if other treatments do not work. Surgery ranges from lengthening a groin muscle to major hip surgery, called an osteotomy, to reshape the pelvis. The exact type of surgery depends on the severity of the problem and the shape of the ball of the hip joint.

Shelf Acetabuloplasty (Best Choice For Treating Late Onset Perthes Disease?)

JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Sat, 11 Jun 2016 14:42:00 -0700

JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS

Juvenile arthritis (JA) is arthritis that happens in children. It causes joint swelling, pain, stiffness, and loss of motion. It can affect any joint, but is more common in the knees, hands, and feet. In some cases it can affect internal organs as well.The most common type of JA that children get is juvenile idiopathic arthritis. There are several other forms of arthritis affecting children.

One early sign of JA may be limping in the morning. Symptoms can come and go. Some children have just one or two flare-ups. Others have symptoms that never go away. JA can cause growth problems and eye inflammation in some children.

Most types are autoimmune disorders. This means that your immune system, which normally helps your body fight infection, attacks your body's own tissues.

JA can be hard to diagnose. Your health care provider may do a physical exam, lab tests, and x-rays. Diagnose can be do through Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) , Joint Aspiration (Arthrocentesis) , Rheumatoid Factor.

A team of providers usually treats JA. Medicines and physical therapy can help maintain movement and reduce swelling and pain. They may also help prevent and treat complications.

Normal newborn screening physical exam video

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Sat, 11 Jun 2016 14:36:00 -0700

Normal newborn screening physical exam video

Mothers of all infants are offered two screening physical examinations of their babies, one within the first 72 hours of birth and the second at 6-8 weeks of age. Like the mid-pregnancy ultrasound scan, this is a general examination which can detect a wide range of physical problems. But the following specific aspects of the examination are part of the screening programme and subject to pathway standards. This is used to screen for:

Congenital cataracts - by ophthalmoscope examination.
Congenital heart disease - by examination of the cardiovascular system.
Undescended testes - by palpation of the scrotum and inguinal canals.
Developmental dysplasia of the hip - by the Barlow and Ortolani tests and examination of the lower limbs for asymmetry or limited abduction.

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Pediatric Abdominal Examamination

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Sat, 11 Jun 2016 14:08:00 -0700

Pediatric Abdominal Examamination

This video lecture demonstrates how to do an abdominal exam in a healthy child and in a patient with ascites.

Henry Lin, MD, a pediatric gastroenterologist at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, reviews how to evaluate the spleen, liver and bowel through an abdominal exam. He also demonstrates an exam in a patient with ascites.

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Vaasa Plant, Ayurveda Remedies in Telugu

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Sun, 5 Jun 2016 06:53:00 -0700

Vaasa Plant, Ayurveda Remedies in Telugu

VAASA PLANT TRADITIONAL AYURVEDA REMEDIES EXPLAINED BY DR.MURALI MANOHAR .PLEASE WATCH THE VIDEO AND REVERT ME IN COMMENTS IF YOU LIKE

YOUTUBE LINK

Asoka Tree, Traditional Ayurveda Remedies in Telugu

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Sun, 5 Jun 2016 06:49:00 -0700

YOUTUBE LINK

ASHOKA TREE AYURVEDA REMEDIES BY DR.MURALI MANOHAR .PLEASEREVERT IF YOU LIKE MY POST.

ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Mon, 16 May 2016 10:12:00 -0700

ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), also known as acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL)is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells that accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells.Acute means that the leukemia can grow quickly, and if not treated, could be fatal in a few months. AML is a cancer that starts in the cells that are supposed to mature into different types of blood cells.

Signs and symptoms of acute myelogenous leukemia include:

Fever.
Bone pain.
Lethargy and fatigue.
Shortness of breath.
Pale skin.
Frequent infections.
Easy bruising.
Unusual bleeding, such as frequent nosebleeds and bleeding from the gums.

Once the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is established, induction chemotherapy is given with the goal of rapidly restoring normal bone marrow function.The main treatment for AML is chemotherapy. Other treatments for AML include growth factors, radiotherapy, and bone marrow transplants or stem cell transplants. The treatment for acute myeloid leukaemia varies depending on your type of AML, your general health, and your age and level of fitness.

Remission means that no leukaemic cells can be found in the blood or bone marrow and the bone marrow is working normally again. In people treated for acute leukaemia remission may last many years, and then they are considered cured

ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Mon, 16 May 2016 10:09:00 -0700

ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, also known as acute lymphocytic leukemia or acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), is an acute form of leukemia caused by a DNA mutation in the stem cells causing too many white blood cells to be produced. ALL is the most common cancer in childhood,although it can also occur in adults.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a fast-growing cancer of a type of white blood cells called lymphocytes that crowds out bone marrow, preventing it from making the normal red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that your body needs.

Lymphocytic means it develops from early (immature) forms of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. This is different from acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which develops in other blood cell types found in the bone marrow.

For Diagnosing Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Usually, doctors begin with a blood test (called a CBC, or complete blood count). Although the blood test may show leukemia cells, doctors need to examine a sample of bone marrow before confirming the exact diagnosis.

The main treatment for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in adults involves the long-term use of chemotherapy (chemo). In the past several years, doctors have begun to use more intensive chemo regimens, which has led to more responses to treatment.

Relapsed childhood ALL is cancer that has come back after it has been treated. The leukemia may come back in the blood and bone marrow, brain, spinal cord, testicles, or other parts of the body.

LIPOSUCTION

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Mon, 16 May 2016 10:08:00 -0700

LIPOSUCTION

Liposuction is a type of cosmetic surgery. It removes unwanted excess fat to improve body appearance and to smooth irregular body shapes.also known as lipoplasty, liposculpture suction lipectomy or simply lipo,

Liposuction presents the same negative side effects generally associated with any surgical procedure.Common side effects of liposuction include:
Temporary swelling,
bruising
irregular contour to the skin.

Every patient is a bit different in their recovery time.It usually takes about two weeks to fully recover from liposuction, but you should be able to return to work within a few days if a small area was treated. If a large area was treated, you may need up to 10 days off work to recover.

GYNECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Fri, 13 May 2016 06:12:00 -0700

IUD intrauterine device

IUDs are small, "T-shaped" devices made of flexible plastic. A health care provider inserts an IUD into a woman's uterus to prevent pregnancy. There are two types of IUD available — copper and hormonal.
They are one form of long-acting reversible contraception which are the most effective types of reversible birth control. Side effects of IUDs include cramps, infection, spotting, heavy periods, infertility

INFERTILITY

infertility is 'a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse'.
While it's true that many woman conceive without difficulty, more than five million people of childbearing age or one in every 10 couples have problems with infertility.
Causes of male infertility may include: Abnormal sperm production or function due to various problems, such as undescended testicles, genetic defects, health problems including diabetes, prior infections such as mumps, trauma or prior surgeries on the testicles or inguinal region.PCOS is the most common cause of female infertility

IN VITRO FERTILIZATION

In Vitro Fertilization is a one assisted reproductive technology (ART) commonly referred to as IVF. IVF is the process of fertilization by manually combining an egg and sperm in a laboratory dish, and then transferring the embryo to the uterus.For IVF to be successful it typically requires healthy ova, sperm that can fertilise, and a uterus that can maintain a pregnancy. The success rate for IVF depends on the woman's age.

IMPOTENCY

Impotence is a common problem among men and is characterized by the consistent inability to sustain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse or the inability to achieve ejaculation, or both. It’s a form of erectile dysfunction (ED)but
Erectile dysfunction can vary.A penile erection is the hydraulic effect of blood entering and being retained in sponge-like bodies within the penis.Using alcohol can dampen mood, decrease sexual desire, and make it difficult for a man to achieve erections or reach an orgasm while under the influence.Men facing increased stress or anxiety may also have increased blood pressure and cholesterol. Both of these conditions increase a man's risk for ED.

HYSTERECTOMY

Hysterectomy is a surgery to remove a woman's uterus.The uterus is a hollow muscular organ that nourishes the developing baby during pregnancy. However other organs such as ovaries, fallopian tubes and the cervix are very frequently removed as part of the surgery. You'll no longer be able to get pregnant after the operation.The most common reason hysterectomy is performed is for uterine fibroids. Other common reasons are:cervical dysplasia , abnormal uterine bleeding , endometriosis, and uterine prolapse.

GESTATIONAL DIABETES (GDM)

Diabetes of pregnancy Gestational diabetes occurs when a pregnant woman has high levels of glucose in her blood. High blood glucose is caused because the mother can't produce enough insulin (a pregnant woman's insulin needs are two to three times that of normal).Usually around the 24th week of gestation.Risk factors include being overweight or obese, history of gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy, and PCOS.Gestational diabetes may be a marker for diabetes development later in life.Whether insulin or only diet modification is used for treatment and whether or not the condition persists after pregnancy.

FETAL DEVELOPMENT

Fetal development begins before you even know you're pregnant.Within about three days after conception, the fertilized egg is dividing very fast into many cells. It passes through the Fallopian tube into the uterus, where it attaches to the uterine wall. The placenta, which will nourish the baby, also starts to form.Your baby is an embryo consisting of two layers of cells from which all her organs and body parts will develop.BY 3rd month looks like a baby and internal organs developing like brain.By 4-6 months heart beating starts , bones develop and able to give movements.By 7-9 months lung develops and fetus double it length

EPISIOTOMY

An episiotomy is a surgical cut in the muscular area between the vagina and the anus (the area called the perineum) made just before delivery during second stage of labor to enlarge your vaginal opening so that the baby's birth easier and prevent severe tears that can be difficult to repair.The average length of a hospital stay for a normal vaginal delivery is 36--48 hours or with an episiotomy is 48--60 hours, whereas a C-section is 72--108 hours.

ENDOMETRIOSIS

Endometriosis is a disease in which tissue that normally grows inside the uterus grows outside it. which most often occurs in women between the ages of 25 and 40.Pelvic pain during menstruation or ovulation can be a symptom of endometriosis, but may also occur in normal women.
Medical treatment
Pain killers
Oral contraceptives
Progestins/progesterone
GnRH-analogues

Early surgical menopause (hysterectomy) as a “treatment” for endometriosis may contribute to increased risk of heart disease in younger women.

ASSISTED DELIVERY

An assisted delivery is when your baby needs help to be born with instruments that attach to her head. It's also called an instrumental, or operative vaginal birth.
About one in eight women has an assisted delivery.
Forceps are a surgical instrument that resembles a pair of tongs and can be used in surgery for grabbing, maneuvering, or removing various things within or from the body. They can be used to assist the delivery of a baby as an alternative to the ventouse (vacuum extraction) method.
A vacuum extraction is a procedure sometimes done during the course of vaginal childbirth. During vacuum extraction, a health care provider applies the vacuum — a soft or rigid cup with a handle and a vacuum pump — to the baby's head to help guide the baby out of the birth canal.

AMNIOCENTESIS

Amniocentesis ( amniotic fluid test or AFT) is a medical procedure used in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis or spina bifida and fetal infections, determine lung maturity , and also used for sex determination.
Amniotic fluid is the fluid that surrounds and protects a baby during pregnancy.
It is most often done in a doctor's office or medical center.

OPHTHALMOLOGY

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Fri, 13 May 2016 06:07:00 -0700

LOW VISION

Low vision is vision loss that's so severe, it can't be corrected with regular eyeglasses, contact lenses or surgery.

Besides age-related retinal conditions, there are many other possible causes of low vision, including conditions such as glaucoma and diabetes. Low vision may also result from cancer of the eye, albinism, stroke, eye trauma or a brain injury.

A person with low vision may find it difficult or impossible to accomplish activities such as reading, writing, shopping, watching television, driving a car or recognizing faces.

Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)

LASIK is a surgical procedure that uses a laser to correct nearsightedness, farsightedness, and/or astigmatism. In LASIK, a thin flap in the cornea is created using either a microkeratome blade or a femtosecond laser. The surgeon then folds back the hinged flap to access the underlying cornea (called the stroma) and removes some corneal tissue using an excimer laser.
LASIK solves myopia by correcting the corneal irregularities that cause it. Hyperopia (Farsightedness) Farsighted individuals have trouble reading up close or seeing objects near at hand. The farsighted eye is slightly shorter than a normal eye and has a flatter cornea, so distant objects focus behind the retina

GLAUCOMA

Glaucoma is a condition that causes damage to your eye's optic nerve and gets worse over time. It's often associated with a buildup of pressure inside the eye. Glaucoma tends to be inherited and may not show up until later in life.
The most common type of glaucoma, primary open-angle glaucoma, is hereditary. If members of your immediate family have glaucoma, you are at a much higher risk than the rest of the population. Family history increases risk of glaucoma four to nine times.
The eye disease glaucoma can cause severe headaches in some cases.
Acute angle-closure glaucoma is a medical emergency. When you're diagnosed with this condition, you'll need urgent treatment to reduce the pressure in your eye. This generally will require both medication and procedures. You may have a procedure called a laser peripheral iridotomy.

SPINAL PROBLEMS

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Fri, 13 May 2016 05:57:00 -0700

LUMBAR FUSION

A spinal fusion surgery is designed to stop the motion at a painful vertebral segment, which in turn should decrease pain generated from the joint.

Spinal fusion is surgery to permanently join together two or more bones in the spine so there is no movement between them

LOW BACK PAIN

Low back pain (LBP) is a common disorder involving the muscles, nerves, and bones of the back
Lower back pain is extremely common, the symptoms and severity of lower back pain vary greatly.
A sudden and involuntary contraction, or uncontrollable tightening, of a muscle in response to strain, overuse, weakness, or muscle pain related to injury or a disorder. Back spasms often occur near the spinal cord or near the nerve roots that lead in and out of the spinal cord.

BACK AND NECK BRACES

Braces can be worn on any section of the spine (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral) and are named for the area of the spine to which they are applied.
a neck or back brace to wear after a spinal injury or surgery.

ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS

A form of spinal arthritis, chiefly affecting young males, that eventually causes ankylosis of vertebral and sacroiliac joints.Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammatory disease that can cause some of the vertebrae in your spine to fuse together.
The hallmark feature of ankylosing spondylitis is the involvement of the sacroiliac (SI) joints during the progression of the disease

EPIDURAL

a medical route of administration in which a drug or contrast agent is injected into the epidural space of the spinal cord. Techniques such as epidural analgesia and epidural anaesthesia employ this route of administration.

UROLOGY AND NEPHROLOGY

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Fri, 13 May 2016 05:49:00 -0700

UTI urinary tract infection

UTI is an infection involving the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. These are the structures that urine passes through before being eliminated from the body.

Infection in the upper urinary tract generally affects the kidneys (pyelonephritis), which can cause fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and other severe symptoms.
The lower urinary tract consists of the bladder and the urethra. Infection in the lower urinary tract can affect the urethra (urethritis) or the bladder (cystitis).

URINARY INCONTINENCE

is the involuntary leakage of urine; in simple terms, to wee when you don't intend to. It is the inability to hold urine in the bladder because voluntary control over the urinary sphincter is either lost or weakened.
Painful or frequent urination is a common problem, especially in older men. Urinary tract infections, kidney stones and prostate problems can all produce these symptoms. Frequent urination without pain also can be a side effect of certain medications, or a symptom of diabetes.

KIDNEY DIALYSIS

Dialysis is a treatment that does some of the things done by healthy kidneys. It is needed when your own kidneys can no longer take care of your body's needs

Kidney dialysis is a life-support treatment that uses a special machine to filter harmful wastes, salt, and excess fluid from your blood. This restores the blood to a normal, healthy balance.

KIDNEY TRANSPLANT

Kidney transplantationis the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-stage renal disease. Kidney transplantation is typically classifiedor living-donor transplantation depending on the source of the donor organ.

BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH)

Involves enlargement of the prostate gland. The prostate enlargement in BPH is not malignant. Symptoms include frequent urge to urinate, getting up at night to urinate, difficulty urinating and dribbling of urine.

A normal prostate gland is approximately 20 g in volume, 3 cm in length, 4 cm wide, and 2 cm in depth. As men get older, the prostate gland is variable in size secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia.

HEAD TO TOE PHYSICAL ASSESEMENT

noreply@blogger.com (Siddardha) — Fri, 13 May 2016 05:45:00 -0700

This section describes the basics of a head-to-toe assessment which is a vital aspect of a doctor while doing physical examination. It should be done each time you encounter a patient for the first time each shift.But in general so many doctor are not doing all this head to toe examination.

Here I uploaded the videos which I found in youtube, and after seeing it I learn something,hope you can also like the video after watching it.

Head to Toe Assessment part 1

Wash your hands.
Greet and identify the patient. Explain what you are going to do.
Provide for privacy.
Begin with the 5 Vital Signs: Temperature, Pulse, Blood Pressure, Respiration and Pain.

Head to Toe Assessment part 2

Head: Shape and symmetry; condition of hair and scalp
Eyes: Conjunctiva and sclera, pupils; reactivity to light and ability to follow your finger or a light
Ears: Hearing aids, pain? Speak in a whisper: can he hear you and comprehend?

Head to Toe Assessment part 3

Nose: Drainage, congestion, difficulty breathing, sense of smell

Throat and Mouth: Mucous membranes, any lesions, teeth or dentures, odor, swallowing, trachea, lymph nodes, tongue.

Skin:Assess the turgor, color, temperature and moisture of the skin, scars, lesions,wounds.

Head to Toe Assessment part 4

Level of Consciousness and Orientation:Is he awake and alert? Is he oriented to Person (knows his name),Place(he can tell you where he is) and Time(knows the day and date).A fourth level of orientation is Purpose(he knows why you are examining him).

Head to Toe Assessment part 5

Thoracic region:

Assess lung and cardiac sounds from the front and back. Assess them for character and quality as well as for the presence or absence of appropriate sounds. Palpate the chest wall and breasts for any tenderness or lumps

Head to Toe Assessment part 6

Abdomen:
Listen to bowel sounds throughout the 4 quadrants. Palpate for tenderness or lumps. Palpate the bladder. Ask about intake and output of bowels and bladder. Ask about appetite. Asses genitalia for tenderness, lumps or lesions.

Extremities:Assess for temperature, capillary fill and ROM. Palpate for pulses. Note any edema, lesions, lumps or pain.

General Questions:Ask the patient how he feels. Has anything changed recently? Any pain, burning, SOB, chest pains, change in bowel or bladder habits/function, change in sleep habits, cough, discharge from any orifice, depression, sadness, or change in appetite?

Wash your hands and Document your findings and then evaluate your assessment