Hacking Articles

Learn ethical hacking online with Hacker computer school: the definitive guide.

2024-11-29T01:08:00.000-08:00

Today topic: online ethical hacking course

Cybersecurity is an essential in this digital world. Cyberattacks, data breaches, and hacking incidents have increased manifold, and along with these rising incidents, there has been a significant rise in the demand for ethical hackers. If you are a one who loves entering into such an exciting field, learning ethical hacking is an outstanding place to start from. Hacker Computer School stands tall, providing live classes, as well as recorded classes that you can access from anywhere in the world.

Why Learn Ethical Hacking?
Before diving into the specifics of the Hacker Computer School, let’s quickly explore why ethical hacking is a valuable skill in today’s world.

Cybersecurity Jobs are in Demand: Just as technology evolves, so do the methods of cybercriminals. Ethical hackers, also known as white-hat hackers, identify vulnerabilities before malicious actors exploit them. Therefore, this is a very sought-after skill.

Lucrative Career Opportunities: Ethical hackers receive a very good salary in financial, healthcare, government, and technology sectors. An ethical hacker with the right set of skills and proper certification can command some very excellent remunerations and enjoy job stability.

Hands-on Training: Ethical hacking is much more than just a theoretical science; it’s much more about practical skills and experiences. Training in ethical hacking means experiencing real-world scenarios and practicing the art of spotting vulnerabilities, securing networks, and protecting sensitive data.

Why Hacker Computer School for Ethical Hacking?
Hacker Computer School is one of the best online websites to learn ethical hacking. Here’s why:

1. Live Classes with Expert Instructors
Hacker Computer School allows you to enjoy live classes in which you can interact with your instructors in real time. Such instructors are not only teachers; they are experienced cybersecurity professionals who have worked on hacking projects. The live classes allow you to ask questions, clear doubts, and participate in discussions that improve your understanding of the course. There are many benefits offered through live classes.

Interaktive learning: Interaktion with lecturers und fellow students in real time
Personalized attention: Address the questions and troubleshoot issues live

Dynamic learning: On the latest trends in the field of cybersecurity and ethical hacking

2. Pre-recorded classes for adaptive learning
Hacker Computer School also provides you with recorded classes so you can learn at your own time. If you could not attend a class session or you want to hear it again, you can watch the recorded sessions. In this case, this style is very ideal for persons with other commitments or personal preferences that make them study at one’s own pace.

The advantages of the recorded classes are:

One can learn at any convenient time and place. Replay and review: Replay the lessons as many times you need to ensure that the most important concepts are in your head. Self-directed learning: Your learning experience is based on your schedule.

3. Hands-On Practical Experience
Ethical hacking is more practical and not just a theory. Hacker Computer School has labs, virtual environments, and real-life scenarios that will put your skills to the test. Penetration testing, vulnerability scanning, ethical hacking tools, and network security protocols will be learned in this curriculum.

4. Broad Curriculum
Hacker Computer School has an all-rounded curriculum which is inclusive of all aspects necessary for ethical hacking. Whether just starting, or you find yourself in the need to heighten already existing skills. The programs at the computer school are streamlined to ensure not only that you get where you are, but also take them through various advanced levels.

Some key topics you can expect in your studies consist of;

Introduction to Ethical Hacking: understanding the basics, legal implications, and ethical considerations.

Networking fundamentals: Learn about IP addresses, TCP/IP protocols, DNS, firewalls, and much more.

Footprinting and reconnaissance: Techniques for collecting information on a target.

Penetration testing: Testing network security by simulating cyberattacks

Web application security: learn how vulnerabilities in web applications occur and how to strengthen it

Cryptography: Learn about encryption and decryption techniques that can protect information.

Security tools: Master industry-standard tools like Metasploit, Nmap, Wireshark, and Burp Suite.

5. Learn from Anywhere
The best aspect of Hacker Computer School is that you can learn anywhere in the world. You don’t need to be at any specific location; you may be sitting at home, inside a coffee shop, or on a vacation, yet you’ll just need a connection to the internet. This means you can then access live classes, recordings of lessons, and hand-on labs. It really is suitable for students and professionals, or anyone desiring a career change towards cybersecurity.

Course format and Certification
The courses at Hacker Computer School are designed to take you from beginner to advanced level. Upon completion of the course, you will be rewarded with certification, which is quite helpful in your resume and proof of your expertise in ethical hacking.

Certification benefits you in the following aspects:

Gain credibility in the cybersecurity industry.

Your chances of getting a job are improved, and your potential for salary increases.
Show off your skills to potential employers.
Why Online Learning is the Future of Ethical Hacking

While there is much to be said for the traditional classroom, online learning offers flexibility, accessibility, and an awful lot of resources that can meet the needs of the students interested in ethical hacking. On such online platforms as Hacker Computer School, students can:

Learn at their own pace: Online courses enable one to learn at their pace, hence it becomes easier to balance other commitments.
Global access to experts: You get to learn from the best teachers and security experts in the world.
Connect with others: There usually are forums and discussion boards on the online platform where you can connect with other learners, share your ideas, and seek assistance.

Ethical hacking is among the most valuable skills in the ever-growing field of cybersecurity. Hacker Computer School’s live and recorded classes will bring you flexibility and expert guidance that will help you master ethical hacking and drive a successful career in cybersecurity.

Hacker Computer School offers practical, hands-on experience and full curriculum at the feet of top-flight instructors. That makes it extremely easy to learn ethical hacking from anywhere in the globe. Whether you are a professional or just an amateur, there always is something to learn there in ethical hacking.

Getting started today can be achieved by taking that first stride towards becoming an ethical hacker with Hacker Computer School.

Official website - Online Cyber Secyrity Training Live - CEEH | KLSFP | MCSD | Black Hat | Python 101

Official website - Home | Cyber Security Course

How To Install MAC OS Monterey | Big Sur | Catalina | On VMware | CEEH Lab

2022-03-13T08:56:00.000-07:00

#installmaconvmware #installmaconvirtualbox #installmaconvmplayer #macosmontereyinstallonvmware #macoscatalinainstallonvmware #bigsureinstallonvmware Learn how to install macOS latest and probably the final macOS Monterey point release on VMware on both Intel and AMD PCs by watch this easy tutorial video. Download VMware Unlock Tools - https://t.me/hackerscomputerschool macOS Monterey High powered meets | “Hi everyone”. Connect, share and create like never before. Say hello to exciting new FaceTime updates. Explore a redesigned Safari. Discover and invent powerful new ways to work using Universal Control and Shortcuts. Stay in the moment with Focus. And so much more. New experiences | True connections. Staying in touch is more essential than ever. With SharePlay, you can watch together, listen together and share your screen right inside FaceTime.1 FaceTime calls also sound and feel more natural. And Messages makes it even easier to find and enjoy the great content shared from friends and family. Introducing SharePlay Keep FaceTime conversations going as you watch TV shows and movies, listen to music or share your screen with SharePlay. It’s an entirely new way to have experiences with family and friends no matter the distance. Watch together Stream movies and TV shows while on a FaceTime call with friends. With synced playback and controls, you’ll see everyone laugh, jump and react to the same moments at the same time. And the volume automatically adjusts, so you can keep talking while you watch. Share your screen Keep your FaceTime calls going while simultaneously sharing your whole screen or just a specific app. Collaborate with co-workers, have a game night with friends or plan your next vacation as a group.

How to install Windows 11 VMware Workstation Pro 16 | Windows 11 Virtual...

2022-03-03T10:47:00.000-08:00

#howtoinstallwindows11 #howtoinstallwindows11onvmware #howtoinstallwindows11virtualbox #howtoinstallwindows11virtualmachine We will learn how can we install Windows 11 Pro using VMware Workstation 16 Pro. Learn how to set up virtual machines using VMware Workstation 16 Pro - step by step How to install Windows 11 using VMware Workstation 16 Pro Windows 11 Pro First Look Windows 11 Virtual Machine Your Queries: Windows 11 Hands-on Windows 11 Leaked Windows 11 First Look Windows 11 Explore it Windows 11 New Start Menu windows 11 leaked iso how to install windows 11 on pc how to install windows 11 leak windows 11 professional download and install windows 11 on vmware download windows 11 on virtualbox free vmware for windows 10 how to download windows 11 iso file how to download windows 11 virtual machine how to install windows 11 in computer how to install windows 11 in english how to install windows 11 on vmware how to install windows 11 in vmware windows 11 vmware install install windows 11 on vmware install windows 11 vmware windows 11 virtual machine windows 11 in vmware install windows 11 in vmware how to download windows 11 in vmware install windows 11 on vmware workstation 16 how to install windows 11 on virtual machine Technology Install windows 11 Vmware windows 11 windows 11 vmware install windows 11 vmware windows 11 vmware tpm windows 11 vmware download windows 11 vm setup windows 11 vmware tools Vmware tutorial download vmware install vmware vmware workstation 16.1.2 install windows 11 download windows 11 windows 11 on vmware windows 11 on virtual machine windows 11 install video Install windows11 on vmware Tutorial How to install windows 11 on virtual Machine

Hacker Computer School | Online Ethical Hacking Course | Online Hacking Course | Online Cyber Security Course | Online Black Hat Hacking Course

2022-03-03T08:44:00.001-08:00

#hackercomputerschool #onlineethicalhackingcourse #onlineethicalhackingstuday #onlineliveethicalhackingcourse #onlinecybersecuritystudy #onlinecybersecuritydiplmoa #onlinecybersecuritycourse #onlinecybersecurityclasses #onlinehackinglearningwebsite #onlineblackhathackingcourse #onlinepenetrationtestingcourse #onlinepenetrationtestingstuday #onlinepenetrationtestingcertification #onlinecybersecurity #mastercybersecuritycourseonine Are you looking for live an online learning platform for expert ethical hacking and cybersecurity courses? Hacker Computer School brings you one! We are one of the most proficient online learning school known for providing all forms of ethical hacking and cybersecurity courses. With us, you will benefit from live 101 training on Android 11, Windows 11, Linux OS, Mac, Server, Networking, Software, Antivirus Hacking, Spamming, Black Hat Hacking, and Black Box Penetration Testing. We will help you establish a great career in the field of ethical hacking and cybersecurity! Hacker Computer School is an online learning school and we teach you all kinds of hacking, cybersecurity, black hat hacking, black-box penetration testing, carding, spamming, software cracking, car hacking, IoT hacking, and more. Enroll now and become a cybersecurity expert. Live Class Specialties ✅ 99.9% practical experience ✅ Friendly behavior Experts ✅ Easy and Simplified Course Language ✅ Get lifetime access to the e-book And ilab store ✅ 24hr class support ✅ No need to buy anything outside Our Official Website - https://www.hackercomputerschool.com/ Mail - Support@hackercomputerschool.com Skype:- live:hackercomputerschoolgroup

Android Agent 47 - Android Hacking Certification Course

2022-03-03T00:31:00.002-08:00

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Android Agent 47 Awesome Hacking Course
Mobile Hacking Course Android Agent 47 will teach you how to use hacker tools and scripts to probe the internal workings of your phone - all without having to crack its screen open!

Complete Beginner Friendly

No computer programming skills are required! Just the desire to learn to hack, and this course will take care of the rest. Mobile hacking refers to the act of attacking a mobile device, most often a smartphone. This type of hacking is done for various reasons, including personal gain or to perform espionage. This course will teach you how to hack an Android phone or an iPhone, depending on your preference.

You will learn about the different types of attacks that can be performed against Android phones and iPhones, as well as methods for performing each attack. You will also learn how to install spyware on both devices in order to monitor what someone is doing with their device remotely.

Learn the basics of hacking and security and how to deploy and use exploits for Android
Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, created primarily for touchscreen mobile devices. With the help of this course, you will learn about different kinds of hacks that are possible on an android device.
The means to gain access to a device are limited only by your imagination. You just have to know what information you need, where it is located in the device, and how to get it out.

How To Install VMware Workstation 16 Pro On Windows 11 And 10 | What is ...

2022-03-02T22:29:00.001-08:00

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2021-10-13T12:21:00.002-07:00

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The industry's leading experts offer their best advice, research, how-tos, and insights— all in the name of helping you level up your hacking skills. We offer some of the best advice around in terms of how content can help learn to hack. From industry trends to best practices, our posts offer helpful advice on how to create the best strategies for learning. One of their main objectives is to provide education to aspiring hackers, so there are plenty of events and research documents, as well as access to a lot of resources including eBooks and whitepapers. Any successful hacker has undoubtedly utilized some of the expertise shared through our website - whether they realize it or not!

MCSD Master Cyber Security Diploma

2021-10-13T12:13:00.004-07:00

Starting Your Career In Cybersecurity

The psychology of hacking and the human elements of cybersecurity are covered as well as the basics of investigating cybercrime and digital forensics. The aim of the Master of Science in Cyber Security is to provide graduates with a solid foundation in cybersecurity technologies and practices and a prepared career in the highly sought-after areas of cybersecurity. The program provides hands-on experience in strategies for preventing and detecting cyber threats and vulnerabilities, as well as responding to cyber attacks such as hacking, Trojan horse malware, and ransomware.

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KLSFP Certification For Penetration Tester

2021-10-13T12:03:00.000-07:00

Hacker Computer School brings you KLSFP - Kalu Linux Security Fighter Professional Penetration Testing Training and Certification Course online that will help you master your pen-testing skills.

Our modules are designed in a dynamic order to help you get used to real-world training. Our easy-to-use platform makes it convenient for you to deal with the respective course as and when you want from your home itself. We have the best professionals to train and guide you through the course and make it easy for you to crack the certification that will pave the way for a successful future ahead.

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CEEH - Certified Expert Ethical Hacker Certification

2021-09-13T15:24:00.004-07:00

Certified Expert Ethical Hacker CEEH will teach you the most recent commercial-grade hacking tools, techniques, and methodologies utilized by hackers and knowledge security professionals lawfully hack a corporation.

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Hacker Computer School's CEEH certification couch you with the hands-on training required to master the techniques hackers use to penetrate network systems and fortify your system against them. This ethical hacking course is aligned with the newest CEEH Hacker Computer School and can adequately prepare you to extend. your blue team skills.

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Analyzing RAM Dumps to Retrieve TOR Browser Artifacts

2021-09-10T11:28:00.003-07:00

The memory dump collected from a suspect machine not only contains artifacts related to the browser, but also all the activities that occurred on it. Analyzing RAM dump can help investigators find all details pertaining to the activities that an attacker has performed on the system using Tor Browser.

Lab Scenario

Forensic investigators have seized a computer belonging to a drug trafficker who is suspected of expanding his drug smuggling network through the dark web. During investigation, it was found that the suspect had been using Tor Browser on his system to engage in drug trafficking and its expansion. To extract more information on the suspect’s activities related to drug trafficking, investigators need to analyze the RAM dump of his system so that it reveals all his activities on Tor Browser. The artifacts obtained from the RAM dump can help the investigators extract evidence that can be used to prosecute the suspect.
As a forensic investigator, you must know how to analyze the RAM dump of a suspect machine and retrieve Tor Browser artifacts.

Lab Objectives

The objective of this lab is to help you learn how to examine a RAM dump and recover potential artifacts pertaining to Tor Browser using the Bulk Extractor tool.

Lab Environment

 A computer running Windows Server 2016 virtual machine
 Administrative privileges to execute commands
 A web browser with internet access
 Download Browser Analysis Tools\Bulk Extractor

Note: You can download the latest version of Bulk Extractor from the link https://github.com/simsong/bulk_extractor/wiki/Downloads

If you are using the latest version of the software for this lab, then the steps and screenshots demonstrated in the lab might differ. Note: Make sure that Real Time Protection is disabled in Windows 10 virtual machine (if it is running) before beginning this lab.

Lab Duration Time: 40 minutes

Overview of the Lab

This lab familiarizes you with the process of analyzing a RAM dump containing Tor Browser artifacts with the help of Bulk Extractor.

Lab Tasks

1. Login to the Windows Server 2016 virtual machine.

2. Before beginning the lab, we will create two folders named TOR Report (Browser Opened) and TOR Report (Browser Closed) on the Desktop. These two folders are going to serve as our case folders, which will store the Tor Browser artifacts retrieved in the respective events of the browser being open and closed.

3. Double-click on bulk_extractor-1.5.5-windowsinstaller.exe to launch the set-up and follow the wizard-driven installation steps to complete the installation of Bulk Extractor.

4. Upon completing the installation, launch the Bulk Extractor application from the Start menu by clicking on the Start button (Windows icon) on the task bar, as shown in the screenshot below:

5. The main window of the application, i.e., Bulk Extractor Viewer will open. Click the Generate a report using bulk_extractor icon, as shown in the screenshot below

6. Now, Run bulk_extractor window will open, as shown in the screenshot

Note: Reduce the height and adjust the position of the Run bulk_extractor window manually in order to view the options specific to the tool located at the bottom of the window.

7. Now, we need to use the ellipsis buttons to browse the Image file and the Output Feature Directory, as indicated in the screenshot below:

8. Upon clicking the ellipsis button against the Image File field, you will see the Image File to Extract Features From window. Navigate to C:\CHFI-Tools\Evidence Files\Forensic Images. From the Files of type drop-down, select All Files, then select the file TOR_Opened.mem, and then click Open to provide the Image File.

9. Similarly, upon clicking the ellipsis button against the Output Feature Directory field, you will see the Output Feature Directory window. Select Desktop, then select the TOR Report (Browser Opened) folder, and then click Select to provide the Output Feature Directory, as indicated in the screenshot below:

10. We have provided the Image File and Output Feature Directory, and their paths will be displayed in their respective fields, as shown in the screenshot below. Now, ensure that all options under the Scanners section are checked and then click Submit Run, as highlighted in the screenshot:

11. The bulk_extractor Scan window appears, where the input file is scanned. The progress of the scan and case creation can be seen in the window, as shown in the following screenshot:

12. Upon the successful completion of the scan, go back to the Bulk Extractor Viewer window. We will now begin investigating the Tor Browser artifacts that were obtained when the browser was in an open state.
13. Now, in the left pane of the application window, you will see the TOR Report (Browser Opened) folder populated under the Reports section. Click the folder to expand it and view its contents.

14. Select the domain.txt file to determine all website domains that were visited on the suspect machine’s Tor Browser. You will see several different domains listed under domain.txt. Upon scrolling down, we find numerous instances of the use of the mail.google.com domain, as seen in the screenshot below. This tells us that there were numerous instances of Gmail being used to exchange emails.

15. Now, we will look for email IDs associated with Gmail as several instances of mail.google.com under domain.txt have been located, as seen in the screenshot above. To find the email IDs that have been recorded in this memory dump file, i.e., TOR_Opened.mem, click on email.txt in the left pane under the Reports section. You will see all email IDs (including Gmail IDs) recorded on the memory dump, as highlighted in the screenshot below:

16. From the screenshot above, we can infer that there are multiple instances of the use of a Gmail ID. For a demonstrative purpose, we have highlighted the region where we see the Gmail ID jasoncreek2020@gmail.com in this lab. In real-time, you might find instances wherein several email IDs from Gmail or any other email service provider(s) have been recorded.
17. Now, we will examine the contents of json.txt file. A JSON file stores information on the data exchange that has taken place between a browser/web application and a server. By examining the contents of the json.txt file here, we can retrieve the details of email exchanges on the browser (in this case, Tor Browser).
18. Therefore, when you first click on json.txt (1), you will find several entries in the Feature File section in the upper half of the middle pane in the application window. Since we have found a number of entries pertaining to the email ID jasoncreek2020@gmail.com previously under email.txt, we are assuming that email ID belongs to a suspect user. As a second step, enter jasoncreek2020@gmail.com in the Feature Filter field (2) and press Enter to obtain the artifacts of email communication related to the mentioned email ID under the Feature File section (3).

19. We need to carefully examine each of the entries obtained under the Feature File section as seen in the screenshot above to find the artifacts of malicious email communication. Upon carefully examining each entry by clicking on them, we can retrieve the artifacts of a malicious email communication.

Note: When you click on any entry, you can see the highlighted part related to the entry in the right pane of the window.

Note: A slightly enlarged view of the right pane of the window in the screenshot above has been presented below for improved readability.

Note: For the purpose of demonstrative ease in this lab, and to save time, we have confined our investigation to retrieving malicious email artifacts that relate to the email ID jasoncreek2020@gmail.com (assuming it to be a suspect email ID). In real-time, however, you might have to examine email communication from several other email IDs in order to identify the suspects or the suspect email IDs in a case. 20. From the above screenshot, we can summarize our observations as follows:
A. Email ID of the sender: jasoncreek2020@gmail.com B. Email ID of the receiver: rinimatthews@gmail.com C. Subject of the email: Share the Missile Codes
D. The body of the email: As discussed, I am sharing the codes for launching the missiles. You can find them in the attachment.
E. Attachment found in the email: Secret_Codes.txt
21. In this manner, we can retrieve the malicious email exchanges that took place through the Tor Browser.
22. Now, we will retrieve the artifacts stored in url.txt file. The url.txt will provide us information on all URLs that have been visited through the suspect machine’s Tor Browser. Before moving to this task, ensure to remove the jasoncreek2020@gmail.com filter from the Feature Filter field, which we had applied for our previous task of finding email artifacts from the json.txt file.
23. Now, click on url.txt in the left pane of the application window under the Reports section. The application will display all artifacts stored in url.txt under the Feature File section, as displayed in the following screenshot:

24. Now, we will examine the artifacts stored in url_searches.txt. Examining the artifacts of url_searches.txt will provide us information about all the search queries that were made on the suspect machine’s Tor Browser.
25. Click on url_searches.txt in the left pane of the application window under the Reports section. All queries that have been searched on the suspect machine’s Tor Browser will now be listed under the Histogram File section in the upper half of the middle pane in the application window, as indicated in the screenshot below:

26. In this manner, we can find URLs or content that have been browsed on the suspect machine’s Tor Browser.

27. Now, we will examine the Tor Browser artifacts obtained when the browser was in a closed state.

28. In the Bulk Extractor Viewer window, click on the Generate a report using bulk_extractor icon.

29. Run bulk_extractor window opens, as shown in the screenshot below:

30. Now, click on the ellipsis buttons to browse and provide the Image file and the Output Feature Directory, as indicated in the screenshot below:

31. Upon clicking the ellipsis button against the Image File field, the Image File to Extract Features From window will appear. Navigate to C:\CHFI-Tools\Evidence Files\Forensic Images. From the Files of type drop-down, select All Files, select the file TOR_Closed.mem, and then click Open to provide the Image File.

32. Similarly, upon clicking the ellipsis button against the Output Feature Directory field, you will see the Output Feature Directory window. Select Desktop, then select the TOR Report (Browser Closed) folder, and then click Select to provide the Output Feature Directory, as indicated in the screenshot below:

33. We have now provided the Image File and Output Feature Directory, and their paths will be displayed in their respective fields, as shown in the screenshot below. Now, ensure that all options under the Scanners section are checked, and then click on Submit Run, as highlighted in the screenshot:

34. The bulk_extractor Scan window appears where the input file is scanned. The progress of the scan and case creation can be seen in the window, as shown in the following screenshot

35. Upon the successful completion of the scan, go back to the Bulk Extractor Viewer window. We will now be investigating the Tor Browser artifacts that were obtained when the browser was in a closed state. 36. Now, in the left pane of the application window, you will see the TOR Report (Browser Closed) folder populated under the Reports section. You may now collapse the previously expanded TOR Report (Browser Opened) folder and expand the TOR Report (Browser Closed) folder to view the contents stored under it. 37. We will begin our forensic examination by first retrieving the information stored in domain.txt.

38. Select the domain.txt file to determine all website domains that were visited on the suspect machine’s Tor Browser. You will see several different domains listed under the Feature File domain.txt section in the middle pane of the window. Upon scrolling down, we find numerous instances of the use of the mail.google.com domain, as seen in the screenshot below. This tells us about numerous instances where Gmail was used to exchange emails. Click/Select any of the instances of mail.google.com if you want to find any specific artifacts associated with it. The artifacts, if any, will appear in the right pane of the window.

39. Now, several instances of mail.google.com are listed under domain.txt as seen in the screenshot above. We will look for email IDs associated with Gmail. To find email IDs that have been recorded in this memory dump file, i.e., TOR_Closed.mem, click on email.txt in the left pane under the Reports section. You will see all email IDs (including Gmail IDs) that have been recorded on the memory dump, as highlighted in the screenshot below:

40. From the screenshot above, we can infer that there are multiple instances of the use of a Gmail ID. For a demonstrative purpose, in this lab, we have highlighted the region where we see multiple entries pertaining to the Gmail ID jasoncreek2020@gmail.com. In real-time, you might find instances wherein several different email IDs from Gmail or any other email service provider(s) have been recorded. 41. Now, we will examine the contents of json.txt file. Follow the same procedure as in the previous case of examining the contents of json.txt file for the Tor Browser Opened state. We will similarly use the email ID jasoncreek2020@gmail.com as a filter to obtain email messages related to the above-mentioned email ID, which is found to be malicious.

42. Therefore, first click on json.txt (1) in the left pane under the Reports section. As a second step, apply the mentioned email ID as a filter (2) to find the results related to it under the Feature File section (3), as indicated in the screenshot below:

43. We need to examine each of the entries obtained in the previous step to find artifacts of any malicious email communication. To examine the artifacts stored in an entry, select that entry. You will then be able to examine its artifacts in the right pane of the application window. 44. Now, upon carefully examining the entry highlighted under the Feature File section in the screenshot below, we find the artifacts of a malicious email communication:

Note: A slightly enlarged view of the right pane of the window seen in the screenshot above has been presented below for improved readability

45. From the above screenshot, we can summarize our findings as follows: A. Sender’s email ID: jasoncreek2020@gmail.com B. Receiver’s email ID: rinimatthews@gmail.com C. Subject of the email: Share the Missile Codes D. Body of the email: As discussed, I am sharing the codes for launching the missiles. You can find them in the attachment. E. Attachment found in the email: Secret_Codes.txt 46. We will now examine the artifacts stored in the url.txt file. Examining the artifacts of the url.txt file will provide us information about the URLs visited through the suspect machine’s Tor Browser. Before moving to this task, ensure you remove the jasoncreek2020@gmail.com filter from the Feature Filter field, which we had applied to our previous task of finding email artifacts from the json.txt file.

47. Now, click on url.txt in the left pane of the application window under the Reports section. The application will list all URLs that have been visited through the suspect machine’s Tor Browser under the Feature File section, as indicated in the screenshot below:

48. We will now examine the artifacts stored in the url_searches.txt file. url_searches.txt will provide us information on all search queries made on the web through the Tor Browser. Therefore, click on url_searches.txt. All the artifacts stored in url_searches.txt will be displayed under the Histogram File section, as shown in the screenshot below:

49. In this manner, you can examine the RAM dump from a suspect machine and retrieve various artifacts pertaining to Tor Browser Lab Analysis Analyze the result and document the findings of the lab.

Understand the Dark Web

2021-09-09T11:22:00.001-07:00

The dark web refers to the last and the bottom-most layer of the web, which is not indexed by search engines; hence, its contents remain hidden from normal browsers and users.

Access to the dark web requires individuals to use special browsers such as Tor that provide users with anonymity and keep their data safe. Because of the anonymity allowed to dark web users, criminals use the dark web to perform a wide range of illegal activities. This section outlines the fundamentals of the dark web and discusses the characteristics of the Tor network.

Understanding the Dark Web

With respect to the accessibility of content, the web is divided into the following three layers:

1. Surface Web As the topmost layer, the surface web stores content that can be accessed as well as indexed by search engines such as Google, Yahoo, and Bing. Public websites such as Wikipedia, eBay, Facebook and YouTube can be easily accessed from the surface web. The surface web comprises only 4% of the entire web.

2. Deep Web This layer of the web cannot be accessed by normal users because its contents are not indexed by search engines. The contents of the deep web can be accessed only by a user with due authorization. Information contained in the deep web can include military data, confidential data of organizations, legal dossiers, financial records, medical records, records of governmental departments and subscription information

3. Dark Web This is the third and the deepest layer of the web. It is used to carry out unlawful and antisocial activities. The dark web is not indexed by search engines and allows complete anonymity to its users through encryption. Cyber criminals use the dark web to perform nefarious activities such as drug trafficking, anti-social campaigns, and the use of cryptocurrency for illegal transactions. Accessing dark web involves the use of a specialized browser. The Tor browser is one of the browsers used to access the contents of the dark web.

Tor Relays

The Tor network has three relays: an entry/guard relay, a middle relay, and an exit relay. These relays are also called nodes or routers and allow network traffic to pass through them.

1. Entry/Guard Relay This relay provides an entry point to the Tor network. When attempting to connect via the entry relay, the IP address of the client can be read. The entry relay/guard node transmits the client’s data to the middle node.

2. Middle Relay The middle relay is used for the transmission of data in an encrypted format. It receives the client’s data from the entry relay and passes it to the exit relay.

3. Exit Relay As the final relay of the Tor circuit, the exit relay receives the client’s data from the middle relay and sends the data to the destination website’s server. The exit relay’s IP address is directly visible to the destination. Hence, in the event of transmission of malicious traffic, the exit relay is suspected to be the culprit, as it is perceived to be the origin of such malicious traffic. Hence, the exit relay faces the most exposure to legal issues, take-down notices, complaints, etc., even when it is not the origin of malicious traffic.

Note: All the above relays of the Tor network are listed in the public list of Tor relays.

Working of the Tor Browser

The Tor browser is based on Mozilla’s Firefox web browser. This browser functions based on the technique of “onion routing,” in which user data is encrypted with multiple layers that are akin to the layers in an onion; subsequently, the data is sent through the several relays of the Tor network. When user data with multi-layered encryption passes through the different relays of the Tor network, one layer of the encryption over the data is decrypted at each successive relay. When the data reach the last relay in the Tor network, i.e., the exit relay, the final layer of the encryption is removed, after which the data reach the destination server.

The destination server perceives the last relay of the Tor network, that is, the exit relay, as the origin of the data. Therefore, in the Tor network, it is extremely difficult to identify the origin of data through any surveillance system. Thus, the Tor browser keeps user data and information about websites and servers safe and anonymous.

The Tor browser provides access to .onion websites available on the dark web. Tor’s hidden service protocol allows users to host websites anonymously with .BIT domains and these websites can only be accessed by users on the Tor network.

Tor Bridge Node

The Tor relay nodes are publicly available in the directory list, but the bridge node is different from relay nodes. Bridge nodes are nodes that are not published or listed in the public directory of Tor nodes.

Several entry and exit nodes of the Tor network are publicly listed and accessible on the Internet; consequently, they can be blocked by organizations/governments, if they wish to prohibit the usage of Tor. In many authoritarian countries, governments, Internet Service Providers (ISPs), and corporate organizations ban the use of the Tor network. In such scenarios, where the usage of the Tor network is restricted, bridge nodes help circumvent the restrictions and allow users to access the Tor network.

The usage of bridge nodes makes it difficult for governments, organizations, and ISPs to censor the usage of the Tor network.

How Bridge Nodes Help Circumvent Restrictions on the Tor Network

Bridge nodes exist as proxies in the Tor network, and not all of them are publicly listed in the Tor directory of nodes; several bridge nodes are concealed/hidden. Hence, ISPs, organizations, and governments cannot detect their IP addresses or block them. Even if ISPs and organizations detect some of the bridge nodes and censor them, users can simply switch over to other bridge nodes.

A Tor user transmits traffic to the bridge node, which transmits it to a guard node as selected by the user. Communication with a remote server occurs normally; however, an extra node of transmission is involved, i.e., the bridge node. The use of concealed bridge nodes as proxies help users circumvent the restrictions placed on the Tor network.

hackercomputerschool.com

CEHv11 Full Lab Book Read Free

2021-03-13T05:21:00.003-08:00

Download From Telegram - https://t.me/city404live

Certified Ethical Hacker CEH v11 will teach you the latest commercial-grade hacking tools, techniques, and methodologies used by hackers and information security professionals to lawfully hack an organization.

Metasploit 5.0.28 & 4.17.63 releases: penetration testing platform

2019-06-13T01:29:00.000-07:00

The Metasploit Project is a computer security project which provides information about security vulnerabilities and aids in penetration testing and IDS signature development. It is a penetration testing platform that enables you to find, exploit, and validate vulnerabilities. The platform includes the Metasploit Framework and its commercial counterparts, such as Metasploit Pro.

Image: Rapid7

Changelog
v4.17.63
v5.0.28
v5.0.0

Metasploit Framework 5.0 has released!
Metasploit 5.0 brings many new features, including new database and automation APIs, evasion modules and libraries, language support, improved performance, and ease-of-use.
See the release announcement here.
The following is a high-level overview of Metasploit 5.0’s features and capabilities.

Metasploit users can now run the PostgreSQL database by itself as a RESTful service, which allows for multiple Metasploit consoles and external tools to interact with it.

Parallel processing of the database and regular msfconsole operations improves performance by offloading some bulk operations to the database service.

A JSON-RPC API enables users to integrate Metasploit with additional tools and languages.

This release adds a common web service framework to expose both the database and the automation APIs; this framework supports advanced authentication and concurrent operations. Read more about how to set up and run these new services here.

Adds evasion module type and libraries to let users generate evasive payloads without having to install external tools. Read the research underpinning evasion modules here. Rapid7’s first evasion modules are here.

The metashell feature allows users to run background sessions and interact with shell sessions without needing to upgrade to a Meterpreter session.

External modules add Metasploit support for Python and Go in addition to Ruby.

Any module can target multiple hosts by setting RHOSTS to a range of IPs, or by referencing a hosts file with the file:// option. Metasploit now treats RHOST and RHOSTS as identical options.

An updated search mechanism improves Framework start time and removes database dependency.

How to install Metasploit 5.0.25 on Linux/MacOS

curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rapid7/metasploit-omnibus/master/config/templates/metasploit-framework-wrappers/msfupdate.erb > msfinstall && \
chmod 755 msfinstall && \
./msfinstall

Cyber & Hacking Terms

2019-06-13T01:22:00.000-07:00

One of the challenges of writing—and reading—about hacking is that it's a world full of jargon and technical terms. It's our job as journalists to translate this lingo and make it understandable to the average reader.

Still, accuracy is important and sometimes you have to use the right terms. To help you navigate our stories during our special week on cybersecurity, The Hacks We Can't See, (and our future and continued coverage of hacking) we thought it'd be good to have a little glossary.
Here it is.

A

Attribution
Attribution is the process of establishing who is behind a hack. Often, attribution is the most difficult part of responding to a major breach since experienced hackers may hide behind layers of online services that mask their true location and identity. Many incidents, such as the Sony hack, may never produce any satisfactory attribution.

B

Backdoor
Entering a protected system using a password can be described as going through the front door. Companies may build "backdoors" into their systems, however, so that developers can bypass authentication and dive right into the program. Backdoors are usually secret, but may be exploited by hackers if they are revealed or discovered.
Black hat
A black hat hacker is someone who hacks for personal gain and/or who engages in illicit and unsanctioned activities. As opposed to white hack hackers (see below), who traditionally hack in order to alert companies and improve services, black hat hackers may instead sell the weaknesses they discover to other hackers or use them.
Botnet
Is your computer part of a botnet? It could be, and you might not know it. Botnets, or zombie armies, are networks of computers controlled by an attacker. Having control over hundreds or thousands of computers lets bad actors perform certain types of cyberattacks, such as a DDoS (see below). Buying thousands of computers wouldn't be economical, however, so hackers deploy malware to infect random computers that are connected to the internet. If your computer gets infected, your machine might be stealthily performing a hacker's bidding in the background without you ever noticing.
Brute force
A brute force attack is arguably the least sophisticated way of breaking into a password-protected system, short of simply obtaining the password itself. A brute force attack will usually consist of an automated process of trial-and-error to guess the correct passphrase. Most modern encryption systems use different methods for slowing down brute force attacks, making it hard or impossible to try all combinations in a reasonable amount of time.
Bug
You've probably heard of this one. A bug is a flaw or error in a software program. Some are harmless or merely annoying, but some can be exploited by hackers. That's why many companies have started using bug bounty programs to pay anyone who spots a bug before the bad guys do.

C

Cracking
A general term to describe breaking into a security system, usually for nefarious purposes. According to the New Hacker's Dictionary published by MIT Press, the words "hacking" and "hacker" (see below) in mainstream parlance have come to subsume the words "cracking" and "cracker," and that's misleading. Hackers are tinkerers; they're not necessarily bad guys. Crackers are malicious. At the same time, you'll see cracking used to refer to breaking, say, digital copyright protections—which many people feel is a just and worthy cause—and in other contexts, such as penetration testing (see below), without the negative connotation.
Crypto
Short for cryptography, the science of secret communication or the procedures and processes for hiding data and messages with encryption (see below).
Chip-off
A chip-off attack requires the hacker to physically remove memory storage chips in a device so that information can be scraped from them using specialized software. This attack has been used by law enforcement to break into PGP-protected Blackberry phones.

D

Dark web
The dark web is made up of sites that are not indexed by Google and are only accessible through specialty networks such as Tor (see below). Often, the dark web is used by website operators who want to remain anonymous. Everything on the dark web is on the deep web, but not everything on the deep web is on the dark web.
DDoS
This type of cyberattack has become popular in recent years because it's relatively easy to execute and its effects are obvious immediately. DDoS stands for Distributed Denial of Service Attack, which means an attacker is using a number of computers to flood the target with data or requests for data. This causes the target—usually a website—to slow down or become unavailable. Attackers may also use the simpler Denial of Service attack, which is launched from one computer.
Deep web
This term and "dark web" or "dark net" are sometimes used interchangeably, though they shouldn't be. The deep web is the part of the internet that is not indexed by search engines. That includes password-protected pages, paywalled sites, encrypted networks, and databases—lots of boring stuff.
DEF CON
One of the most famous hacking conferences in the US and the world, which started in 1992 and takes place every summer in Las Vegas.
Digital Certificate
A digital passport or stamp of approval that proves the identity of a person, website or service on the internet. In more technical terms, a digital certificate proves that someone is in possession of a certain cryptographic key that, traditionally, can't be forged. Some of the most common digital certificates are those of websites, which ensure your connection to them is properly encrypted. These get displayed on your browser as a green padlock.

E

Encryption
The process of scrambling data or messages making it unreadable and secret. The opposite is decryption, the decoding of the message. Both encryption and decryption are functions of cryptography. Encryption is used by individuals as well as corporations and in digital security for consumer products.
End-to-end encryption
A particular type of encryption where a message or data gets scrambled or encrypted on one end, for example your computer or phone, and get decrypted on the other end, such as someone else's computer. The data is scrambled in a way that, at least in theory, only the sender and receiver—and no one else—can read it.
Evil maid attack
As the name probably suggests, an evil maid attack is a hack that requires physical access to a computer—the kind of access an evil maid might have while tidying his or her employer's office, for example. By having physical access, a hacker can install software to track your use and gain a doorway even to encrypted information.
Exploit
An exploit is a way or process to take advantage of a bug or vulnerability in a computer or application. Not all bugs lead to exploits. Think of it this way: If your door was faulty, it could be simply that it makes a weird sound when you open it, or that its lock can be picked. Both are flaws but only one can help a burglar get in. The way the criminal picks the lock would be the exploit.

F

Forensics
On CSI, forensic investigations involve a series of methodical steps in order to establish what happened during a crime. When it comes to a hack, however, investigators are looking for digital fingerprints instead of physical ones. This process usually involves trying to retrieve messages or other information from a device—perhaps a phone, a desktop computer or a server—used, or abused, by a suspected criminal.

G

GCHQ
The UK's equivalent of the US' National Security Agency. GCHQ, or Government Communications Headquarters, focuses on foreign intelligence, especially around terrorism threats and cybersecurity. It also investigates the digital child pornography trade. "As these adversaries work in secret, so too must GCHQ," the organization says on its website. "We cannot reveal publicly everything that we do, but we remain fully accountable."

H

Hacker
This term has become—wrongly—synonymous with someone who breaks into systems or hacks things illegally. Originally, hackers were simply tinkerers, or people who enjoyed "exploring the details of programmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities," as the MIT New Hacker's Dictionary puts it. Hackers can now be used to refer to both the good guys, also known as white hat hackers, who play and tinker with systems with no malicious intent (and actually often with the intent of finding flaws so they can be fixed), and cybercriminals, or "black hat" hackers, or "crackers."
Hacktivist
A "hacktivist" is someone who uses their hacking skills for political ends. A hacktivist's actions may be small, such as defacing the public website of a security agency or other government department, or large, such as stealing sensitive government information and distributing it to citizens. One often-cited example of a hacktivist group is Anonymous.
Hashing
Say you have a piece of text that should remain secret, like a password. You could store the text in a secret folder on your machine, but if anyone gained access to it you'd be in trouble. To keep the password a secret, you could also "hash" it with a program that executes a function resulting in garbled text representing the original information. This abstract representation is called a hash. Companies may store passwords or facial recognition data with hashes to improve their security.
HTTPS/SSL/TLS
Stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, with the "S" for "Secure." The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the basic framework that controls how data is transferred across the web, while HTTPS adds a layer of encryption that protects your connection to the most important sites in your daily browsing—your bank, your email provider, and social network. HTTPS uses the protocols SSL and TLS to not only protect your connection, but also to prove the identity of the site, so that when you type https://www.hackercomputerschool.com/ you can be confident you're really connecting to Google and not an imposter site.

I

Infosec
An abbreviation of "Information Security." It's the inside baseball term for what's more commonly known as cybersecurity, a term that irks most people who prefer infosec.

J

Jailbreak
Circumventing the security of a device, like an iPhone or a PlayStation, to remove a manufacturer's restrictions, generally with the goal to make it run software from non-official sources.

K

Keys
Modern cryptography uses digital "keys". In the case of PGP encryption, a public key is used to encrypt, or "lock", messages and a secret key is used to decrypt, or "unlock", them. In other systems, there may only be one secret key that is shared by all parties. In either case, if an attacker gains control of the key that does the unlocking, they may have a good chance at gaining access to.

L

Lulz
An internet-speak variation on "lol" (short for "laughing out loud") employed regularly among the black hat hacker set, typically to justify a hack or leak done at the expense of another person or entity. Sample use: y did i leak all contracts and employee info linked to Sketchy Company X? for teh lulz

M

Malware
Stands for "malicious software." It simply refers to any kind of a malicious program or software, designed to damage or hack its target. Viruses, worms, Trojan horses, ransomware, spyware, adware and more are malware.
Man-in-the-middle
A Man-in-the-Middle or MitM is a common attack where someone surreptitiously puts themselves between two parties, impersonating them. This allows the malicious attacker to intercept and potentially alter their communication. With this type of attack, one can just passively listen in, relaying messages and data between the two parties, or even alter and manipulate the data flow.
Metadata
Metadata is simply data about data. If you were to send an email, for example, the text you type to your friend will be the content of the message, but the address you used to send it, the address you sent it to, and the time you sent it would all be metadata. This may sound innocuous, but with enough sources of metadata—for example, geolocation information from a photo posted to social media—it can be trivial to piece together someone's identity or location.

N

NIST
The National Institute of Standards and Technology is an arm of the US Department of Commerce dedicated to science and metrics that support industrial innovation. The NIST is responsible for developing information security standards for use by the federal government, and therefore it's often cited as an authority on which encryption methods are rigorous enough to use given modern threats.
Nonce
A portmanteau of number and once, nonce literally means "a number only used once." It's a string of numbers generated by a system to identify a user for a one-time-use session or specific task. After that session, or a set period of time, the number isn't used again.

O

OpSec
OpSec is short for operational security, and it's all about keeping information secret, online and off. Originally a military term, OpSec is a practice and in some ways a philosophy that begins with identifying what information needs to be kept secret, and whom you're trying to keep it a secret from. "Good" OpSec will flow from there, and may include everything from passing messages on Post-Its instead of emails to using digital encryption. In other words: Loose tweets destroy fleets.
OTR
What do you do if you want to have an encrypted conversation, but it needs to happen fast? OTR, or Off-the-Record, is a protocol for encrypting instant messages end-to-end. Unlike PGP, which is generally used for email and so each conversant has one public and one private key in their possession, OTR uses a single temporary key for every conversation, which makes it more secure if an attacker hacks into your computer and gets a hold of the keys. OTR is also generally easier to use than PGP.

P

Password managers
Using the same, crummy password for all of your logins—from your bank account, to Seamless, to your Tinder profile—is a bad idea. All a hacker needs to do is get access to one account to break into them all. But memorizing a unique string of characters for every platform is daunting. Enter the password manager: software that keeps track of your various passwords for you, and can even auto-generate super complicated and long passwords for you. All you need to remember is your master password to log into the manager and access all your many different logins.
Penetration testing or pentesting
If you set up a security system for your home, or your office, or your factory, you'd want to be sure it was safe from attackers, right? One way to test a system's security is to employ people—pentesters—to purposely hack it in order to identify weak points. Pentesting is related to red teaming, although it may be done in a more structured, less aggressive way.
PGP
"Pretty Good Privacy" is a method of encrypting data, generally emails, so that anyone intercepting them will only see garbled text. PGP uses asymmetric cryptography, which means that the person sending a message uses a "public" encryption key to scramble it, and the recipient uses a secret "private" key to decode it. Despite being more than two decades old, PGP is still a formidable method of encryption, although it can be notoriously difficult to use in practice, even for experienced users.
Phishing
Phishing is really more of a form of social engineering than hacking or cracking. In a phishing scheme, an attacker typically reaches out to a victim in order to extract specific information that can be used in a later attack. That may mean posing as customer support from Google, Facebook, or the victim's cell phone carrier, for example, and asking the victim to click on a malicious link—or simply asking the victim to send back information, such as a password, in an email. Attackers usually blast out phishing attempts by the thousands, but sometimes employ more targeted attacks, known as spearphishing (see below).
Plaintext
Exactly what it sounds like—text that has not been garbled with encryption. This definition would be considered plaintext. You may also hear plaintext being referred to as "cleartext," since it refers to text that is being kept out in the open, or "in the clear." Companies with very poor security may store user passwords in plaintext, even if the folder they're in is encrypted, just waiting for a hacker to steal.
Pwned
Pwned is computer nerd jargon (or "leetspeak") for the verb "own." In the video game world, a player that beat another player can say that he pwned him. Among hackers, the term has a similar meaning, only instead of beating someone in a game, a hacker that has gained access to another user's computer can say that he pwned him. For example, the website "Have I Been Pwned?" will tell you if your online accounts have been compromised in the past.

R

RAT
RAT stands for Remote Access Tool or Remote Access Trojan. RATs are really scary when used as malware. An attacker who successfully installs a RAT on your computer can gain full control of your machine. There is also a legitimate business in RATs for people who want to access their office computer from home, and so on. The worst part about RATs? Many malicious ones are available in the internet's underground for sale or even for free, so attackers can be pretty unskilled and still use this sophisticated tool.
Ransomware
Ransomware is a type of malware that locks your computer and won't let you access your files. You'll see a message that tells you how much the ransom is and where to send payment, usually requested in bitcoin, in order to get your files back. This is a good racket for hackers, which is why many consider it now an "epidemic," as people typically are willing to pay a few hundred bucks in order to recover their machine. It's not just individuals, either. In early 2016, the Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center in Los Angeles paid around $17,000 after being hit by a ransomware attack.
Rainbow table
A rainbow table is a complex technique that allows hackers to simplify the process of guessing what passwords hide behind a "hash" (see above).
Red team
To ensure the security of their computer systems and to suss out any unknown vulnerabilities, companies may hire hackers who organize into a "red team" in order to run oppositional attacks against the system and attempt to completely take it over. In these cases, being hacked is a good thing because organizations may fix vulnerabilities before someone who's not on their payroll does. Red teaming is a general concept that is employed across many sectors, including military strategy.
Root
In most computers, "root" is the common name given to the most fundamental (and thus most powerful) level of access in the system, or is the name for the account that has those privileges. That means the "root" can install applications, delete and create files. If a hacker "gains root," they can do whatever they want on the computer or system they compromised. This is the holy grail of hacking.
Rootkit
A rootkit is a particular type of malware that lives deep in your system and is activated each time you boot it up, even before your operating system starts. This makes rootkits hard to detect, persistent, and able to capture practically all data on the infected computer.

S

Salting
When protecting passwords or text, "hashing" (see above) is a fundamental process that turns the plaintext into garbled text. To make hashing even more effective, companies or individuals can add an extra series of random bytes, known as a "salt," to the password before the hashing process. This adds an extra layer of protection.
Script kiddies
This is a derisive term for someone who has a little bit of computer savvy and who's only able to use off-the-shelf software to do things like knock websites offline or sniff passwords over an unprotected Wi-Fi access point. This is basically a term to discredit someone who claims to be a skilled hacker.
Shodan
It's been called "hacker's Google," and a "terrifying" search engine. Think of it as a Google, but for connected devices rather than websites. Using Shodan you can find unprotected webcams, baby monitors, printers, medical devices, gas pumps, and even wind turbines. While that's sounds terrifying, Shodan's value is precisely that it helps researchers find these devices and alert their owners so they can secure them.
Signature
Another function of PGP, besides encrypting messages, is the ability to "sign" messages with your secret encryption key. Since this key is only known to one person and is stored on their own computer and nowhere else, cryptographic signatures are supposed to verify that the person who you think you're talking to actually is that person. This is a good way to prove that you really are who you claim to be on the internet.
Side channel attack
Your computer's hardware is always emitting a steady stream of barely-perceptible electrical signals. A side-channel attack seeks to identify patterns in these signals in order to find out what kind of computations the machine is doing. For example, a hacker "listening in" to your hard drive whirring away while generating a secret encryption key may be able to reconstruct that key, effectively stealing it, without your knowledge.
Sniffing
Sniffing is a way of intercepting data sent over a network without being detected, using special sniffer software. Once the data is collected, a hacker can sift through it to get useful information, like passwords. It's considered a particularly dangerous hack because it's hard to detect and can be performed from inside or outside a network.
Social engineering
Not all hacks are carried out by staring at a Matrix-like screen of green text. Sometimes, gaining entry to a secure system is as easy as placing a phone call or sending an email and pretending to be somebody else—namely, somebody who regularly has access to said system but forgot their password that day. Phishing (see above) attacks include aspects of social engineering, because they involve convincing somebody of an email sender's legitimacy before anything else.
Spearphishing
Phishing and spearphishing are often used interchangeably, but the latter is a more tailored, targeted form of phishing (see above), where hackers try to trick victims into clicking on malicious links or attachments pretending to be a close acquaintance, rather than a more generic sender, such as a social network or corporation. When done well, spearphishing can be extremely effective and powerful. As a noted security expert says, "give a man a 0day and he'll have access for a day, teach a man to phish and he'll have access for life."
Spoofing
Hackers can trick people into falling for a phishing attack (see above) by forging their email address, for example, making it look like the address of someone the target knows. That's spoofing. It can also be used in telephone scams, or to create a fake website address.
Spyware
A specific type of malware of malicious software designed to spy, monitor, and potentially steal data from the target.
State actor
State actors are hackers or groups of hackers who are backed by a government, which may be the US, Russia, or China. These hackers are often the most formidable, since they have the virtually unlimited legal and financial resources of a nation-state to back them up. Think, for example, of the NSA. Sometimes, however, state actors can also be a group of hackers who receive tacit (or at least hidden from the public) support from their governments, such as the Syrian Electronic Army.

T

Threat model
Imagine a game of chess. It's your turn and you're thinking about all the possible moves your opponent could make, as many turns ahead as you can. Have you left your queen unprotected? Is your king being worked into a corner checkmate? That kind of thinking is what security researchers do when designing a threat model. It's a catch-all term used to describe the capabilities of the enemy you want to guard against, and your own vulnerabilities. Are you an activist attempting to guard against a state-sponsored hacking team? Your threat model better be pretty robust. Just shoring up the network at your log cabin in the middle of nowhere? Maybe not as much cause to worry.
Token
A small physical device that allows its owner to log in or authenticate into a service. Tokens serve as an extra layer of security on top of a password, for example. The idea is that even if the password or key gets stolen, the hacker would need the actual physical token to abuse it.
Tor
Tor is short for The Onion Router. Originally developed by the United States Naval Research Laboratory, it's now used by bad guys (hackers, pedophiles) and good guys (activists, journalists) to anonymize their activities online. The basic idea is that there is a network of computers around the world—some operated by universities, some by individuals, some by the government—that will route your traffic in byzantine ways in order to disguise your true location. The Tor network is this collection of volunteer-run computers. The Tor Project is the nonprofit that maintains the Tor software. The Tor browser is the free piece of software that lets you use Tor. Tor hidden services are websites that can only be accessed through Tor.
Tails
Tails stands for The Amnesic Incognito Live System. If you're really, really serious about digital security, this is the operating system endorsed by Edward Snowden. Tails is an amnesic system, which means your computer remembers nothing; it's like a fresh machine every time you boot up. The software is free and open source. While it's well-regarded, security flaws have been found.

V

Verification (dump)
The process by which reporters and security researchers go through hacked data and make sure it's legitimate. This process is important to make sure the data is authentic, and the claims of anonymous hackers are true, and not just an attempt to get some notoriety or make some money scamming people on the dark web.
VPN
VPN stands for Virtual Private Network. VPNs use encryption to create a private and secure channel to connect to the internet when you're on a network you don't trust (say a Starbucks, or an Airbnb WiFi). Think of a VPN as a tunnel from you to your destination, dug under the regular internet. VPNs allow employees to connect to their employer's network remotely, and also help regular people protect their connection. VPNs also allow users to bounce off servers in other parts of the world, allowing them to look like they're connecting from there. This gives them the chance to circumvent censorship, such as China's Great Firewall, or view Netflix's US offerings while in Canada. There are endless VPNs, making it almost impossible to decide which ones are the best.
Virus
A computer virus is a type of malware that typically is embedded and hidden in a program or file. Unlike a worm (see below), it needs human action to spread (such as a human forwarding a virus-infected attachment, or downloading a malicious program.) Viruses can infect computers and steal data, delete data, encrypt it or mess with it in just about any other way.
Vuln
Abbreviation for "vulnerability." Another way to refer to bugs or software flaws that can be exploited by hackers.

W

Warez
Pronounced like the contraction for "where is" (where's), warez refers to pirated software that's typically distributed via technologies like BitTorrent and Usenet. Warez is sometimes laden with malware, taking advantage of people's desire for free software.
White hat
A white hat hacker is someone who hacks with the goal of fixing and protecting systems. As opposed to black hat hackers (see above), instead of taking advantage of their hacks or the bugs they find to make money illegally, they alert the companies and even help them fix the problem.
Worm
A specific type of malware that propagates and replicates itself automatically, spreading from computer to computer. The internet's history is littered with worms, from the Morris worm, the first of its kind, and the famous Samy worm, which infected more than a million people on MySpace.

Z

Zero-day
A zero-day or "0day" is a bug that's unknown to the software vendor, or at least it's not patched yet. The name comes from the notion that there have been zero days between the discovery of the bug or flaw and the first attack taking advantage of it. Zero-days are the most prized bugs and exploits for hackers because a fix has yet to be deployed for them, so they're almost guaranteed to work.

Enroll For Online Ethical Hacking Course

2019-06-13T00:59:00.000-07:00

Hi friends if are you searching online ethical hacking course so you join Hacker Computer School for ethical hacking course because this school provide most advance cyber security training.

Enroll For Online Ethical Hacking Course

Shadow-Box: Lightweight and Practical Kernel Protector for x86

Shadow-box is a security monitoring framework for operating systems using state-of-the-art virtualization technologies. Shadow-box has a novel architecture inspired by a shadow play. We made Shadow-box from scratch, and it is primarily composed of a lightweight hypervisor and a security monitor.

The lightweight hypervisor, Light-box, efficiently isolates an OS inside a guest machine and projects static and dynamic kernel objects of the guest into the host machine so that our security monitor in the host can investigate the projected images. The security monitor, Shadow-Watcher, places event monitors on static kernel elements and tests security of dynamic kernel elements.
Shadow-box manipulates address translations from the guest physical address to the host physical address in order to exclude unauthorized accesses to the host and the hypervisor spaces. In that way, Shadow-box can properly introspect the guest operating system and mediate all accesses, even when the operating system is compromised.

Architecture of Shadow-Box
It is designed to support a lightweight and practical security monitoring framework using virtualization technologies.

Shadow-box that keeps an OS safe by filtering out unauthorized accesses to important kernel elements and defending the integrity of kernel elements periodically. Shadow-box relies upon its two subparts: a lightweight hypervisor and a security monitor. The lightweight hypervisor, Light-box, efficiently isolates an OS inside a guest machine and projects static and dynamic kernel objects of the guest into the host machine, so that our security monitor in the host can investigate the projected images. The security monitor, Shadow-watcher, places event monitors on static kernel elements and tests security of dynamic kernel elements. Running inside the host, it can test the security of the guest without malicious interference even when the guest OS is compromised.

Download && Tutorial

Copyright (C) 2017 Seunghun Han at National Security Research Institute of South Korea

Online Cyber Security Training - Ethical Hacking, Penetration Testing, CEH, CEEH, KLSFP, Python, Bug Bounty, Cyber Security Diploma

2019-05-15T11:32:00.000-07:00

https://www.hackercomputerschool.com/

Online Cyber Security Training School

Take Online Training - Ethical Hacking, Penetration Testing, Bug Bounty, CEEH Certification, KLSFP Certification, Python Black Hat Penetration Testing.

The DROWN Attack

2019-03-31T04:54:00.000-07:00

The DROWN Attack

DROWN stands for 'Decrypting RSA using Obsolete and Weakened Encryption'. In short what this means is that TLS connections to a large proportion of websites, mail servers and VPN's are open to an attack. SSLv2 was first released in 1995 and depreciated in 2011. It was found that 33% of all HTTPs servers and 22% of those with browser trusted certificates are vulnerable to the attack. In a separate experiment it was found that OpenSSL, released in 1998, could also be vulnerable. By using an unpatched version of SSLv2, an attacker can decrypt a TLS cipher-text in one minute on a single CPU. This is fast enough to enable man-in-the-middle attacks against modern servers. 26% of all HTTPs servers are vulnerable to this attack.

In most cases this vulnerability is simply due to server configurations not being updated. Some embedded devices that have not been updated in years are also vulnerable. OpenSSL, a free Apache toolkit for TLS and SSL protocols, provides an option to disable SSLv2 ciphersuites but unfortunately with the recent attack it was found this option did not seem to work. Luckily this has been patched in January 2016.

Because most people will not buy multiple certificates, a server will use the same RSA private key for both TLS and SSLv2 protocols meaning that any bugs from SSLv2 could easily affect the TLS. The DROWN attack uses this exact method to break encryption.

The frequent series of SSL and TLS vulnerabilities are starting to make website owners numb to the ongoing reports of security issues. There have been at least 10 well publicized security vulnerabilities over the past 5 years and the rate has increased over the past year, the latest of which is the DROWN attack.

Description

DROWN is a serious vulnerability that affects HTTPS and other services that rely on SSL and TLS, some of the essential cryptographic protocols for Internet security. These protocols allow everyone on the Internet to browse the web, use email, shop online, and send instant messages without third-parties being able to read the communication. DROWN allows attackers to break the encryption and read or steal sensitive communications, including passwords, credit card numbers, trade secrets, or financial data. A server is vulnerable to DROWN if:It allows SSLv2 connections OR Its private key is used on any other server that allows SSLv2 connections, even for another protocol.

What can the attackers gain?

Any communication between users and the server. This typically includes, but is not limited to, usernames and passwords, credit card numbers, emails, instant messages, and sensitive documents. Under some common scenarios, an attacker can also impersonate a secure website and intercept or change the content the user sees.

Who is vulnerable?

Websites, mail servers, and other TLS-dependent services are at risk for the DROWN attack, and many popular sites are affected. We used Internet-wide scanning to measure how sites are vulnerable

Is my site vulnerable?

Modern servers and clients use the TLS encryption protocol. However, due to misconfigurations, many servers also still support SSLv2, a 1990s-era predecessor to TLS. This support did not matter in practice, since no up-to-date clients actually use SSLv2. Therefore, even though SSLv2 is known to be badly insecure, until now, merely supporting SSLv2 was not considered a security problem, because clients never used it.

DROWN shows that merely supporting SSLv2 is a threat to modern servers and clients. It allows an attacker to decrypt modern TLS connections between up-to-date clients and servers by sending probes to a server that supports SSLv2 and uses the same private key.

A server is vulnerable to DROWN if:It allows SSLv2 connections. This is surprisingly common, due to misconfiguration and inappropriate default settings. Our measurements show that 17% of HTTPS servers still allow SSLv2 connections.or:Its private key is used on any other server that allows SSLv2 connections, even for another protocol. Many companies reuse the same certificate and key on their web and email servers, for instance. In this case, if the email server supports SSLv2 and the web server does not, an attacker can take advantage of the email server to break TLS connections to the web server. When taking key reuse into account, an additional 16% of HTTPS servers are vulnerable, putting 33% of HTTPS servers at risk.

How do I protect my server?

To protect against DROWN, server operators need to ensure that their private keys are not used anywhere with server software that allows SSLv2 connections. This includes web servers, SMTP servers, IMAP and POP servers, and any other software that supports SSL/TLS.

Disabling SSLv2 can be complicated and depends on the specific server software. We provide instructions here for several common products:

OpenSSL: OpenSSL is a cryptographic library used in many server products. For users of OpenSSL, the easiest and recommended solution is to upgrade to a recent OpenSSL version. OpenSSL 1.0.2 users should upgrade to 1.0.2g. OpenSSL 1.0.1 users should upgrade to 1.0.1s. Users of older OpenSSL versions should upgrade to either one of these versions. More details can be found in this OpenSSL blog post.

(Updated March 13th, 16:00 UTC) Microsoft IIS (Windows Server): Support for SSLv2 on the server side is enabled by default only on the OS versions that correspond to IIS 7.0 and IIS 7.5, namely Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008R2. This support can be disabled in the appropriate SSLv2 subkey for 'Server', as outlined in KB245030. Even if users have not taken the steps to disable SSLv2, the export-grade and 56-bit ciphers that make DROWN feasible are not supported by default.

Network Security Services (NSS): NSS is a common cryptographic library built into many server products. NSS versions 3.13 (released back in 2012) and above should have SSLv2 disabled by default. (A small number of users may have enabled SSLv2 manually and will need to take steps to disable it.) Users of older versions should upgrade to a more recent version. We still recommend checking whether your private key is exposed elsewhere

Other affected software and operating systems: Instructions and information for: Apache, Postfix, Nginx, Debian, Red Hat

Browsers and other clients: There is nothing practical that web browsers or other client software can do to prevent DROWN. Only server operators are able to take action to protect against

Arduino SIM900A GSM Home Automation Tutorial

2019-03-28T00:32:00.001-07:00

I have shown you - How to use Sim900A GSM module with Arduino and make an SMS controlled Automation system. Here, for an example, I have shown LEDs that can be turned on/off via SMS using Sim900 GSM module. Arduino with GSM module GSM module Sim900a GSM based Home Automation

Wifi_HomeAutomation.ino - file coding

//Visit www.roboshala.com for more details on NodeMCU and other projects. #include <ESP8266WiFi.h> const char* ssid = "CPH1613"; // SSID i.e. Service Set Identifier is the name of your WIFI const char* password = "12345678"; // Your Wifi password, in case you have open network comment the whole statement. int R1=D1; // GPIO13 or for NodeMCU you can directly write D7 int R2=D2; int R3=D3; int R4=D4; WiFiServer server(80); // Creates a server that listens for incoming connections on the specified port, here in this case port is 80. void setup() { Serial.begin(115200); delay(10); pinMode(R1, OUTPUT); pinMode(R2, OUTPUT); pinMode(R3, OUTPUT); pinMode(R4, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(R1,HIGH); digitalWrite(R2,HIGH); digitalWrite(R3,HIGH); digitalWrite(R4,HIGH); // Connect to WiFi network Serial.println(); Serial.println(); Serial.print("Connecting to "); Serial.println(ssid); WiFi.begin(ssid, password); while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) { delay(500); Serial.print("."); } Serial.println(""); Serial.println("WiFi connected"); // Start the server server.begin(); Serial.println("Server started"); // Print the IP address Serial.print("Use this URL to connect: "); Serial.print("http://"); Serial.print(WiFi.localIP()); //Gets the WiFi shield's IP address and Print the IP address of serial monitor Serial.println("/"); } void loop() { // Check if a client has connected WiFiClient client = server.available(); if (!client) { return; } // Wait until the client sends some data Serial.println("new client"); while(!client.available()){ delay(1); } // Read the first line of the request String request = client.readStringUntil('\r'); Serial.println(request); client.flush(); // Match the request if (request.indexOf("/Relay1On") != -1) { digitalWrite(R1,LOW); client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK"); client.println("Content-Type: text/html"); client.println(""); client.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML>"); client.println("<html>"); client.println("Relay 1 is ON"); client.println("</html>"); client.stop(); delay(1); } if (request.indexOf("/Relay1Off") != -1) { digitalWrite(R1, HIGH); client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK"); client.println("Content-Type: text/html"); client.println(""); client.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML>"); client.println("<html>"); client.println("Relay 1 is OFF"); client.println("</html>"); client.stop(); delay(1); } if (request.indexOf("/Relay2On") != -1) { digitalWrite(R2,LOW); client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK"); client.println("Content-Type: text/html"); client.println(""); client.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML>"); client.println("<html>"); client.println("Relay 2 is ON"); client.println("</html>"); client.stop(); delay(1); } if (request.indexOf("/Relay2Off") != -1) { digitalWrite(R2, HIGH); client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK"); client.println("Content-Type: text/html"); client.println(""); client.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML>"); client.println("<html>"); client.println("Relay 2 is OFF"); client.println("</html>"); client.stop(); delay(1); } if (request.indexOf("/Relay3On") != -1) { digitalWrite(R3,LOW); client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK"); client.println("Content-Type: text/html"); client.println(""); client.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML>"); client.println("<html>"); client.println("Relay 3 is ON"); client.println("</html>"); client.stop(); delay(1); } if (request.indexOf("/Relay3Off") != -1) { digitalWrite(R3, HIGH); client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK"); client.println("Content-Type: text/html"); client.println(""); client.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML>"); client.println("<html>"); client.println("Relay 3 is OFF"); client.println("</html>"); client.stop(); delay(1); } if (request.indexOf("/Relay4On") != -1) { digitalWrite(R4,LOW); client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK"); client.println("Content-Type: text/html"); client.println(""); client.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML>"); client.println("<html>"); client.println("Relay 4 is ON"); client.println("</html>"); client.stop(); delay(1); } if (request.indexOf("/Relay4Off") != -1) { digitalWrite(R4, HIGH); client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK"); client.println("Content-Type: text/html"); client.println(""); client.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML>"); client.println("<html>"); client.println("Relay 4 is OFF"); client.println("</html>"); client.stop(); delay(1); } }
GoogleAssitance_Automation_.ino - file coding

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h> #include "Adafruit_MQTT.h" #include "Adafruit_MQTT_Client.h" #define Relay1 D6 #define Relay2 D5 #define Relay3 D2 #define Relay4 D1 #define WLAN_SSID "Roboshala" // Your SSID #define WLAN_PASS "roboindia@alok" // Your password /************************* Adafruit.io Setup *********************************/ #define AIO_SERVER "io.adafruit.com" #define AIO_SERVERPORT 1883 // use 8883 for SSL #define AIO_USERNAME "Roboshala" // Replace it with your username #define AIO_KEY "50a98bb44f6b48b69e645badadf8fb577894" // Replace with your Project Auth Key /************ Global State (you don't need to change this!) ******************/ // Create an ESP8266 WiFiClient class to connect to the MQTT server. WiFiClient client; // or... use WiFiFlientSecure for SSL //WiFiClientSecure client; // Setup the MQTT client class by passing in the WiFi client and MQTT server and login details. Adafruit_MQTT_Client mqtt(&client, AIO_SERVER, AIO_SERVERPORT, AIO_USERNAME, AIO_KEY); /****************************** Feeds ***************************************/ // Setup a feed called 'onoff' for subscribing to changes. Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe Light1 = Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe(&mqtt, AIO_USERNAME"/feeds/Relay1"); // FeedName Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe Light2 = Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe(&mqtt, AIO_USERNAME "/feeds/Relay2"); Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe Light3 = Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe(&mqtt, AIO_USERNAME "/feeds/Relay3"); Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe Light4 = Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe(&mqtt, AIO_USERNAME "/feeds/Relay4"); void MQTT_connect(); void setup() { Serial.begin(115200); pinMode(Relay1, OUTPUT); pinMode(Relay2, OUTPUT); pinMode(Relay3, OUTPUT); pinMode(Relay4, OUTPUT); // Connect to WiFi access point. Serial.println(); Serial.println(); Serial.print("Connecting to "); Serial.println(WLAN_SSID); WiFi.begin(WLAN_SSID, WLAN_PASS); while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) { delay(500); Serial.print("."); } Serial.println(); Serial.println("WiFi connected"); Serial.println("IP address: "); Serial.println(WiFi.localIP()); // Setup MQTT subscription for onoff feed. mqtt.subscribe(&Light1); mqtt.subscribe(&Light3); mqtt.subscribe(&Light2); mqtt.subscribe(&Light4); } void loop() { MQTT_connect(); Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe *subscription; while ((subscription = mqtt.readSubscription(20000))) { if (subscription == &Light1) { Serial.print(F("Got: ")); Serial.println((char *)Light1.lastread); int Light1_State = atoi((char *)Light1.lastread); digitalWrite(Relay1, Light1_State); } if (subscription == &Light2) { Serial.print(F("Got: ")); Serial.println((char *)Light2.lastread); int Light2_State = atoi((char *)Light2.lastread); digitalWrite(Relay2, Light2_State); } if (subscription == &Light3) { Serial.print(F("Got: ")); Serial.println((char *)Light3.lastread); int Light3_State = atoi((char *)Light3.lastread); digitalWrite(Relay3, Light3_State); } if (subscription == &Light4) { Serial.print(F("Got: ")); Serial.println((char *)Light4.lastread); int Light4_State = atoi((char *)Light4.lastread); digitalWrite(Relay4, Light4_State); } } } void MQTT_connect() { int8_t ret; // Stop if already connected. if (mqtt.connected()) { return; } Serial.print("Connecting to MQTT... "); uint8_t retries = 3; while ((ret = mqtt.connect()) != 0) { // connect will return 0 for connected Serial.println(mqtt.connectErrorString(ret)); Serial.println("Retrying MQTT connection in 5 seconds..."); mqtt.disconnect(); delay(5000); // wait 5 seconds retries--; if (retries == 0) { // basically die and wait for WDT to reset me while (1); } } Serial.println("MQTT Connected!"); }

Wifi HomeAutomation

2019-03-28T00:24:00.000-07:00

In this tutorial you will learn to automate things using wfi via your smartphone. Here you will learn to make your own app using MIT APP Inventor.

GoogleAssitance_Automation_.ino - File Coding

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include "Adafruit_MQTT.h"
#include "Adafruit_MQTT_Client.h"

#define Relay1 D6
#define Relay2 D5
#define Relay3 D2
#define Relay4 D1

#define WLAN_SSID "Roboshala" // Your SSID
#define WLAN_PASS "roboindia@alok" // Your password

/************************* Adafruit.io Setup *********************************/

#define AIO_SERVER "io.adafruit.com"
#define AIO_SERVERPORT 1883 // use 8883 for SSL
#define AIO_USERNAME "Roboshala" // Replace it with your username
#define AIO_KEY "50a98bb44f6b48b69e645badadf8fb577894" // Replace with your Project Auth Key

/************ Global State (you don't need to change this!) ******************/

// Create an ESP8266 WiFiClient class to connect to the MQTT server.
WiFiClient client;
// or... use WiFiFlientSecure for SSL
//WiFiClientSecure client;

// Setup the MQTT client class by passing in the WiFi client and MQTT server and login details.
Adafruit_MQTT_Client mqtt(&client, AIO_SERVER, AIO_SERVERPORT, AIO_USERNAME, AIO_KEY);

/****************************** Feeds ***************************************/

// Setup a feed called 'onoff' for subscribing to changes.
Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe Light1 = Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe(&mqtt, AIO_USERNAME"/feeds/Relay1"); // FeedName
Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe Light2 = Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe(&mqtt, AIO_USERNAME "/feeds/Relay2");
Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe Light3 = Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe(&mqtt, AIO_USERNAME "/feeds/Relay3");
Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe Light4 = Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe(&mqtt, AIO_USERNAME "/feeds/Relay4");

void MQTT_connect();

void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);

pinMode(Relay1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(Relay2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(Relay3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(Relay4, OUTPUT);

// Connect to WiFi access point.
Serial.println(); Serial.println();
Serial.print("Connecting to ");
Serial.println(WLAN_SSID);

WiFi.begin(WLAN_SSID, WLAN_PASS);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(500);
Serial.print(".");
}
Serial.println();

Serial.println("WiFi connected");
Serial.println("IP address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());

// Setup MQTT subscription for onoff feed.
mqtt.subscribe(&Light1);
mqtt.subscribe(&Light3);
mqtt.subscribe(&Light2);
mqtt.subscribe(&Light4);
}

void loop() {

MQTT_connect();

Adafruit_MQTT_Subscribe *subscription;
while ((subscription = mqtt.readSubscription(20000))) {
if (subscription == &Light1) {
Serial.print(F("Got: "));
Serial.println((char *)Light1.lastread);
int Light1_State = atoi((char *)Light1.lastread);
digitalWrite(Relay1, Light1_State);

}
if (subscription == &Light2) {
Serial.print(F("Got: "));
Serial.println((char *)Light2.lastread);
int Light2_State = atoi((char *)Light2.lastread);
digitalWrite(Relay2, Light2_State);
}
if (subscription == &Light3) {
Serial.print(F("Got: "));
Serial.println((char *)Light3.lastread);
int Light3_State = atoi((char *)Light3.lastread);
digitalWrite(Relay3, Light3_State);
}
if (subscription == &Light4) {
Serial.print(F("Got: "));
Serial.println((char *)Light4.lastread);
int Light4_State = atoi((char *)Light4.lastread);
digitalWrite(Relay4, Light4_State);

}
}

}

void MQTT_connect() {
int8_t ret;

// Stop if already connected.
if (mqtt.connected()) {
return;
}

Serial.print("Connecting to MQTT... ");

uint8_t retries = 3;

while ((ret = mqtt.connect()) != 0) { // connect will return 0 for connected
Serial.println(mqtt.connectErrorString(ret));
Serial.println("Retrying MQTT connection in 5 seconds...");
mqtt.disconnect();
delay(5000); // wait 5 seconds
retries--;
if (retries == 0) {
// basically die and wait for WDT to reset me
while (1);
}
}
Serial.println("MQTT Connected!");

}

Wifi_HomeAutomation.ino - file coding

//Visit www.roboshala.com for more details on NodeMCU and other projects.

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>

const char* ssid = "CPH1613"; // SSID i.e. Service Set Identifier is the name of your WIFI

const char* password = "12345678"; // Your Wifi password, in case you have open network comment the whole statement.

int R1=D1; // GPIO13 or for NodeMCU you can directly write D7

int R2=D2;

int R3=D3;

int R4=D4;

WiFiServer server(80); // Creates a server that listens for incoming connections on the specified port, here in this case port is 80.

void setup() {

Serial.begin(115200);

delay(10);

pinMode(R1, OUTPUT);

pinMode(R2, OUTPUT);

pinMode(R3, OUTPUT);

pinMode(R4, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(R1,HIGH);

digitalWrite(R2,HIGH);

digitalWrite(R3,HIGH);

digitalWrite(R4,HIGH);

// Connect to WiFi network

Serial.println();

Serial.print("Connecting to ");

Serial.println(ssid);

WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {

delay(500);

Serial.print(".");

}

Serial.println("");

Serial.println("WiFi connected");

// Start the server

server.begin();

Serial.println("Server started");

// Print the IP address

Serial.print("Use this URL to connect: ");

Serial.print("http://");

Serial.print(WiFi.localIP()); //Gets the WiFi shield's IP address and Print the IP address of serial monitor

Serial.println("/");

}

void loop() {

// Check if a client has connected

WiFiClient client = server.available();

if (!client) {

return;

}

// Wait until the client sends some data

Serial.println("new client");

while(!client.available()){

delay(1);

}

// Read the first line of the request

String request = client.readStringUntil('\r');

Serial.println(request);

client.flush();

// Match the request

if (request.indexOf("/Relay1On") != -1) {

digitalWrite(R1,LOW);

client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK");

client.println("Content-Type: text/html");

client.println("");

client.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML>");

client.println("<html>");

client.println("Relay 1 is ON");

client.println("</html>");

client.stop();

delay(1);

}

if (request.indexOf("/Relay1Off") != -1) {

digitalWrite(R1, HIGH);

client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK");

client.println("Content-Type: text/html");

client.println("");

client.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML>");

client.println("<html>");

client.println("Relay 1 is OFF");

client.println("</html>");

client.stop();

delay(1);

}

if (request.indexOf("/Relay2On") != -1) {

digitalWrite(R2,LOW);

client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK");

client.println("Content-Type: text/html");

client.println("");

client.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML>");

client.println("<html>");

client.println("Relay 2 is ON");

client.println("</html>");

client.stop();

delay(1);

}

if (request.indexOf("/Relay2Off") != -1) {

digitalWrite(R2, HIGH);

client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK");

client.println("Content-Type: text/html");

client.println("");

client.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML>");

client.println("<html>");

client.println("Relay 2 is OFF");

client.println("</html>");

client.stop();

delay(1);

}

if (request.indexOf("/Relay3On") != -1) {

digitalWrite(R3,LOW);

client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK");

client.println("Content-Type: text/html");

client.println("");

client.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML>");

client.println("<html>");

client.println("Relay 3 is ON");

client.println("</html>");

client.stop();

delay(1);

}

if (request.indexOf("/Relay3Off") != -1) {

digitalWrite(R3, HIGH);

client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK");

client.println("Content-Type: text/html");

client.println("");

client.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML>");

client.println("<html>");

client.println("Relay 3 is OFF");

client.println("</html>");

client.stop();

delay(1);

}

if (request.indexOf("/Relay4On") != -1) {

digitalWrite(R4,LOW);

client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK");

client.println("Content-Type: text/html");

client.println("");

client.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML>");

client.println("<html>");

client.println("Relay 4 is ON");

client.println("</html>");

client.stop();

delay(1);

}

if (request.indexOf("/Relay4Off") != -1) {

digitalWrite(R4, HIGH);

client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK");

client.println("Content-Type: text/html");

client.println("");

client.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML>");

client.println("<html>");

client.println("Relay 4 is OFF");

client.println("</html>");

client.stop();

delay(1);

}

Introduction to 13 Popular Wireless Hacking Tools

2019-03-27T23:33:00.000-07:00

Internet is now the basic need of our daily life. With the increasing use of smartphones, most of the things are now online. Every time we have to do something, we just use our smartphone or desktop. This is the reason wi-fi hotspots can be found everywhere.

People also use wireless in their home network to connect all devices. Every person can see the neighborhood wi-fi networks in the system, and they want to use it for free. But most these networks are secured with a password key. You need to know this security key to access the network. When your own network is down, you will desperately want to connect to these neighborhood networks. For this, people generally search for wi-fi password cracking tools to get unauthorized access to those wireless networks.

Sometimes when you are on a network, you also want to check what is happening on the network. This happens mostly in big organizations, when an employer wants to check who is doing what in the network. For these things, there are a few network hacking tools available that let users analyze packets and see what other users are doing.

In this article, I am going to discuss wireless security and best wi-fi password cracking or recovery tools. I will explain the kind of encryption wireless networks use and how these tools can crack the networks to get access. We will also see what tools let users monitor networks.

Wireless Networks and Hacking

Wireless networks are based on IEEE 802.11 standards defined by IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) for ad hoc networks or infrastructure networks. Infrastructure networks have one or more access points which coordinate the traffic between the nodes. But in ad hoc networks, there is no access point; each node connects in a peer-to-peer way.

Basically there are two types of vulnerabilities which can be found in the Wireless LAN. One is poor configuration and the other is poor encryption. Poor configuration is caused by the network admin who manages the network. It may include the weak password, no security settings, use of default configurations, and other user related things. Poor encryption is related to security keys used to protect the wireless network. It is there because of issues in WEP or WPA.

WEP and WPA

WEP and WPA are the two main security protocols used in Wi-Fi LAN. WEP is known as Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). It is a deprecated security protocol which was introduced back in 1997 as a part of original 802.11 standards. But it was weak, and several serious weakness were found in the protocol. Now, this can be cracked within minutes. So, a new kind of security protocol was introduced in 2003. This new protocol was Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). It has mainly two versions, 1 and 2 (WPA and WPA2). Now it is the current security protocol used in wireless networks. To get unauthorized access to a network, one needs to crack these security protocols. There are many tools which can crack Wi-Fi encryption. These tools can either take advantage of WEP weaknesses or use bruteforce attacks on WPA/WPA2. I am sure now you know that you should never use WEP security.

Basically wireless hacking tools are of two types. One of which can be used to sniff the network and monitor what is happening in the network. And other kinds of tools are used to hack WEP/WPA keys. These are the popular tools used for wireless password cracking and network troubleshooting.

1. Aircrack

Aircrack is one of the most popular wireless passwords cracking tools which you can use for 802.11a/b/g WEP and WPA cracking. Aircrack uses the best algorithms to recover wireless passwords by capturing packets. Once enough packets have been gathered, it tries to recover the password. To make the attack faster, it implements a standard FMS attack with some optimizations.

The company behind the tool also offers an online tutorial where you can learn how to install and use this tool to crack wireless passwords. It comes as Linux distribution, Live CD and VMware image options. You can use any of these. It supports most of the wireless adapters and is almost guaranteed to work. If you are using a Linux distribution, the only drawback of the tool is that it requires deeper knowledge of Linux. If you are not comfortable with Linux, you will find it hard to use this tool. In this case, try Live CD or VMWare image. VMWare Image needs less knowledge, but it only works with a limited set of host OS, and only USB devices are supported.

Before you start using this too, confirm that the wireless card can inject packets. Then start WEP cracking. Read the online tutorial on the website to know more about the tool. If you will follow steps properly, you will end up getting success with this tool.

Download: http://www.aircrack-ng.org/

2. AirSnort

AirSnort is another popular tool for decrypting WEP encryption on a wi-fi 802.11b network. It is a free tool and comes with Linux and Windows platforms. This tool is no longer maintained, but it is still available to download from Sourceforge. AirSnort works by passively monitoring transmissions and computing encryption keys once it has enough packets received. This tool is simple to use. If you are interested, you can try this tool to crack WEP passwords.

Download: http://sourceforge.net/projects/airsnort/

3. Cain & Able

Cain & Able is a popular password cracking tool. This tool is developed to intercept network traffic and then discover passwords by bruteforcing the password using cryptanalysis attack methods. It can also recover wireless network keys by analyzing routing protocols. It you are trying to learn wireless security and password cracking, you should once try this tool.

Download: http://www.oxid.it/cain.html

4. Kismet

Kismet is the wi-fi 802.11 a/b/g/n layer2 wireless network sniffer and IDS. It works with any wi-fi card which supports rfmon mode. It passively collects packets to identify networks and detect hidden networks. It is built on client/server modular architecture. It is available for Linux, OSX, Windows and BSD platforms.

Download: http://www.kismetwireless.net/

5. NetStumbler

NetStumbler is a popular Windows tool to find open wireless access points. This tool is free and is available for Windows. A trimmed down version of the tool is also available. It is called MiniStumbler.

Basically NetStumblet is used for wardriving, verifying network configurations, finding locations with a poor network, detecting unauthorized access points, and more.

But the tool also has a big disadvantage. It can be easily detected by most of the wireless intrusion detection systems available. This is because it actively probes a network to collect useful information. Another disadvantage of the tool is that it does not work properly with the latest 64 bit Windows OS. This is because the tool was last updated back in April 2004. It has been around 11 years since the last stable release of the tool.

Download Netstumbler: http://www.stumbler.net/

6. inSSIDer

inSSIDer is a popular Wi-Fi scanner for Microsoft Windows and OS X operating systems. Initially the tool was opensource. Later it became premium and now costs $19.99. It was also awarded as “Best Opensource Software in Networking”. The inSSIDer wi-fi scanner can do various tasks, including finding open wi-fi access points, tracking signal strength, and saving logs with GPS records.

Download inSSIDer: http://www.inssider.com/

7. WireShark

WireShark is the network protocol analyzer. It lets you check what is happening in your network. You can live capture packets and analyze them. It captures packets and lets you check data at the micro-level. It runs on Windows, Linux, OS X, Solaries, FreeBSD and others. WireShark requires good knowledge of network protocols to analyze the data obtained with the tool. If you do not have good knowledge of that, you may not find this tool interesting. So, try only if you are sure about your protocol knowledge.

Download Wireshark: https://www.wireshark.org/

8. CoWPAtty

CoWPAtty is an automated dictionary attack tool for WPA-PSK. It runs on Linux OS. This program has a command line interface and runs on a word-list that contains the password to use in the attack.

Using the tool is really simple, but it is slow. That’s because the hash uses SHA1 with a seed of SSID. It means the same password will have a different SSIM. So, you cannot simply use the rainbow table against all access points. So, the tool uses the password dictionary and generates the hack for each word contained in the dictionary by using the SSID.

The new version of the tool tried to improve the speed by using a pre-computed hash file. This pre-computed file contains around 172000 dictionary file for around 1000 most popular SSIs. But if your SSID is not in those 1000, you are unlucky.

Download CoWPAtty: http://sourceforge.net/projects/cowpatty/

9. Airjack

Airjack is a Wi-Fi 802.11 packet injection tool. This wireless cracking tool is very useful in injecting forged packets and making a network down by denial of service attack. This tool can also be used for a man in the middle attack in the network.

Download AirJack: http://sourceforge.net/projects/airjack/

10. WepAttack

WepAttack is an open source Linux tool for breaking 802.11 WEP keys. This tool performs an active dictionary attack by testing millions of words to find the working key. Only a working WLAN card is required to work with WepAttack.

Download WebAttack: http://wepattack.sourceforge.net/

11. OmniPeek

OmniPeek is another nice packet sniffer and network analyzer tool. This tool is commercial and supports only Windows operating systems. This tool is used to capture and analyze wireless traffic. But it requires you to have good knowledge of protocols to properly understand things. A good thing is that the tool works with most of the network interface cards available in market. This tool is used for network troubleshooting. This tool also supports plugins, and 40 plugins are already available to extend the features of the tool.

Download: http://www.wildpackets.com/products/distributed_network_analysis/omnipeek_network_analyzer

12. CommView for WiFi

CommView for WiFi is another popular wireless monitor and packet analyzer tool. It comes with an easy to understand GUI. It works fine with 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac networks. It captures every packet and displays useful information as a list. You can get useful information like access points, stations, signal strength, network connections and protocol distribution.

Captured packets can be decrypted by user-defined WEP or WPA keys.

This tool is basically for wi-fi network admins, security professionals, and home users who want to monitor their wi-fi traffic and programmers working on software for wireless networks.

Download CommView: http://www.tamos.com/products/commwifi/

13. CloudCracker

CloudCracker is the online password cracking tool for cracking WPA protected wi-fi networks. This tool can also be used to crack different password hashes. Just upload the handshake file, enter the network name and start the tool. This tool has a huge dictionary of around 300 million words to perform attacks.

Try Cloudcracker: https://crack.sh/

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Wireless Networks and Hacking

WEP and WPA

2. AirSnort

3. Cain & Able

4. Kismet

5. NetStumbler

6. inSSIDer

7. WireShark

8. CoWPAtty

9. Airjack

10. WepAttack

11. OmniPeek

12. CommView for WiFi

13. CloudCracker

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