auto-genetic

Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR Uhlenhaut Coupé became one of a kind in the world! - How?

2022-06-29T22:00:00.004-07:00

Mercedes Benz, the answer by the whole world since childhood for the question about their one personal dream car is.

Is that right!!

Fine. Let's start with the topic, Why 135 million EUR for an old car?

Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR Uhlenhaut Coupé, the well-crafted, well-deserved, and especially the most valuable car in the world, adds a more memorable zone to the automaker by magnifying the car's creator name Rudolf Uhlenhaut with the same. The abbreviation for SLR is 'Sport Leicht Rennsport' (Sport Light Racing).

This craziest German car's fame scattered every nook and corner after winning the Sports car world championship in 1955. 300 SLR is the only sports car at that time that hits a top speed of about 290 km/h. An astonishing sound from an 3.0 litre inline eight-cylinder engine with direct injection roars on the tracks with the power of 302 PS. The two-seater classic sports car looks completely insane with lower aerodynamic drag.

Rudolf Uhlenhaut achieved his long travel of 220 km from Stuttgart to Munich with 300 SLR within an hour. Also, a mind-blowing moment with this 300 SLR is that Uhlenhaut completed the race course and set track time at the German Grand Prix, which is 3 seconds faster than the Formula 1 Champion Juan-Manuel Fangio only because of the complaint by Fangio about the performance of 300 SLR to him.

The second most fascinating thing is that only two Mercedes 300 SLRs has constructed in the 1950s, namely 'The Red' and 'The Blue,' based on their interiors. Out of two cars, one has sold for 135 million EUR (Rs. 1110 crores) in the auction to an anonymous car collector. And an agreement is signed with the buyer to showcase the car on special occasions. Another one is honored by keeping still on the Mercedes Benz museum in Stuttgart.

This auction has organized by the 'Mercedes Benz Fund' to raise the fund for supporting the younger generations to achieve innovative things, especially paving the way for the world of decarbonized economy. And this Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR Uhlenhaut Coupé became a Mona Lisa of cars.

SOURCE: mercedesbenz.com

Water Injection technique - Does it Boost your Engine performance?

2022-02-22T08:05:00.001-08:00

The automobile engine will come, and then I will consider my life's work complete.
-Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel

Gasoline-powered vehicles actualize the detonation while in higher load conditions. Notably, engines with higher compression ratios struggle with variable vibrations caused by the knocking sound based on temperature rise. Possibilities like poor performance and increased emissions were leftover. Many furtherances have been attempting to bring a fulfilled engine towards the worldview. Specifically, for that purpose, knocking sensors for each cylinder have been deployed with a control unit to analyze and eliminate the knocking tendency in internal combustion engines. With those implementations, vehicles can hold off their robustness.

Nevertheless, another technology is there to knock out the knocking occurrence inside the combustion chamber simply using H2O. Of course, yes!!, using water!!!.

How?
But?
Not possible.
It's completely insane, Right!!

Bosch mobility solutions brought up with the Water Boost injection technique in the engine, which injects the fine mist of water to the combustion chamber to reinforce the cooling rate inside and supports the engine to run at a lower temperature. This Water Boost system promises to withstand the vehicle's expected performance with decreased fuel consumption.

How is this technique going to work?

The system design is quite simple that includes a water injector, common rail, water pump, and small tank for water storage. Water injectors had arrayed in each inlet port, similar to the MPFI system (Multi-point Port Fuel Injection). For spraying the fuel to the cylinder, Bosch preferred the direct-injection technique. The pump delivers the water from the tank to the common rail to boost the pressure to the peak.

This system doesn't launch while the engine starts. After detecting the knock at higher loads from the knock sensor via the electronic control unit or generally in higher load conditions, the system charges the water in the common rail then injects it into the port in the form of fine mist. This small amount of fine mist enters inside the cylinder during an intake stroke and absorbs the heat inside. Due to latent heat of vaporization, water mist cools the environs to achieve a possible lower temperature. Meanwhile, gasoline has injected inside, which absorbs the rest of the heat and gets vaporized, the ignition takes place.

So the hotspot formation or valve impingements were evaded, and also, higher fuel demands in higher load conditions were limited. As per Bosch's claims, up to 13 percent of the fuel is saved. In addition to that, due to lower temperature operation, CO2 emission is reduced up to 4 percent.

The benefit from this system is retaining higher performance even in overload circumstances with lower emissions. While compared to normally operated engines, torque and brake horsepower at higher load conditions get increased.

Shall we use drinking water for this operation?

Maybe!, but preferably demineralized water is a better option to avoid rust formation inside the system.

So this is Bosch's Water Boost injection technique, implemented in the BMW M4 GTS model, a successive one!.

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Crash at Monza probed - Halo saves Hamilton's neck!

2021-09-13T09:49:00.001-07:00

In round 14, Formula1 Heineken Gran Premio D'italia 2021, a Huge unexpected scenario happened between two leading champions. From the starting of the race, everything goes fine with some tuned perspectives. Also, Lewis Hamilton and Max Verstappen have subsequently followed Mclarens' Cars. This lap carries out till 25 laps. After the 25th lap, Hamilton goes off from the track for the pit and comes out after 4.2 seconds. At that time, Verstappen approaches the main straight. Both of them running alongside till turn appears.

In turn1, nothing happened. Both cars move equally, but in turn2, accidentally, both cars' rear wheels get in contact and collide. So Verstappen lift-off and glides over Hamilton's Mercedes. Instantaneously both cars roll and float towards the gravels.

Verspatten makes a point (i.e.,) "Hamilton ran me out of road".
Hamilton assured, "Obviously, Verstappen wasn't going to make a corner".

The investigation was carried out after the race and declared that its a Verstappen's fault. Because he can't get slow down on turn1 and runs equally with Hamilton. In turn2, he doesn't slow and tries to take a lead, due to sharp turning collision happens.

As per video footage, Hamilton wasn't a reason for this incident. So Verstappen got a three-place grid penalty with two penalty points. It will be reflected in upcoming races. The good thing is, Halo saves Hamilton's neck from that incident.

The delightful thing is, Mclaren drivers got the first two podiums. As per my view, Valtteri Bottas makes more gripping at Monza, because he starts 20th because of penalties but finishes as 3rd, which sounds exciting on track. Bottas said, "A podium was our target, and we made it".

#WeRaceAsOne

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Budget tire or Run Flat tire - Which comforts you "The Best"!

2021-08-15T09:00:00.008-07:00

The present world goes beyond the technologies which pave the way towards an insufferable future, as per individual's hope, I THINK SO!. Whatever the technology came up from innovators, it rolls off towards the people only through wheels. Whatever the speed whatever the road, wheels contribute for you. But the trait is if any sharpened particles on roadsides risk the wheels with a puncture, the weird part that interrupts our journey by delaying the time. Whether tubed or tubeless, it's one of the characteristics of a tire, which may happen, unfortunately.

To overcome this crisis, tire manufacturers decide to make self-supporting tires to assist the vehicle without losing its stability, even at high speeds too. As per concerns, they bought many concepts outside like Self-sealing tires, TPMS (Tire Pressure Monitoring System) while considering safety, etc... One of those is the Run Flat Tire technology, which started to roll on roads in the early 80s.

These Run Flat tires come in two different designs, one is self-supporting, and another is auxiliary, which is a supplementary supporting tire.

Generally, in conventional tires, the layers on the sidewall and tread have made of the same rubber material with the same strength. However, in the self-supporting type, the sidewalls are thickened extra heavier for making more stiffer. It will enhance the support when the required pressure gets dropped or punctured.

In an auxiliary-supporting tire, Ring support has been provided, which is formed of hard rubber that sticks with a wheel rim inside. As per the name, it assists the tire when it latches onto low pressure or gets punctured.

Both require a Pressure Monitoring System to know about the inflation of the tire. Because the differences couldn't be able to note precisely due to their shape.

While moving towards the riding experience, Run Flat tires performed as same as conventional. But the thing is if a puncture happens while crossing speeds, your vehicle can't lose its stability. It supports managing the weight even if the tire gets a blowout due to some lack of maintenance. It can run on zero pressure inside the tire capably by reinforced sidewalls or ring support, based on the type used respectively.

We can safely move out from the suffered conditions to some extent (i.e.,) if a puncture or low air in any of the tires, we can not need to replace the tire. We can drive with that unconditioned tire up to the range of 80km, even at 80mph as the maximum speed as per Bridgestone's data. Meanwhile, if the workshop is on the way, no problem, we can fix it.

The main advantage of this Run Flat tire is that we can handle the car stably, even puncture occurs, so time waste situation has avoided. The spare wheel is not required, so the weight is also reduced. Better dynamic handling with stiffened performance makes this tire popular today. That's the only reason the well-known automakers like BMW, Audi, etc., have preferred these Run Flat tires.

Even though its better performance, cost-wise, it is too expensive than conventional tires. And the main disadvantage is that it wears out quicker than the normal tires because by increasing the reinforcement inside, they use soft rubbers on treads to achieve comfortable riding. Whatever the drawbacks, to make the journey uninterrupted, Run Flat tires are the best and preferred.

One such interesting fact is that Mickey Thompson, an American auto racing builder plus promoter, achieves a record of 400mph on land by designing the strengthened tire on their own for his Challenger1 car.

reference: bridgestone.com

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MagneRide - An Electronically controlled Magnetic Suspension!

2021-08-11T06:00:00.005-07:00

The suspension system in the vehicle comforts the body from the road shocks aid with a spring and damper. Springs absorb the shocks and tend to fluctuate while the wheels move on bumping roads, and dampers resist that fluctuation to a reasonable level. That's why it has the name "shock absorbers". It separates the body from the chassis, so decent stability with utmost tire-to-road contact can acquire and secures the occupants from the shocks.

As per the vehicle's configuration (luxury, sportive, or medium), the suspension system with suitable damping effort and other adjustable parameters has combined to withstand the maximum shocks and achieves quality riding. In other words, it is classifying as an active and passive system. The active suspension works with onboard controls, which act as per the road conditions and have further classified based on working (real-active, adaptive, and semi-active). This system works based on the skyhook theory, which is a concept that maintains the object more stable even it strikes the bump-like conditions on straights. Passive suspension is the simple system that works after the wheels approach the bumps or potholes and react reasoningly.

The MagneRide suspension, technically is magnetorheological damper, comes under the category of an active but notably, it is a semi-active suspension (i.e.,) simply it varies the damping effect corresponding to the dynamic (real-time) conditions of the car via ECU commands. So compared to an active system, semi-active is maintenance-free and less expensive.

Everything is fine! What makes MagneRide more Unique?

The technology inside the MagneRide seems more captivating because the fluid used in this damper makes it worthier than you think. Magnetorheological (MR) fluid is that one, which has fused with iron and oil (synthetic hydrocarbon base oil). Besides that, an electric coil has fitted inside the damper piston wired with ECU and control via sensor data. The unique thing is, no base valves and smaller parts are moving inside, and the damping piston has channels in it.

Then How MagneRide Works?

When the wheels approach bumps, the suspension tends to oscillate for a while. In dynamic conditions, continuous oscillations feel discomfort to occupants. As per that, an increase in damping effects in various conditions makes it more advantageous. Concerning that, ECU fetches data about the wheel speed, roll, and pitch movement of the vehicle from respected sensors and cross-check with the preset value. After that, it supplies an electric current to the coil inside the damping piston accordingly. Now, the coil gets energized and generates a magnetic field around accompanying by eddy current perpendicular to each other, as stated in Lenz's law. So the iron particles inside the fluid aligned about to generated magnetic field that tends the fluid denser (semi-solid). Therefore, it increases the damping force, which helps to make the suspension stiffer. After the oscillation gets down, ECU de-energizes the coil. So the magnetic field generated is decreased gradually and recovers the fluid to its normal state consequently by randomizing the iron particles. It happens whenever the continuous variable oscillation takes place in real-time conditions. The technology sounds great, but there is a lag on the magnetic field shut off while de-energize. So proper damping cannot be applicable on required conditions. It takes around 25 milliseconds for complete damping.

To overcome this issue, BWI (Beijing West Industries), a supplier of brake and suspension systems, China, bought the next generation MagneRide suspension with two electric coils, which have wound in opposite directions inside the damping piston instead of one. While energizing these coils, both generate a magnetic field in opposite directions, which builds the magnetic field stronger. While de-energize, both opposite magnetic field gets cancel each other very quickly. It takes only 13 milliseconds for complete damping.

MagneRide's technology brings the suspension soft to hard and vise versa almost spontaneously as per the road conditions. MagneRide has been used in many cars, like Ford Mustang, General Motors Cadillac, Chevrolet, Range Rover, and so on. Continuous variable damping in dynamic situations is a bigger advantage and expensive than the conventional type is a bigger disadvantage.

reference: autocar.co.uk

bwigroup.com

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"Teenagers out there all in safe hands now" - Teen Driver Technology

2021-07-28T02:00:00.005-07:00

Almost every teenager is emotionally active in all expanses with some excitations towards the thing they attract. Many of them had been grabbed by the attractive cars too. Also, they have a hope to drive that car at flashing speeds. But unusually, this eagerness makes a concussion sometimes because of encountering accidents. As per the 2019 records reported by NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration), a Department of Transportation US, around 2000 people had hit upon crashes involved by teen drivers, along with that 45% of teens died because of unbuckling their seatbelts particularly. Besides that, they are also distracted by music or try to accelerate the car over the speed leads this.

By concerning these issues, General Motors came up with an excellent system called Teen Driver Technology. This system is standard in their vehicles which influences safety concerns by suggesting the teens learn efficient driving skills with calmness. It includes many features inside to divert the teens from the other deviations.

The predominant one is the Buckle To Drive feature, which alerts the teen to fasten the seatbelts before shifting to drive. It advises the driver by audio sounds also shows the buckle-up text in front of the driver in the instrument cluster.

The next feature is Speed limit or Speed warning. This feature integrates with the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) that monitors the speed continuously as per the preset value. If the driver exceeds the extent, the system warns by intimating the sound and displays the crossing over from the set value. If longer it happens, ECU limits the acceleration of an engine by restricting the speed.

Audio Limit is a unique feature. Obviously, yes, it confines the speaker's sounds while the sound level gets raised by the driver. This feature holds off the complete concentration on roads without distractions.

With that, they include a vehicle report card. It acquires all the data from the start and stops, which means it collects every single moment done by the driver like maximum speed attained, how many times the brake applied, how many warnings, alerts, and system applications, whatever the input has given have shown in the report card. So the driving behavior gets improved.

Furthermore, we need a safety feature to avoid calls while driving and permit the driver to attend the calls while he/she stops the car at the side of the road to prevent accidents happen due to lack of concentration on the road. These improving technologies make learners to drive the vehicle safely with proper instructions.

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A look inside the Four Wheel Steering (4WS)

2021-07-26T02:30:00.021-07:00

The steering system's primary function is to direct the vehicle towards the desired direction as per the driver's input by steering the wheel. This system includes a few mechanical linkages from the steering wheel to road wheels. In the power steering system, hydraulic/electric support has integrated with those linkages to reduce the driver's effort in critical turnings. Moreover, Steer-by-wire is also a notified technology, which evolves without or less mechanical connections, that seems to be easier to alter the steering ratios. Whatever the innovations have done on the steering system, it has always adapted with front wheels.

Why don't in rear wheels? (rear wheels alone)
Possibly plenty of reasons and logic are behind that, notably safety and stability concerns. Almost it made benefits in the low-speed environment, while in high speeds, it is more inferior. But the better stability and precise steering response have been actualized in the "Four Wheel Steering" concept. Absolutely yes, four wheels are steered together.

The Four Wheel Steering (also known as 4WS, All wheel steering, Quadrasteer, Activesteer, or rear-axle steering) is a system, which makes the rear wheels turn for certain angles reference with the front wheels turning response. 4WS affords smooth steering with improved maneuverability. The predominant thing is, it reduces the turning radius as low as possible, which is up to a 21% reduction.

In Volkswagen Touareg, 4WS reduces the turning radius from 12.19 to 11.19 m. Also, in Jeep Hurricane, this system achieves on-spot turning (i.e.,) zero returning radius.

Effortless steering is achievable in risky U-turns and sharp corners. The enhanced cornering stability plus precise steering response comfort the driver to steer easier in tightened areas, especially in parking lots, also provides straight-line stability in high-speed and makes smoother lane-changing.

This system has also evolved from a mechanical to hydraulic/electric system.

Mechanical Rear Axle Steering:

In the mechanical 4WS, the steering system includes a rack and pinion-type gearbox in front and an epicyclic gearbox in the rear. The linkages are as usual for the front wheels. For the rear wheels, another separate pinion (for output) has meshed with the front rack. The output pinion has linked to an eccentric shaft inside the epicyclic gearbox via a long center shaft with Hooke's joints at the ends. This eccentric shaft has attached to the planetary gear via an embodied offset peg. The planetary gear has been placed and rotated inside the fixed annular ring gear that is internally toothed. An offset peg on the other side of the planetary gear connects the slider in the output shaft.

While turning the steering wheel, the input pinion moves the rack, so from there, the output pinion transmits the rotary motion to the eccentric shaft. The shaft allows the planetary gear to rotate on the annular ring. It makes the offset peg roll in an odd path that tends the slider to move in horizontal and vertical directions. Whereas the fixed forks in the stroke rod guide the slider to move freely in vertical (up and down) but make constraints in horizontal (left and right), that's why when the peg moves left and right side, it makes the entire stroke rod move in the transverse direction that allows the split tie rods to turn the rear wheels. This mechanism has employed in the 1988 Honda Prelude.

Hydraulic Rear Axle Steering (with electronic assist):

In the hydraulic system, the power steering concept has interlinked with the rear-axle with the help of components includes an electric motor, fluid tank, hydraulic pump, steering cylinder with a position sensor, valve system, and a control unit with a modernized electronic assist. (In the early hydraulic mechanisms, this system has integrated with the front steering pump accompanying with a phase control unit and so on)

In a modern system, the control unit fetches the data from the steering angle sensor and wheel speed sensor about the steering response on the notified speed. Then it commands the electric motor to operate the hydraulic pump to increase pressure in the cylinder until the perfect steer attains in rear road wheels. Along with this, the control unit took data about the position of the piston inside the hydraulic cylinder using a position sensor. The valve system modulates the expected pressure inside the cylinder. By syncing the acquired data, the pump supplies the fluid from the tank to the cylinder with the required pressure to the demanded side as per the requisite level (minimum turning angle) to turn the rear road wheels reference with turn angle of front wheels. Mazda, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Toyota and Honda employed Hydraulic rear-axle steering in their vehicles with some unified mechanisms.

Electric Rear-Axle Steering:

This system is a clean mechanism, which uses an electric motor centralized with rack and pinion type or recirculating ball-type assembly near the rear axle. The rotation of an electric motor has been controlled by the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) intelligibly by receiving the data from the steering angle, wheel speed, lateral acceleration, yaw rate with the help of sensors. This rotation has transformed into linear motion, so the tie rods are directed the rear road wheels to move transversely to and fro.

All these various types of mechanisms have turned their rear wheels a maximum of 5 to 10 degrees. The working of this 4WS is quite attractive and intelligible as well (i.e.,) up to the speed of 35kmph (22mph), the rear wheels turn to an angle opposite to the front wheels. Whereas at above 35kmph (22mph), the rear wheels turn in the same direction as the front wheels. This system is more advantageous to 2WS because the maneuverability and steering response has increased at both low and high speeds.

If any failure or inactive response takes place, automatically, the system cut off the functioning of the 4WS system (i.e.,) the rear wheels are reverted to neutral (straight ahead position) without interrupting the front wheel steering.

Recently, Mercedes Benz launched their luxury sedan S-class 2021 with world-class specifications. This car has a 4WS feature with a smaller turning radius from 5.5m to 4.5m. Also, GMC Hummer EV has a CrabWalk feature. It works similarly to the concept of the 4WS system.

References: Advanced Vehicle Technology by Heinz Heisler
bosch-mobility-solutions.com

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Nissan's VC-Turbo Engine - A variable compression inside!

2021-07-20T10:30:00.002-07:00

Globally, many automakers adopt unified technologies in the engine to boost their mileage and power as well. Many advancements are there like Supercharging, Turbocharging, Variable Valve Timing (VVT), Honda's i-VTEC, etc.,

Likewise, Nissan bought out an unthinkable technology named a VC-Turbo Engine (Variable Compression Ratio Engine), which can extract more power plus more mileage by altering their compression ratio depends on the loading conditions. It sounds more captivating.

Ok. What is a Compression Ratio?

The ratio of the total volume of the cylinder and the clearance volume where the combustion takes place is known as the compression ratio. In simple words, the ratio of volume before compression and after the compression. For example, assume a compression ratio of 8:1, here the air-fuel mixture inside the total volume has compressed to one eighth its total volume by the movement of the piston from BDC Bottom Dead Center to TDC (Top Dead Center).

In a modern gasoline-powered engine, the compression ratio is about 10:1 to 13.5:1. In the diesel-powered engine, the compression ratio is about 14:1 to 25:1.

Higher compression ratios always give better thermal efficiency with lower fuel consumption and fewer exhaust emissions. Lower compression ratios give more power, especially in high load conditions, but fuel efficiency is lower. This compression ratio is permanent (not variable) in all IC engine-powered vehicles.

How Nissan achieves variable compression?

Nissan designed an intelligent multi-link system, which is a mechanism to alter both the stroke length and engine displacement (CC) by varying the compression ratio. This system has positioned amidst piston and crankshaft instead of connecting rod, included with control shaft and a harmonic drive electronic actuator. A parallelogram or elliptically shaped structure (multi-link) has embodied with a crankshaft. From there, Upper-link has paired with the piston, and Lower-link has paired with the control shaft. An actuator is paired with a control shaft using an actuator arm.

With this mechanism, the compression ratio can be varied about 8:1 (for power) and 14:1 (for efficiency).

It is a complex mechanism, but the work is admirable. Suppose if we press down the accelerator pedal to increase power, the actuator turns the control shaft to some extent using the actuator arm. So the turned control shaft made some angle deviation in the elliptic structured crankshaft (in multi-link). It adjusts the upper-link by reducing the stroke length (traveling distance of the piston has decreased), so the compression ratio gets reduced to 8:1 and produces more power which we required. This mechanism happens inversely while running at slower speeds, which increases the compression ratio to 14:1. To boost air intake, Nissan combines turbocharging technique with variable valve timing (based on Atkinson cycle) and split fuel injection.

Due to complex mechanisms, you may think there is a power loss with an increase in weight... Right!!

Nissan claims that the crankshaft axis and the bore axis are not the same. The crankshaft axis gets offset to some extent from the bore axis, so the Upper-link moves almost linear (up and down). Thus the side force (friction) created by the piston in the cylinder has reduced when compared to conventional types. Therefore weight increased, but the power loss is not there.

Many manufacturers attempted variable compression with more innovative techniques, but commercially Nissan is the first to produce and adopt this VC-Turbo engine in their luxury-branded vehicle Infiniti QX50. While increasing the speed, the sound makes dazzling.

References: nissan-global.com
autonews.com

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Knocking! - Have you heard that pinging sound from your Engine?

2021-07-16T09:30:00.035-07:00

Almost every people used to drive a vehicle for their necessities as well as for neediness. Also, frequently you go off to the gas station plenty of times to fill out the fuels. Many of us noticed a different grade of petrol in the same pump with some cost variation. (same gasoline, but the expense gets varied)

Have you been thinking about it?
What is the difference, and why does the rate get varied?

First of all, to burn the fuel inside the combustion chamber (cylinder) in a spark-ignition engine, the air-fuel mixture has compressed. At the end of the compression, a spark has initiated via a spark plug to generate power by burning the compressed mixture. The same trait occurs for every single cycle for power generation.

After hours of continuous running, an engine becomes hot. So while combusting the fuel, sometimes not all the injected fuels are burned. There are several parameters involved, like, if the spark intensity is not enough for complete combustion, then the flame travel is said to be poor, so some unburned fuels are stuck. Similar to that, fuel quality, ignition timing, and mixture proportion are also inducing this occurrence. Sometimes the unburned fuels come out in exhaust, but mostly they have fused to the cylinder walls inside. Due to an increase in temperature, these impinged fuels get auto-ignited before or at the time of spark initiation. Soon after, flames from spark plug and explosion of residue fuels strike each other and extract more pressure inside the cylinder. So that an unusual vibration has generated in the cylinder. This occurrence is known as knocking or detonation or pinging sound that you heard from your engine. This pinging sound intimates that the abnormal combustion is undergoing inside the chamber.

As long as it gets continued, the combustion chamber has weakened, which reduces the engine's span. With that, it also minimizes efficiency and performance.

How does knocking be prevented?
Modern internal combustion engines have controlled by Electronic Control Unit (ECU) for optimizing better performance. Here, they prevent the knocking with the assistance of a knocking detection sensor located outside the cylinder block or under the intake manifold.

This sensor has materialized using a piezoelectric measuring element that collects data about the frequency of vibrations generated at every single power stroke and transmits data to ECU via an electrical signal. ECU syncs the fetched info with preset data. If the frequency gets deviated from the preset value, it finds that there is knocking inside.
So to avoid that, it also fetches data from the lambda sensor (measures O2 level in the exhaust), mass (air) flow sensor (measures volume of air entering in the intake manifold), injection pressure, speed, etc.,
If the acquired data are mismatched, the control unit optimized the engine by retarding the ignition timing. So knocking gets prevented.

Everything is fine, what about the fuel pricing and the difference??

Because in gasoline, there is an additive called octane. It increases the anti-knocking characteristics of the fuel by increasing the auto-ignition temperature. So that the chance of knocking, as well as pre-ignition, are reduced. In gas stations, these different grades depend on the octane rating. The lowest octane-rated fuel is 87, and the highest octane-rated is around 91 to 94. The premium graded petrol has a higher octane rating, and the regular graded has a lower octane rating. As per the manufacturer's claim, higher octane-rated petrol affords better performance and increases the engine's span too.

references: eia.gov

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AIRO from IM Motors - A Pollution-eating car!

2021-07-12T09:30:00.002-07:00

IM Motors, a pure electric vehicle brand, China, approached Thomas Heatherwick, a well-known British Architect, about the idea of designing a car, which feels luxurious to humans as well as friendly to the environment. But the thing Mr Heatherwick said to them is that he never drafted a vehicle yet. The craziest reply from IM Motors to Heatherwick is, "that's why we approached you". So as per the concordance, they structured and visualized the car "AIRO" at the Goodwood Festival of Speed.

AIRO is a car, not a concept car, that is going to production block by 2023, confirmed by IM Motors, to spread millions around with the pricing of over £40,000.

That's fine. What's interesting about this car?

The fascinating thing about AIRO is its design. Absolutely yes, this car has a unique exterior formed with structured ridges around the entire body. Together they include the technology, which cleans the environment air, that's why it gains the name "a pollution-eating car" (i.e.,) it captures the polluted air in the atmosphere into its front grill with the help of air filters. Also, they claim that this car will catch the particulate matter from the dirty atmospheric air as a size of a tennis ball.

You may think that this is not so worth it, but compared to your lungs size with a tennis ball, it gives benefit - Heatherwick said.

Also, while entering to interiors, they designed the cabin, which unfolds the spacing difficulties inside also in leg rooms. The interior is like a room, which has adjustable chairs with more flexibility. These chairs will also stretch out to make a bed. Also, a table has furnished inside to improve the luxury, maybe it feels like a home, I think.

What about the controls? Is AIRO is an autonomous car?

"AIRO is the next stage of development." - he said. It comes with both autonomous as well as driving features. While autonomous mode gets activated, the steering wheel has concealed into the dashboard.
AIRO - a car with an eco-friendly design.

references: BBC

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Catalytic converter theft in vehicles - Why they are stolen?

2021-07-10T10:00:00.004-07:00

Everyone might drive a vehicle, also may know the functioning of all components. Every single mechanism plays an equal role to get wanted performance while the wheels are dynamic. One of those components is the catalytic converter - an emission control component.

Have you noticed that in your vehicle?

Yes, it is the part of an engine exhaust system located after the exhaust manifold (if the turbocharger is present, then it is placed after turbo).

Generally, to propel the vehicle, the engine has used. So to run the engine, fuel is combusted inside the combustion chamber. These fuels have mainly structured hydrocarbons with various additives as per the required volume (additives used to improve the efficiency level of an engine). While combustion, fuel reacts together with air and produces some byproducts like

Carbon dioxide (CO2),
Water (H2O),
Carbon monoxide (CO),
Nitrogen oxide (NOx),
Particulate matter (PM),
Unburned hydrocarbons (HC), etc..,

The last four listed byproducts are very harmful to humans as well as the environment. So to reduce these harmful emissions, the catalytic converter has deployed after the exhaust manifold.

How do they work?

This catalytic converter looks like a honeycomb structure constructed using noble metals, which act as a catalyst for these outlet gases. It converts high toxic gases emitted from the exhaust into less toxic or harmless gases internally by undergoing oxidation and reduction reactions, which is by oxidizing CO and HC with oxygen and reducing NOx to nitrogen and oxygen.

Oxidation occurs to oxidize CO and HC with oxygen and forms CO2 and H2O, whereas reduction also materializes to reduce NOx into nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2).

Everything is acceptable, then why do thefts happen, particularly catalytic converters stealing?

The reason is that the materials used for shaping this component are noble metals, which are more resistant to chemical threats.

This honeycomb structure inside has surfaced with a combination of platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), and rhodium (Rh). The cost of those metallic elements is more expensive than the gold because these are rare elements in the world extracted from mining. That's the only reason for stealing these catalytic converters.

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SRS Airbags - what does it conveys?

2021-07-09T09:30:00.002-07:00

Have you had a look at the SRS airbag logo in your car?

On the dashboard, you may notice that the so-called SRS or SRP Airbag logo on the steering wheel and in another corner where the passenger seating is.
Have you thought about it why it has that name? - most of us may think that it is the name of an airbag manufacturing company? - Right!!
But it's not what you expected. "Supplemental Restraint System" is an expansion for SRS, a restraint device used in an automobile for safety regards. Let us know more about SRS,

While talking about safety in the car, everyone knows the well-heard name called Seat belts. Absolutely yes, the seat belts are the primary restraint system in all vehicles while about safety. These seat belts have come below the active safety feature, which favors protection all the time while you're in the seat.

Airbags, the secondary restraint system developed with more advanced technologies, are the passive safety feature that will respond instantaneously in case collision exists. Seat belts and airbags are the first fences while a crash happens.

Do you know who invents this airbag? - John Hetrick invented and made a patent in the year of 1953.

Airbags work with the assistance of a crash sensor (impact sensor), control unit, and detonator. While collision occurs, the impact sensor senses the impact force acting on the vehicle's body and sends about the crash level via an electrical signal to the airbag control unit. This control unit fetches the data about the impact level. If it is higher than the preset value, it triggers the detonator (ignitor). This ignitor blow up the sodium azide contained canister. So that, the sodium azide reacts and librates nitrogen gas. This gas inflates the nylon-made airbag and triggers from the dashboard to prevent head and shoulder injuries.

The unbelievable thing is the timing of airbag deployment, which means it can expand just in 0.03 seconds. The execution speed of this airbag is about 200kmph. It's more fascinated and quick.

Everything is fine, but why do they specify this SRS logo on the dashboard?
The statement behind the logo specification is, many of us around understood incorrectly that the airbags are enough to save from an accident. It entirely makes us mad. The phenomenon is, the person needs to know that the airbag is a secondary or supplemental restraint system and seat belts are the primary fences. To indicate that, the SRS logo has specified on the dashboards.

Also, some automakers implement this airbag integrated with seat belts. So if you do not buckle up a seat belt, airbags haven't open in case of accidents. You may also indicate on the instrument cluster to wear a seat belt. Check the Airbag indication light, whether it turns off after 7 seconds from turning on the car. If not, there may be difficulty with the airbag activation. So, inspect and fix the troubleshooting issue with a skilled mechanic. So while driving, seat belts are a must.

references: autotrader.co

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Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) - How does they work?

2021-07-05T10:30:00.002-07:00

Driving the vehicle doesn't matter; always maintaining matters!

Did you know the fact!!

Almost 95% of sold cars have parked for their entire span. So maintenance lack takes place widely all around and also this makes a heavy impact on safety. Maintenance plays a leading role while concerning the safety and proper functioning of a vehicle. As reported by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), due to tire-related accidents on automobiles, nearly 738 fatalities happen every year.

To avert that occurrence, technologically lots of improvements have been made in vehicles, which may help to achieve some safety what we expect. Likewise, one of the considering features in those aspects is a Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS).

TPMS is a pressure monitoring system adopted in vehicles that monitors the tire pressure electronically using sensors and a control unit for each wheel on various categorized automobiles. TPMS can be parted into two different types which are,

1) Direct TPMS

2) Indirect TPMS

Direct TPMS

Direct TPMS is a sensor-based pressure monitoring system, senses the pressure in each tire internally with the help of individual pressure sensors. This sensor has located at the place of the tire pressure valve of the wheel. It has integrated with a small electronic circuit and battery that help to send the data about the pressure inside the tire continuously to the control unit through radio signals.

When the pressure drops below the recommended level at one or more tires, the vehicle's computer system syncs the data with the preset value, in case it was varied, then it initiates the warning light with an exclamation symbol on the instrument panel for the driver's knowledge to avoid unsafe driving conditions.

Indirect TPMS

Indirect TPMS is also a sensor-based system, but it does not monitor the pressure of the tire. Instead, it monitors the speed of the tire. What???

Absolutely yes, using the ABS wheel speed sensors, the control unit calculates the speed of individual tires and syncs all the data together. If the speed of wheels is equal, the system considers that there is no pressure drop in all the wheels.

Suppose, if any pressure drop occurs, the diameter of the wheel shrinks. This shrinkage affects the wheel speed. The sensors on each tire send the data to the control unit usually. If any speed variance occurs in one or more tires, the control unit reads all the data together and identifies the difference in speed. So the control unit warns the driver via indication light on instrument panel.

It is not as sensitive as direct TPMS. The only disadvantage in Indirect TPMS is that if the wheel speed is equal in all tires, the system considers that there is no pressure drop even the pressure in all tires is below/above the recommended level, so it may not assure safety completely. The speed of the wheel wouldn't change if the pressure in all tires are the same. Check the air pressure in tire before starts your car...

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Tesla Model S Plaid : 0 - 60 mph in 1.99 seconds!

2021-06-27T00:16:00.000-07:00

In recent times, Tesla is the most growing electric vehicle production industry in the world.

Plaid is the only electric vehicle in production that provides the best range of about 390 miles with the quickest rate of acceleration (i.e.,) 0-60 in just 1.99 secs with a top speed of 200mph, which makes the Model S, the highest performing sedan ever built. Plaid has three independent motors, which yield up to 1020 horsepower.

As we know, technology and innovation evolve rapidly in the past few decades. Tesla is one of those growing industries, which integrates multiple technologies with advanced power electronics systems in their cars that makes them unique in some way.

Let's think, what happens? If 17" display with 2200x1300 resolution on your dashboard!

Isn't it amazing?

Well, it comes with a gaming monitor compatible with Bluetooth controllers that allow playing from any seat. Also, it has a 22 speaker audio system unified with active noise canceling feature, which grants you to adventure the best. Model S has tri-zone temperature controls (individual seats, individual temperature) with a high-efficiency particulate absorbing (HEPA) filter with front-seat ventilation.

Autopilot is one of the fantastic features in Tesla that makes the driver rest for some time. Model S comes with the Auto Lane Change option that automatically stops the car when someone or a vehicle enters the collision zone. With the assistance of sensors and cameras, the Tesla stops before the collision, and the Auto parking system assists the driver quicker and easier, just with a single touch.

Aerodynamics is one of the important stuff which will help in increasing power or speed. Plaid comes with a modified and well-optimized aero with a lesser drag coefficient of about 0.204Cd that supports cruising like a cheetah with a massive power output that makes the Model S the most aerodynamic production car on Earth.

Reference: tesla.com

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The Curtiss-Wright's Air Car - A vintage built!

2021-06-24T05:36:00.002-07:00

In the 21st century, inventions and technologies make man whatever he dreamt, either inside or outside the earth. Although in the early 60s, Curtiss-Wright Corporation, an Arms industry company, invented the new car, which feels us crazy but more creative, the main moto is that this car is designed especially for the militaries in the past days after WWII.

As per the order to develop an all-terrain troop transport (both amphibious and roadcraft), passed by the United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) in 1959, Curtiss-Wright Corporation fabricated a car named Model 2500 Air Car - a car with no wheels!!

An Air Car!!

Absolutely yes, It's an Air Car, which hovers using ground effect theory.

What is ground effect theory?
It's nothing but a technique to lift the object using downforce aerodynamics while the vehicle or crafts are closer to the ground. Simply saying, it's a cushioning effect that helps to hover above the ground.

This Air Car has powered by dual aircraft engines with 180 horsepower each from Lycoming Engines, a famous aircraft engine manufacturer in America. Air Car build was like a rectangular box (blocky body) design with the convertible cabin at the center because two heavy-sized rotors with those engines have placed, one in front and the other in the rear from the passenger's seating. The overall dimension of this Air Car is 21 feet in length, 7 feet in height, and 8 feet in width.

The operating mechanism was quite interesting! Why because it's a hovercar, instead of wheels, this car has variable ducts at each corner, and the air from the rotors has directed to these ducts, which have assisted using a steering wheel with a boat-like throttle. The steering wheel helps to control the propulsion, direction, and braking by controlling the ducts' angle, and the throttle helps to vary the engine speed.

These aircraft engines lift the vehicle from 6 to 12 inches from the ground level. Its weight is around 2770lbs, with that it can transport a payload of 1000lbs and achieves speed up to 38mph, not only over the land also on water surfaces.

U.S. Army test two Air Cars for two months, but the engineers and pilots come with unsatisfactory results because of its size and shape this car faces more conflicts while climbing slopes and moving in rugged terrains. Also, it sounds too louder because of the aircraft engine in front and back. The Curtiss-Wright corporation tries to bring this Air Car (named Bee) to the public, but the saddest thing is, it stopped before starting the production.
References: thedrive.com
medium.com

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Goodyear's OXYGENE - A Photosynthesis tire!

2021-06-22T07:00:00.001-07:00

“The best way to predict the future is to invent it.”
- Alan Kay

Goodyear, an American multinational tire manufacturing company, showcases the futuristic conceptual tire at Geneva International Motor Show held in 2018. This modern tire, named OXYGENE, leads the way to the world of worthwhile (livable) mobility. Obviously, yes, this tire blends with a renewable source that induces clean transport around us.

How do they assure?
Generally, the atmosphere includes 400 ppm (parts per million) of CO2 (carbon dioxide). Because of pollution (greenhouse effect) by individuals, the CO2 rate gets raised to 419.18 ppm in the atmosphere (present). This CO2 has a hefty contribution to global warming.

By considering this, Goodyear builds Oxygene with revolutionary technology by adopting natural resources inside (i.e.,) Oxygene tire has shaped with a brilliant-disciplined fabric, made of rubber, with mosses (a non-vascular plant that lives in the moistured environment), which has placed in the sidewall of the rubber tire.

A plant! Exactly, A plant!!

How could mosses survive?
Oxygene has a diagonally textured rubber with mini clefts. While running, this rubber extracts moisture and water from the atmosphere/road and spread those using these mini clefts so the mosses would survive inside.

Ok! How can Oxygene take part in CO2 reduction?
As we all know, plants could respirate (breaths), via the photosynthesis process, by inhaling CO2 and exhaling O2 with the help of sunlight and water. The same will carry out in Oxygene, and also Goodyear claims that 2.5 million cars with this tire have approximately able to sucks 4000 tons of CO2 and delivers 3000 tons of O2 to the atmosphere per year.

The crazy thing is, this tire can generate electricity on its own!How made possible!!
This Oxygene has an integrated artificial-intelligence unit, which includes a Li-Fi communication system paired with the Internet of Things (IoT) that assists vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. Also, have light strips in the sidewalls that visualize the reactions of the tire. To electrifying these electronics, Oxygene generates power from the photosynthesis process in an artificial manner (assist by solar cells).

As per the principle of circular economy about design out waste and pollution, Goodyear constructs Oxygene using 3D printing technology with recycled tires, which is powder in the form. This tire can get more grip on wet surfaces and makes for prevalent. Overall this tire rolls towards renewable mobility in metropolis.
Reference: Goodyear tire and rubber company

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How tank aims at the target in fluctuating terrains?

2021-06-18T08:15:00.002-07:00

Tanks play a hyper role in the defense of the country, mainly used to strike the opponents. The main difficulty while operating the gun in tanks is perfect aiming. When the tank moves in the spiky surfaces, the aiming gets deviated because the linear and angular movement continuously varies at instants. So how they get solved?

Generally, most people around us use smartphones with plenty of advanced features for their routines. One of those fascinating installations is the gyroscope sensor. Did you hear about that? Most gamers must have experienced this feature while playing deployable games. This feature helps to stabilize the vision (orientation) of the mobile phone to make it more comfortable for the user while playing games.

A gyroscope is nothing but a device or a component that will assist to focus and also to withstand the angular velocity of the object (where the gyro is placed) when the object is in tilting or rotating motion.

In tanks, there is a component named turret which is a rotating mechanism powered by a gear. The gun mantlet, where the heavy weapons are fixed, is mounted on the top of the turret. This turret helps the operator to view 360 degrees instead of turning the entire tank. So, it helps to aim at the enemies around them. Only with the help of the rotating feature, we can't hit the enemy precisely. Because of the rotation of the turret and movement of the tank, the stability of the gun is deduced, so we can eliminate this problem with the help of a gyroscope, which will assist to aim at the target while in movement or rotation.

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Formula E's FanBoost - an attractive priority for fans!

2021-06-13T09:22:00.002-07:00

What's behind you doesn't matter.

-Enzo Ferrari

Every sport around the globe has more uniqueness in rules and regulations, not only to contestants, including fans too. Accordingly, Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's (FIA) Formula E Championship, one of the evolving motorsport, has an attractive rule that offers fans to direct the race.

How fans direct the race?

Generally, FanBoost is an option provided by FIA, especially for the fans to nominate their favorite drivers through voting. It makes the race more electrifying because fans have an opportunity to decide the outcome of the championship.

How this feature gets worked?

Formula E cars can produce a maximum power output of 250kW (equivalent to 335 bhp). While in race mode, the power ready for use is 200kW (equivalent to 270 bhp). Approximately, the drivers can utilize power from 150 to 180kW while racing. By the fans' nomination, the leading five drivers in the voting can get FanBoost (i.e.,) each of five drivers gets speed burst up to 5 seconds per car. How?

Suppose the driver receives FanBoost, a little pedal behind the steering wheel gets activated. Respectively the driver can get extra power up to 25kW, which is 10% more than the usual. Using this, the driver can speed up the car while overtaking and also have a chance to win the race. Drivers are permitted to use this feature only in the second half of the race for once.

This FanBoost voting option is enabled on Formula E's official website 12 days before the endurance race and active until 16 minutes after the race gets starts. The top 5 drivers have announced 20 minutes before the race.

How can we know when the driver uses FanBoost?

In Formula 1 and Formula E cars, a safety device named Halo, which has fitted above the cockpit for driver's protection. In that Halo device, an LED loop has integrated on the top. This LED shows the mode of racing that the driver employs. If the driver uses FanBoost, the LED series glows in magenta. This FanBoost creates many flip-flops during the race. Also, this feature shows fan support for the drivers.

Use this website link for voting your favorite Formula E driver - fanboost.fiaformulae.com

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Unique colors unique facets : F1 car tires

2021-06-04T07:59:00.005-07:00

Do you notice the color in the Formula One car's tires?

Formula One racing is the most fantasy sport around the globe because there is a limit only for technical adaptation, not for throttling, which makes it more popular and peculiar among people. Also, every year, Grand Prix and circuits for the racing are altered to various locations as per the schedule passed by Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). Accordingly, every team and management have mutated for each month to the scheduled Grand Prix locations. They need to care for their health (stability) to different climatic conditions. As per that, F1 cars also need to adapt to the circuits, because of circuit conditions, like dry or wet.

Generally, in dry conditions, circuits may heat up to higher degrees. Herewith, the tire's temperature may also get raised from 100 to 130 degrees Celcius depends on the compound used. Also, in cold conditions, the heat may increase from 90 to 110 degrees Celcius. Likewise, in wet conditions, the circuit may spread with water, which may resist the acceleration of the race car. So the tires fitted in the F1 car should try to withstand those circumstances.

According to the circuit conditions, F1 car tires have varied to score better performance in the race. As per the FIA rules, F1 tires have grouped into slick and wet tires. These slick tires have three types such as soft, medium, and hard. Also, wet tires have two types such as intermediate and full wet tires.

An Italian tire manufacturer named Pirelli is the official tire supplier for F1 races. They categorize these slick-type tires with some color codes, which are red (soft), yellow (medium), and white (hard). For wet tires, the color codes are green (intermediate) and blue (full wet). As per the compounds used, Pirelli categorizes these three slick-type tires into C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5.

C1 (compound 1) type is the hardest among others and is white. This C1 type can endure while energy loadings at fast corners and can hold out in high temperatures. This type has inferior abrasive characteristics, so it has maximum durability but has low performance.

C2 (compound 2) type is harder but little flexible and is white/yellow. This type also stands firm at loading (speeds) and high temperatures. Also, it has sufficient characteristics to withstand different circuits. Its performance also gets improved from C1.

C3 (compound 3) type is a medium type that has both durability and performance and is white/yellow/red. C3 type is a blend of hard and soft compounds that's why it becomes more adaptable for different conditioned circuits.

C4 (compound 4) type is the softest and advisable for firm circuits and is yellow/red. This C4 has made of a soft rubber compound, which gives a top performance with tight grips. And the temperature is comparatively more, so durability gets dropped.

C5 (compound 5) type is hyper-soft and is red. This C5 has made of the softest rubber compound among the group. This type is acceptable for circuits, which have higher grips. Advisable for surplus speeds but is less durable.

In wet conditions, the intermediate type tire is adaptable for wet circuits with no existing water on the track and is green. This tire can eject water up to 30 liters per second per tire at a speed of 300 kph. The grip level has enhanced to sustain in wet conditions.

The full wet type is suitable for heavy rain conditions and is blue. This tire can eject water up to 85 liters per second per tire at a speed of 300 kph. This tire has a diameter of 10mm wider than slick tires to provide more grip in rain conditions.

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Disappearing car doors - make sense!

2021-05-29T02:42:00.001-07:00

Will it make alive?

Inventions and innovations make the world move further with a lot. Some technologies get a chance to survive all around, but many technologies are just like passing clouds. Because they may work only to some extends or in possible conditions. Likewise, one of those inventions is disappearing doors in automobiles, especially in cars.

How made possible?

These disappearing doors are introduced in the 1980s by BMW in their Z1 model cars. These technologies don't make a trend on that days. After a while, California-based tech and innovation company named Jatech proceed with this rotary drop door concept in their cars in 2007. The company names this concept as Retractable Disappearing Car Door. In simple words, the door slides down to the bottom of the vehicle.

These doors have controlled by electrical actuators with button commands. You don't need to open or close the door manually. This prototype model eliminates the B pillar (vertical roof support structure located between the front and rear doors), so the door length is extended to 10 inches to accessible for rear seats. Also, no compromises take place in ground clearance variations for this implementation.

While opening and closing the doors, the side mirrors are not disturbed, so the driver can easily access the roads for safety convenience (traffic monitoring). Also, these disappearing doors make it more comfortable for passengers to enter and exit.

Whatever the benefits, these doored cars are not suitable for all possible conditions. Especially in rainy conditions, these doors are not agreeable as conventional doors for quicker actions. Also, as per the security concerns, these doors are not perfect in some feasible environments.

In addition to that, the cost of implementing this technology is also gets increased. This idea is good but the implementation makes it more difficult.

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Interesting motive behind the F1 car's rear light

2021-05-25T01:26:00.005-07:00

Ultimately, Formula One cars are a magnificent development in the automobile industry around the world. F1 cars include many refining technologies and advancements and have the most powerful engine that sounds warmer than the other. Also, this F1 race proves the quality of the manufacturers and their involvement. With many auxiliaries and additionals, the performance of the F1 car has improving year by year. As per the Fédération Internationale de l’Automobil (FIA) regulation passed in 2014, Formula One cars shifted to a 1.6-liter V6 turbocharged hybrid engine from the 2.4-liter naturally-aspirated V8 engine, which combines with a simple hybrid system. This engine can generate higher power at the rotational speed of 15,000 rpm.

Ok. Apart from Engine advancements. Will, you notice a red light at the rear side in F1 cars? and

Will you think about that why the light blink sometimes and glows sometimes?

There is a logic behind the red light. During wet conditions, the rain makes a driver feel uncomfortable due to continuous droplets fall on their view. So the driver turns on the red light to glow continuously to show a car moving in the front. It helps the driver, who comes behind, that there is a car in the front. It acts as a protector and has used mainly for safety considerations. The driver, who is leading in the first, and the other drivers have guided the route by the team management using radio communication.

While in dry conditions, you may notice that the light blinks sometimes. At that time, the car gets slower than the usual speed. The light blinks indicate that the driver harvests the power through Energy Recovery System (ERS) with MGU-K (Motor Generator Unit - Kinetic Energy) and MGU-H (Motor Generator Unit - Heat Energy). Generally, if the driver wish to recover energy while cornering, the car gets slow down with light blinks, that moment, MGU-K harvests the kinetic energy from the wheels in the form of electricity and store it in the Energy Store (i.e.,) battery.

And MGU-H is another unit placed between the turbine and compressor of the turbocharger, collects power (electricity) continuously while the turbine is spinning, and store it in the Energy Store. Both recovered energy can deploy by the drivers while overtaking and to increase the speed after cornering. With this power, the car gets extra power up to 160bhp over 33 seconds for each lap.

Also, if any issues in the car or cockpits, the driver blinks the light to slow down so the cars behind can aware and can go further.

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Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)

2021-04-02T10:00:00.002-07:00

Will Adaptive Cruise Control prevents rear collisions ?

Moving on highways for a long while makes a driver awkward for pressing the speed up pedal continuously to varying the speed as required. You may think that while driving a long distance, everyone feels good. But for driving a vehicle consistently, you may feel distressed. And sometimes we may lose our focusing ability that leads to many frustrations, also tends collisions.

The Cruise Control technique helps to improve those difficulties for the driver who drives on highways frequently. This development consists of a control unit that gets input from the driveshaft, wheel speed sensors, engine's RPM, speedometer cable, and also from brake and clutch using specific transducers, then sends a proper output signal to the solenoid or other control mechanism which have placed near the throttle to induce it, while required. When the driver actuates the cruise control at a particular speed, the control unit receives those data and fixes the throttle position constantly by the solenoid's holding action. Now the car maintains a set speed so the driver can remove the foot from the accelerating pedal. The vehicle can keep up the set speed until the driver employs a brake or clutch. After the vehicle gets slow down ( below the set speed ), the cruise control gets turned off automatically. We need to actuate it if required. It will be able to actuate only around 25 or 30 mph. Despite the improvement of cruise control, some drawbacks are there (i.e.,) When the car in front of us gets slowed, then we need to notice and apply the brake properly, if not it may lead to the rear collision because our car is set to some speed, only by our alertness we can stop our vehicle.

To overcome this concern, this system further improved with some adaptations, which will be named as Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system. This system electronically controls the speed of the vehicle as per the driver's input. This ACC includes radar, multi-purpose camera, and the above-mentioned peripherals for maintaining a set speed and other dependence. Radar provides data about the road ahead and also provides the distance between the front vehicle and ours. A multi-purpose camera is to check the driver's lane whether any vehicle is entered into our lane or not.

Now the vehicle is set to some speed so that vehicle maintains a constant speed. While any vehicle is in front of us going at some particular speed, our vehicle detects the distance between both the vehicles and maintains the particular distance. Suppose if the front vehicle gets slow down, the ACC system detects the difference in the distance with the help of radar and camera. So our vehicle warns the driver, if the driver does not respond, then ACC applies brake automatically. After that, the vehicle can obtain the preset speed if the vehicle is slowed around 25 to 30 mph, or else the ACC is deactivated. On traffic-free roads, we can increase the speed of the vehicle just by pressing the raising buttons. This ACC can avoid rear collisions. The vehicle which equips this system is considered as a level 1 autonomous car.

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A flying car is arriving! - General Motors reveals

2021-01-16T22:30:00.021-08:00

Cadillac's flying car - concept

Recently General Motors declared their new concept car, which will be a flying car. Yes, Autonomous Cadillac flying car.

The designers displayed their sophisticated concept with a single-seater multifunctionality electric aircraft (i.e.,) eVTOL (electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing), which will look like a cinematic bliss. This concept paves the way towards futuristic enhancements and betterments. Michael Simcoe said that the car manufacturer is "preparing for a world where advances in electrics and autonomous technology make personal air travel possible."

This eVTOL is a perfect autonomous, which flies only by voice recognition and discipline gesture identification, and additional commands to make the smooth and experienced drive instead of manual controls and steerings. This flying car concept is the next version of the air taxis, which are in progression soon it becomes possible, I think!.

Cadillac's flying car or eVTOL powers four lightweight rotors with the help of a 90 kW electric motor, which makes a drive more sufficient with GM's cutting-edge Ultium batteries. This eVTOL can efficiently travel at the speed of 55 mph. Simcoe said, "It's a GM's first attempt in aerial mobility." This electric aircraft is almost a perfect advancement in our automobile world, which takes us to the next stage.

To bypass the random traffics and unnecessary difficulties on roads, this concept finds a way across that. And also it guides the way which approaching the direction towards the future, and soon it reaches the commercial market. Cinematic expectations have come alive into our realities, Right!

What do you think about this concept? Sounds insane! or A cool aeromobile!

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Don't hold the brakes on hills longwhile - Hill Hold Control will assists you!

2021-01-16T04:00:00.009-08:00

Will Hill Holder reduces the fear of driver while climbing hill?

Driving a car at hill stations, especially while going up, what will be you think? The only thing in our minds is to safely moves the vehicle forward from an initial position without going down. Why may this happen? While driving on plains roads, the center of gravity (CG) of the car is acting towards the ground, and also it is located at the center, which is perpendicular to the vehicle and road surface too. So the vehicle can't move in such directions, we can drive a car just like that. While driving on sloping roads, the CG of the car is acting towards the ground only, but the car is in the inclined position on slopes. So the location of CG is in the rear while moving up, and the CG is in front while moving down. That's why the vehicle moves down while starting from an initial position. For these difficulties, engineers built a logical device named No Roll. Also, it has pronounced as Hill Hold Control or Hill Hold Assistance or Hill Holder.

Hill Holder's construction and design are varied for manual and automatic transmission systems. In a manual transmission system, there was a mechanical setup between the master cylinder and brake lines. This setup consists of a cam and ball mechanism. The cam has connected with the clutch wire, and the ball is for opening and closing the fluid passage. Before moving the car uphill from stationary, the clutch has disengaged for setting first gear, and the brake is applied. While disengaging the clutch (pressing the clutch pedal), the cam moves towards the ball and tries to close the brake fluid passage by pushing a ball. When we release the brake pedal, the fluid can't return to the master cylinder because, due to CG, the ball moves towards the passage and stops the fluid flow. Then by engaging the clutch (releasing the clutch pedal), the cam pulls the ball gradually, so the fluid lines become open. So by concurrently giving the acceleration, the car moves forward without slipping down. This mechanism occurs only in sloping conditions.

No Rol mechanism

For an automatic transmission, the setup is entirely different from the above. It consists of a hydraulic modular unit, which is also used in ABS and ESP systems, that optimizes the fluid pressure on each wheel, and a control unit is used to governs the entire operation. Before moving the car uphill from stationary, we apply the brake on the wheels to avoid roll down. At the time, the control unit fetches data about the fluid pressure built up on brake lines using a hydraulic modular unit and holds that built pressure steadily even we release the brake pedal and retentive the pressure for few seconds for acceleration. While we accelerate the vehicle, the modular unit releases the pressure on brake lines, so the car moves forward without rolling down. We can turn off this control system if not required (i.e.,) in plains roads we need not turn on this system. Overall this hill-hold assistance holds the brakes for a few seconds to prepare the driver for moving forward by avoiding roll-back.

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How an EV enters into the market?

2021-01-08T08:30:00.048-08:00

Future towards Electric!

Everyone has an automobile for their sophisticated needs. Manufacturers make even emission less engine with almost no sounds, but fossil fuel deficiency is the major drawback for further improvements. What about alternatives? Researchers find some fuels as alternatives for the same IC engines too, but it's not so much easier to develop bigger. Hydrogen is also a better option, but it's not safe to store because hydrogen is highly explosive. Then to bring out an automobile further is only by employing an electric was their only idea. Even many ideas were blowing over the drive field, till the developers focus straightly on electric. Why? Because of Tesla's marketing term called "eco-friendly vehicles" with zero pollutions. But there too have some issues. Well, EV is almost better, but how an EV can fill the place of an IC engine? While speaking today, almost Tesla fills out more than half of an EV in some cities and places thousands of charging stations all over the United States too. They were many logical reasons behind Tesla about their electric life. They develop their electric vehicles a lot of years and years ago. Every automaker has a concept to expand electric car, but they did not evolve that accurately compare to Tesla. Manufacturers have some designs to improve vehicles with some alternatives by overcoming rather than complete electric with battery technology like hybrids and fuel cells. But still all the automobile designers try to change towards EV, they won't achieve the qualities of Tesla yet. Everything inside a motor drive is good, yet they can't acquire an affordable performance range like Tesla. That was an open drawback to some electric car manufacturers to became an opponent for Tesla. And also, Tesla was not too perfect in the battery thermal management system. Overall the car's performance looks good, but depth analysis shows Tesla to feel us feared. Did you know that? Few Tesla cars burned on roads, mainly due to overheating issues in batteries. Many improvements have taken by a lot of researchers for developing battery technologies.

Beyond limitations and all others, What about batteries after it life overs? Did you think about that? Till now, none of the carmakers commercially develops recycling batteries. If batteries are not recycled, then what happened? It becomes chemical wastes, then causes dangerous effects to land and land lives. Lithium is a harmful element, and heating problems lead to explosions too. Well, 'EV has a good scope while entering into the automobile market' is the manufacturer's expectations. But while seeing forward, improvements are most needed to bring out excellent EV with recycling technologies. While after improving perfect and further advancements, EV can ready to conquer the automobile segment. By that, the fossil-fueled vehicles count can get dropped. Recycling techniques have a chance to change the world. Get Updates!

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