Science Time

कुछ Mind Boggling वाले facts, मुझे यकीन है कि आप नहीं जानते होंगे

2021-11-28T18:23:00.004+05:30

So ya guys do you know there is a type of shrimp called the Mantis shrimp which makes a kind of noise which produces light or ever knew that the purr of cats can nearly heal a broken bone or Do you know what will happen if you mistakenly eat 1gram of dark matter?, Woah those are interesting right? I am back with another post of #askSt, in this post I will answer some interesting science questions.

1.Mystery of Mantis shrimp

Image credit:Wikipedia

Mantis shrimp does a pinch type of thing which due to the movement of water molecules creates a bubble where the molecules also apply external pressure to get their old positions and when this happens bubble bursts under a moment and just before the bursting of the bubble, there is the huge amount of pressure on the inside gases of the bubble as because the pressure exerted by water molecules and as the pressure is high it's general that according to Gay-Lussac's law temperature will also increase. For those who don't know What is Gay-Lussac's law a gas law that states that the pressure exerted by a gas (of a given mass and kept at a constant volume) varies directly with the absolute temperature of the gas. In other words, the pressure exerted by a gas is proportional to the temperature of the gas when the mass is fixed and the volume is constant. And according to scientists, the temperature is equal to the temperature on the sun's surface and hence it becomes a sudden plasma and then due to the cool water the temperature quickly decreases, and when it decreases it converts heat energy into light energy. And hence Mantis shrimp converts sound energy to heat energy and at last to light energy.

2.How do cats heal themselves with their voice?

When cats are under stress because of any bone or muscle injury they generally produce a low-frequency sound between 25 and 150 hertz which basically creates stress in their injury as a result it makes more Cytokines to help the healing process as it gives commands to bone cells to release growth factors which convert stem cells into Osteoblasts. Cytokines are a special type of protein that controls the activeness and growth of our immunity system.

What if you were made of Dark matter or if you had ate it?

Image source : Livescience

Dark matter nothing to do with nuclear or electromagnetic force. It does not collide with other particles or with itself. It feels only gravitational force, the only thing that makes scientists think that there is something dark is the gravitational pull of galaxies. And as far as we know, it is the only force it can exert. So what would happen to a human being like you and me, if all of a sudden, all the particles in your body could be transformed into dark particles?

If you were to face a dark matter transformation, your existence as you know it will end immediately. But as compensation, you will gain the ability to travel almost anything you want.

The first thing that will happen to you is that you can no longer be tied together in any way, and that anyone who looks at you will see that you disappear immediately. The nuclear force holding the nuclei and protons together will disappear; the electromagnetic force that caused atoms and molecules to coexist (and light to interact with you) would disappear; your cells and organs and the rest of the body will stop holding together.

Instead, at a relative speed of about 3,000 m / s (per proton per neutron) due to the thermal motions of these particles, the dark matter that once formed your body would fly apart, moving randomly in all directions. But even at those speeds, those dark matter particles will remain attached to the Earth, as this is still below the speed required to release the Earth's gravitational force. Instead, each particle, despite moving from many random places, can suddenly enter an elliptical orbit along the center of the Earth as a single focus. Without a magnetic field that prevents the object from moving the Earth, it simply does so in the first place: a trip that takes about 88 minutes.

Because the Earth, the Sun, the galaxy, and everything else we know, also obeys the laws of gravity, it is only the different forces that will eventually make that dark thing behave differently from Earth's atoms. More and more slowly, the collision of the oceans of the Moon and the Sun in the surrounding earth causes our planet's orbit to decrease, meaning that the days are about 10-20 micro-seconds longer each year. A slightly longer day means that everything on earth, from the ground to the ocean to the atmosphere, takes longer to return to its original state of rotation. But not dark matter.

As long as the dance of our Earth's gravitational pull, the solar system, and the galaxy continue, the dark story is bound to linger on the Earth. It will crawl when it is connected to everything else, orbiting the ellipse and spending most of its time inside the Earth. But every once in a while, it will return to its original position, because there is no dissipative forces at work on dark matter. Without any other forces, you will cease to exist as a bound entity if you become a dark matter, it is true. But without that same dissipative force, you would always return to their original position, as the Earth's orbit would change over time. In the most important ways, energy and momentum are really conserved, and that is what defines dark matter’s behavior.

FUTURE में MARS गृह में इंसान कैसे विकसित होगा How Will Humans Evolve in Future?| INTRESTING FACTS

2021-09-01T23:30:00.058+05:30

Hello friends I am Rajarshi after crores of years of evolution we humans have got the ability of asking questions. And because of that ability today we are able to ask questions like after "1000 more years how we will look" will we fuse ourselves with robots and become something like CYBORGS or we will go to mars with Elon musk because of the technological advancements ? And why the hell only mars why not Venus ? Venus is also called as the brother of our earth. Next as there is no air in space then how the astronauts communicate with each other ? Next as there's no air in the space also what's the smell of the space and if we can’t smell in space also how did NASA make
the space perfume ? Well well well there are many questions like this which come into our mind and haunts us if not you then definitely me.

And for answering all your questions We are bringing a BRAND NEW POST OF ASK ST from this post if you have any questions related to science and technology then just ask them below in the comments with the tag #askSt and we I will definitely answer those in the next post.

Q1. Why won't NASA send humans to Venus ?

Nowadays all know ELON MUSK as he is always into the news because he literally wants to make a whole human colony on mars but why not Venus ? Venus is really close to Earth, its weight, size, diameter, gravity all are similar to of Earth. The reason behind this is as Venus is not as it looks. Venus is known as the brother of the earth but its never the less than a "burning hell" because the surface temperature of Venus is nearly 450°c which is enough to melt a pencil's lead. And it is not as we have never tried to go to Venus, Soviet union has send several unmanned spacecrafts to Venus between 1970-1982 but most of them started to melt as the spacecraft entered the atmosphere of Venus like ice-creams. The spacecraft which stayed intact there was also just for 110 minutes. And humans will just get fried there and if you want to cool the fire you will probably think of water but you will not get it as there is concentration carbon-di-oxide and oxygen molecules are very less. And so any person would die by choking instantly after reaching there. But but Venus's destruction for human doesn't stops here. There is a lot of Sulphuric acid in the atmosphere of Venus which if just touched will tear and pass through our skins, tissues, bones and organs. And so every time before the acid touches the ground it evaporates and becomes clouds because of the high temperature and so every year acid rains on the surface. Because of this the atmosphere of Venus is so dense that it blocks 80% of the radiations coming from the sun but that's not enough because Earth blocks 95% of the radiations and so humans can survive better on Earth. Venus's one day is equal to 116 earth days which is huge. But at the end of the day we will see a beautiful blue color sunset. And so if you want to visit Venus you can to see the blue sunset you can but at your one risk.

Q2. How does space smell ?

The more we know about space the more we get questions and confusions. And one of those questions is HOW DOES SPACE SMELL ? For answering this question NASA has made a perfume but one minute space is a vacuum and so nobody can survive their and so astronauts will there under just 15 seconds if they remove their space suits to smell the space. Sow how did NASA made the space perfume?

So the answer is that the astronauts haven't smelled the space instead they judged the idea of the smell of space by the smell coming from their spacesuits. According to one of those astronauts Thomas James have said that space smells like hot-dry meat. One of the astronauts Don Pettit has accurately found out the smell of space, He has told when he used to release airlocks in ISS and opened hatch to get the astronauts inside he always got a peculiar smell. But he couldn't figure it out of which the peculiar smell was? So he thought it may be coming from the air duct but after sometime he noticed that peculiar smell used to come only from the uniforms of astronauts and the tools they are taking out of ISS then he figured it out that was the smell of space. He described the smell as little sweet metallic taste. After returning back to Earth he tried to recreate the smell and as a result is the Image below:

Image source: https://eaudespace.com/

This smell is used to experience the space smell to the astronauts before going to space. But NASA has also commercialized this as a perfume.

Q3.How will humans evolve in next 1000 years?

Image source: dcextendeduniverse

One of the most awaited questions, How will we humans evolve in future? We are the smartest organism on this Earth we have evolved constantly and we are evolving every second and we will continue to evolve. So this question has 3 possible answers.

1. Natural evolution, according to the past data we will grow taller in height and our lifespan will increase. But because of increasing global warming the temperature will increase and dark skin will be a hereditary characteristics. Because dark skin contains melanin which protects our skin from UV rays. Next with the growing evolution our brain size will decrease but it will become more efficient than now. For example A 1999 study by a research team at the Faculty of Health Sciences at McMaster University, actually showed that Einstein's brain was smaller than average. While smaller overall, there were, however, certain areas of his brain that were above average.

2. Combining with machines we are moving ahead in science and technology and it doesn't seems that day is far where we will evolve and become half human and half robotic beings that form will be called as something Human Cyborgs. There are many examples one of them is Oregan university where its being tried to make a bionic eye which will help to see the blinds. IF this can be developed more it will help us to see things which we can't see with our naked eyes like infrared rays, UV rays.

3. Gene engineering there are many techniques at present like Crisper gene editing with which you can literally change the genes of your upcoming offspring. This is just a starting in future might we just alter our genes and make us immune from any diseases. We can also use this to break the barriers of our human race. We can transform ourselves to a super hero and we can literally do anything then. If we achieve that technology. It will also be a disaster because the world will become unstable. Everybody could do whatever they like it will be a catastrophe.

Q4. Human development on Mars

If we humans could develop a successful colony on Mars then the human evolution will kick start in a totally new direction. Mars's condition is quite different than that of Earth's like Mars receives 66% less sunlight than earth receives, so our pupils will grow bigger to absorb more sunlight and we can see in dark. And according to some scientists because of the weaker gravity on Mars our spinal cords will grow much longer and the babies who will be born on mars will be taller just like average human on Earth at present.

Q5. Can we talk in space?

As we know from our childhood that sound is nothing but a vibration in air, but there isn't any air in space so talking in space isn't possible but how do astronauts communicate with each other while outside the shuttle or outside the ISS. So when an astronaut speaks his sound is converted to radio waves by a machine in his helmet and then the radio waves are emitted (as radio waves can travel in space) and another machine on the helmet of another astronaut there is a receiver which receives the radio waves and converts it into human sound. And that's how astronauts communicate on space.

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अगर सूरज गायब हुआ तो क्या होगा | What Will Happen If the Sun Vanishes (Scientific Hypothesis)

2021-06-14T19:12:00.007+05:30

Just imagine if the sun disappears for an hour, a day, a month, a year then what will happen ?? I know it's quite imaginary but if it happens any day by any means then what will happen ?? You are gonna read what's going to happen If the Sun Disappears in this fantastic article.

Let us imagine now a spaceship with the size of our moon enters our solar system and the people, scientists are not aware of it. The spaceship is from a distant star which has very much developed aliens than the people on earth. They have come to our solar system to take our sun to their solar system, using a technology called Dyson Sphere.

The sun is the only celestial body that holds our earth using its gravitational force. But as the aliens have started to displace the sun from its position all the planets in the solar system have also started displacing from their respective positions. Now our earth is a free-flowing object in the universe. But on earth, it's all normal there is the day on one side and night on another as usual because the light from the sun takes approximately about 8 minutes and 20 seconds.

8 minutes and 20 seconds later...

Suddenly after 8 minutes and 20 seconds, all the light vanishes except the electricity all over the world as if night has occurred during the day. The the sky becomes crystal clear, stars are shining but there is no moon as the moon gets its light from the sun and the sun is taken by the aliens. The species that are worst affected by this displacement of the sun are the Plantae kingdom or the plants because these species prepared food using photosynthesis which requires sunlight.

1 hour later...

Half of the world is traumatized. The news also went to the place where there was night already due to the normal rotation cycle of the earth, the news was the night fell where there was the day. The whole world is surprised. The temperature is decreasing slowly because there is still much heat in the core of the earth. So not a lot of difference in temperature.

24 hours later...

All the people on earth are expecting a sunrise but it's 8 in the morning and no sun is shining in the sky. The government is also helpless because this matter is outside of the human's hand. The temperature has been dropped by 8° celsius. Some plants and animals have started to become weak. But there is no change for the life under the ocean because of the heat from the core. But there is a little bit more heat left on the earth because of our atmosphere. Our atmosphere has a very good quality. Our atmosphere's special quality is that it can trap some of the heat of earth until some time but it's also just for 3-4 days.

A week later ( Major changes)

The temperature has gone well below 0°celsius it's -20° celsius. All the waters on the land have slowly started to freeze. The television, the internet suddenly stopped because the satellites have stopped because they get power from the sun and so it has stopped. Till the last week, the satellites have been running on backup power.

But now it has also got over.

The whole earth has been blacked out because of no electricity because the water in the dams that make the electricity has frozen. (except some of the places which make electricity out of anything else except water )

The world connected through mobiles and the internet has been completely disconnected. Most of the plants have been destroyed till now (except the big and large trees) and also the animals who feed on the plants are dying because there are no plants left for them to fetch on.

The rich persons have built a bunker deep under the ground in these seven days and some are also building and are expected to be completed in under a month.

The government is also building as many bunkers as they can for the people. But we know the government can't build bunkers for 7,67 billion people living in the world. Every second now on the earth is night. Time doesn't make sense now

because whether it's 3:00PM or 3:00AM it's all dark scary night.

There is a whole new map of stars in the sky because our earth has flown very faraway from the place, we were living in the world seven days before.

A month later...

Our Earth is becoming colder day by day and the temperature is around -40 degrees celsius. The Earth at this time is looking like the image above. Almost all over the Earth, there is ice. All the plants except the plants having the habit of living in colder regions and the big plants have died. All the animals have died of the cold also the animals living underwater have died because the ocean has also frozen. There is also a lot of Carbon-di-oxide in the atmosphere because there are no plants to purify the air every breath will be like the smoke of a cigarette.

One year later:-

If any little life was present here it has also ended . The layers of ice on earth have increased in thickness about 1000 times the present state. Our Cities kind a look like the image above, the buildings , houses everything once lived by humans have covered by huge amount of ice.

1000 years later...(Minor change)

Oxygen is now scarcely available on the earth and the earth is looking like the image above.

1100 Years later...The end..................

Another 100 years passed the people living under the bunkers are looking like the image above the temperature at this point of future is around 160 degrees celsius. Our Earth has travelled trillions of kilometers from the point once human used to live in the earth before 1100 years. And finally after so long our earth has reached a place in the universe where asteroids of various sizes have started to hi the Earth. Harmful radiation hits every seconds probably. And at the end of this long journey an asteroid hits our earth and everything has ended. If the asteroid will not hit earth a supermassive blackhole will pull our earth inside it and the end of everything except time. Time has ended on earth but not in our universe. Because as long our universe is there time is also there . TIME IS A PHENOMENON WHICH HAS NEVER STARTED OR WILL NEVER END UNTIL OUR UNIVERSE ENDS. BUT THAT'S FOR ANOTHER ARTICLE SO STAY TUNED FOR THAT.

Disclaimer and facts...

But do not fear and spread fear please as this is just an hypothesis. From here we can learn that how much important is sun for us. This is why in most of the civilizations thinks sun as a god with out sun there is nothing probably nothing could exist. From this hypothesis I want to clear one concept, just remember the thing I told in the beginning of this post that even after sun disappears light stays on earth for 8 minutes and 20 seconds. This is because light needs some time to travel through the space. For an example if you are standing on earth and your friend on mars if he waves hiii on you it will take approximately 3 minutes to reach on earth so if you watch the mars on earth with a telescope you will think its live but its actually 3 minutes older mars. Another example is just imagine a planet with advanced beings like us is there with a distance of 66 light years distance from our Earth and they are watching us with a super-high power telescope the they will be probably watching 66 lakh year old Earth with dinosaurs but on Earth we are advanced and modern beings from this we can derive another amazing fact that the beautiful stars we see at night at the present day is TOTALLY PAST those stars are already dead we see those live because they are actually millions of kilometers away from the Earth.The light there millions of kilometre away is reaching us just now. Then the beautiful sunset we see in the evening is actually 8 minutes and 20 seconds older sight.

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What is extrasensory perception ( ESP)

2021-04-27T09:24:00.024+05:30

IMAGE SOURCE:SCIENCEMAG

Extrasensory Vision (ESP), a theory that occurs without known sensory processes. Commonly included in this category of events are psychological studies or the transmission of thought among people; clairvoyance, or higher awareness of things or events that are completely unknown to others; understanding, or knowledge of the future. Scientific research into these and other similar cases dates back to the late 19th century, with much supporting evidence from experiments involving card speculation. Artists try to correctly guess the symbols of hidden cards in their appearance under controlled conditions; a better percentage than the possibility of appropriate calls to several key figures considered as proof of ESP. Although many scientists continue to question the existence of ESP, people who claim this ability are sometimes used by investigative teams looking for missing people or objects.

ESP has been defined as ‘unpopular information systems or power transfers, processes such as telephone reading… that are not currently defined in terms of known physical or biological processes’ (Bem & Honorton, 1994, p. 4). Although not defined by current scientific thought, research continues to show that belief in ESP is very common (Moore, 2005) and that many people are based on their own experience of ESP (Greeley, 1987). Also, psychologists and social workers have collected thousands of reports of cases relating to ESP events (Irwin & Watt, 2007).

However, our knowledge of the human mind raises serious doubts about the accuracy of this article. Extensive research has shown us that memory is unreliable, and that prejudice leads to events that are often easily misinterpreted (Henkel & Mather, 2007; Kahneman et al., 1993). Besides, the rules of chance mean that uncommon coincidence that can be seen as 'ESP-like' will not help but happen. For example, thinking about a friend you have not spoken to for some time and receiving a call from that person may seem like a lot, much better to describe a particular type of ESP. Either way, it may be just a pure coincidence; How often is a distant friend considered and not a caller? If we also look at fraud and error, anecdotes are reduced to something else that is just like scientific evidence.

However, the assumption that belief in ESP is associated with lower IQ skills and poor thinking skills is incorrect (Roe, 1999). Indeed, the level of education has even been shown to be closely related to belief in ESP (Rice, 2003). Those who believe that ESP is possible and have good company; William James, Carl Jung and Nobel laureate Charles Riche to name just a few good ideas.

While many feel uncomfortable with proposed spiritual and spiritual proposals such as ESP, Freud wrote that ‘This delusion must ultimately be overcome. What we are facing is a ‘real question’ (1940/2003, p. 29). Parapsychology scientifically investigates the possibility of ESP and has collected a lot of evidence that some propose to support such a bizarre claim (Bem & Honorton, 1994; Sherwood & Roe, 2003). The most common test design used to test the ‘ESP hypothesis’ is the ganzfeld process.

The ganzfeld experiment

A typical ganzfeld test involves two participants. Participant 1, known as the ‘recipient’ is sitting in a comfortable chair in a sound-separated room. A portion of a flexible ping-pong ball is engraved over their eyes, and a red floodlight shines on them while the white sound is played through headphones. These steps are taken to reduce external noise and put participants in a relaxed ‘dream’ state. The reason behind these processes is that anecdotal reports of ESP often occur at changing times of awareness. Participant 2, otherwise known as the ‘sender’, is in a separate room. The computer randomly selects a stimulus or ‘target’ (usually a photo or video) in a large pool. It is the sender's job to focus on the target and to try to send it mentally to the recipient. At this point, the recipient provides a continuous oral report of any image or thought. After the session, the recipient is given four incentives (one is the target and the other three act as decoys) and is asked to choose which of the four most similar to their counselling.

Luckily we would expect participants to select target items (otherwise known as ‘hit’) in 25 per cent of the trials.

Preliminary tests ganzfeld has yielded significant results, in addition to the potential for predictable performance. Meta-analyzes by parapsychologist Charles Honorton and suspicious Ray Hyman, examining 28 studies that occurred between 1974 and 1981, reported a 35 per cent collision rate (Honorton, 1985). While the 10 per cent deviation may seem small, in addition to most trials this is a strong finding that is impossible to explain the deviation. Studies have also shown a positive effect size (0.5 is generally considered to be the average size effect in social science) of 0.63 (Bem & Honorton, 1994).

Moreover, the effect was repeated by many investigators (Honorton, 1985). However, concern was raised due to several methodological errors surrounding the test, including indicators of sensory leakage and misalignment of target objects (Hyman, 1985). Interestingly, a separate U.S. National Research Council report by acclaimed psychologist Robert Rosenthal also acknowledged these errors but suggested that they could not explain the surprising result (Harris & Rosenthal, 1988).

However, to accept such a contradictory view based on evidence from erroneous examination of methods is bad science. Based on previous problems of the previous testing, a new ganzfeld protocol was developed; An ‘auto-ganzfeld’, in which randomization and selection of materials were made entirely by computers and a solid process was intensified.

The auto-ganzfeld procedure

In 1994, the Psychology Bulletin published the story of Cornell’s Daryl Bem and the late Charles Honorton analyzing all auto-ganzfeld studies. To date, 354 auto-ganzfeld cases have occurred among 11 studies. Also, the results appear to support the ESP view. Reminiscent of previous ganzfeld studies, it saw a high rate of 32 per cent beats. Seeking a better understanding of the effect that is happening, the authors re-examined the internal results and suggested that the level of mixing and belief in the effectiveness of ESP (see Bem & Honorton, 1994).

As a result of such criticism, further, meta-analysis was followed in 2001. To find 10 more recent studies, Bem and Palmer (2001) reviewed a total of 40 studies. The average beating rate was 30.1 per cent; the important result is back. Also, the suggestion that studies that disrupted the successful ganzfeld process may be responsible for non-essential findings found some support. Studies that are consistent with the standard procedure have yielded significant results, while those that have changed this approach have often yielded opportunities (B & & Palmer, 2001). However, the magnitude of the effect was much smaller than that reported in a previous study, suggesting that if something happened, it would only faint.

The future of ESP?

Although not necessarily conclusive evidence, tests can show a limited effect. However, the small number of papers that provide evidence in reputable psychological journals does not appear to have altered the views or attracted more scientific attention to ESP.

Shermer (2003) suggests the main reasons that (a) the effect is too difficult to replicate and (b) parapsychology does not have a coherent and valid theory to explain such aberrations. But how important is this? Science is largely based on observation followed by an explanation of the theory. Some parapsychologists suggest that the size of the field may explain why so much progress has yet to be made. Schouten (1993) calculates that 111 years ago, the total amount of human and financial resources provided for parapsychology was equal to the resources available to support all psychological research for two months in The US. A different view would be: if that ability or something like that exists, then 111 years of academic study should have provided sufficient evidence that the idea could be tampered with?

However, parapsychologists have reported many findings that they suggest may explain the practice. Among several findings, the analysis suggests that believers in ESP (perhaps because of motivational effects) tend to eliminate critics (Lawrence, 1993) and feelings of participation may also be related to experimental performance (Carpenter, 2001). However, as the most important findings in this field, the sizes of these results are very small.

When we consider the possibility of ESP, Freud was right by reminding us that ‘the simplest explanation is not always correct: the truth is often not simple’ (1940/2003, p. 34). It is important to remember that our thoughts on physics, biology and psychology have been out of line before and continue to emerge. The ideas (supported by scientific evidence) that make general education feel uncomfortable, whether accepted or rejected, are what strengthen forward understanding - not scientific teaching.

BOX: A weird match in the laboratory?

The following is a paper by Westerlund et al. (2004) reporting the ganzfeld experiment at the University of Edinburgh shows strong similarities between the video ‘sender’ that was watching and the recipient’s thoughts at the time.

‘In this tape, a target video clip is displayed and at the same time the sound of the receiver can be heard One of the most notable quotes shows a man running in the woods; it looks like you're being hunted (at the same time, the recipient says: "Trees. People are running. Running…"). Suddenly, the man falls into a deep muddy pool (at the same time, the recipient says: "You are falling. The mud…"). The camera approaches the man's face (at the same time, the recipient says: "White hair. 70 hairstyles. Curly-ish. Whiteface…". it is over, so it disappears in the mud (at the same time, the recipient says: "Someone who died in the water")

How did coronavirus start and where did it come from?

2021-04-26T11:31:00.005+05:30

Image by Tumisu from Pixabay

In the public mind, the story of the origin of the coronavirus seems to be well-established: by the end of 2019 someone in the Huanan marine fish market now famous in Wuhan became infected with an animal virus.

Everything else is part of the worst-case scenario, Covid-19 has spread from that first cluster in the Chinese capital of Hubei to the plague that has killed an estimated 211,000 people so far.

Stock photos of pangolin - an anteater-like mammal - have reached the news bulletins, suggesting that the animal was a breeding ground for the virus before it spread to humans.

But there is uncertainty about certain aspects of the Covid-19 origin story that scientists are trying so hard to unravel, including what genes have been transmitted to man. They try hard because knowing how the epidemic starts is key to the next stop.

Prof Stephen Turner, head of the department of microbiology at Melbourne’s Monash University, says it is very likely that the virus originated in bats.

But that's where his end ends, he says.

On the assumption that the virus originated in Wuhan's live animal market from the interaction between animal and human, Turner states: "I don't think it ends with anything."

"Part of the problem is that the details are the same," he said, adding that germs of this type are constantly circulating in the animal kingdom.

The fact that the virus has infected a tiger at a zoo in New York shows how the virus can travel among species of animals, he said. "Understanding the range of species this virus can infect is important as it helps us reduce where it is likely to occur."

Scientists say that the virus is more likely to be transmitted to bats but that it first passed through a human communicator just like any other coronavirus - the 2002 Sars outbreak - from horseshoe bats to cat-like civets before infecting humans.

Embed from Getty Images

One animal that is considered a link between bats and humans is the pangolin. The International Union for Conservation of Nature states that they are “the world's smallest mammal” and are known for their flesh and for their alleged health risks.

As reported in Nature, penguins were not listed on Wuhan's merchandise, although these omissions may be intentional as it is illegal to sell them.

"Whether the poor pangolin was the species in which it jumped, is unclear," Turner said. "Mixed into something else, mixed with poor pangolin, or jumped into people and came from people."

Professor Edward Holmes, of the University of Sydney, was a fictional researcher in the field of environmental research who examined the possible origins of the virus by looking at its genes. In social media, he stressed that the identity of the species that served as the central manager of the virus is "still uncertain".

Some mathematical studies point to a viral feature that has already emerged in order to attach to human cells. Pangolin were able to develop this feature, but so did cats, buffalo, cattle, goats, sheep and pigeons.

One study claimed that it rejected pangolins as a whole host, because samples of the same bacteria taken from pangolins lacked the amino acid sequence that is seen in the virus that is now circulating in humans.

The research that Holmes has worked on has suggested that the situation in which a person at the Wuhan market encountered an infected animal was the only possible version of the original Covid-19 story. Another possibility is that the generation of the virus is highly contagious and spreads from person to person.

"Once identified, these changes will enable the epidemic to emerge and produce a large number of cases to initiate a monitoring program that has been identified," the study said.

An analysis of the first 41 Covid-19 patients in the medical journal Lancet found that 27 of them were directly exposed to the Wuhan market. But a similar analysis found that the first known case of illness did not.

This could be another reason for doubting the fabricated story.

Prof Stanley Perlman, a leading pathologist at the University of Iowa and a specialist in animal-borne coronavirus outbreaks, says the idea that the link to the Wuhan market coincided simply "could not be closed" but that opportunity "seemed small" because genetic findings had been made locally. of the market.

Perlman told the Guardian Australia that he believed there was a link animal but added that although pangolins are likely to run in the election, "they do not appear to be the main mediator".

“I suspect that any [viral] outbreak occurs in the middle animal if it were. There were no major mutations in the virus during the three months of the epidemic, indicating that the virus is common in humans. ”

The so-called wet markets - where live animals are sold - have contributed to previous outbreaks of coronaviruses, particularly Sars.

Dr Michelle Baker, a CSIRO pathologist who specializes in batches of viruses, says that further research into the origins of Covid-19 has been based on what has been known for some time.

But "we don't really know" how accurate the original story is, he says: "There was some contact [with the Wuhan market] and there were people exposed to the market who were infected."

Baker says the “most likely” is that the virus originated in the bat. “It is a possibility but we will never know. The market was cleaned up very quickly. We can only imagine. ”

"These wet markets have been identified as a problem because you have a variety of interactions," he said. "It's an opportunity to highlight their dangers and an opportunity to put pressure on them."

Turner adds: "We have found the ancestors of the virus, but having more information about the coronavirus in some species may give us an idea of how this material came about and how it came to be."

What is Dark Matter and Dark Energy ?

2021-04-09T15:56:00.005+05:30

Matter, as we know it; Atoms, stars and galaxies, planets and trees, rocks and us. This matter accounts for less than 5% of the known universe. About 25% is dark matter, and 70% is dark energy. Both of which are invisible. This is kind of strange because it suggests that everything we experience is only a tiny fraction of reality. But it gets worse. We have no clue what dark matter and energy are, or how they work. We are pretty sure they exist though. So, what do we know?

What is dark matter?

1 of the most complicated and dramatic collisions between galaxy clusters ever seen is captured in this new composite image of Abell 2744. The blue shows a map of the total mass concentration (mostly dark matter).

Dark matter is the stuff that makes it possible for galaxies to exist. When we calculated why the universe is structured the way it is, it quickly became clear that there's just not enough normal matter. The gravity of the visible matter is not strong enough to form galaxies and complex structures. The stars would more likely be scattered all over the place and not form galaxies. So, we know there is something else inside and around them. Something that doesn't emit or reflect light. Something dark... but besides being able to calculate the existence of dark matter, we can see it... kind of. Places with a high concentration of dark matter bend light passing nearby. So we know there's something there that interacts with gravity. Right now, we have more ideas about what dark energy is not than what it is! We know dark matter is not just clouds of normal matter without stars, because it would emit particles we could detect.

Dark matter and anti-matter.

Dark matter is not anti-matter, because anti-matter produces unique gamma rays when it reacts with normal matter. Dark matter is also not made up of black holes, very compact objects that violently affect their surroundings, while dark matter seems to be scattered all over the place. we only know 3 things for sure; 1. Something is out there. 2. It interacts with gravity. 3. There is a lot of it. Dark matter is probably made up of a complicated exotic particle that doesn't interact with light and matter in a way we expect, but right now, we just don't know.

What is dark energy?

This diagram reveals changes in the rate of expansion since the universe's birth 15 billion years ago. The more shallow the curve, the faster the rate of expansion. The curve changes noticeably about 7.5 billion years ago when objects in the universe began flying apart at a faster rate. Astronomers theorize that the faster expansion rate is due to a mysterious, dark force that is pulling galaxies apart.
Credit: NASA/STSci/Ann Feild

Dark energy is even more strange and mysterious. We can't detect it, we can't measure it and we can't taste it. But we do see its effects very clearly. In 1929, Edward Hubble examined how the wavelength of light emitted by distant galaxies, shifts towards the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum as it travels through space. He found that fainter, more distant galaxies showed a large degree of redshift; closer galaxies, not so much. Hubble determined that this was because the universe itself is expanding.

The redshift occurs because the wavelengths of light are stretched as the universe expands. More recent discoveries have shown that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. Before that, it was thought that the pull of gravity would cause the expansion to either slow down or even retract and collapse in on itself at some point.

this image shows the distribution of dark matter, galaxies, and hot gas in the core of the merging galaxy cluster Abell 520. The result could present a challenge to basic theories of dark matter.

Space doesn't change its properties as it expands; there's just more of it. New space is constantly created everywhere, galaxies are tight bound clusters of stuff held together by gravity so we don't experience this expansion in our daily lives. But we see it everywhere around us. Wherever there is space in the universe, more is forming every second. So, dark energy seems to be some kind of energy intrinsic to space.

The energy is stronger than anything else we know and it keeps getting stronger as time passes by. space has more energy than everything else in the universe combined. We have multiple ideas about what dark energy might be. One idea is, the dark energy is not a thing, but just a property of space. Space is nothing, it has its own energy. It can generate more space and is quite active. So, as the universe expands, it could be that just more and more space appears to fill the gaps and this leads to a faster-expanding universe. This idea is close to an idea that Einstein had back in 1917, of the concept of a cosmological constant, a force that counteracted the force of gravity.

The only problem is, that when we tried to calculate the amount of this energy the result was so wrong and weird, that it only added to the confusion. Another idea is, that space is full of temporary, virtual particles that spontaneously and continually form from nothing and then disappear into nothing again. The energy from those particles could be dark energy.

Or maybe dark energy is an unknown kind of dynamic energy fluid or field which permeates the entire universe, but somehow has the opposite effect on the universe as normal energy and matter. But if it exists, we don't know how and where or how we could detect it.

Conclusion

So there are still a lot of questions to answer. Our theories about dark matter and dark energy are still just that; theories. On one hand, this is kind of frustrating, on the other hand, this is frontier science making it very exciting. It shows us that no matter how much we feel we're on top of things, we are still very much apes with smartphones, on a tiny fragile island in space looking into the sky wondering how our universe works There is so much left to learn, and that is awesome.

FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions):-

What is the difference between dark matter and dark energy?

And what is the difference between black power and black matter? In short, black matter slows the expansion of the universe, while dark energy accelerates. ... This is because the black object does not meet the gravitational force, but does not reflect, detect, or emit light.

How much dark matter in the universe?

Black matter appears to exceed six visible objects to one, making up about 27% of the universe. Here's the sobering fact: The story we know and that makes all the stars and galaxies contain only 5% of the universe's content!

Evidence for dark matter?

Basic evidence of black matter comes from statistics that show that many galaxies would collapse, or that they would not form or move as they did if they did not have many invisible objects.

Discovery of dark matter and dark energy?

Fritz Zwicky is Originally known as the “missing mass,” the existence of black objects was first introduced by the Swiss American astronomer Fritz Zwicky, who in 1933 discovered that the size of all the stars in the Coma galaxy provided only one percent of the galaxy needed to store galaxies.

What Is general theory of relativity with definition?

2021-04-06T18:39:00.005+05:30

The notion of relativity (or general relativity) is a major component of modern physics. It describes gravity based on whether it can ‘curve’ space or more accurately associate gravity with the changing geometry of space.

History of general relativity

Albert Einstein settled on his "general" theory in 1915, bringing the "special theory of relativity" which, using the motion of light in the universe assumed that the laws of physics remained the same in any structure.

When Einstein tried to incorporate the masses into his special concept, he realized that the shape of the space (space-time) surrounding heavy objects should be affected in such a way that the object seemed to work as if it could attract others.

He knows that the story of the survivor escapes the clothes of the moment, making a ‘turn’ that makes the next point slippery.

Gravity tug

Two things have the power to attract each other, known as "gravity." Sir Isaac Newton measured the intensity of two of the objects while making his three motion laws. The gravity between two bodies depends on their size and distance. As the centre of the earth pulls you into it (keeps you seated), the centre of your mass returns to the earth. But a very large body may seem unattractive to you, while your small weight will make you feel grateful for that power. Yet Newton's laws assume that gravity is the natural force of something that can cause distance.

Albert Einstein, in his special theory of relativity, determined that the laws of physics are the same for all slow-moving observers, and showed that the speed of light inside space is the same, no matter how fast the visitor travels. As a result, he discovered that space and time are involved in a continuous process called space-time. Simultaneous events can occur at different times for an observer.

While working with his general sense of relativity on mathematics, Einstein realized that larger objects cause disruption during space. Imagine having a huge body in the middle of a treble body. The body presses into the fabric, causing it to shrink. The marble wrapped around the edge will rotate inward by pulling in the same direction as the gravitational pull of the planet's gravitational pull.

Evidence found by experiments: -

Although devices cannot detect or measure space-time, the number of events predicted by its explosion has been confirmed.

Gravity lensing: The light around a large object, such as a black hole, is diverted, making it act like a lens for the objects behind it. Astronomers often use this method to study the stars and galaxies behind them.

The Einstein Cross, the quasar of the gas constellation, is an excellent example of the light of gravity. Quasar is about eight billion light-years from Earth, and it sits behind a galaxy about one million light-years away. Images of four quasars appear around the galaxy as the mass of the galaxy bends light from the quasars.

Gravitational lensing may allow scientists to see pretty cool objects, but until recently, what they saw around the lens remained motionless. However, as light travels around the lens differently, each passing a different time, scientists have been able to see the supernova magnified by four different galaxies at four different times.

In an exciting discovery, Kepler's NASA telescope spotted a dead star, known as white debris, orbiting a small red object in a binary system. Although the white stone is very large, it has a much smaller distance than its counterpart.

"This approach is equivalent to looking at a 3,000-mile-long light bulb, about the distance from Los Angeles to New York City," Avi Sporer of the California Institute of Technology said in a statement.

Changes in Mercury's Orbit: Mercury's orbit gradually changes over time due to a decrease in space-time around the Great Sun. In a few billion years, it could collide with Earth.

Connection of space around rotating bodies: The rotation of a heavy object, such as the Earth, obstructs the space around it. In 2004, NASA launched the Gravity Probe B (GP-B). A well-balanced satellite formed the axes of gyroscopes within the interior over time, a result consistent with Einstein's view.

"Imagine the earth as if it were soaked in honey," said Francis Everitt, chief investigator of Stanford University's Gravity Probe-B.

"Like the planet's orbit, the honeycomb around it can rotate over time, and it is the same from time to time. GP-BA has confirmed two very important predictions of Einstein's universe, which have had an impact on astrophysics research. "

Gravitational Redshift: In the field of gravitational force, the electromagnetic radiation of an object expands slightly. Think of waves crashing from the head of an emergency vehicle; When the car is moving in the viewer, the sound waves are suppressed, but when they move forward, they are stretched or slowed down. Known as the Doppler effect, similar phenomena occur with light waves in all waves. In 1959, two scientists, Robert Pound and Glenn Rebecca fired radioactive gamma-rays at the top of Harvard University towers and discovered that they were much lower than their natural frequency due to distortions caused by gravity.

Gravitational waves: Violent events, such as the collision of two black holes, are thought to cause explosions in a space known as gravitational waves. In 2016, the Laser Interferometer Gravity Wave Observatory (LIGO) announced that it had found evidence of these discussion indicators.

In 2014, scientists announced that they had discovered the remaining gravitational waves in the Big Bang using the Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization (BISP2) rear telescope in Antarctica. It is believed that such waves are placed behind cosmic microwaves. However, other studies have shown that their data is contaminated with dust on the lines of sight.

What Is SpaceTime ?

2021-03-15T11:24:00.031+05:30

The spacetime fabric is a concept model that combines the size of the dimension with the size of the fourth dimension. According to current body perceptions, space-time describes the unusual repetitive effects from moving near the speed of light and the movement of large objects in the universe.

Who discovered space-time?

The famous philosopher Albert Einstein helped to develop the concept of space-time as part of his theory of relativity. Prior to his pioneering work, scientists had two distinct ideas to explain materialism: Isaac Newton's laws of physics explain the motion of large objects, and James Clerk Maxwell's electric models described light structures, according to NASA.

But experiments conducted late in the 19th century suggested that there was something special about light. Scales showed that light always travels at the same speed, no matter what. And in 1898, French philosopher and mathematician Henri Poincaré suggested that light speed could be an unparalleled limit. About the same time, some researchers thought that the size and shape of objects might change, depending on their speed.

Einstein drew all these ideas together in his 1905 idea of a special relationship, in which the speed of light remained constant. For this to be true, space and time had to be combined into a single frame that formed a conspiracy to keep the light speed equal to all observers.

A person using a high-powered rocket will measure a slower travel time and shorter objects compared to a slower pedestrian. That's because space and time are related - it depends on the speed of the viewer. But the speed of light is more important than that.

The conclusion that space is one piece of fabric is not what Einstein actually achieved. That idea came from German mathematician Hermann Minkowski, who said in a 1908 colloquium that, "From now on space alone, and time itself, will cease to be mere shadows, and only the kind of union of two will keep the truth independent."

The space he described is also known as Minkowski space-time and serves as a post-calculation base for both correlation and quantum-field theory. The latter defines the power of subatomic particles as fields, according to astrophysicist and science writer Ethan Siegel.

How does space-time works?

These days, when people talk about space-time, they often describe it as a rubber bullet. This, too, comes from Einstein, who observed during his presentation of the theory of relativism that gravity was caused by curves in space.

Embed from Getty Images

Big objects - such as the Earth, the sun or you - create distortions in space that cause bending. These curves, in turn, strengthen the paths in which everything in the universe travels, because things have to follow directions in this curved path. Movement due to gravity is actually movement in relation to space-time rotation.

NASA's Gravity Probe B (GP-B) mission measured the spacecraft's orbit around the Earth in 2011 and found that it was in perfect harmony with Einstein's predictions.

But many of these are always difficult for most people to wrap their heads around. Although we can talk about time as the rubber sheet, the analogy ends up being broken. The rubber sheet has two sizes, while the space bar has four sides. Not just warps in the space representing the sheet, but also warps in time. The complex statistics used to answer all this are misleading that even scientists are working with.

"Einstein made a great machine, but he never left us a user manual," writes astronomer Paul Sutter of his sister's Live Science website, Space.com. To put it simply, common sense is such that when a person finds a solution to a mathematical solution, they find a solution that is named after them and that becomes a personal issue.

What scientists still don't know

Although complicated, enduring relationships are the best way to respond to the physical conditions we know. Yet scientists know that their models are not perfect because their association is not yet fully integrated with quantum machines, which define subatomic particle structures with great accuracy but do not include gravity.

Quantum equipment depends on the fact that the tiny particles that make up the universe are clear, or balanced. So photons, light particles, resemble light particles that come in different packets.

Some theorists have speculated that perhaps space time itself also comes to these numerical characters, which helps to link relationships with quantum machines. Researchers at the European Space Agency have proposed the Gamma-ray Astronomy International Laboratory for Quantum Exploration of Space-Time (GrailQuest) mission, which will fly our planet and perform precise measurements of long, powerful explosions called gamma-ray bursts. of space time.

Such work would not start at least a decade and a half but, if you could, you could probably help solve some of the biggest mysteries left in physics.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What is space-time simple explanation?

In physics, space time is any mathematical model that combines the size of the space with the magnitude of one time four times the size. The space space fabric is a concept model that combines the size of the spaces with the size of the fourth space.

How does time work in space?

So depending on our position and speed, time can seem to move faster or slower for us in relation to others in a different part of time. ... That's why time is moving slowly in objects near the center of the Earth where gravity is strong.

Can time exist without space ?

The general theory of relativity tells us that what we call space is just another aspect of the earth's gravitational field, so space and space can and should not be without matter and the force that creates the magnetic field.

What is a space-time warp?

Gravity, Einstein asserted, was the result of space explosions and time - or, in the language of natural selection, the collision of space. ... As we will see, we turn space, reduce time, and drag space into hurricane-like movements - at least that's what Einstein's typical relationship predicts.

What is space and time complexity

A complex time is a function that describes the time taken by an algorithm in terms of the input value in the algorithm. ... Space complexity is a function that describes

the amount of memory (space) the algorithm is taking in terms of the input value in the algorithm.

Is space time an illusion ?

Many objects in physics are represented as fields, continuous functions defined over time and periodically. ... There are electromagnetic fields, news fields, strong and weak fields. All of these sectors have a so-called "state ground", a state where they are at the lowest possible power level.

What Is space-time curvature ?

The force of gravity bends the space time

It is here that Einstein connects the dots to suggest that gravity is a waste of space and time. Gravity is the bending of the universe, caused by large bodies, which determine the direction of matter. That bending is powerful, it moves as those things move.

What Is Fourth Dimension (4th Dimension Explained)

2021-03-10T18:18:00.002+05:30

[1] For A 4TH Dimensional World Beings We Will Be Like A Video Game Or Simulation To Know More Just Read The Article[1]

light up a 4-dimensional object… Unfortunately, you will soon see that you can't. But why? Our brains don’t care to think of anything more than 3 sizes. Life on Earth will end until the third dimension. The human mind cannot imagine something that has never been exposed to it (such as magnitude 4). It would be like thinking of a new color out there in the universe that is not yet available to humans. How would you describe it? The mysterious nature of this mathematical and physical concept makes it a real miracle of physics. However, many theologians have come up with innumerable theories about what the 4th dimension is and what it will look like. Scientifically speaking, we can describe this magnitude but we may not even see it in reality.

Before we get into the details of size 4, we need to understand what the first few measurements are. To begin with, take a point that has no space limit - we will say this is

the 0-D space. Extending this point creates the first size of a straight line with a width of 0 and only a length. You can only go 2 ways - forward or backward. A 2-D space is a bunch of unlimited 1-D space spread across length or width. An example of a 2-D shape would be a square. There are many ways a person can travel in 2 sizes - front, back, left and right. The 3-D space is actually an endless pile of 2-D space set. In space 3-D, there are three connecting axes - usually marked x, y, and z - with each orthogonal axis (e.g. perpendicular) to the other two. The six indicators in this space are called: up, down, left, right, forward and backward. The length measured by these axes can be called the length, breadth and height.

Now, we can get some amazing and amazing scientific recommendations about the size of 4. Moving forward in the order of magnitude, conveying the natural assumptions between each measure and the next may allow us to make possible assumptions about the fourth dimension. Using the information above, we can collect that 4-D shapes can be an infinite stack of 3-D space. The new dimensions are labeled ‘w’ and the scale is called ‘trength.’ The best directions you can take are called ‘ana’ and ‘kata.’ However, the problem arises as to how we will add this extra width. All of these steps of magnitude extend in the direction of the previous three. Width corresponds to length, height corresponds to width and height, and finally, length is perpendicular to height, length, and width. Our brains cannot visualize how this size would actually be in a 4-D object orthogonally.

Instead, we can represent how people can understand 4-D shapes to make it look like our 3-D concept. We'll see a 4-dimensional space as a 3-D guess. This concept is closely related to the holographic system. The Holographic Universe states that the details that make up what we see as 3D reality are stored in 2-D faces, including time. Therefore, according to this principle, everything you see and experience is deceptive when a volume of space is placed in a corner less than the size (like a hologram).

[2]

A tesseract (also known as a hypercube) is a four-sided mathematical object with lines of equal length joined at right angles. Extending the square to a three-dimensional space in the same way as a cube extends the idea of a 2-D square into a three-dimensional space. As I added another dimension, four lines intersect at each vertex at right angles. In fact, the tesseract has a 3-D "face", each of which is a cube.[2]

IMAGE-SOURCE-YSJOURNAL

This tesseract diagram does not fully illustrate what it looks like because what we have above are two diagrams (because it is on a computer screen) of three-dimensional three-dimensional tesseract models. It will be a little confusing. The 4-D tesseract also has the confusing properties of creating a three-dimensional shadow on a 3-D plane. In the picture above, you can see that the tesseract actually has 16 layers in total.

Many physicists, including Einstein as part of his 'Special Theory of Relativity', suggest that the fourth dimension is time. He said time should be as great as any other space because space and time are inseparable. If you wish to walk in space, you cannot do it immediately; you have to move from your current location to another location, where you will only arrive at a specific location in the future. If you are here now, you cannot be anywhere else at the same time, you can get there later. Walking in space requires that you also walk on time. [5] Therefore, they say that time is a factor of 4 because without it, we cannot create any vector of logical position with a fixed length. The length of time is a line from the past to the future. Thus, the time when the fourth largest finds the position of an object at a particular time. If we were able to detect the time zone of the fourth object (or earth line) it would be like a spaghetti-like line from past to future showing the location of an object at every moment in time.

Unlike any other area, we can move forward in time. Some sizes allow you to move both directions. Therefore, they divided the time by the size of the area and called it a temporary size. On the other hand, some researchers, using the concept of a larger dimension, still have the hope of finding embryos in the universe that connect to different parts of the space period (e.g. in the past).

Modern scientific theories such as theoretical theory require the existence of a higher dimension and this particular theory requires a magnitude of 10. Kaluza-Klein's theory (based on the concept of element 5 that controls electromagnetism) attempts to combine the theory of gravity with electromagnetism. It does this by eliminating the differences between the two ideas. People cannot see this magnitude because it occurs at a very small level. It is impossible to see such a fifth dimension, using available energy. However, this fifth feature also relies on the fourth grade to be a temporary magnitude i.e. time.

Incorporating our three-dimensional world as a 4-D creature, can allow you to do some amazing things that can make you look ‘like a god’ to us humans. Some of the attractions you can do include teleportation and us humans in our 3-D world to hyperspace (the world of high magnitude). [7] This seems to be magical to us and makes the fourth dimension a miracle of physics. In his book "Hyperspace", Dr. Michio Kaku, a philosopher, explains the great magnitude and their impact on us. Fortunately for us, however, 4-D creatures could not survive on a 3-dimensional world, just as 3-D creatures could not survive on a 2-dimensional planet. This is because we would be repaired until we were completely settled in a 2-D world. So, I think we are safe… yet.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQ)

WHY IS TIME THE FOURTH DIMENSION?

IMG-CREDIT-PHYS.ORG

(Phys.org) - Philosophers have debated the nature of long before Einstein and modern physics. But in the 106 years since Einstein, the prevailing view in physics has been that time serves as the fourth dimension of space, a mathematical representation such as the 4D Minkowski spacetime.

HOW MANY DIMENSIONS ARE THERE?

The earth as we know it has three sides of space - length, width and depth - and simultaneous

magnitude. But there is a chance to bend the mind that a lot of greatness is out there. In terms of

cables, one of the leading physics models of the last century, the universe operates at a magnitude
of 10.

HOW WILL 4TH DIMENSIONAL BEINGS LOOK ?

[1]A 4-D creature can be a god to us. It will see everything in our world. It can even look inside your

stomach and remove your breakfast without cutting your skin, just as you can remove a dot inside

a circle by moving it up to the third floor, like a circle, without breaking the circle.[1]

WHAT IS 4TH DIMENSIONAL OBJECT?

[2] A tesseract (also known as a hypercube) is a four-sided mathematical object with lines of equal

length joined at right angles. Extending the square to a three-dimensional space in the same way

as a cube extends the idea of a 2-D square into a three-dimensional space. As I added another

dimension, four lines intersect at each vertex at right angles. In fact, the tesseract has a 3-D "face"

, each of which is a cube.[2]

HOW CAN WE ENTER 4TH DIMENSION?

As statistically significant, the fourth dimension begins with Euclid's Fifth Postulate, which cites

the following evidence: According to this type, there are only three dimensions of linear direction:

upper, right, and forward. In other words, length, length, and width.

what is quantum physics

2021-03-10T15:58:00.003+05:30

What is Quantum Physics Simply put, it is physics that explains how everything works: the best explanation we have for the type of particles that make up a matter and the forces they encounter.

Quantum physics emphasizes how atoms work, and therefore why chemistry and biology work as they do. You, me and All , we all dance in quantum tune. If you want to explain how electrons move through a chip, how light photons convert electricity into a solar panel or magnify themselves on a laser, or even how the sun continues to burn, you will need to use quantum physics.

Difficulty - and, for scientists, fun - starts here. First, there is no single quantum theory. There are quantum theories, the basic mathematical framework that underpins everything, first built in the 1920's by Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger and others. It involves simple things like how the position or force of a single particle or a group of several particles changes over time.

But to understand how things work in the real world, the quantum Physics must be integrated with other physics elements - in particular, Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity, which explains what happens when things move faster - to create what is known as quantum field theories.

Three different quantum field concepts work on three of the four basic forces at which an object meets: electromagnetism, which describes how atoms hold together; high nuclear energy, which explains the stability of the nucleus in the center of an atom; and nuclear power, explaining why some radioactivily decay.

Fifty years ago or more these three theories were incorporated into a ramshackle coalition known as the “standard model” of particle physics. Of all the ideas that this model is a little caught up with adhesive tape, the most accurate test image of the basic functionality of a story has ever been designed. Its crowning glory came in 2012 with the discovery of the Higgs boson, a particle that gives all other basic particles its size, the existence of which was predicted based on quantum field observations far back in 1964.

General quantum field concepts work well in interpreting experimental results in high-energy smashers such as CERN’s Large Hadron Collider, where Higgs was discovered, which investigates its very small scales. But if you want to understand how things work in most esoteric environments - how electrons move or don't move in solid objects so you make a metal object, an insulator or a semiconductor, for example - things become very complex.

The multibillion-dollar connectivity in these densely populated areas requires the creation of “effective field ideas” that shed some of the most impressive details. The difficulty of forming such ideas is why so many important questions in solid-state physics remain unanswered - for example why at low temperatures some things are great directors that allow it to exist now without electricity resistance, and why we cannot make this trick work in room temperature.

But underneath all of these problems there is a great quantum mystery. At a basic level, quantum physics predicts myths about how things work that are completely in conflict with how things seem to work in the real world. Quantum particles can behave like particles, located in one place; or they could act like waves, being distributed everywhere or in several places at the same time. The way they look seems to depend on how we choose to measure ourselves, and before we measure it they seem to have no particular features at all - which leads us to a fundamental conflict over the nature of the basic truth.

This insecurity leads to a fierce opposition similar to that of the Schrödinger cat, in which due to uncertain quantum processes the cat is left dead and alive at the same time. But that is not all. Quantum particles also appear to be able to communicate quickly even when they are far away from each other. This paradoxical event is actually known as the compound, or, in a sentence made by Einstein (a great critic of quantum theory), a "far-spooky act". Such quantum power is quite different from ours, yet it is the basis of emerging technologies such as ultra-safe quantum cryptography and ultra-powerful quantum computing.

But as to what all of this means, no one knows. Some people think we should just accept that quantum physics describes the material world in terms of what we find impossible to measure our knowledge in a larger, "ordinary" world. Some people think that there must be a better, more accurate idea out there that we have not yet received.

In all of this, there are several elephants in the room. First, there is a fourth fundamental force of nature so far that quantum theory has failed to explain it. Gravity remains the cornerstone of Einstein's theory of relativism, a strong non-quantum theory that does not even include particles. Deep efforts in decades to bring gravity under the quantum umbrella and therefore define all the basic physics within the “concept of everything” have been in vain.

Meanwhile atmospheric estimates show that more than 95 percent of the universe contains black matter and dark energy, things we have not yet explained in the typical model, and conundrums as the role of quantum physics in the work of pollution remains unspecified. The Earth is a quantum level - but whether quantum physics is the last word about the earth remains an open question.

What Is Quantum Computing (quantum computers explained)

2021-03-10T15:58:00.001+05:30

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Quantum computers are machines that use quantum physics structures to store data and perform calculations. This can be a great help in certain tasks where it can go too far even for our greatest players.

Older computers, including Smartphones and laptops, insert data into the binary “bits” of about 0 or 1. In a quantum computer, the basic unit of memory is a quantum bit or qubit.

Qubits are made using body systems, such as an electron spin or a photon shape. These systems can be in many different settings simultaneously, an asset known as quantum superposition. Qubits can also be seamlessly connected using a quantum entanglement. The result is that a series of qubits can represent different objects simultaneously.

For example, eight pieces are enough for an old computer to represent any number between 0 and 255. But eight qubits is enough for a quantum computer to represent all numbers between 0 and 255 simultaneously. Hundreds of trapped qubits are not enough to represent more numbers than atoms in the universe.

This is where quantum computers come to an end more than in the past. In cases where there is a large number of possible combinations, quantum computers can look at them simultaneously. Examples include trying to find key features of a very large number or a path leading between two places.

However, there may be many situations where classical computers will still surpass quantum. So future computers can be a combination of both.

At present, quantum computers are very sensitive: heat, electromagnetic fields and collisions with air molecules can cause qubit to lose its quantum properties. This process, known as quantum decoherence, causes the system to be disrupted, and it occurs very quickly with many of the particles involved.

Quantum computers need to protect qubits from external interference, either by physically separating them, keeping them cool or installing them with carefully controlled power pipes. Additional qubits are required to correct errors entering the system.

Quantum computer vs superComputer

Difference Between Quantum and SuperComputer

Supercomputer is a system that operates at a high rate to I / O scale and transmits a very large number of active computer cycles per second. Quantum Computer is a computer that aims to use new quantum algorithms to speed up digital computation.

How much faster is a quantum computer than a supercomputer?

Light-Based Computer Exceeds High Speed Computers. For the first time, the quantum computer made up of photons - light particles - outperformed even the most advanced computer drivers. ... In general, the ability to control photons such as qubits is a must for any large internet.

What is Magnus Effect and its applications .

2021-02-17T18:29:00.047+05:30

Have you ever wondered how a soccer player sets the goal of bending the ball around a five-person wall? The answer is Magnus ’Effect. Bending the ball into the air is not as easy as it seems. There are other theories of physics that make it happen. The effect of Magnus is applied to round or round spinning objects. The result is that the spinning object shifts from one direction to the other. The rotation of the object changes the flow of air in the body and by preserving the force causes the effect of Magnus.

The result is the German philosopher Heinrich Gustav Magnus, who described the result in 1852. Some scientists, such as Sir Issac Newton, described the effect before Magnus, but it was Magnus who was revered.

To see an amazing example of magnus effect just see the following video

Magnus effect and Bernoulli's principle

Does the Magnus Effect depend on Bernoulli’s Principle?

The effect of Magnus is often regarded as a manifestation of Bernoulli's system. According to Bernoulli's law on non-viscous liquids, the pressure decreases when there is an increase in the velocity of the liquid. However, when you consider the example of a rotating ball, with the effect of Magnus, the rotating ball forms a whirlpool of fluid (air) around it and meets the direct force in the direction of movement. Fluid viscosity is considered to be the result of Magnus and Bernoulli's system applies to liquids without viscosity. Therefore, the effect of Magnus does not depend on Bernoulli's system.

How does the Magnus Effect work?

To make the ball turn left while you are walking in the air, you need to get the ball straight in the opposite direction of the clock as you move forward. When you kick with your right leg, you need to kick hard from the inside of your foot so that the ball spins inconsistently with the clock as it moves forward. Basically you need to kick it in the middle. As the ball moves forward, the ball faces the wind from the other side. Now, the wind on the left side of the ball goes in the direction of the spinning ball. This air column moving to the left side of the ball is accelerated and turned to the center of the ball.

The wind on the right side of the ball goes to the side facing the spinning ball. The air column on the right side of the ball goes down and continues straight. The air on the side of the ball does not move in the middle.

So, now you can see that the air movement around the ball is not in line with the actual direction of the ball. There is a net power used in the direction indicated by the arrow in the picture.

Now Newton's third law of motion comes into effect. Newton's third law of motion states that each action has an equal and opposite response.

Like how a rocket quickly goes up when the gas is pressed down. In this case, the force indicated by the violet arrow in this figure causes a counter-force on the opposite side indicated by the pink arrow. So, now there is a change of direction caused by the ball. The process repeats itself to create a continuous rotation of the ball as it progresses.

Applications of Magnus Effect

The Magnus effect is widely used in sports such as football, golf, cricket, tennis, baseball and many more. This concept is important in understanding the physics behind many football games. To Understand the magnus effect cricket and magnus effect football keep reading .
Some aircraft are built using the Magnus lift effect using a rotating cylinder in front of the wing, this allows the aircraft to have a lower horizontal speed.
Used in external ballistics. The part of the wind on the side of the wind causes Magnus' energy to work on the bullet.

Magnus Effect In Sports

Magnus Effect In Football

Image-Source-Google-steemit.com

Every person who loves football will definitely know the free kick legend Roberto Carlos Whose 95% Free Kicks Would be direct goals the reason for that is After Carlos sent the ball in the air, the air began to press against Carlos. This means that the side of the ball that is moving towards Carlos would be moving with the wind while the opposite side would be moving past. This imbalance is the key to the effect of Magnus. And thus Magnus Affects in football . If this would be used correctly like Roberto Carlos Then Many Players Would Be Goalscorers .

Magnus Effect In Cricket

Image-Source-Google-talhaphysicsacademy.blogspot.com

Swing of cricket ball towards left or right as it moves through the air. This happens when the ball rotates in relation to its vertical axis or because it rotates in the direction of the axis straight to the seam . Fast bowlers swing the ball by making the seam bended 15 ° to 25 ° where the ball is straight so that the smooth part of the ball is on top and in front. In this way the air flows smoothly around the smooth part but becomes turbulent on the other side as it has to jump past the seam. The turbulent wind is at a very high level. So in Bernoulli's theory the pressure on the (aggressive) side is less than in the smooth flow of air so the ball is pressed to the side.

This is also the result of Magnus. This turnaround force is at its highest when the ball speed is around 100 km / hr. But the pace of the ball is going up.

15 Interesting And Amazing Science Facts That Only A Few Know

2021-02-15T12:59:00.014+05:30

We learn about some awesome Science on daily basis and mostly in high school - like Einstein's theory of relativity, the periodic table and DNA replication. The knowledge we pick up lays the foundation for all the amazing things we study. But science certainly does not end in high school, and it takes your learning to the next level once things get really interesting.

Without any particular order, here are some Amazing Intresting Science Facts Nobody Knows that we did not learn in high school, but I wish this current education system in India should teach that and same applies for the world . But When I am there no worries . Just read the Intresting And Amazing "general science facts" That Nobody Knows .

1. The Eiffel Tower can be 15 cm taller during the summer

When an object is heated, its particles move very more than its cool . And take on a large volume - this is known as thermal expansion. On the other hand, a decrease in temperature causes it to Contract. The level of mercury inside the thermometer, for example, rises and falls as the volume of mercury changes with the current temperature. This effect is most noticeable in gases but comes from liquids and solids such as metal. For this reason, large structures such as bridges are constructed with elastic joints that allow one way to expand and contract without causing damage.

2. Water can boil and freeze at the same time

GIF Credit-Buzzfeed

Seriously, it is called a ‘triple point’, and occurs when the temperature and pressure are right in three phases (gas, liquid, and solids) of an object to combine in thermodynamic proportions. This video shows cyclohexane in vaccum.

3. A teaspoonful of neutron star would weigh 6 billion tons

A neutron star is the remains of a large star. A dying star explodes in a supernova while its context falls by itself due to gravity, forming a very large dense neutron star. Astronomers measure the number of stars or galaxies in the human mind by the amount of sunlight, by the mass of the sun equal to the mass of the Sun (i.e., 2 x 1030 kilograms / 4.4 x 1030 pounds). Common neutron stars have a mass of about three million suns, dense in an area of about ten miles (6.2 miles) - leading to some of the most intense matter in the known universe.

4. An egg looks like a crazy jellyfish underwater

GIF Credit-Amazing-Science-Facts

A broken egg on the ground can cause great violence, but 18 meters (60 meters) below the surface of the ocean, the pressure on the egg is 2.8 times greater, and it holds it together like an invisible egg shell.

5. Polar bears are nearly undetectable by infrared cameras

Infrared cameras detect heat losses , but polar bears are specialists in heat conservation. Bears keep warm due to the thick layer of fat under the skin. Add to this the thick fur coat and they can tolerate the chilliest Arctic day.

6. This is what happens when a black hole swallows a star

Image-Source-Google-ScieTech Daily

As the star enters the black hole, a large plasma jet is released, covering centuries of light. "When a star is torn apart by the gravitational pull of a black hole, half of the star's remains fall into a black hole, while the other part is released at high speed," explains Johns Hopkins University researcher Suvi Gezari.

7. If you took out all the empty space in our atoms, the human race could fit in the volume of a sugar cube

The atoms that make up the world around us seem solid but are actually more than 99.99999 percent of the empty space. An atom has a tiny, dense cell surrounded by a cloud of electrons, scattered across a large area evenly. This is because even as particles, electrons act like waves. Electrons can be formed only when the particles and hulls of these waves combine well. And instead of being in one place, each electron space differs in a certain range of possibilities - the orbital. Thus they settled in a large area.

8.If you spin a ball as you drop it, it flies

GIF-Source-Google-wiki

I mean, it's really flying. It is the result of the action of the Magnus, which occurs when the air on the front side of a rotating object moves in the same direction as its spin, meaning that it is pulled along and the object is pushed backwards. Meanwhile, the air on one side of the ball goes to the other side, so the air flow is different.

Watch Veritasium explain it with practical .

9. A flea can accelerate faster than the Space Shuttle

Jumping flea reaches a staggering height of about eight inches (three inches) in milli seconds. Acceleration is the change in the speed of matter over time, usually measured in ‘g’s, by one g equal to the speed caused by gravity on Earth (9.8 / 32.2 meters per square second). Fleas experience 100 g, while the Space Shuttle peaked at around 5 g. The secret of the fleas is an extended rubber-like protein that allows it to store and release energy as a spring.

10. In 2.3 billion years it will be too hot for life to exist on Earth

For hundreds of millions of years to come, the sun will continue to shine with increasing heat and heat. In just over two billion years, temperatures will be high enough to deplete our oceans, making life on Earth impossible. Our planet will be a vast desert like Mars today. As it grows into a red giant over the next few billion years, scientists predict that the Sun will eventually completely cover the Earth, spelling out the definite end of our planet.

11. Hawaii moves 7.5cm closer to Alaska every year

The Earth's crust is divided into large sections called tectonic plates. These plates are constantly moving, driven by the currents of the Earth's upper garment. The hot, very small rock rises before cooling off and sinks, forming circular circles that act as large conveyor belts, slowly moving the tectonic plates above them. Hawaii sits in the middle of the Pacific Plate, which runs slowly northwest toward the North American Plate, and then back to Alaska. The speed of the plates is comparable to the speed at which our nails grow.

12. Chalk is made from trillions of microscopic plankton fossils

The tiny single-celled algae called coccolithophores have been in the Earth's ocean for some 200 million years. Unlike other seaweeds, they surround small plates of calcite (coccoliths). Just under 100 million years ago, conditions were right for coccolithophores to accumulate in a dense area that clings to the sea floor in white splendor. As more soil formed on the surface, pressure compressed the coccoliths to form rock formations, creating cracking deposits like the white rocks of Dover. Coccolithophores is one of the many prehistoric species that have been extinct, but how do we know how old they are? Over time, the rock forms flat layers, leaving old rocks at the bottom and small stones near the top. By studying the type of rock where fossils are found, palaeontologists can estimate their age. Carbon emissions measure the age of fossils in particular, based on the decay rate of radioactive substances such as carbon-14.

13 .Animals use Earth’s magnetic field for orientation

Lost land animals may not be able to find their way home, but marine animals are possible. According to the U.S. The Geological Survey (USGS), "there is evidence that other animals, such as sea turtles and salmon, have the ability to sense Earth's magnetic field and to use this concept in navigation."

14.There are more trees on Earth than stars in our galaxy

It is Hard to Believe But it's true for now atleast but it can change because every moment new star is building and ending but trees are decreasing on earth every year .NASA experts believe there could be anywhere from 100 billion to 400 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy, reports Snopes. However, a 2015 paper published in the journal Nature estimated that the number of worldwide was very high: 3.04 trillion.

15.Bananas are radioactive

In one of our intresting and amazing science facts ,bananas contain potassium, and as potassium decomposes, it produces less radiation. But this is one of the great truths of science that you do not need to worry about. You will need to eat 10,000,000 bananas at a time to die with radiation poisoning, Forbes reports

How Vaccines Work Explain With Flowchart .

2021-01-20T12:06:00.013+05:30

During this Covid 19 pandemic period only a vaccine can save us . When we are born we are vaccinated first against random diseases that makes as sick . We also Learn How Vaccines Work at Grade 8 At our School But It's Not So Much In-depth . Today We Are Gonna Know How Vaccine Works with flowchart . Germs are all around us, both in our environment and in our bodies. When a person is easily infected and comes in contact with a dangerous creature, it can lead to disease and death.

The body has many ways of protecting itself from pathogens (pathogens). The skin, mucous membranes, and cilia (the hair follicles that remove debris away from the lungs) all act as barriers to prevent germs from entering the body in the first place.

When a pathogen invades the body, our immune system, called the immune system, launches an all-out attack and destroys the pathogen. So Let's Start .

Our Body's natural response

A pathogen is a bacterium, a virus, a parasite or a fungus that can cause infections in the body. Each pathogen is made up of several subparts, usually different from that specific pathogen and the causative agent. The tiny particle that causes the formation of antibodies is called the antigen. Antibodies produced in response to the pathogen antigen are an important part of the immune system. You can look at the immune system as the immune system. Each antibody, or soldier, in our system is trained to detect one specific antigen. We have thousands of different antibodies in our bodies. When the human body is exposed to the antigen for the first time, it takes time for the immune system to respond and produce antibodies specific to that antigen.
In the meantime, the person may be ill.
Once the antigen-specific antibodies are produced, they work with all the immune system to destroy the pathogen and prevent the disease. Antibodies to one pathogen usually do not protect against another pathogen unless the two diseases are very similar, like in cousins. Once the body has produced antibodies in its primary response to an antigen, and creates antibodies that produce antibodies, they remain alive even if the pathogen is defeated by antibodies. When the body is exposed to the same pathogen more than once, the antibody response is much faster and more effective than the first time because the memory cells are not ready to release antibodies against that antigen.
This means that if a person is exposed to a dangerous pathogen in the future, your immune system will be able to respond quickly, protecting you from infections.

Image Credit: WHO

How vaccines help our natural immune system .

Vaccines contain weak or inactive parts of a particular body (antigen) that trigger an immune response within the body. New vaccines contain an antigen-producing system than the antigen itself. Whether a vaccine is made with the antigen itself or a blueprint for the body to produce an antigen, this weakened version will not cause disease in the person receiving the vaccine, but it will improve the immune system to respond to its first response to the real pathogen.

Image Credit: WHO

Some vaccines require large doses, given weeks or months apart. This is sometimes necessary to allow for the production of long-lasting antibodies and the formation of memory cells. In this way, the body is trained to fight off a specific immune system, building up the memory of the virus so that it can fight back sooner or later.

Types Of Vaccines

The key to vaccines is to insert antigens into the body without causing the person to become ill at the same time. Scientists have developed several ways to do this, and each method produces a specific vaccine.

Live Attenuated Vaccines: In these types of vaccines, a non-damaging and asymptomatic form of a virus or bacteria is introduced into the body. Because it is weak, the virus will not spread and cause illness, but the immune system will still learn to recognize its antigens and be able to fight in the future.

Benefits: Because these vaccines introduce real pathogens, they are a good way to imitate the immune system. So live vaccines can lead to lifelong protection in one or two doses.

Disadvantages: Because it contains organic viruses, live-action vaccines are not given to people with weakened immune systems, such as chemotherapy or HIV treatment, as there is a risk that the virus could develop and cause illness. In addition, these vaccines should be refrigerated at all times so that the weakened pathogens does not die.