Penang Electronic Blog

Assembly code of LCD display using 16F877A

2016-12-30T16:15:00.000-08:00

; Assembly code of LCD display using 16F877A
; you may need to adjust the delay time to make it works.

;***** Declaration and configuration of the microcontroller *****
PROCESSOR 16f877A
#include "p16f877A.inc"
__CONFIG _HS_OSC &_CP_OFF & _WDT_OFF & _LVP_OFF

;*********************** Header ***********************************
; DEFINING VARIABLES IN PROGRAM

CBLOCK 0x20 ; Block of variables starts at address 20h

HIcnt ; Belongs to macro "pausems"
LOcnt
LOOPcnt

LCDbuf ; Belongs to functions "LCDxxx"
LCDtemp
LCDportBuf ; LCD Port Buffer

Digtemp ; Belongs to macro "digbyte"
Dig0
Dig1
Dig2
Dig3
temp
counter
counter1
counter2
counter3
counter4
counter5
ENDC ; End of block

LCDport EQU PORTB ; LCD is on PORTB (4 data lines on RB0-RB3)
RS EQU 4 ; RS line connected to RB4
EN EQU 5 ; EN line connected to RB5

;**********************************************************************
ORG 0x0000 ; Reset vector address
nop
goto main ; Go to beginning of the program (label "main")
;**********************************************************************
include "LCD.inc"
include "digbyte.inc"
include "pause.inc"
;**********************************************************************
main
bcf STATUS,RP0 ; Bank0 active only
bcf STATUS,RP1
movlw .23
movwf temp ; Move arbitrary value to variable
; is to be displayed on LCD
lcdinit ; LCD initialization
Loop
lcdcmd 0x01 ; Instruction to clear LCD
lcdtext 1, "LCD Project" ; Write text from the begin
; ning of the first line
lcdtext 2, "Good Luck" ; Write text from the beginning of
; the second line
;pausems .2000 ; 2 sec. delay
call Delay
lcdcmd 0x01 ; Instruction to clear LCD
lcdtext 1, "Temperature" ; Write text from the begin
; ning of the first line
lcdtext 2, "temp=" ; Write text from the beginning of
; the second line
lcdbyte temp ; Write variable (dec.)
lcdtext 0, " C" ; Write text after cursor
;pausems .2000 ; 2 sec. delay
call Delay
goto Loop

Delay
movlw .40 ; approx cal of delay = 40x255x255x3 x instruction cycle time.
movwf counter
loop
movlw .255
movwf counter2
loop2
movlw .255
movwf counter1
loop1
decfsz counter1
goto loop1

decfsz counter2
goto loop2

decfsz counter
goto loop

return

;**********************************************************************
end
;**********************************************************************

;********** digbyte.inc********************
;Macro "digbyte":
digbyte MACRO arg0
LOCAL Exit0
LOCAL Exit1
LOCAL Exit2

clrf Dig0
clrf Dig1
clrf Dig2
clrf Dig3

movf arg0, w
movwf Digtemp
movlw .100
Exit2
incf Dig2, f
subwf Digtemp, f
btfsc STATUS, C
goto Exit2
decf Dig2, f
addwf Digtemp, f
Exit1
movlw .10
incf Dig1, f
subwf Digtemp, f
btfsc STATUS, C
goto Exit1
decf Dig1, f
addwf Digtemp, f
Exit0
movf Digtemp, w
movwf Dig0
ENDM

;***************LCD.inc *****************

; Initialization must be done by using macro lcdinit before access
; ing LCD
;**********************************************************************
lcdinit MACRO
bcf STATUS, RP0 ; Bank0
bcf STATUS, RP1
clrf LCDportBuf
movf LCDportBuf, w
movwf LCDport
bsf STATUS, RP0 ; Bank1
bcf STATUS, RP1
clrf TRISB ; LCDport with output LCD
bcf STATUS, RP0 ; Bank0
bcf STATUS, RP1

; Function set (4-bit mode change)
movlw b'00100000'
movwf LCDbuf
swapf LCDbuf, w
movwf LCDportBuf
bcf LCDportBuf, RS
movf LCDportBuf, w
movwf LCDport
bsf LCDportBuf, EN
movf LCDportBuf, w
movwf LCDport
bcf LCDportBuf, EN
movf LCDportBuf, w
movwf LCDport
call Delay1ms ; 1 ms delay

; Function set (display mode set)
lcdcmd b'00101100'
call Delay1ms ; 1 ms delay

; Display ON/OFF Control
lcdcmd b'00001100'
call Delay1ms ; 1 ms delay

; Entry Mode Set
lcdcmd b'00000110'
call Delay1ms ; 1 ms delay

; Display Clear
lcdcmd b'00000001'
;pausems .40 ; 40 ms delay
call Delay40ms

; Function set (4-bit mode change)
movlw b'00100000'
movwf LCDbuf
swapf LCDbuf, w
movwf LCDportBuf
bcf LCDportBuf, RS
movf LCDportBuf, w
movwf LCDport
bsf LCDportBuf, EN
movf LCDportBuf, w
movwf LCDport
bcf LCDportBuf, EN
movf LCDportBuf, w
movwf LCDport
call Delay1ms ; 1 ms delay

; Function set (display mode set)
lcdcmd b'00101100'
call Delay1ms ; 1 ms delay

; Display ON/OFF Control
lcdcmd b'00001100'
call Delay1ms ; 1 ms delay

; Entry Mode Set
lcdcmd b'00000110'
call Delay1ms ; 1 ms delay

; Display Clear
lcdcmd b'00000001'
; pausems .40 ; 40 ms delay
call Delay40ms
ENDM

;**********************************************************************
; lcdcmd sends command to LCD (see the table on the previous page)
; lcdclr is the same as lcdcmd 0x01
;**********************************************************************
lcdcmd MACRO LCDcommand ; Send command to LCD
movlw LCDcommand
call LCDcomd
ENDM

LCDcomd
movwf LCDbuf
bcf LCDportBuf, RS
movf LCDportBuf, w
movwf LCDport
goto LCDwr
LCDdata
movwf LCDbuf
bsf LCDportBuf, RS
movf LCDportBuf, w
movwf LCDport
goto LCDwr
LCDwr
swapf LCDbuf, w
call SendW
movf LCDbuf, w
call SendW
return
SendW
andlw 0x0F
movwf LCDtemp

movlw 0xF0
andwf LCDportBuf, f
movf LCDtemp, w
iorwf LCDportBuf, f
movf LCDportBuf, w
movwf LCDport
call Delay1ms
bsf LCDportBuf, EN
movf LCDportBuf, w
movwf LCDport
bcf LCDportBuf, EN
movf LCDportBuf, w
movwf LCDport
call Delay1ms
return

;**********************************************************************
; lcdtext writes text containing 16 characters which represents a
; macro argument. The first argument select selects the line in which
; text writing is to start. If select is 0, text writing starts from
; cursor current position.
;**********************************************************************
lcdtext MACRO select, text ; This macro writes text from cursor
; current position. Text is specified
; in argument consisting of 16 charac
; ters
local Message
local Start
local Exit
local i=0
goto Start
Message DT text ; Create lookup table from arguments
DT 0
Start
IF (select == 1)
lcdcmd b'10000000'
ELSE
IF (select == 2)
lcdcmd b'11000000'
ENDIF
ENDIF

WHILE (i<16 16="" compiling="" conditional="" nbsp="" p="" program="" repeat="" times=""> call Message+i ; Read lookup table and place value in W
addlw 0
bz Exit ; until 0 is read
call LCDdata ; Call routine displaying W on LCD
i=i+1
ENDW
Exit
ENDM

;**********************************************************************
; This macro writes value in size of 1 byte on LCD
; excluding leading zeros
;**********************************************************************
lcdbyte MACRO arg0
digbyte arg0 ; A hundred is in Dig2,
; A ten is in Dig1 and one in Dig0
movf Dig2, w
addlw 0x30
call LCDdata
movf Dig1, w ; If digit is 0 move cursor
addlw 0x30
call LCDdata
movf Dig0, w ; If digit is 0 move cursor
addlw 0x30
call LCDdata
ENDM
;**********************************************************************
; 1ms Delay
;Delay1ms:
movlw .200
movwf LOOPcnt
Delay10us:
nop ;1us
nop ;1us
nop ;1us
nop ;1us
nop ;1us
nop ;1us
nop ;1us
decfsz LOOPcnt, f ;1us
goto Delay10us ;2us

Delay40ms
movlw .40
movwf counter5
decfsz counter5
call Delay1ms
return

Delay1ms
movlw .20 ; approximate delay calculation = 20x250x3 insctruction cyle time.
movwf counter4
loop4
movlw .250
movwf counter3
loop3
decfsz counter3
goto loop3

decfsz counter4
goto loop4

return

Embedded System and PIC Q&A 6

2015-01-06T19:17:00.002-08:00

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Embedded System and PIC Q&A 5

2015-01-06T19:13:00.000-08:00

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Embedded System and PIC Q&A 4

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Embedded System and PIC Q&A 3

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Embedded System and PIC Q&A 2

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Embedded System and PIC Q&A 1

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Embedded System Q&A 6

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Embedded System Q&A 1

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Tutorial 5 PIC Microcontroller

2013-10-29T03:03:00.003-07:00

All the questions asked below are related to the Applications of PIC16F877A.

1. Make comparison between DC Motor and stepper motor?

Solution

DC Motor

A DC motor usually means a permanent-magnet, direct-current (DC) motor of the sort used in toys, models, cordless tools, and robots. These motors are particularly versatile because both their speed and direction can be readily controlled; speed by the voltage or duty cycle of their power supply, and direction by its polarity.

Stepper Motor

Stepper motors work in a similar way to dc motors, but where dc motors have 1 electromagnetic coil to produce movement, stepper motors contain many. Stepper motors are controlled by turning each coil on and off in a sequence. Every time a new coil is energized, the motor rotates a few degrees, called the step angle. Repeating the sequence causes the motor to move a few more degrees and so on, resulting in a constant rotation of the motor shaft.

2. For forward and reverse motions in motor control, why 1 second of stop is inserted before running the motor?

Solution

For forward and reverse motions, 1 second of stop is inserted before running the motor, to give time to stop the on-going motion and its inertia (and reverse electromotive force development and attenuation).

3. Why motor driver or relays are used to drive the motor instead of using microcontroller to drive the motor directly?

Solution

Because the microcontroller couldn’t supply enough power to drive the motor directly. The maximum sink current of PIC 16F877A is only 25mA, and the maximum voltage is only 5V.

4. The circuit in figure 4 shows the controlling of motor using H-bridge. Explain how the microcontroller can be used the control the direction of the motor.

Solution

Connect pin A and B to port D of the PIC 16F877A. The motor will move forward if pin A is High and pinB is low, vice versus, if the pin A is low and pin B is high, the motor will moves in reverse direction. If pinA and pin B are low, then the motor will stops.

5. Refer to figure 5, two motors are used to control front wheels and two motors are used to control rear wheels of a car. Explain how to make the car turns left or turns right?

Solution

Turn left or right has many different operational options but the easiest one is: Run forward two right motors, front and rear, and stop two left motors, front and rear for "turn left" motion; and run forward two left motors, front and rear, and stop two right motors, front and rear for "turn right" motion.

6. For Bi-polar stepper motor control, a sequence of pulses must be supply to make the motor moves forward or reverse. As illustrated in figure 6 below, for forward step turns, the correct sequence of pulses must be provided to the coils in the order of 1 – 2 - 3 - 4 - 1. The each pulse will turn one step. Therefore, the one sequence of pulses turns four steps, or 7.5°x4 = 30°.Write a program to move the motor forward for 30^o .

; 1 FORWARD sequence subroutine (will turn 4 steps)

; A B 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 (PORTD)

; + + --->1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

; - + --->0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

; - - --->0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

; + - --->1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Solution

fsequence

banksel PORTD

bcf PORTD, 0x05 ;100% power (Start Condition)

movlw B'11000010' ;1st excitation with LED1 on

movwf PORTD

call delay10ms

call delay10ms ;this time delay determines

;how fast one step finishes

;longer delay slows the motor turn

banksel PORTD

movlw B'01000010' ;2nd excitation with LED1 on

movwf PORTD

call delay10ms

banksel PORTD

movlw B'00000010' ;3rd excitation with LED1 on

movwf PORTD

call delay10ms

banksel PORTD

movlw B'10000010' ;4th excitation with LED1 on

movwf PORTD

movlw B'11000000' ;back to the fist pulse with LEDs off

movwf PORTD

call delay10ms

return

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Tutorial 4 PIC Microcontroller

2013-10-29T02:53:00.001-07:00

All the questions asked below are related to the Applications of PIC16F877A.

1. What is meant by SWITCH (CONTACT) DEBOUNCE?

Solution

Button function is simple. When we push a button, two contacts are joined together and connection is made. Still, it isn't all that simple. The problem lies in the nature of voltage as an electrical dimension, and in the imperfection of mechanical contacts. That is to say, before contact is made or cut off, there is a short time period when vibration (oscillation) can occur as a result of unevenness of mechanical contacts, or as a result of the different speed in pushing a button (this depends on person who pushes the button). The term given to this phenomena is called SWITCH (CONTACT) DEBOUNCE.

2. How to overcome SWITCH (CONTACT) DEBOUNCE problem by applying the well-designed program?

Solution

In order to avoid this problem, we can introduce a small delay when we detect the closing of a contact. This will ensure that the push of a button is interpreted as a single pulse. The debounce delay is produced in software and the length of the delay depends on the button, and the purpose of the button.

3. Give four examples of analog sensors and suggest which ports of PIC 16F877A can be directly used to input the signal from the analog sensor.

Solution

Examples of analog sensors are Microphone, analog infrared distance sensor, analog compass and barometer sensor.

Port A and Port E (pin 0,1 &2) can be used to input these analog input because it has built in A/D converter. If PortB, C and D are used to input analog signal, and external A/D converter will be needed.

4. List down the steps should be followed for doing and A/D conversion

Solution

1. Configure the A/D module:

• Configure analog pins / voltage reference /and digital I/O (ADCON1)

• Select A/D input channel (ADCON0)

• Select A/D conversion clock (ADCON0)

• Turn on A/D module (ADCON0)

2. Configure A/D interrupt (if desired):

• Clear ADIF bit

• Set ADIE bit

• Set GIE bit

3. Wait the required acquisition time.

4. Start conversion:

• Set GO/DONE bit (ADCON0)

5. Wait for A/D conversion to complete, by either:

• Polling for the GO/DONE bit to be cleared

• Waiting for the A/D interrupt

6. Read A/D Result register pair (ADRESH:ADRESL), clear bit ADIF if required.

7. For next conversion, go to step 1 or step 2 as required. The A/D conversion time per bit is defined as TAD. A minimum wait of 2TAD is required before next acquisition starts.

5. If the microcontroller can not work, what are the steps to troubleshoot it?

Solution

For software part, try to simulate with the MPLAB and Virtual breadboard.

When load program to microcontroller, if the source code is in Hex file, make sure “Intel Hex” is selected.

For 16F877A

Make sure pin 11 and pin 32 are connected to 5V, pin 12 and pin 31 are connected to ground.

Make sure pin 13 and 14 are connected with correct frequency oscillator (20MHz) and check the these pins with oscilloscope, 20MHz sinusoidal wave should be observed.

If still can not function, use the functional new microcontroller to try again, or try the suspected not working microcontroller in other functional board.

6. If you are required to design a temperature sensor using 16F877A, which will trigger an alarm when the temperature is over 40⁰C.Describe how are you going to design it by applying the features available in 16F877A and show all the calculation involved. State all the assumptions make.

Solution

Use port A pin0 to input voltage from the sensor and convert from analogue to binary (or digital value).After that, compare the digital value with equivalent digital value of 40^oC, if it is greater than 40^oC, trigger set port B pin 1 to high to trigger the driver of alarm connected to it.

Let assume that when temperature sensor sense 40^oC, it will give 2.4V to the PIC. After A/D, if the voltage value will be saved as 10-bit number.

;5V = 1023, thus 1023/5= 205/1V

;if 40^oC give 2.4V, which is equal to 2.4x205 = 492.

If the input digital value is exceeds 492 (40^oC), the alarm will be triggered through port B pin1.

Assumption, V_DD= 5V, Vss = 0V.

7. For serial communication between PIC and PC, why Max232 is needed in between?

Solution

In order to connect a microcontroller to a serial port on a PC computer, we need to adjust the level of the signals so communicating can take place. The signal level on a PC is -10V for logic zero, and +10V for logic one. Since the signal level on the microcontroller is +5V for logic one, and 0V for logic zero, we need an intermediary stage that will convert the levels. One chip specially designed for this task is MAX232. This chip receives signals from -10 to +10V and converts them into 0 and 5V.

8. What are the applications of master synchronous serial port (MSSP) module available in 16F877?

The Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP) module is a serial interface, useful for communicating with other peripheral or microcontroller devices. These peripheral devices may be serial EEPROMs, shift registers, display drivers, A/D converters, etc. The MSSP module

can operate in one of two modes:

• Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

• Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C)

9. What are the applications of the Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART)module available in 16F877?

Solution

The Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART) module is one of the two serial I/O modules. (USART is also known as a Serial Communications Interface or SCI.) The USART can be configured as a full duplex asynchronous system that can communicate with peripheral devices such as CRT terminals and personal computers, or it can be configured as a half duplex synchronous system that can communicate with peripheral devices such as A/D or D/A integrated circuits, serial EEPROMs etc.

10. What are the four important elements in USART Asynchronous module?

Solution

· Baud Rate Generator

· Sampling Circuit

· Asynchronous Transmitter

· Asynchronous Receiver

11. List down the steps should be followed when setting up an Asynchronous Reception

Solution

When setting up an Asynchronous Reception, follow these steps:

1. Initialize the SPBRG register for the appropriate baud rate. If a high speed baud rate is desired,set bit BRGH (Section 10.1).

2. Enable the asynchronous serial port by clearing bit SYNC and setting bit SPEN.

3. If interrupts are desired, then set enable bit RCIE.

4. If 9-bit reception is desired, then set bit RX9.

5. Enable the reception by setting bit CREN.

6. Flag bit RCIF will be set when reception is complete and an interrupt will be generated if enable

bit RCIE is set.

7. Read the RCSTA register to get the ninth bit (if enabled) and determine if any error occurred

during reception.

8. Read the 8-bit received data by reading the RCREG register.

9. If any error occurred, clear the error by clearing enable bit CREN.

10. If using interrupts, ensure that GIE and PEIE (bits 7 and 6) of the INTCON register are set.

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Tutorial 3 PIC Microcontroller

2013-10-29T02:51:00.000-07:00

All the questions asked below are related to the programming of PIC16F877A.

If any line of the program is added with semicolon in front, how does the assembler interpret it?

Assembler will ignored it

Write a short program to add the content in memory address 0x20 with 5, and save the result in 0x22 address.

LIST P=16F877A

#INCLUDE “P16F877A.INC”

__CONFIG _CP_OFF & _WDT_OFF & _XT_OSC & _PWRTE_ON

P1 EQU 0X20

P2 EQU 0X22

ORG 0X00

MAIN NOP

MOVF P1,W

ADDLW 0X5

MOVWF P2

SLEEP

END

In what condition instruction of “GOTO $” or “SLEEP”, is normally put in the end of the program?

If a program does not run in an infinite loop the last instruction must be SLEEP.

(or goto $)

“END” at the end of the program is a directive or instruction?

Directive.

#include is normally put at the beginning of a program, what will happen during the compilation if it is not included in the program?

In PIC16F877A.inc file, all the parameters used in programming are well defined. If the program did not include PIC16F877A.inc file, compiler would not be able to translate the parameters in the program, translation to machine code will fail.

List down four possible fields on the source code line

There are four possible fields on a source code line:

· The label is the address in the program memory where the instruction is stored. A label always starts in the first position of the line.

· The mnemonic of the instruction (for example MOVF, BSF).

· Operands which always belong to the instruction.

· The comment is always preceded by a semicolon.

Instruction set of PIC16F877A is consisted of 36 instructions. It can be divided into three categories, namely, byte-oriented file register operations, bit-oriented file register operations and literal and control operations. Refer to datasheet, show the differences among these categories by giving an examples for each of it.

Byte-Oriented File Register Operations

f = Register file address (0x00 to 0x7F)

Destination select; d = 0: store result in W,

d = 1: store result in file register f.

Default is d = 1.

Example: ADDWF f, d

Bit-Oriented File Register Operations

b = 3-bit bit address

f = 7-bit file register address

Example: BCF f, d

Literal and Control Operations

Example: ADDLW k

k = Literal field, constant data or label

Write a “one millisecond delay” program

If the fosc = 4MHz, one instruction cyle = 1us

(refer to LED.VBB)

DELAY1 ;1ms

MOVLW .250

MOVWF DelayCounter

DELAY.Loop

NOP

DECFSZ DelayCounter,F

GOTO DELAY.Loop

RETURN

Refer the program below explain what will happen to output at PortB.

MAIN

MOVLW .255

XORWF PORTB,1

CALL DELAY

GOTO MAIN

All the pins at port B will be toggled to “1” or “0” alternatively. Every time after it toggles port B, it will delay for a while before another toggle.

Write a subprogram to set port D as output and port C as input.

;======Begin PORT Configuration

BSF STATUS, RP0 ;PORT TRIS Registers are on page 1

;======PORT C

MOVLW .255 ;PORTC Configuration Bits

MOVWF TRISC

;======PORT D

MOVLW .0 ;PORTd Configuration Bits

MOVWF TRISD

BCF STATUS, RP0 ;Restore Page0

Write a subprogram to input the signal from port C and output it to port D.

MOVF PORTC,W

MOVWF PORTD

Write a subprogram which enables external interrupt from pin RB0/INT.

BCF INTCON, INTF ;Clear Interrupt flag

BSF INTCON,INTE ;Enable the INB0 Interrupt

BSF INTCON,GIE ;Enable the Interrupts

Write a subprogram to trigger the interrupt when falling edge occur at pin RB0/INT.

BCF INTCON, INTF ;Clear Interrupt flag

BSF STATUS,RP0 ;Access bank 1

BCF OPTION_REG,INTEDG ;Falling Edge Detect

BCF STATUS,RP0 ;Restore bank 0

BSF INTCON,INTE ;Enable the INB0 Interrupt

For keypad interfacing, which port of PIC16F877A is the most suitable to be used? Why?(Refer to 16F877 datasheet)

RB4:RB7 have interrupt-on-mismatch feature, together with software

configureable pull-ups on these four pins, allow easy interface to a keypad and make it possible for wake-up on key depression.

Write a program to enable Port B pull-ups.

BSF STATUS,RP0 ;Access Bank1 Configuration Bits

BCF OPTION_REG,NOT_RBPU

BCF STATUS,RP0

When the LCD display is not enabled, data lines are tri-state, what is meant by tri-state?

data lines are tri-state means they are in a state of high impendence (as though they are disconnected) and this means they do not interfere with the operation of the microcontroller when the display is not being addressed.

The LCD requires 3 "control" lines from the microcontroller, namely Enable (E), Read/Write (R/W) and Register select (RS). Describe the function of each of the line.

Enable (E)	This line allows access to the display through R/W and RS lines. When this line is low, the LCD is disabled and ignores signals from R/W and RS. When (E) line is high, the LCD checks the state of the two control lines and responds accordingly.
Read/Write (R/W)	This line determines the direction of data between the LCD and microcontroller. When it is low, data is written to the LCD. When it is high, data is read from the LCD.
Register select (RS)	With the help of this line, the LCD interprets the type of data on data lines. When it is low, an instruction is being written to the LCD. When it is high, a character is being written to the LCD.

The LCD controller needs 40 to 120 microseconds (uS) for writing and reading. Other operations can take up to 5 mS. During that time, the microcontroller can not access the LCD, so a program needs to know when the LCD is busy. Suggest two methods to overcome this problem.

One way is to check the BUSY bit found on data line D7. This is not the best method because LCD's can get stuck, and program will then stay forever in a loop checking the BUSY bit. The other way is to introduce a delay in the program. The delay has to be long enough for the LCD to finish the operation in process.

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Tutorial 2 PIC Microcontroller

2013-10-29T02:44:00.005-07:00

What is the difference between assembly language and machine language?

Language that microcontroller and man use to communicate is called "assembly language".

A program that is translated into "zeros" and "ones" is also called "machine language" and it is understood by the machine.

After the assembly language is translated, what kind of file will be produced?

Execution file or also named as Hex file.

.200 is representing 200 in assembly language MPLAB, write the equivalent value of it in hex and binary format in assembly language representation.

C8 (hexadecimal) and 11001000 (binary).

What are the three steps in preparing the program for loading into microcontroller using MPLAB?

Preparing the program for loading into microcontroller can boil down to few basic steps:

1. Designing a project
2. Writing the program
3. Converting to zero-one code comprehensible by microcontroller, i.e. compiling.

If the program is written in assembly language, what kind of toolsuit is suitable as compiler in MPLAB?

Microchip MPASM

If the program is written in C programming language, suggest a 3^rd party compiler development tool. What is the outcome file format of the compilation?

Hi-Tech PICC is a toolsuit can be used in compilation. The outcome of the complication will be executing file or .hex.

What are the five basic elements of assembly language? Write a short program and label those elements.

Basic elements of assembly language are:

· Labels

· Instructions

· Operands

· Directives

· Comments

As a result of the process of translating a program written in assembler language we get files like:

Executing file (Program_Name.HEX)
Program errors file (Program_Name.ERR)
List file (Program_Name.LST)

Give a brief description for each of it.

The first file contains translated program which was read in microcontroller by programming. Its contents can not give any information to programmer, so it will not be considered any further.
The second file contains possible errors that were made in the process of writing, and which were noticed by assembly translator during translation process. Errors can be discovered in a "list" file as well. This file is more suitable though when program is big and viewing the 'list' file takes longer.
The third file is the most useful to programmer. Much information is contained in it, like information about positioning instructions and variables in memory, or error signalization.

What is MPLAB? How does it help in embedded system design?

MPLAB is a Windows program package that makes writing and developing a program easier. It could best be described as developing environment for a standard program language that is intended for programming a PC

What are the advantages of using Macro in programming? Give an example to explain it.

Macro is reusable short program. It can be called or shared by others program. It will minimize the error and reduce the redundancy of the program.

bank0 macro ; Macro bank0

bcf STATUS, RP0 ; Reset RP0 bit = Bank0

endm ; End of macro

What are the differences between Macro and Subprogram?

With macros, use of input and output parameters is very significant. With subprograms, it is not possible to define parameters within the subprogram as can be done with macros. Still, subprogram can use predefined variables from the main program as its parameters.

Among these three instructions, RETURN, RETLW and RETFIE, which one is the best instruction used in return from ISR? Why?

It is recommended that instruction RETFIE be used because that instruction is the only one which automatically sets the GIE bit which allows new interrupts to occur.

Refer to interrupt register shown at below, what are the function of TOIE and TOIF? Give one short program to show the application of it.

bit 2 T0IF (TMR0 Overflow Interrupt Flag bit)

bit 5 T0IE (TMR0 Overflow Interrupt Enable bit) Bit which enables interrupts during counter TMR0 overflow.

EEIE stands for EEPROM Write Complete Interrupt Enable bit, explain why it is necessary to have this kind of interrupt?

This interrupt is of practical nature only. Since writing to one EEPROM location takes about 10ms (which is a long time in the notion of a microcontroller), it doesn't pay off to a microcontroller to wait for writing to end. Thus interrupt mechanism is added which allows the microcontroller to continue executing the main program, while writing in EEPROM is being done in the background. When writing is completed, interrupt informs the microcontroller that writing has ended. EEIF bit, through which this informing is done, is found in EECON1 register. Occurrence of an interrupt can be disabled by resetting the EEIE bit in INTCON register.

Refer to attached INTPORTB.ASM file, draw a flow chart and explain how the program works.

Click Here!

Tutorial 1 PIC microcontroller

2013-10-29T02:30:00.003-07:00

What is the difference between microprocessor and microcontroller?

Microcontroller differs from a microprocessor in many ways. First and the most important is its functionality. In order for a microprocessor to be used, other components such as memory, or components for receiving and sending data must be added to it. In short that means that microprocessor is the very heart of the computer. On the other hand, microcontroller is designed to be all of that in one. No other external components are needed for its application because all necessary peripherals are already built into it. Thus, we save the time and space needed to construct devices

Draw a block diagram of microcontroller and briefly explain the function of I/O port, timer and ADC?

When the microcontroller is reset, what is the value of the program counter holds?

One of the most important effects of a reset is setting a program counter (PC) to zero (0000h), which enables the program to start executing from the first written instruction.

In a serial communication of microcontroller, it needs a protocol. Explain how the protocol works in microcontroller?

The rules of exchange of data are called protocol. Protocol is therefore defined in advance so there wouldn't be any misunderstanding between the sides that are communicating with each other.

Let's suppose we have the following protocol. The logical unit "1" is set up on the transmitting line until transfer begins. Once the transfer starts, we lower the transmission line to logical "0" for a period of time (which we will designate as T), so the receiving side will know that it is receiving data, and so it will activate its mechanism for reception. Let's go back now to the transmission side and start putting logic zeros and ones onto the transmitter line in the order from a bit of the lowest value to a bit of the highest value. Let each bit stay on line for a time period which is equal to T, and in the end, or after the 8th bit, let us bring the logical unit "1" back on the line which will mark the end of the transmission of one data.

What is the difference between address bus and data bus?

That "way" is called "bus". Physically, it represents a group of 8, 16, or more wires
There are two types of buses: address and data bus. The first one consists of as many lines as the amount of memory we wish to address, and the other one is as wide as data, in our case 8 bits or the connection line. First one serves to transmit address from CPU memory, and the second to connect all blocks inside the microcontroller.

How the data in the memory unit is read and written by the CPU?

Memory consists of all memory locations, and addressing is nothing but selecting one of them. This means that we need to select the desired memory location on one hand, and on the other hand we need to wait for the contents of that location. Beside reading from a memory location, memory must also provide for writing onto it. This is done by supplying an additional line called control line. We will designate this line as R/W (read/write). Control line is used in the following way: if r/w=1, reading is done, and if opposite is true then writing is done on the memory location.

As a result of some interference our microcontroller stops executing the program, or worse, it starts working incorrectly. How does the microcontroller overcome this problem?

To overcome this obstacle, we need to introduce one more block called watchdog. This block is in fact another free-run counter where our program needs to write a zero in every time it executes correctly. In case that program gets "stuck", zero will not be written in, and counter alone will reset the microcontroller upon achieving its maximum value. This will result in executing the program again, and correctly this time around. That is an important element of every program to be reliable without man's supervision

PIC memory unit consist of Flash, EEPROM and RAM, explain the role played by each of it.

Program memory (FLASH)- for storing a written program.
Since memory made in FLASH technology can be programmed and cleared more than once, it makes this microcontroller suitable for device development.

EEPROM - data memory that needs to be saved when there is no supply.
It is usually used for storing important data that must not be lost if power supply suddenly stops. For instance, one such data is an assigned temperature in temperature regulators. If during a loss of power supply this data was lost, we would have to make the adjustment once again upon return of supply. Thus our device looses on self-reliance.

RAM - data memory used by a program during its execution.
In RAM are stored all inter-results or temporary data during run-time.

How many clock cycle of oscillator, the free run timer will increase it value by one? What is the maximum value of 8bits free run timer?

FREE-RUN TIMER is an 8-bit register inside a microcontroller that works independently of the program. On every fourth clock of the oscillator it increments its value until it reaches the maximum (255), and then it starts counting over again from zero.

“PIC is a RISC microcontroller”, what is the meaning of this statement? How many Instructions available for 16F877?

Microcontrollers with Harvard architecture are also called "RISC microcontrollers". RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer.

Since PIC16F84 is a RISC microcontroller, that means that it has a reduced set of instructions, more precisely 35 instructions.

With the aid of timing diagram, explain what is the meaning of instruction cycle?

Clock from the oscillator enters a microcontroller via OSC1 pin where internal circuit of a microcontroller divides the clock into four even clocks Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 which do not overlap. These four clocks make up one instruction cycle (also called machine cycle) during which one instruction is executed.

How does the pipelining help to increase the performance of microcontroller?

Instruction cycle consists of cycles Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4. Cycles of calling and executing instructions are connected in such a way that in order to make a call, one instruction cycle is needed, and one more is needed for decoding and execution. However, due to pipelining, each instruction is effectively executed in one cycle.

Why the impulse of reset in PIC needs to last for 72ms?

Following a supply, oscillator starts oscillating. Oscillation at first has an unstable period and amplitude, but after some period of time it becomes stabilized.

That impulse lasts 72ms which is enough time for an oscillator to get stabilized.

What are the operations can be performed by ALU?

Arithmetic logic unit is responsible for performing operations of adding, subtracting, moving (left or right within a register) and logic operations.

What is status register? Which bits of status register can be affected by ALU instruction execution?

Status Register

As an addition in doing operations in arithmetic and logic, ALU controls status bits (bits found in STATUS register). Execution of some instructions affects status bits, which depends on the result itself. Depending on which instruction is being executed, ALU can affect values of Carry (C), Digit Carry (DC), and Zero (Z) bits in STATUS register.

When TRISB register is set, what is the direction of data flow in port B? Write a short program to set four pins as output and four pin as input in port B.

When the TRISB register is set, Port B is set as input, the data will flow into PIC through the pins the Port B.

The following is a short program to set four pins as output and four pin as input in port B.

Bsf STATUS, RP0 ;Bank1

Movlw 0x0F ;Defining input and output pins

Movwf TRISB ;Writing to TRISB register

In PIC, why PORTA pin RA4 is normally used to input signal only?

It is important to note that PORTA pin RA4 can be input only. On that pin is also situated an external input for timer TMR0. Whether RA4 will be a standard input or an input for a counter depends on T0CS bit (TMR0 Clock Source Select bit). This pin enables the timer TMR0 to increment either from internal oscillator or via external impulses on RA4/T0CKI pin.

What is the difference between GPR and SFR in term of memory access in PIC?

Locations of RAM memory are also called GPR registers which is an abbreviation for General Purpose Registers. GPR registers can be accessed regardless of which bank is selected at the moment.

Registers which take up first 12 locations in banks 0 and 1 are registers of specialized function assigned with certain blocks of the microcontroller. These are called Special Function Registers. When different bank is selected, for SPR, we will access to a different memory location even though we use the same register name.

How the memory bank can be selected in PIC?

By changing the value of RPO in status register, we can select different memory bank.

Bcf STATUS, RP0 ;Select memory bank 0

Bsf STATUS, RP0 ;Select memory bank 1

When microcontroller is interrupted, how the STACK is applied?

PIC16F84 has a 13-bit stack with 8 levels, or in other words, a group of 8 memory locations, 13 bits wide, with special purpose. Its basic role is to keep the value of program counter after a jump from the main program to an address of a subprogram . In order for a program to know how to go back to the point where it started from, it has to return the value of a program counter from a stack. When moving from a program to a subprogram, program counter is being pushed onto a stack (example of this is CALL instruction). When executing instructions such as RETURN, RETLW or RETFIE which were executed at the end of a subprogram, program counter was taken from a stack so that program could continue where was stopped before it was interrupted.

Explain the difference between direct addressing and indirect addressing,.

Direct Addressing is done through a 9-bit address. This address is obtained by connecting 7th bit of direct address of an instruction with two bits (RP1, RP0) from STATUS register as is shown on the following picture. Any access to SFR registers is an example of direct addressing.

Indirect unlike direct addressing does not take an address from an instruction but derives it from IRP bit of STATUS and FSR registers. Addressed location is accessed via INDF register which in fact holds the address indicated by a FSR. In other words, any instruction which uses INDF as its register in reality accesses data indicated by a FSR register

What is the application of interrupt? How it affect the program flow?

Interrupts are a mechanism of a microcontroller which enables it to respond to some events at the moment they occur, regardless of what microcontroller is doing at the time. This is a very important part, because it provides connection between a microcontroller and environment which surrounds it. Generally, each interrupt changes the program flow, interrupts it and after executing an interrupt subprogram (interrupt routine) it continues from that same point on.

Why INTF bit must cleared in interrupt routine?

After interrupt is processed, bit whose setting caused an interrupt must be cleared, or interrupt routine would automatically be processed over again during a return to the main program.

What is the function of pre-scalar in PIC? What is the oscillator clock highest divisor can be set by prescaler?

Prescaler is a name for the part of a microcontroller which divides oscillator clock before it will reach logic that increases timer status. Number which divides a clock is defined through first three bits in OPTION register. The highest divisor is 256. This actually means that only at every 256th clock, timer value would increase by one. This provides us with the ability to measure longer timer periods.

If 4MHz oscillator is applied to a PIC, what is period per increment in Timer0 status and Watchdog timer status when prescaler rate select bit is set to 111?

For Timer0 :

Period per increment = 256x(1/4MHz)x4 = 256us

For Watchdog timer:

Period per increment = 128x(1/4MHz)x4 = 128us

State five considerations when selecting microcontroller in embedded system design.

The following items must be taken into consideration

Number of I/O pins required
Interfaces required
Memory requirements
Number of interrupts required
Real-time considerations
Development environment
Processing speed required
Memory architecture

What are the consequences of wrong estimation of memory requirement in embedded system design?

Overestimate the memory required may cause unnecessarily expensive solution.

Underestimate the memory required may cause project delay.

List out five items of hardware design checklist in embedded system design.

• Verify EPROM, RAM, and peripheral access times. Add wait states if necessary.

• Verify that setup and hold times are met, both to the peripheral device and to the microprocessor.

• Make sure crystal type match the system specifications. If using and external oscillator; be sure it matches duty cycle and drive-level requirements of the microprocessor.

• Verify that bus loading is not exceeded.

• Verify that loading of I/O port pins is not exceeded – either sinking or sourcing current.

• Verify that inputs to timers meet frequency and duty cycle limitations of the part. This usually depends on the microprocessor or timer IC clock speed.

• Avoids bus contention between peripherals.

Click Here!

Electronic Instrumentation and Communications

2013-04-10T21:16:00.003-07:00

Introduction to Communication System.

Communication involves the transfer of information or intelligence from a source to a recipient via a channel or medium.

• Model of a communication system in block diagram,

•Source: analogue or digital

•Transmitter: transducer, amplifier, modulator, oscillator, power amp., antenna

•Channel: e.g. cable, optical fibre, free space

•Receiver: antenna, amplifier, demodulator, oscillator, power amplifier, transducer

:Recipient: e.g. person, speaker, computer

Full duplex,half-duplex, and simplex,communication systems.

Simplex

A communications network can provide many types of service. The most basic type of service is known as

simplex. This service provides one-way communication. Examples of this type of service are TV distribution,

and the transmission of burglar alarm messages.

Half-duplex

provides for communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time (not simultaneously).

Typically, once a party begins receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop transmitting, before

replying.

An example of a half-duplex system is a two-party system such as a "walkie-talkie" style two-way radio,

wherein one must use "Over" or another previously-designated command to indicate the end of transmission,

and ensure that only one party transmits at a time, because both parties transmit on the same frequency.

Full Duplex :

A full-duplex, or sometimes double-duplex system, allows communication in both directions, and, unlike

half-duplex, allows this to happen simultaneously.

Land-line telephone networks are full-duplex, since they allow both callers to speak and be heard at the

same time.Examples: Telephone, Mobile Phone, etc.

Nature of Signal Sources

• Introduce time and frequency domain,

representation of analogue and digital signals.

• Concepts of signal bandwidth and bit rates.

• Model of a communication system in block diagram, examples of full duplex,half-duplex, and simplex,communication systems.

Nature of Signal Sources

• Introduce time and frequency domain, representation of analogue and digital signals.

• Concepts of signal bandwidth and bit rates.

Transmission Media (Channel)

• Signal transmission characteristics of twisted pair cables, coaxial cables,optical fibres, waveguide, radio wave.

Modulation Principles

• Introduction to modulation principles.

Modulation Principles

• Modulation techniques using AM and FM.

• Modulated signal characteristics, spectrum, bandwidth, power.

• Basic modulation and demodulation circuits.

Digital Communication Systems

• Introduction to digital communication systems.

Digital Communication Systems

• Signal digitisation using PCM.

• Binary modulation techniques using ASK, FSK and PSK.

• Application to telephone modem.

Pulse Modulation

• Pulse amplitude modulation, pulse position modulation, pulse width modulation.

• Application to telemetry systems remote control.

Noise Degradations in Signal Transmission

• Effect of noise degradation on communication systems, sources of internal and external noise in receiving system, signal-to-noise ratio, qualitative, comparison of noise performance of AM and FM receivers.

Data Communication Principles

• Asynchronous and synchronous data format.

• RS-232 serial interface, channel coding to combat errors in transmission.

Radio Systems Principles

• Model of a radio system in block diagram, radio wave propagation, antenna, directivity, antenna gain.

• Transmitter : AM transmitter and FM transmitter circuits.

• Radio receiver building blocks, Superheterodyne receiver.

• Image frequency, intermediate frequency, selectivity, sensitivity

Basic Measuring Instrument

• Voltage, current, resistance measuring principles, resistance, inductance,capacitance measurement using

bridges.• Applications in thermal sensors.

Electronic Display Instrument

• Construction of Cathode Ray Tube for oscilloscope and television.

• Oscilloscope operating procedures.

• Liquid crystal display principles.

Signal Generating Instrument

• Introduction to various signals and generator circuits.

Digital Instrument

• Principles of digital counter, time, digital storage oscilloscope, logic analysers.

Digital Instrument

• Data acquisition card. Analogue to Digital converter and Digital to

Analogue converter (ADC and DAC) and virtual instrumentation

Electronic Testing and Fault Finding

• Component Measurement and Tester, circuit measurement calibration procedures.

Electronic Testing and Fault Finding

• General principles and logical approach to fault finding.

Electronic, Electrical, Networking and Telecommunication

2008-12-31T21:40:00.000-08:00

Multimedia /Computing /Electronic /Jokes & Stories /Health Tips Center /Online Business Tips /Interesting Researches /Missing People /Anti Crime Methods /They Need Helps /All Things are Free

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ContentsElectrical
Basic Electrical Technology
Basic Electric and Magnetic (animation)
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Engineering Resources Center (hardware, software, videos, news)

Programmable Logic Controller
PIC (16F877A, 16F887 project's videos and etc)
Robot(asimo, aibo, humanoid vidoes and etc)
Telecommunication
Digital Electronic
Microprocessor
Technology News

Virtual Lab
Virtual Labs & Simulations
Virtual BreadBoard (Can be used to simulate microcontroller, PIC)

Electronics
Electronic Devices I
Electroinc Devices II
Electronic Software
A collection of free electronic ebook online

Communication
Introduction to Communication System
Telecommunication Fundamentals
Interactive Experiments
RF Communication System
RF Corner
Communications (NI Applications note and tutorial)
Radio Propagation Models
Electromagnetic Compatibility Testing (EMC)
The suitability of OFDM as a modulation technique for wireless telecommunications

Modern Control System
Modern Control System

Microcontroller and Automation
Industrial Control and Automation(ATEL2363)
Introduction to PLC controllers
Embedded System Design(ATEL3383)
PIC microcontrollers, for beginners
PIC Microcontrollers 16F887 ebook

Projects
Electronics Application Project
UV PCB etching
PCB etching
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PIC Basic
PIC Micro Tutorial
How to write a report abstract.
How to Write a Good Report

Useful Animation
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Other
Scientific or mathematic symbol proniciation (Greek alphebat)

PIC Project DIY

2008-10-13T21:11:00.000-07:00

PIC Project DIY

PR 1 :
LED Blinking

PR 2 :
7-segment Decoder

PR 3 :
LCD Display

PR 4 :
IR Sensor

PR 5 :
Line Following Robot

PR 6 :
Bluetooth Remote Controlled

PR 6A :
Bluetooth (SKKCA-21) Remote Control

PR 7 :
Controlling Stepper Motor Using SD01A (Unipolar)

PR 8 :
RFID: Read and Display

PR 9 :
Password Door Security

PR 10 :
Controlling DC Brush Motor Using MD10A or MD30A

PR 11 :
Temperature Control System Using LM35

PR 12 :
Display Real Time Clock (RTC) on LCD

PR 13 :
Alarm System: Wireless Smoke Detector

PR 14 :
Alarm System: Motion Detector

PR 15 :
Reading Gas and Humidity Sensor

PR 16 :
Sending Data using RF Module

PR 17 :
Voice Recording and Playback: ISD2560

PR 18 :
Walking with Cytron Servo Motor

PR 20 :
XBee - Standalone Control and Monitoring

PR 21 :
Gaming with Accelerometer

PR 22 :
Reading Compass Module, Capacitive and Barometric Pressure Sensors

PR 23 :
Multifunction Mobile Robot

Project Board
The various boards.
Main Board The main 16F628 processor board (two required later).
Main Board Two A 16F876 based processor board.
Main Board Three A 16F877 based processor board.
LED Board Eight LED's for displaying the outputs from one port.
Switch Board Four pushbutton switches for connecting to one port.
LCD Board An LCD text display board, in 4 bit mode, connecting to one port.
Joystick Board A board for connecting an analogue PC joystick.
IR Board An Infrared transmitter/receiver board (two required).
I2C EEPROM Board An I2C EEPROM board.
I2C Clock Board An I2C battery backed clock board.
I2C A2D Board A four channel A2D converter via the I2C bus.
I2C Switch Board Four push buttons for use with the I2C boards.
RS232 Board An RS232 interface board.
Stepper Board A stepper motor driver board.
Keypad Board An interface for a HEX keypad.
7 Segment LED Board An interface to a dual 7 segment LED display.
Analogue Board Provides two analogue inputs, and a precision voltage reference.
Wireless Boards Two boards, comprising TX and RX wireless modules.
Matrix LED Board A large board containing an 8x8 matrix of 64 LED's
Next Board To be arranged!.

Tony Buzan's Mind Mapping

2008-10-13T20:00:00.000-07:00

Tony Buzan's Mind Mapping - The Ultimate Thinking Tool

Mind Mapping Mindmap Book Mind Map Software Mind Map Video

The basic learning principles of mind mapping or those of similar concepts have continued virtually for centuries, and hold kept on exhausted by selected of the most massive creative genius' and a good number of influential individuals in history such as Leonardo Da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, Richard Feynman, William Blake and Albert Einstein. However the leg work ‘mind mapping' was not based until the 1960s by Tony Buzan, a psychologist and leading expert in districts of the brain this kind of as learning and memory. Today millions of lendees available the world use mind mapping for a wide variety of actions ranging from simply to become better planners or more confident public speakers, additonally others use them to deal with problems on a a good deal more large scale.

Tony Buzan states a mind map is the ultimate organizational thought tool, it is the easiest way to put information into your brain and take information out of your brain – it's a creative and effective means of note choosing that literally ‘maps out' your thoughts. Mind Maps have a natural structure that radiates from the centre and use lines, symbols, words and images according to a set of innate and brain-friendly rules. A extensively register of boring information can be changed to colourful, memorable, highly organized diagrams with mind mapping that reflect your brains natural way of thinking and encourage synergetic thinking.

Linear note-taking and list making is the worst way to encourage creativity and thinking, it locks the brain behind ‘prison bars' such a methodically disconnects one thought based on data from another, whilst mind mapping branches stem outwards to form an additional level of sub-branches such a flow with your thoughts and ideas. The mind, while may already contain the knowledge or information, is mostly highly disorganised and you may hold trouble retrieving the stored information when required. Mind Maps service you learn, organise and store hints in a way that sells you entrance to your brain when and at which you seek it.

Imagination and association are the two primary principles the current instigate mind mapping so effective. Our intelligence work with sensory images with appropriate links and associations radiating them. Mind Mapping reflects the cleverness natural, image filled thought processes and helps reinforce the maps of thought in your brain. This is why the ability to mind map comes so naturally to the majority of consumers and serves to be exhausted as a natural poll tool. Opening the way for phenomenal improvement in your idea power.

When developing creative skills you are not only improving your ability to appear up providing innovative ideas you are also, by default, enhancing your ability to remember things. This is because creativity and memory are vertically identical mental processes – properties both work best when you are you imagination and association.

The brain is split to the left and affirmative hemisphere. Each hemisphere looks at different mental skills i.e. the left develops verbal, mathematical and analytical abilities, whilst the properly is connected to drawing, music, spatial awareness, and imagination. The hemispheres are utterly separate systems and are rarely exhausted together. However mind mapping uses aspects of both sides of the brain. If used together each side of the brain simultaneously reinforces the more and more in a manner which permits limitless creative potential and strengthens the ability for greater associations most massive to greater intellectual firepower.

Programming dsPIC (Digital Signal Controllers) in C

2008-09-27T03:17:00.000-07:00

Programming dsPIC (Digital Signal Controllers) in C”

Learn how to write your own program, debug it, and use it to start the microcontroller. We have provided plenty of practical examples with necessary connection schematics: temperature sensors, AD and DA converters, LCD and LED displays, relays, communications, and the book is constantly being updated with fresh examples. All code is commented in details to make it easier for beginners. Instruction set, operators, control structures, and other elements of C are thoroughly explained with many examples. Also, the book includes a useful appendix on mikroC for dsPIC development environment: how to install it and how to use it to its full potential.

Authors: Zoran Milivojević, Djordje Šaponjić

“Architecture and Programming of 8051 Microcontrollers”

2008-09-27T03:15:00.000-07:00

“Architecture and Programming of 8051 Microcontrollers”

Learn in a quick and easy way to program 8051 microcontroller using many practical examples we have provided for you. Despite its relative old age, 8051 is still the most commonly used microcontroller at present. Beside Intel, many other renowned companies manufacture this model - Philips, Siemens, etc. The book contains details of its architecture and many practical examples, both simple and complex, useful program routines, instructions on handling the programmer for Atmel 51 series, and the guide on using the development systems for Atmel microcontrollers. In the appendices you will find detailed assembler instructions with examples, glossary and much more...

Author: Milan Verle

“Programming PIC Microcontrollers in BASIC” — online, free

2008-09-27T03:12:00.000-07:00

“Programming PIC Microcontrollers in BASIC” — online, free

Online comprehensive manual for programming PIC microcontrollers in BASIC.

Learn how to write your own program, debug it, and use it to start the microcontroller. We have provided plenty of practical examples with necessary connection schemes: temperature sensors, AD and DA converters, LCD and LED displays, relays, communications, and the book is constantly being updated with fresh examples. All code is commented in details to make it easier for beginners. Instruction set, operators, control structures, and other elements of BASIC are thoroughly explained with many examples. Also, the book includes a useful appendix on mikroBasic development environment: how to install it and how to use it to its full potential.

Penang Electronic Blog

Assembly code of LCD display using 16F877A

Embedded System and PIC Q&A 6

Embedded System and PIC Q&A 5

Embedded System and PIC Q&A 4

Embedded System and PIC Q&A 3

Embedded System and PIC Q&A 2

Embedded System and PIC Q&A 1

Embedded System Q&A 6

Embedded System Q&A 5

Embedded System Q&A 4

Embedded System Q&A 3

Embedded System Q&A 2

Embedded System Q&A 1

Tutorial 5 PIC Microcontroller

Tutorial 4 PIC Microcontroller

Tutorial 3 PIC Microcontroller

Tutorial 2 PIC Microcontroller

Tutorial 1 PIC microcontroller

Electronic Instrumentation and Communications

Electronic, Electrical, Networking and Telecommunication

PIC Project DIY

Tony Buzan's Mind Mapping

Programming dsPIC (Digital Signal Controllers) in C

Programming dsPIC (Digital Signal Controllers) in C”

“Architecture and Programming of 8051 Microcontrollers”

“Architecture and Programming of 8051 Microcontrollers”

“Programming PIC Microcontrollers in BASIC” — online, free

“Programming PIC Microcontrollers in BASIC” — online, free

Table of Contents