tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4381321849405048352026-09-03T14:19:52.540+08:00阿吉老師的課後閒聊 × 敗家開箱 × 旅遊隨記 × 育兒筆記阿吉老師的課後閒聊 × 敗家開箱 × 旅遊隨記 × 育兒筆記Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger175125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-22188836593959134472025-12-23T15:32:28.111+08:002025-12-23T15:32:52.111+08:00勒沙特略電壓原理<style>
.circuit-game-wrapper { font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", Arial, sans-serif; background-color: #fdfefe; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border: 1px solid #ddd; user-select: none;}
.circuit-game-wrapper h1 { text-align: center; color: #e67e22; margin-bottom: 5px; font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: 1px;}
.circuit-game-wrapper p.subtitle { text-align: center; color: #7f8c8d; font-size: 0.95em; margin-bottom: 20px; }
.game-controls {
text-align: center; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 15px;
background: white; border-radius: 8px; border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 100;
}
.game-btn { padding: 10px 20px; font-size: 16px; cursor: pointer; border: none; border-radius: 5px; margin: 5px; transition: 0.2s; font-weight: bold; color: white;}
.btn-gen { background-color: #e67e22; }
.btn-gen:hover { background-color: #d35400; }
.btn-check { background-color: #27ae60; }
.btn-check:hover { background-color: #219150; }
.score-display { display: inline-block; margin-left: 15px; font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #34495e; }
.quiz-grid {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(320px, 1fr));
gap: 25px;
}
.circuit-card {
background: white; border-radius: 12px; box-shadow: 0 4px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
padding: 15px; text-align: center; position: relative;
border: 2px solid transparent; transition: 0.3s;
}
.circuit-card.correct { border-color: #27ae60; background-color: #effcf5; }
.circuit-card.wrong { border-color: #c0392b; background-color: #fdf2f2; }
.q-title { font-weight: bold; color: #555; margin-bottom: 15px; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; padding: 0 5px; font-size: 1em; border-bottom: 1px dashed #eee; padding-bottom: 5px;}
/* 輸入框樣式 */
.volt-input {
width: 50px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;
border: 2px solid #e67e22; border-radius: 5px; color: #d35400; background: #fff;
}
.volt-input:focus { outline: none; border-color: #d35400; box-shadow: 0 0 5px rgba(230, 126, 34, 0.5); }
.volt-input.correct-input { border-color: #27ae60; background-color: #e8f8f5; color: #27ae60; }
.volt-input.wrong-input { border-color: #c0392b; background-color: #fdedec; color: #c0392b; }
/* SVG 樣式 */
.circuit-svg line { stroke: #333; stroke-width: 2; stroke-linecap: square; }
.circuit-svg circle.volt-bg { fill: #fff; stroke: #e67e22; stroke-width: 2; }
.circuit-svg text { font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; pointer-events: none; fill: #333; }
.circuit-svg text.volt-text { font-size: 14px; fill: #d35400; }
.input-overlay { position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%, -50%); }
.voltmeter-wire { stroke: #e67e22 !important; stroke-width: 1.5 !important; } /* 伏特計引線顏色 */
</style>
<div class="circuit-game-wrapper">
<h1>⚡ 電壓偵探：能量守恆 (V8.0)</h1>
<p class="subtitle">觀察跨接的伏特計，填入<b>「?」</b>處正確的電壓值 (V)。</p>
<div class="game-controls">
<button class="game-btn btn-gen" onclick="initQuiz()">🔄 產生 6 題</button>
<button class="game-btn btn-check" onclick="checkAllAnswers()">✅ 檢查答案</button>
<div id="scoreArea" class="score-display"></div>
</div>
<div id="quizGrid" class="quiz-grid">
</div>
</div>
<script>
const TOTAL_QUESTIONS = 6;
let quizAnswers = {};
function initQuiz() {
const grid = document.getElementById('quizGrid');
grid.innerHTML = '';
document.getElementById('scoreArea').innerHTML = '';
quizAnswers = {};
for (let i = 1; i <= TOTAL_QUESTIONS; i++) {
createSingleQuestion(i, grid);
}
}
function createSingleQuestion(qIndex, container) {
const type = Math.random() > 0.5 ? 0 : 1; // 0=串聯, 1=並聯
const card = document.createElement('div');
card.className = 'circuit-card';
card.id = `card-${qIndex}`;
let titleText = type === 0 ? "串聯分壓" : "並聯等壓";
let html = `<div class="q-title"><span>#${qIndex} ${titleText}</span><span id="status-${qIndex}"></span></div>`;
const svgW = 300;
const svgH = 200; // 高度加大一點給伏特計
let inputsHtml = "";
let svgContent = "";
let answer = 0;
// 畫布基礎：電池位置
const batX = 40;
const batY = svgH / 2 + 20; // 電池稍微下面一點，留空間給上面
if (type === 0) {
// === 串聯 (Series) ===
// V_total = V1 + V2
// 隨機生成整數電壓
const v1 = Math.floor(Math.random() * 3) + 1; // 1~3 V
const v2 = Math.floor(Math.random() * 3) + 1; // 1~3 V
const vTotal = v1 + v2;
// 隨機挖空：0=電池(總), 1=燈泡1, 2=燈泡2
const qMode = Math.floor(Math.random() * 3);
if (qMode === 0) answer = vTotal;
else if (qMode === 1) answer = v1;
else answer = v2;
// 繪圖座標
const startX = 80; const endX = 260;
const bulb1X = 120;
const bulb2X = 220;
const wireY = batY - 60; // 上面的線
// 畫電池與主迴路
svgContent += drawStandardBattery(batX, batY);
// 連接線
svgContent += `<line x1="${batX+10}" y1="${batY}" x2="${startX}" y2="${batY}" />`; // 電池短極往右
svgContent += `<line x1="${startX}" y1="${batY}" x2="${endX}" y2="${batY}" />`; // 底部線
svgContent += `<line x1="${endX}" y1="${batY}" x2="${endX}" y2="${wireY}" />`; // 右側往上
svgContent += `<line x1="${endX}" y1="${wireY}" x2="${startX}" y2="${wireY}" />`; // 頂部線(串燈泡)
svgContent += `<line x1="${startX}" y1="${wireY}" x2="${startX}" y2="${batY}" />`; // 左側往下
svgContent += `<line x1="${startX}" y1="${batY}" x2="${batX}" y2="${batY}" />`; // 回電池長極 (修正：這裡視覺簡化，直接接到主迴路)
// 畫燈泡 (在頂部線上)
svgContent += drawBulb(bulb1X, wireY);
svgContent += drawBulb(bulb2X, wireY);
// 畫伏特計 (跨接)
// V_total (跨接電池) -> 畫在電池下方
const valBat = (qMode === 0) ? "?" : vTotal+"V";
if(qMode===0) inputsHtml += createInput(qIndex, batX+30, batY+40);
svgContent += drawVoltmeterBottom(batX-10, batX+90, batY, valBat); // 稍微寬一點跨過電池區域
// V1 (跨接燈泡1) -> 畫在燈泡上方
const val1 = (qMode === 1) ? "?" : v1+"V";
if(qMode===1) inputsHtml += createInput(qIndex, bulb1X, wireY-40);
svgContent += drawVoltmeterTop(bulb1X-20, bulb1X+20, wireY, val1);
// V2 (跨接燈泡2)
const val2 = (qMode === 2) ? "?" : v2+"V";
if(qMode===2) inputsHtml += createInput(qIndex, bulb2X, wireY-40);
svgContent += drawVoltmeterTop(bulb2X-20, bulb2X+20, wireY, val2);
} else {
// === 並聯 (Parallel) ===
// V_total = V1 = V2
const vCommon = Math.floor(Math.random() * 5) + 2; // 2~6 V
answer = vCommon;
// 隨機挖空位置
const qMode = Math.floor(Math.random() * 3); // 0=電池, 1=上路, 2=下路
const topY = batY - 80;
const midY = batY - 40;
const botY = batY; // 電池在最下面這層
const leftX = 80; const rightX = 240;
const centerX = 160;
// 畫電池 (在底部中間)
svgContent += drawStandardBattery(centerX, botY);
svgContent += `<line x1="${centerX-10}" y1="${botY}" x2="${leftX}" y2="${botY}" />`; // 電池左連
svgContent += `<line x1="${centerX+10}" y1="${botY}" x2="${rightX}" y2="${botY}" />`; // 電池右連
// 垂直匯流排
svgContent += `<line x1="${leftX}" y1="${botY}" x2="${leftX}" y2="${topY}" />`;
svgContent += `<line x1="${rightX}" y1="${botY}" x2="${rightX}" y2="${topY}" />`;
// 中層分路 (燈泡1)
svgContent += `<line x1="${leftX}" y1="${midY}" x2="${rightX}" y2="${midY}" />`;
svgContent += drawBulb(centerX, midY);
// 頂層分路 (燈泡2)
svgContent += `<line x1="${leftX}" y1="${topY}" x2="${rightX}" y2="${topY}" />`;
svgContent += drawBulb(centerX, topY);
// 畫伏特計
// 電池的伏特計 (畫在下方)
const valBat = (qMode === 0) ? "?" : vCommon+"V";
if(qMode===0) inputsHtml += createInput(qIndex, centerX, botY+40);
svgContent += drawVoltmeterBottom(leftX+20, rightX-20, botY, valBat); // 跨接在主幹線內側
// 中層燈泡伏特計 (畫在上方) - 稍微錯開避免重疊
const val1 = (qMode === 1) ? "?" : vCommon+"V";
// 這裡為了不讓伏特計打架，我們畫在更裡面一點
if(qMode===1) inputsHtml += createInput(qIndex, centerX, midY-30);
svgContent += drawVoltmeterTop(centerX-20, centerX+20, midY, val1);
// 頂層燈泡伏特計
const val2 = (qMode === 2) ? "?" : vCommon+"V";
if(qMode===2) inputsHtml += createInput(qIndex, centerX, topY-30);
svgContent += drawVoltmeterTop(centerX-20, centerX+20, topY, val2);
}
quizAnswers[qIndex] = answer;
html += `<div style="position: relative; width: ${svgW}px; height: ${svgH}px; margin: 0 auto;">
<svg class="circuit-svg" width="${svgW}" height="${svgH}" viewBox="0 0 ${svgW} ${svgH}">
${svgContent}
</svg>
${inputsHtml}
</div>`;
card.innerHTML = html;
container.appendChild(card);
}
// --- 輔助與繪圖 ---
function createInput(qIndex, x, y) {
return `<input type="number" id="ans-${qIndex}" class="volt-input input-overlay" style="left:${x}px; top:${y}px;" placeholder="?">`;
}
function checkAllAnswers() {
let correctCount = 0;
for (let i = 1; i <= TOTAL_QUESTIONS; i++) {
const input = document.getElementById(`ans-${i}`);
const userVal = parseInt(input.value);
const correctVal = quizAnswers[i];
const statusSpan = document.getElementById(`status-${i}`);
const card = document.getElementById(`card-${i}`);
if (userVal === correctVal) {
correctCount++;
input.classList.add('correct-input');
input.classList.remove('wrong-input');
statusSpan.innerHTML = "✅ 正確";
statusSpan.style.color = "#27ae60";
card.classList.add('correct');
card.classList.remove('wrong');
} else {
input.classList.add('wrong-input');
input.classList.remove('correct-input');
statusSpan.innerHTML = `❌ 應為 ${correctVal}V`;
statusSpan.style.color = "#c0392b";
card.classList.add('wrong');
card.classList.remove('correct');
}
}
const score = Math.round((correctCount / TOTAL_QUESTIONS) * 100);
const scoreDisplay = document.getElementById('scoreArea');
scoreDisplay.innerHTML = `得分：${score}`;
scoreDisplay.style.color = score === 100 ? '#27ae60' : '#c0392b';
}
function drawStandardBattery(x, y) {
// T型電池
let s = `<line x1="${x}" y1="${y-12}" x2="${x}" y2="${y+12}" stroke-width="2" />`; // 長 +
s += `<line x1="${x+10}" y1="${y-6}" x2="${x+10}" y2="${y+6}" stroke-width="4" />`; // 短 -
s += `<text x="${x-10}" y="${y-15}" fill="#c0392b">+</text>`;
return s;
}
function drawBulb(x, y) {
let s = `<circle cx="${x}" cy="${y}" r="12" fill="white" stroke="#333" stroke-width="2"/>`;
s += `<line x1="${x-8}" y1="${y-8}" x2="${x+8}" y2="${y+8}" stroke="#333"/>`;
s += `<line x1="${x+8}" y1="${y-8}" x2="${x-8}" y2="${y+8}" stroke="#333"/>`;
return s;
}
// 畫跨接在元件上方的伏特計
function drawVoltmeterTop(x1, x2, wireY, label) {
const h = 30; // 拱起高度
const midX = (x1 + x2) / 2;
const midY = wireY - h;
let s = "";
// 左腳
s += `<line x1="${x1}" y1="${wireY}" x2="${x1}" y2="${midY}" class="voltmeter-wire" />`;
// 右腳
s += `<line x1="${x2}" y1="${wireY}" x2="${x2}" y2="${midY}" class="voltmeter-wire" />`;
// 橫樑 (稍微縮短一點以連接圓圈)
s += `<line x1="${x1}" y1="${midY}" x2="${midX-15}" y2="${midY}" class="voltmeter-wire" />`;
s += `<line x1="${midX+15}" y1="${midY}" x2="${x2}" y2="${midY}" class="voltmeter-wire" />`;
// 圓圈
s += `<circle cx="${midX}" cy="${midY}" r="16" class="volt-bg" />`;
if (label !== "?") {
s += `<text x="${midX}" y="${midY+5}" text-anchor="middle" class="volt-text">${label}</text>`;
} else {
s += `<text x="${midX}" y="${midY+5}" text-anchor="middle" fill="#ccc" opacity="0.3">V</text>`;
}
return s;
}
// 畫跨接在元件下方的伏特計
function drawVoltmeterBottom(x1, x2, wireY, label) {
const h = 30; // 下降高度
const midX = (x1 + x2) / 2;
const midY = wireY + h;
let s = "";
s += `<line x1="${x1}" y1="${wireY}" x2="${x1}" y2="${midY}" class="voltmeter-wire" />`;
s += `<line x1="${x2}" y1="${wireY}" x2="${x2}" y2="${midY}" class="voltmeter-wire" />`;
s += `<line x1="${x1}" y1="${midY}" x2="${midX-15}" y2="${midY}" class="voltmeter-wire" />`;
s += `<line x1="${midX+15}" y1="${midY}" x2="${x2}" y2="${midY}" class="voltmeter-wire" />`;
s += `<circle cx="${midX}" cy="${midY}" r="16" class="volt-bg" />`;
if (label !== "?") {
s += `<text x="${midX}" y="${midY+5}" text-anchor="middle" class="volt-text">${label}</text>`;
} else {
s += `<text x="${midX}" y="${midY+5}" text-anchor="middle" fill="#ccc" opacity="0.3">V</text>`;
}
return s;
}
window.onload = initQuiz;
</script>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-28962572841526501372025-12-16T13:47:00.005+08:002025-12-16T13:47:52.971+08:00燈泡亮不亮？！電路判斷<style>
/* 為了配合 Blogger 版型，這裡做了一些微調 */
.circuit-game-wrapper { font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", Arial, sans-serif; background-color: #f9f9f9; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border: 1px solid #ddd;}
.circuit-game-wrapper h1 { text-align: center; color: #333; margin-bottom: 5px; font-size: 24px; }
.circuit-game-wrapper p.subtitle { text-align: center; color: #666; font-size: 0.9em; margin-bottom: 20px; }
.game-controls {
text-align: center; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 15px;
background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
border-radius: 8px; border: 1px solid #eee;
}
.game-btn { padding: 8px 16px; font-size: 16px; cursor: pointer; border: none; border-radius: 5px; margin: 5px; transition: 0.2s; font-weight: bold; color: white;}
.btn-gen { background-color: #007bff; }
.btn-gen:hover { background-color: #0056b3; }
.btn-check { background-color: #28a745; }
.btn-check:hover { background-color: #1e7e34; }
.score-display { display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #333; }
.quiz-grid {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr));
gap: 20px;
}
.circuit-card {
background: white; border-radius: 12px; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
padding: 10px; text-align: center; position: relative;
border: 2px solid transparent;
transition: 0.3s;
}
.circuit-card.correct { border-color: #28a745; background-color: #f0fff4; }
.circuit-card.wrong { border-color: #dc3545; background-color: #fff5f5; }
.q-title { font-weight: bold; color: #555; margin-bottom: 5px; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; padding: 0 5px; font-size: 0.9em;}
/* SVG Interactive */
.bulb-group { cursor: pointer; }
.bulb-group:hover circle { stroke: #007bff; stroke-width: 3; }
.bulb-off { fill: #fff; stroke: #333; stroke-width: 2; }
.bulb-selected { fill: #fff3cd; stroke: #ffc107; stroke-width: 3; filter: drop-shadow(0 0 2px gold); }
.bulb-correct-on { fill: #ffeb3b; stroke: #28a745; stroke-width: 4; filter: drop-shadow(0 0 8px gold); }
.bulb-correct-off { fill: #eee; stroke: #28a745; stroke-width: 2; opacity: 0.6; }
.bulb-wrong-should-on { fill: #ffeb3b; stroke: #dc3545; stroke-width: 4; stroke-dasharray: 5,5; }
.bulb-wrong-should-off { fill: #ddd; stroke: #dc3545; stroke-width: 4; }
.circuit-svg line { stroke: #333; stroke-width: 2; stroke-linecap: round; stroke-linejoin: round; }
.wire-short { stroke: #d63384; stroke-width: 3; }
.switch-open { stroke: #333; }
.circuit-svg text { font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; pointer-events: none; }
</style>
<div class="circuit-game-wrapper">
<h1>💡 電路判斷學習單 (Blogger版)</h1>
<p class="subtitle">請點擊<b>「會發亮」</b>的燈泡，全部做完後按交卷。</p>
<div class="game-controls">
<button class="game-btn btn-gen" onclick="initQuiz()">🔄 重新出題 (6題)</button>
<button class="game-btn btn-check" onclick="checkAllAnswers()">📝 全卷交卷 & 評分</button>
<div id="scoreArea" class="score-display"></div>
</div>
<div id="quizGrid" class="quiz-grid">
</div>
</div>
<script>
const TOTAL_QUESTIONS = 6;
let quizData = {};
let globalIdCounter = 0;
const UNIT_W = 50;
const UNIT_H = 50;
const MAX_DEPTH = 3;
const MIN_BULBS = 2;
const MAX_BULBS = 7;
function initQuiz() {
const grid = document.getElementById('quizGrid');
grid.innerHTML = '';
document.getElementById('scoreArea').innerHTML = '';
quizData = {};
for (let i = 1; i <= TOTAL_QUESTIONS; i++) {
createSingleQuestion(i, grid);
}
}
function createSingleQuestion(qIndex, container) {
quizData[qIndex] = {};
let root;
let bulbCount = 0;
let attempts = 0;
do {
globalIdCounter = 0;
bulbCount = 0;
root = generateRandomCircuit(1, qIndex, (count) => bulbCount += count);
attempts++;
} while ((bulbCount < MIN_BULBS || bulbCount > MAX_BULBS) && attempts < 10);
solveCircuit(root, qIndex);
const card = document.createElement('div');
card.className = 'circuit-card';
card.id = `card-${qIndex}`;
const dims = measureCircuit(root);
const svgW = dims.w + 60;
const svgH = dims.h + 50;
let html = `<div class="q-title"><span>#${qIndex}</span><span id="status-${qIndex}"></span></div>`;
html += `<svg class="circuit-svg" width="${svgW}" height="${svgH}" viewBox="0 0 ${svgW} ${svgH}">`;
const startX = 30;
const startY = svgH / 2;
html += drawBattery(10, startY);
html += `<line x1="20" y1="${startY}" x2="${startX}" y2="${startY}" />`;
html += `<line x1="${startX + dims.w}" y1="${startY}" x2="${svgW-10}" y2="${startY}" />`;
html += `<line x1="${svgW-10}" y1="${startY}" x2="${svgW-10}" y2="${svgH-10}" />`;
html += `<line x1="${svgW-10}" y1="${svgH-10}" x2="10" y2="${svgH-10}" />`;
html += `<line x1="10" y1="${svgH-10}" x2="10" y2="${startY+15}" />`;
html += drawComponent(root, startX, startY - dims.h/2, dims.w, dims.h);
html += `</svg>`;
card.innerHTML = html;
container.appendChild(card);
}
// 將函數掛載到 window，防止 Blogger 壓縮代碼時找不到
window.toggleBulb = function(qIndex, bulbId) {
if (document.getElementById('scoreArea').innerHTML !== '') return;
const state = quizData[qIndex][bulbId];
state.selected = !state.selected;
const el = document.getElementById(`visual-${bulbId}`);
if (state.selected) el.setAttribute('class', 'bulb-selected');
else el.setAttribute('class', 'bulb-off');
}
window.checkAllAnswers = function() {
let correctQuestions = 0;
for (let i = 1; i <= TOTAL_QUESTIONS; i++) {
const qState = quizData[i];
let isQuestionCorrect = true;
for (let bId in qState) {
const s = qState[bId];
const el = document.getElementById(`visual-${bId}`);
el.classList.remove('bulb-off', 'bulb-selected');
if (s.actualOn) {
if (s.selected) el.setAttribute('class', 'bulb-correct-on');
else { el.setAttribute('class', 'bulb-wrong-should-on'); isQuestionCorrect = false; }
} else {
if (s.selected) { el.setAttribute('class', 'bulb-wrong-should-off'); isQuestionCorrect = false; }
else el.setAttribute('class', 'bulb-correct-off');
}
}
const statusSpan = document.getElementById(`status-${i}`);
const cardDiv = document.getElementById(`card-${i}`);
if (isQuestionCorrect) {
statusSpan.innerHTML = '✅';
cardDiv.classList.add('correct');
cardDiv.classList.remove('wrong');
correctQuestions++;
} else {
statusSpan.innerHTML = '❌';
cardDiv.classList.add('wrong');
cardDiv.classList.remove('correct');
}
}
const score = Math.round((correctQuestions / TOTAL_QUESTIONS) * 100);
document.getElementById('scoreArea').innerHTML = `得分：${score}`;
}
function generateRandomCircuit(depth, qIdx, countCallback) {
const rand = Math.random();
let stopProb = 0.1 + (depth * 0.35);
if (depth >= MAX_DEPTH || rand < stopProb) {
const rType = Math.random();
const uniqueId = `q${qIdx}_${globalIdCounter++}`;
if (rType < 0.15) return { type: 'SWITCH_OPEN', id: uniqueId, R: Infinity };
if (rType < 0.25) return { type: 'WIRE', id: uniqueId, R: 0 };
countCallback(1);
quizData[qIdx][uniqueId] = { actualOn: false, selected: false };
return { type: 'BULB', id: uniqueId, R: 1 };
}
const isSeries = Math.random() > 0.5;
const count = Math.floor(Math.random() * 2) + 2;
const children = [];
for(let k=0; k<count; k++) {
children.push(generateRandomCircuit(depth + 1, qIdx, countCallback));
}
return { type: isSeries ? 'SERIES' : 'PARALLEL', children: children, id: `q${qIdx}_node_${globalIdCounter++}` };
}
function solveCircuit(node, qIdx) {
calcR(node);
if (node.R === Infinity) return;
distribute(node, true, qIdx);
}
function calcR(node) {
if (node.type === 'BULB') { node.R = 1; return; }
if (node.type === 'WIRE') { node.R = 0; return; }
if (node.type === 'SWITCH_OPEN') { node.R = Infinity; return; }
if (node.type === 'SERIES') {
let sum = 0; let hasOpen = false;
node.children.forEach(c => { calcR(c); sum += c.R; if (c.R === Infinity) hasOpen = true; });
node.R = hasOpen ? Infinity : sum;
} else if (node.type === 'PARALLEL') {
let hasShort = false; let allOpen = true; let invSum = 0;
node.children.forEach(c => { calcR(c); if (c.R === 0) hasShort = true; if (c.R !== Infinity) allOpen = false; if (c.R > 0 && c.R !== Infinity) invSum += (1/c.R); });
if (hasShort) node.R = 0; else if (allOpen) node.R = Infinity; else node.R = (invSum === 0) ? 0 : (1/invSum);
}
}
function distribute(node, hasVoltage, qIdx) {
if (!hasVoltage) return;
if (node.type === 'BULB') { quizData[qIdx][node.id].actualOn = true; }
else if (node.type === 'SERIES') {
if (node.R === Infinity) return;
node.children.forEach(c => distribute(c, true, qIdx));
} else if (node.type === 'PARALLEL') {
if (node.R === Infinity) return;
if (node.R === 0) {
node.children.forEach(c => { if (c.R === 0) distribute(c, true, qIdx); else distribute(c, false, qIdx); });
} else {
node.children.forEach(c => distribute(c, true, qIdx));
}
}
}
function measureCircuit(node) {
if (['BULB', 'WIRE', 'SWITCH_OPEN'].includes(node.type)) return { w: UNIT_W, h: UNIT_H };
if (node.type === 'SERIES') {
let totalW = 0; let maxH = 0;
node.children.forEach(c => { const d = measureCircuit(c); totalW += d.w; maxH = Math.max(maxH, d.h); });
totalW += (node.children.length - 1) * 15;
return { w: totalW, h: maxH };
}
if (node.type === 'PARALLEL') {
let maxW = 0; let totalH = 0;
node.children.forEach(c => { const d = measureCircuit(c); maxW = Math.max(maxW, d.w); totalH += d.h; });
totalH += (node.children.length - 1) * 15;
return { w: maxW + 30, h: totalH };
}
}
function drawComponent(node, x, y, w, h) {
let svg = ''; const centerY = y + h/2;
if (node.type === 'BULB') {
const qIdx = node.id.split('_')[0].replace('q','');
const isSel = quizData[qIdx][node.id].selected;
const cls = isSel ? 'bulb-selected' : 'bulb-off';
svg += `<g class="bulb-group" onclick="toggleBulb(${qIdx}, '${node.id}')"><circle cx="${x+w/2}" cy="${centerY}" r="12" class="${cls}" id="visual-${node.id}"/><line x1="${x+w/2-6}" y1="${centerY-6}" x2="${x+w/2+6}" y2="${centerY+6}" stroke="#999" stroke-width="1"/><line x1="${x+w/2+6}" y1="${centerY-6}" x2="${x+w/2-6}" y2="${centerY+6}" stroke="#999" stroke-width="1"/></g>`;
svg += `<line x1="${x}" y1="${centerY}" x2="${x+w/2-12}" y2="${centerY}" /><line x1="${x+w/2+12}" y1="${centerY}" x2="${x+w}" y2="${centerY}" />`;
return svg;
}
if (node.type === 'WIRE') { return svg + `<line x1="${x}" y1="${centerY}" x2="${x+w}" y2="${centerY}" class="wire-short"/><text x="${x+w/2-10}" y="${centerY-8}" fill="#d63384">導線</text>`; }
if (node.type === 'SWITCH_OPEN') { return svg + `<line x1="${x}" y1="${centerY}" x2="${x+w/2-8}" y2="${centerY}" /><line x1="${x+w/2+8}" y1="${centerY}" x2="${x+w}" y2="${centerY}" /><line x1="${x+w/2-8}" y1="${centerY}" x2="${x+w/2+4}" y2="${centerY-12}" class="switch-open"/>`; }
if (node.type === 'SERIES') {
let currentX = x; const dims = node.children.map(measureCircuit);
node.children.forEach((c, i) => { const d = dims[i]; svg += drawComponent(c, currentX, centerY - d.h/2, d.w, d.h); if (i < node.children.length - 1) { svg += `<line x1="${currentX + d.w}" y1="${centerY}" x2="${currentX + d.w + 15}" y2="${centerY}" />`; currentX += d.w + 15; } });
return svg;
}
if (node.type === 'PARALLEL') {
const dims = node.children.map(measureCircuit); let currentY = y; const busLeft = x + 10; const busRight = x + w - 10;
svg += `<line x1="${x}" y1="${centerY}" x2="${busLeft}" y2="${centerY}" /><line x1="${busRight}" y1="${centerY}" x2="${x+w}" y2="${centerY}" />`;
let firstCY = 0, lastCY = 0;
node.children.forEach((c, i) => { const d = dims[i]; const childX = x + (w - d.w)/2; svg += drawComponent(c, childX, currentY, d.w, d.h); const childCY = currentY + d.h/2; if(i===0) firstCY=childCY; if(i===node.children.length-1) lastCY=childCY; svg += `<line x1="${busLeft}" y1="${childCY}" x2="${childX}" y2="${childCY}" /><line x1="${childX + d.w}" y1="${childCY}" x2="${busRight}" y2="${childCY}" />`; currentY += d.h + 15; });
svg += `<line x1="${busLeft}" y1="${firstCY}" x2="${busLeft}" y2="${lastCY}" /><line x1="${busRight}" y1="${firstCY}" x2="${busRight}" y2="${lastCY}" />`;
return svg;
}
}
function drawBattery(x, y) { return `<line x1="${x}" y1="${y-12}" x2="${x}" y2="${y+12}" stroke-width="2"/><line x1="${x+8}" y1="${y-6}" x2="${x+8}" y2="${y+6}" stroke-width="4"/><text x="${x-5}" y="${y-15}">+</text>`; }
// 初始化
initQuiz();
</script>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-90469582894913471732025-02-02T15:46:00.003+08:002025-02-02T15:46:55.231+08:00國中數理補充-斜率<p> 國中數理補充-斜率1</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ygXGyK3nbBI" width="320" youtube-src-id="ygXGyK3nbBI"></iframe></div><br />https://youtu.be/ygXGyK3nbBI<p></p><p>國中數理補充-斜率2</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/NPrNMBU6KLE" width="320" youtube-src-id="NPrNMBU6KLE"></iframe></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>https://youtu.be/NPrNMBU6KLE</p><p>講義下載</p><div><h2 aria-label="共用「順極理化-2上-ch1-補充-斜率(反黑).pdf」" class="zv7tnb" id="Pnsjpd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; margin: 8px 0px 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden;">順極理化-2上-ch1-補充-斜率(反黑).pdf</h2>https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TjOBo3beQQMbdq0NlsfpmZ1UGmcV_lK0/view?usp=sharing</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-19024270670615249382023-04-01T10:27:00.009+08:002025-02-07T03:30:42.045+08:00代課課務安排<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">感謝各位老師協助代課<br />小弟不勝感激<br />若老師拿到的代課單有<br />9年級或是8年級<br />請參照以下分類</span></h2><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">持續更新錄課ing......<br />9年級<span>① 段考題目檢討<br /><br /></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ow8CNEBU6Fo" width="320" youtube-src-id="ow8CNEBU6Fo"></iframe></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><br />9年級<span>②</span></span><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IE5T_XXMpGg" width="320" youtube-src-id="IE5T_XXMpGg"></iframe></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><br />9年級<span>③</span></span><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/e-XSTrScCBY" width="320" youtube-src-id="e-XSTrScCBY"></iframe></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><p style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">8年級<span>①</span><span>段考題目檢討</span><span><br /><br /><br /></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/HLieh-3rMoo" width="320" youtube-src-id="HLieh-3rMoo"></iframe></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><br />8年級<span>②<br /></span><br /><br style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;" /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/BlU027GcRFM" width="320" youtube-src-id="BlU027GcRFM"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><br /><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sveS8RNWL6U" width="320" youtube-src-id="sveS8RNWL6U"></iframe><br /><br />8年級<span>③</span></span><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SK--F_5P9-4" width="320" youtube-src-id="SK--F_5P9-4"></iframe></div><br /><span><br /><br />社團(水沙畫製作)<br /><br /><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kr2h1_IwtOQ" width="320" youtube-src-id="kr2h1_IwtOQ"></iframe></div><br /></span><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p></p></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-43781859576459313992022-11-17T18:45:00.001+08:002022-12-05T18:44:49.127+08:002022.11.17-22.DAY.1解封開始的日本之旅<p> 在後疫情年代，隨著國境解封，要進日本的規定也跟以前有一些不一樣。<br /><br /></p><p>前置作業：<a href="https://vjw-lp.digital.go.jp/zh-hant/"><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Condensed", "Microsoft JhengHei", fantasy, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">V</span><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Condensed", "Microsoft JhengHei", fantasy, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">isit Japan Web</span></a> https://vjw-lp.digital.go.jp/zh-hant/</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Condensed", "Microsoft JhengHei", fantasy, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">網址：</span><a href="https://vjw-lp.digital.go.jp/" style="background-repeat: no-repeat; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(34, 34, 34); box-sizing: inherit; color: #ff5500; cursor: pointer; font-family: "Roboto Condensed", "Microsoft JhengHei", fantasy, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">https://vjw-lp.digital.go.jp/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; background-repeat: no-repeat; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Condensed", "Microsoft JhengHei", fantasy, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Visit Japan Web 網站正式推出，將由 11 月 14 日起取代早前使用來協助檢疫的「MySOS」手機應用程式（但從即日起已經可以用 Visit Japan Web 進行檢疫手續、準備好入境檢查，以及海關申報）。現在用戶只需要利用網頁版「Visit Japan Web」，便可在裡面辦理「檢疫」、「入境審查」、「海關申報」等等。以下會介紹這個全新網站的使用方法。</p><p style="background-color: white; background-repeat: no-repeat; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Condensed", "Microsoft JhengHei", fantasy, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">主要流程如下：<br style="background-repeat: no-repeat; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="sec4_step_head1" style="background: rgb(0, 62, 229); border-radius: 12px; border: 2px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; color: white; display: inline-block; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN", "Hiragino Sans", Meiryo, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 900; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 2px 10px; vertical-align: middle;">STEP 0</span><span class="sec4_step_head2" style="background-color: #eaeaea; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; display: inline-block; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN", "Hiragino Sans", Meiryo, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 32rem;">建立帳號登入</span></p><p style="background-color: white; background-repeat: no-repeat; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Condensed", "Microsoft JhengHei", fantasy, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 1.125rem;">(只要有E-MAIL就好，一人一個，小孩不用)</span></p><p style="background-color: white; background-repeat: no-repeat; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Condensed", "Microsoft JhengHei", fantasy, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;"><span class="sec4_step_head1" style="background: rgb(0, 62, 229); border-radius: 12px; border: 2px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; color: white; display: inline-block; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN", "Hiragino Sans", Meiryo, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 900; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 2px 10px; vertical-align: middle;">STEP 1</span><span class="sec4_step_head2" style="background-color: #eaeaea; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; display: inline-block; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN", "Hiragino Sans", Meiryo, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 32rem;">登錄使用者資料</span><br style="background-repeat: no-repeat; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: #eaeaea; color: black; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN", "Hiragino Sans", Meiryo, sans-serif;">請登錄使用者本人資料。</span><br style="background-color: #eaeaea; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN", "Hiragino Sans", Meiryo, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: #eaeaea; color: black; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN", "Hiragino Sans", Meiryo, sans-serif;">可登錄同行家人資料。</span></p><div class="sec4_step_head" style="background-color: #eaeaea; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN", "Hiragino Sans", Meiryo, sans-serif; font-size: 2.4rem; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="sec4_step_head1" style="background: rgb(0, 62, 229); border-radius: 12px; border: 2px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; color: white; display: inline-block; font-size: 24px; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 2px 10px; vertical-align: middle;">STEP 2</span><span class="sec4_step_head2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 32rem;">登錄日程</span></div><div class="sec4_step_read" style="background-color: #eaeaea; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN", "Hiragino Sans", Meiryo, sans-serif; margin: 15px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">請登錄入境・回國預定。</div><p style="background-color: white; background-repeat: no-repeat; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Condensed", "Microsoft JhengHei", fantasy, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">(出入境時間、班機、在日本的住宿地點)</p><div class="sec4_step_head" style="background-color: #eaeaea; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN", "Hiragino Sans", Meiryo, sans-serif; font-size: 2.4rem; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="sec4_step_head1" style="background: rgb(0, 62, 229); border-radius: 12px; border: 2px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; color: white; display: inline-block; font-size: 24px; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 2px 10px; vertical-align: middle;">STEP 3</span><span class="sec4_step_head2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 32rem;">登錄所需手續的相關資料</span></div><div class="sec4_step_read" style="background-color: #eaeaea; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN", "Hiragino Sans", Meiryo, sans-serif; margin: 15px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">請登錄關於已登錄的預定中的入境・回國手續的資料。</div><div class="sec4_step_read2" style="background-color: #eaeaea; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN", "Hiragino Sans", Meiryo, sans-serif; margin: 15px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ul style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">① 檢疫（快速通關）<br /><span style="color: red;">這裡會比較多問題，<br />第一個就是護照。我自己就遇到護照他掃N次都讀不出來，一直寄信叫我重新登錄，<br />不過這裡可以直接跳掉。因為護照一定會由海關檢查過。<br /><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNlSx5qUe0sUqWK6OgzqVrRU-slKRRIfqawpmESOWXbz1sphiQMzZig-Y4mWmxuehYaIkOd23IIeRqKicoro52MkjJFRBiUA1_f9CasUDQHUIBEr1bjQtFxw2SBPZuXDtOg3VL7epHM6XRkacDmw8wwKrm0a2dS3Dp8bOvZUC5OJg0vfS3t0H98bbmrA/s507/%E6%93%B7%E5%8F%962.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="488" data-original-width="507" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNlSx5qUe0sUqWK6OgzqVrRU-slKRRIfqawpmESOWXbz1sphiQMzZig-Y4mWmxuehYaIkOd23IIeRqKicoro52MkjJFRBiUA1_f9CasUDQHUIBEr1bjQtFxw2SBPZuXDtOg3VL7epHM6XRkacDmw8wwKrm0a2dS3Dp8bOvZUC5OJg0vfS3t0H98bbmrA/s320/%E6%93%B7%E5%8F%962.PNG" width="320" /></a></div><br /></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red;">第二個是小黃卡</span></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red;">大人有三劑日本認可的，就不用作第四個的『<a aria-disabled="true" class="disabled" href="https://fasttrack.hco.mhlw.go.jp/negative/" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; pointer-events: none; text-decoration-line: none;" tabindex="-1" target="_self">出國前72小時以內的檢測結果證明書</a>』，</span></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red;">而且連帶的連同行的小孩也不需要)</span></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red;"><br />但小黃卡我是用『<a href="https://www.nhi.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=98F22C99E092DC9A&topn=CA428784F9ED78C9" target="_blank">健保快易通</a>』的手機APP申請下來的</span></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red;">流程如下</span></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD_VYPcMLl5kghpCCGhaMsOKoHEhdElBJZmEODsP7TvXfuXR9h97b3Bp3ZzbSOiJe8WbgznIzIyBpHWXyb9MCZbFK_Lj_CS5VJfSLKx_UdUVEDPT_UpezxYXG4U9IyDlwEsNlyaTwJDITAmjfqnj27YglgU3qTSvBIyAWvL8_ptB8yHRAG2jJ88dnlCg/s1827/17538B1E-FF9B-40CF-BF88-F48472B03A66.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1827" data-original-width="844" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD_VYPcMLl5kghpCCGhaMsOKoHEhdElBJZmEODsP7TvXfuXR9h97b3Bp3ZzbSOiJe8WbgznIzIyBpHWXyb9MCZbFK_Lj_CS5VJfSLKx_UdUVEDPT_UpezxYXG4U9IyDlwEsNlyaTwJDITAmjfqnj27YglgU3qTSvBIyAWvL8_ptB8yHRAG2jJ88dnlCg/s320/17538B1E-FF9B-40CF-BF88-F48472B03A66.jpg" width="148" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDBhGkG9XtJsmc00K7c9lul_zaQmft1YPjvW_xJlEcGiwXXRny7bDY0TtM5AI19BR3kYJ3XvBo2S3jop9OG7HqFrWNAWFLVry4caY55mvcR8ei_bTAA_qefjHWAxw-gwf2-ZKU2c3hWT8SJCZ3xdcp9vjYCJ0UpvbaySZRTamj4sAvA3fjQoTxKmO5nw/s1827/16B8DE87-BE74-4B1A-B8F9-B2CFC8B36191.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1827" data-original-width="842" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDBhGkG9XtJsmc00K7c9lul_zaQmft1YPjvW_xJlEcGiwXXRny7bDY0TtM5AI19BR3kYJ3XvBo2S3jop9OG7HqFrWNAWFLVry4caY55mvcR8ei_bTAA_qefjHWAxw-gwf2-ZKU2c3hWT8SJCZ3xdcp9vjYCJ0UpvbaySZRTamj4sAvA3fjQoTxKmO5nw/s320/16B8DE87-BE74-4B1A-B8F9-B2CFC8B36191.jpg" width="147" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9LYm1IJ-LyX0peAq9qmwZ2SOMDmF3uZQu2PD9YxrwdQcEcIzb907-KJhbyYQuA5TIfoXZw66Zujnp5gWfjTZlHjAGY6nPoa2_0pOzD5gZA86q__gW9dkXlrz46sN-ivHAaEocGZUZcho8Fhnfjx-x9Ba1FTa73w4wmIOqpOACPHTkwXBMsnm3BqsYtA/s1816/DF1F2003-FC3A-4DD2-99C9-3219020B33CC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1816" data-original-width="835" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9LYm1IJ-LyX0peAq9qmwZ2SOMDmF3uZQu2PD9YxrwdQcEcIzb907-KJhbyYQuA5TIfoXZw66Zujnp5gWfjTZlHjAGY6nPoa2_0pOzD5gZA86q__gW9dkXlrz46sN-ivHAaEocGZUZcho8Fhnfjx-x9Ba1FTa73w4wmIOqpOACPHTkwXBMsnm3BqsYtA/s320/DF1F2003-FC3A-4DD2-99C9-3219020B33CC.jpg" width="147" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFe-dFeiG-qCOeIi2Nkg-1fhVi3SwQvGOLTl9O30MUySJmgQ0HtzGlepxZT9XqsO0hhERJED0rRfcAJgAnRdT6w_o6VeUwUQkaKzHHUiZH4aKOt5eWa4uJdhxxmkdlz5k6WahHzeSKCxHA3y1HOZF1A2Uu1HKVQqO2dCTnXbIwDIilTmZBKup-OkVT6w/s1822/45004445-2DF0-46A1-9EFA-57F5354480A1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1822" data-original-width="839" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFe-dFeiG-qCOeIi2Nkg-1fhVi3SwQvGOLTl9O30MUySJmgQ0HtzGlepxZT9XqsO0hhERJED0rRfcAJgAnRdT6w_o6VeUwUQkaKzHHUiZH4aKOt5eWa4uJdhxxmkdlz5k6WahHzeSKCxHA3y1HOZF1A2Uu1HKVQqO2dCTnXbIwDIilTmZBKup-OkVT6w/s320/45004445-2DF0-46A1-9EFA-57F5354480A1.jpg" width="147" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8re-Q1_Cx5Ti-O-HD9T-8zNaK2gi-18qnK8DaYD35hjQN7HFO8KtKjM4opNgescA-9FLLSG-Qphs0yEayyMTg-yba-A4kgppKQ4u929WBWVpKj_tyk8Uj7Ur44E0s1YjXCizACfWCfYpIXMR13AFrVnB-D2DcZU-usd9zz2MO8t7vZRtlum4zwellFQ/s1855/7C8C47C5-D21E-406C-8373-50442CDD505E.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1855" data-original-width="836" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8re-Q1_Cx5Ti-O-HD9T-8zNaK2gi-18qnK8DaYD35hjQN7HFO8KtKjM4opNgescA-9FLLSG-Qphs0yEayyMTg-yba-A4kgppKQ4u929WBWVpKj_tyk8Uj7Ur44E0s1YjXCizACfWCfYpIXMR13AFrVnB-D2DcZU-usd9zz2MO8t7vZRtlum4zwellFQ/s320/7C8C47C5-D21E-406C-8373-50442CDD505E.jpg" width="144" /></a></div></span></li></ul><ul style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">② 入境審查（外國人入境記錄）<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><small style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #003ee5; display: block; font-weight: 500; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2.4rem; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;">*日本人和再入境外國人不用。</span></small></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">③ 海關申報（攜帶品、後送物品申報）</li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: red; line-height: 1.5; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">最後一個就是海關要檢查的攜帶物品，就是以前在飛機上寫的東西，一家人寫一張的。</li><span style="color: red;">但是因為我們有帶嬰兒，所以通關速度蠻快的，</span><br style="color: red;" /><span style="color: red;">建議還是在機上寫一下會比較好。</span></ul></div><p style="background-color: white; background-repeat: no-repeat; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Condensed", "Microsoft JhengHei", fantasy, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; background-repeat: no-repeat; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Condensed", "Microsoft JhengHei", fantasy, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">出發前的看飛機</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnJEcvh2gHtyW8I0scv5z_TkXEFKbl09gTVEofnLGpOci-HXXJzGTo-69gg7FIlZTIrQondGp__QkNhosFyfQRrq0AJkess5w-cmO9v6XRGW9-T_bKUgisp_573dJ-8iCXK0d3gQZPuh8g0YPOlQqhcIQkCu9Oe6UJlcaZqz-p9zKodi925Qjkj51WJw/s4032/IMG_0525.HEIC" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnJEcvh2gHtyW8I0scv5z_TkXEFKbl09gTVEofnLGpOci-HXXJzGTo-69gg7FIlZTIrQondGp__QkNhosFyfQRrq0AJkess5w-cmO9v6XRGW9-T_bKUgisp_573dJ-8iCXK0d3gQZPuh8g0YPOlQqhcIQkCu9Oe6UJlcaZqz-p9zKodi925Qjkj51WJw/s320/IMG_0525.HEIC" width="320" /></a></div>抵達出關後，去成田T1地下的JR拿JR PASS，直接換票搭NEX進東京<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXdrdGAn-CjZ18UaGUVIJd3c4P-YUBJEf0lqNHErGhGvyQ4B3kt0SaoDg4hOMmI1EZOvn7u_Byifuev8NxO51pxcenjjUKdu0NYph8Qnh4F8pcPmXhk0_xwfukm_tQQup8Gw_-q8N8y98rx4iSmIuf7gj3Hcu47oMJjd4sKgfoIIBtqoilELkMTUZYmQ/s4032/IMG_0533.HEIC" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXdrdGAn-CjZ18UaGUVIJd3c4P-YUBJEf0lqNHErGhGvyQ4B3kt0SaoDg4hOMmI1EZOvn7u_Byifuev8NxO51pxcenjjUKdu0NYph8Qnh4F8pcPmXhk0_xwfukm_tQQup8Gw_-q8N8y98rx4iSmIuf7gj3Hcu47oMJjd4sKgfoIIBtqoilELkMTUZYmQ/s320/IMG_0533.HEIC" width="320" /></a></div>到東京後就去兩國那裡的住宿點－<br />住宿點外面還有少見綠色LAWSON<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJjWFUAw_aLaNF8JW31CjwjjwthYkf3spLFLPhn4JxPit4MY2N1ayyudKM9p4c7pOLi-lbFUkOY68C7iMfvql8M_ZoEcamdh6-Y2WOiIWXpXCmRj9INBdYJNnMKH6UuT4J_wRsMWrF2vn9FS41Fa0KNS3lfCW8LLCOL2v6IFMDd1_NMLNVmc_F6ybdwg/s4032/IMG_0554.HEIC" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJjWFUAw_aLaNF8JW31CjwjjwthYkf3spLFLPhn4JxPit4MY2N1ayyudKM9p4c7pOLi-lbFUkOY68C7iMfvql8M_ZoEcamdh6-Y2WOiIWXpXCmRj9INBdYJNnMKH6UuT4J_wRsMWrF2vn9FS41Fa0KNS3lfCW8LLCOL2v6IFMDd1_NMLNVmc_F6ybdwg/s320/IMG_0554.HEIC" width="320" /></a></div>但是日本的住宿真的小，不是小在門口就是小在裡面<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggTZikKUFBxtWTSytvKK2y3Elui81-HU_wD37ESbOuPp9tFlwITCKqGehbUs3bsrLPgLUk6EXvkGQ9S5Hvi4Bj0ceUZ5xIG7s7FXHSbCxIxD1niRuVJCUpFn51GoJpIHuHfpp_OK00SmoV_6eizvp5WjidJyleyyRa0y1mD0UJxwahmERoUVUJu882Vw/s4032/IMG_0557.HEIC" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggTZikKUFBxtWTSytvKK2y3Elui81-HU_wD37ESbOuPp9tFlwITCKqGehbUs3bsrLPgLUk6EXvkGQ9S5Hvi4Bj0ceUZ5xIG7s7FXHSbCxIxD1niRuVJCUpFn51GoJpIHuHfpp_OK00SmoV_6eizvp5WjidJyleyyRa0y1mD0UJxwahmERoUVUJu882Vw/s320/IMG_0557.HEIC" width="240" /></a></div>電梯一出來只要開門就會塞住，連娃娃車都要喬一下才能進去<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeGkBRyY_EcRCNodY8cjJPQiSHy-JzOdmTLRlHB6wsJPA1-I8FnCUNdtNJsVLkqcIGhT2UnHt00S2mUk39IILSuluz634TpHZVZB5P70tsN75mbMaI7QdlTsJJLB8baZm_ynGO2cetoagv6Mvzjgc5igMRbMzuwTLMlQi1_vTluw0MMvDpVuMjObvyOw/s4032/IMG_0556.HEIC" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeGkBRyY_EcRCNodY8cjJPQiSHy-JzOdmTLRlHB6wsJPA1-I8FnCUNdtNJsVLkqcIGhT2UnHt00S2mUk39IILSuluz634TpHZVZB5P70tsN75mbMaI7QdlTsJJLB8baZm_ynGO2cetoagv6Mvzjgc5igMRbMzuwTLMlQi1_vTluw0MMvDpVuMjObvyOw/s320/IMG_0556.HEIC" width="240" /></a></div>放好東西後去兩國附近一站之隔的錦糸町吃晚餐順便看看有沒有需要補給的衣服及小東西<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdVwn2KmS6BPGJvTfTxOXtoAgXOGgGGlujEdvA8kViXYhk8UlbNk-XBB3HVVirP56UV_PhWfOBbdZ7C2odlngY27zkNfWKOFy3iqs5lYk7ky5xqkCU6gRNMaGYSFGmmfZxfds7bnnf00eqTYbwRwLhQsjW9bBVpieCFb57YCzxLDI5rXW9_zuWDIUA4A/s4032/IMG_0559.HEIC" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdVwn2KmS6BPGJvTfTxOXtoAgXOGgGGlujEdvA8kViXYhk8UlbNk-XBB3HVVirP56UV_PhWfOBbdZ7C2odlngY27zkNfWKOFy3iqs5lYk7ky5xqkCU6gRNMaGYSFGmmfZxfds7bnnf00eqTYbwRwLhQsjW9bBVpieCFb57YCzxLDI5rXW9_zuWDIUA4A/s320/IMG_0559.HEIC" width="320" /></a></div>在日本看到台灣小籠包，突然有種想要試毒的FU<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheEzT0yK6HvP2UKwMCUYu5-_Xa9elPte8IH6YswCArUqWwF78Wv_BuVmndZvfK5E88faVLW9LhdmqnHot7tNKsG0iM9UYOWXehyklSaxGwr4GY4Ri_db3StP5FmscsU9JjpB8PSSnibu8j_Lo2hPaNjV9-L07X5ex93c6WchYQjZOTBCpFC6Xo84KBVQ/s4032/IMG_0560.HEIC" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheEzT0yK6HvP2UKwMCUYu5-_Xa9elPte8IH6YswCArUqWwF78Wv_BuVmndZvfK5E88faVLW9LhdmqnHot7tNKsG0iM9UYOWXehyklSaxGwr4GY4Ri_db3StP5FmscsU9JjpB8PSSnibu8j_Lo2hPaNjV9-L07X5ex93c6WchYQjZOTBCpFC6Xo84KBVQ/s320/IMG_0560.HEIC" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz2rEcUQdV7cYpkQGzNC7Zac1BfTDkOILxmOCIjQwY4roSx2Oh8aay7aP_saFBONJZX2xq0QdZgSP-mMW7IAsKezUcXptIhpT-2Ra6RFZrPQJvwNKhVLvRuHDodBuz9FDBiXBOsh8CN-em4YO_Qh3Jj83U9iD_Cw_AcvsomlDNFCI_799YPmAwPjs-Ig/s320/IMG_0564.HEIC" width="240" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4GY3LzpUndyzTsD5wT2uPn_Q6O-3ngyFjOV4IfKUx87vGQCYKMdN4-CZjIrSP4hreeVz1oQtb-ywg4Dt-dRktP1k61KBG-ImmDy8saWOe66kTucrQDfnZIKptmXAe0x8G8CgdaNfqiJWZzJRdJb3xBWaLO6aVg4qZWazJWoYLnDC9fVYK2UZBCOO-7g/s4032/IMG_0565.HEIC" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4GY3LzpUndyzTsD5wT2uPn_Q6O-3ngyFjOV4IfKUx87vGQCYKMdN4-CZjIrSP4hreeVz1oQtb-ywg4Dt-dRktP1k61KBG-ImmDy8saWOe66kTucrQDfnZIKptmXAe0x8G8CgdaNfqiJWZzJRdJb3xBWaLO6aVg4qZWazJWoYLnDC9fVYK2UZBCOO-7g/s320/IMG_0565.HEIC" width="240" /></a></div>吃碗晚餐準備回住宿，剛好看到正在鋪設人行道的工程。<div>不得感慨台灣的用路環境真的比落後國家還落後，</div><div>但是交通政策卻是比先進還『先禁』。<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgarb3w9pVApB2ndovWoQp8s_nzFGWZLgo4g3mNsjJZIwBoorXD4MHbtECHJo2B94NBCLu34SDLlVWP6e8GNrVfm5ESd0Eq1LAY9DFTHRwttfOjlxawPobMqSa-tEiKIUl-7v5TQ8d47L0j1Cd_SNaD4lqspeZo6TINNlX9JsZTPQNRJ9qm7_QcECnzSw/s4032/IMG_0569.HEIC" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgarb3w9pVApB2ndovWoQp8s_nzFGWZLgo4g3mNsjJZIwBoorXD4MHbtECHJo2B94NBCLu34SDLlVWP6e8GNrVfm5ESd0Eq1LAY9DFTHRwttfOjlxawPobMqSa-tEiKIUl-7v5TQ8d47L0j1Cd_SNaD4lqspeZo6TINNlX9JsZTPQNRJ9qm7_QcECnzSw/s320/IMG_0569.HEIC" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p style="background-color: white; background-repeat: no-repeat; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: "Roboto Condensed", "Microsoft JhengHei", fantasy, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.8; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-33494145898458209272022-06-08T13:45:00.000+08:002022-06-08T13:45:18.240+08:00【國中理化】《國二下》Ch6.力與壓力<p>【國中理化】《國二下》Ch6.力與壓力 (正課)</p><p><a href="https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLe6p1wmzMLwJPBtzRihLFggYYU51Y98No">https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLe6p1wmzMLwJPBtzRihLFggYYU51Y98No</a></p><p><br /></p><p>【國中理化】《國二下》Ch6.力與壓力 (補充影片)</p><p><a href="https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLe6p1wmzMLwIKzYerzfmjwUsGl9f-POKB">https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLe6p1wmzMLwIKzYerzfmjwUsGl9f-POKB</a></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>
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<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cxhUxE0mydA" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-12934993126930348622022-06-07T19:12:00.003+08:002022-06-07T19:12:28.556+08:00111年國中教育會考各科等級加標示與答對題數對照表<p> <a href="https://neac.rcpet.edu.tw/NEAC/F_UPL_CAP/News/N20220607182210/111%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%AD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E6%9C%83%E8%80%83%E5%90%84%E7%A7%91%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A%E5%8A%A0%E6%A8%99%E7%A4%BA%E8%88%87%E7%AD%94%E5%B0%8D%E9%A1%8C%E6%95%B8%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E8%A1%A8.pdf" style="background-color: #f0f0f0; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: 微軟正黑體, "Microsoft JhengHei", 新細明體, "Courier New"; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2980b9;">111年國中教育會考各科等級加標示與答對題數對照表</span></a></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgztxAJp4qmBm8dB1vXVrC3ljbBYHv8mxXx22PwyzXQt3vfhmdFvzc48Hj8tb5QXudYSDvnjCdqdFGOVnmlHbBv3dnffFWizPHMODzlRudiB3FW4ZNBZT-lP-TAbC-gZfRgSMY4u8N-TL6HKidZ4RPGHWu5EyfoZAfqg0Uwx9SwsV_Bv-B9D601FZxNwg/s1007/1654600257292.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; 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border: none; width: 505px;"><tbody><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: 700;">大寫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: 700;">小寫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: 700;">讀音</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">A</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">a</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">alpha</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（阿爾法）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">B</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">b</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">beta</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（貝塔）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">G</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">g</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">gamma</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（伽馬）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">D</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">d</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">delta</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（爹耳塔）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">E</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">e</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">epsilon</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（艾普西隆）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">Z</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">z</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">zeta</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（杰塔）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">H</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">h</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">eta</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（A塔）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">Q</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">q</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">theta</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（西塔）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">I</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">i</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">iota</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（約塔）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">K</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">k</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">kappa</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（卡帕）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">L</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">l</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">lambda</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（拉姆達）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">M</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">m</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">mu</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（米尤）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">N</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">n</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">nu</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（紐）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">X</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">x</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">xi</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（克西）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">O</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">o</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">omicron</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（奧麥克容）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">P</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">p</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">pi</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（派）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">R</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">r</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">rho</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（ㄌㄡ）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">S</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">s</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">sigma</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（西格馬）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">T</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">t</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">tau</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（掏）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">U</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">u</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">upsilon</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（宇普西隆）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">F</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span style="color: green;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;">j</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">，</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">f</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">phi</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（ㄈㄞ）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">C</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">c</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">chi</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（西）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">Y</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">y</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="SpellE"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">psi</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（普西）</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></td></tr><tr align="center" valign="middle"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: red;">W</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: green;">w</span><o:p></o:p></span></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt;">omega</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 18pt;">（奧米伽）</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-75831455262623113492022-04-11T10:47:00.002+08:002022-04-11T10:47:47.895+08:00【國中理化】《國二下》Ch4.反應速率與可逆反應平衡 <p><span style="font-size: large;"> <a href="https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLe6p1wmzMLwJCyfgV6IN7fffJhWgGX8IJ" target="_blank">【國中理化】《國二下》Ch4.反應速率與可逆反應平衡 （正課）</a></span></p><p><br /></p><h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 0px; color: var(--ytd-video-primary-info-renderer-title-color,var(--yt-spec-text-primary)); display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: var(--ytd-video-primary-info-renderer-title-font-size,var(--yt-navbar-title-font-size,inherit)); font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.6rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 5.2rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-shadow: var(--ytd-video-primary-info-renderer-title-text-shadow,none); transform: var(--ytd-video-primary-info-renderer-title-transform,none);"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer" force-default-style="" style="word-break: break-word;">【舜吉自然】《國二下理化》4-1.反應速率</yt-formatted-string></h1><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/klW3bcSUJ1w" width="320" youtube-src-id="klW3bcSUJ1w"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 0px; color: var(--ytd-video-primary-info-renderer-title-color,var(--yt-spec-text-primary)); display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: var(--ytd-video-primary-info-renderer-title-font-size,var(--yt-navbar-title-font-size,inherit)); font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.6rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 5.2rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-shadow: var(--ytd-video-primary-info-renderer-title-text-shadow,none); transform: var(--ytd-video-primary-info-renderer-title-transform,none);"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer" force-default-style="" style="word-break: break-word;">【舜吉自然】《國二下理化》4-2.可逆反應</yt-formatted-string></h1><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sKBYiT9tEnY" width="320" youtube-src-id="sKBYiT9tEnY"></iframe></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLe6p1wmzMLwKfp6rMpy9iW-TwKMEwcgnT" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">【國中理化】《國二下》Ch4.反應速率與平衡 (補充影片)</span></a><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-81910289803100844812022-04-06T20:15:00.002+08:002022-04-11T10:41:27.595+08:00【舜吉自然】《國二下理化》第三單元-電解質與酸鹼鹽<p><span style="font-size: large;"> <a href="https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLe6p1wmzMLwJzmZhYrhIrFJpa7fLmlqrA" target="_blank">【舜吉自然】《國二下理化》電解質線上課程</a>（點我）</span></p><p><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">【舜吉自然】《國二下理化》3-1.電解質</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aUErF84ps_A" width="320" youtube-src-id="aUErF84ps_A"></iframe></div><br /><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">【舜吉自然】《國二下理化》3-2.常見的酸</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_WGHV6va7L0" width="320" youtube-src-id="_WGHV6va7L0"></iframe></div><br /><p></p><p><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hLUhMQBQPQ0kXh2GVKSA4Ilqt6_J6Si2/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">酸鹼性質小考考卷</a><br /></span></p><p><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">【舜吉自然】《國二下理化》3-2.常見的鹼</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XmDNewO7rjo" width="320" youtube-src-id="XmDNewO7rjo"></iframe></div><br /><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hLUhMQBQPQ0kXh2GVKSA4Ilqt6_J6Si2/view?usp=sharing" style="font-family: Roboto, Noto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">酸鹼性質小考考卷</a><p></p><p><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">【舜吉自然】《國二下理化》3-3酸鹼的濃度</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XL8WeKUJGdE" width="320" youtube-src-id="XL8WeKUJGdE"></iframe></div><br /><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">【舜吉自然】《國二下理化》酸鹼濃度計算範例</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GIiNWfF4mK4" width="320" youtube-src-id="GIiNWfF4mK4"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3TX0oWkRIFY" width="320" youtube-src-id="3TX0oWkRIFY"></iframe></div><br /><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wTb_G_BuLRh5bbAXWfIO5HY4q8BOC256/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">酸鹼pH值計算練習</a><br /></span></p><p><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">【舜吉自然】《國二下理化》3-4酸鹼中和</span></p><p><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/TYHckFReq7g" width="320" youtube-src-id="TYHckFReq7g"></iframe></div><br /><span face="Roboto, Noto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-3031537773798163432022-01-03T18:14:00.006+08:002022-01-10T18:52:04.258+08:00【國二理化】串珠巴克球製作<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="413" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/smS-1KtcvkU" width="497" youtube-src-id="smS-1KtcvkU"></iframe></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif" style="font-size: 18pt;">巴克球（<span lang="EN-US">Buckminsterfullerene</span>）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">C60</span><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif">是由<span lang="EN-US">60</span>個碳原子所組成，其結構如圖所示，是由<span lang="EN-US">20</span>個六角形和<span lang="EN-US">12</span>個五角形所圍成，外形像一顆英式足球，是目前已知對稱性最高的球狀分子，也是除了石墨及金剛石以外，第三個被發現的碳同素異形體。『石墨軟而脆、導電性高，鑽石則不導電且堅硬無比。
碳六十為第三種結構，它具有高度的穩定性與導電性，但不易與其他物質反應』。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif" lang="EN-US"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://chemed.chemistry.org.tw/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/clip_image0165.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="227" data-original-width="242" height="227" src="http://chemed.chemistry.org.tw/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/clip_image0165.png" width="242" /></a></div><br /><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif" lang="EN-US"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif" lang="EN-US"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif">從幾何結構來看，<span lang="EN-US"> C60</span>是一個截角正二十面體 ，亦即將正二十面體的每個凸角切掉大小適當的一塊<span lang="EN-US">(</span>如圖二所示<span lang="EN-US"> ) </span>，這樣的結構共有：</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">60</span><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif">個頂點：頂點位置就是碳原子的位置。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24pt; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">32</span><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif">個面：<span lang="EN-US">20</span>個六角形和<span lang="EN-US">12</span>個五角形，每個五角形的五個邊都接六角形，而每個六角形的邊都交錯接<span lang="EN-US">3</span>個五角形及<span lang="EN-US">3</span>個六角形。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24pt; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">90</span><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif">條邊：<span lang="EN-US">90</span>個邊表示有<span lang="EN-US">90</span>個碳原子之間的鍵節，有<span lang="EN-US">30</span>個雙鍵跟<span lang="EN-US">60</span>個單鍵。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24pt; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24pt; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">在串珠的幾何規則上</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24pt; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;"><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">以1個五邊形外接5個六邊形及1個六邊形交錯接3個五邊形與3個六邊形</span></p><p>更多相關資料</p><p><a href="http://chemed.chemistry.org.tw/?p=9933">2015亞洲化學教育國際研討會： 高中學生大會報告和參與心得分享</a><br /></p><p><a href="http://web.fg.tp.edu.tw/~chemistry/blog/?page_id=2" target="_blank">北一女的串珠巴克球活動</a><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://m.xuite.net/blog/teach073/twblog1/132539630">吸管巴克球</a><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-68470657034434746902021-10-08T10:45:00.003+08:002021-10-08T10:45:48.354+08:00筆記紙自己做 http://gridzzly.com/ 有機化學<p> 最近想設計屬於自己的筆記用紙</p><p>所以參考了市面上常見的筆記紙</p><p>常見的是長條、方格、五線譜</p><p>但是製圖上常用的三角格跟有機化學的六角格就比較少見了</p><p>所以這個網頁提供了我們自己設計格子大小的各式筆記紙</p><p><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bolder; text-align: justify;">網站名稱：Gridzzly<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></span><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bolder; text-align: justify;">網站網址：<a href="http://gridzzly.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" sl-processed="1" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #f88c00; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s linear 0s;" target="_blank">http://gridzzly.com/</a></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">「</span><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bolder; text-align: justify;">Gridzzly </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Merriweather; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">」網站提供方格點陣、三角點陣、橫線、方格、三角格、六角形蜂巢格和五線譜共 7 種筆記格式，行距的數值則是從 5mm~20mm。</span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-46832858698807387582021-06-26T19:23:00.003+08:002021-06-26T19:23:35.943+08:002020日本縱走DAY1(JR PASS 全日本、廣島、海上鳥居)<p>在開始這一篇文章以前，我要先感謝一下媽媽可以放爸爸兩個禮拜的年假。讓爸爸可以自己獨跑日本新幹線全制霸的路線，可以從九州玩到北海道、再從北海道玩回九州，所有的新幹線幾乎都搭遍了。只剩下山陰線還沒有搭……</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiw-uJNGQ6_pm5UcjHQpT4X2zZrLh160RcW0vCZcEdVLAErCc-yG1GR3FJASkI_k9K_jGJ2qxi0lxiCHO7Q0l6UoyRvW10vGOVmM7rwuL8zX4pHug7BwCbJ8VzFAo0EvXcz5YdFGfEgBK6/s729/1597916382203.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="579" data-original-width="729" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiw-uJNGQ6_pm5UcjHQpT4X2zZrLh160RcW0vCZcEdVLAErCc-yG1GR3FJASkI_k9K_jGJ2qxi0lxiCHO7Q0l6UoyRvW10vGOVmM7rwuL8zX4pHug7BwCbJ8VzFAo0EvXcz5YdFGfEgBK6/s640/1597916382203.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">帶著護照我就拋家棄子飛去日本直接爽了<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3XMSkm_K4LWwBrgp7XU1z6Grb5fxKSTjGo4gwPZahFvYihCIYH5aI67gzl4G1SCEDcvmZFe8B6m_3b2C7HguqedFlscvoDRxDWQ9zbK8-rOMLnuO9fLTp-i-98dRNZF_lE8oucX445gp4/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1651" data-original-width="929" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3XMSkm_K4LWwBrgp7XU1z6Grb5fxKSTjGo4gwPZahFvYihCIYH5aI67gzl4G1SCEDcvmZFe8B6m_3b2C7HguqedFlscvoDRxDWQ9zbK8-rOMLnuO9fLTp-i-98dRNZF_lE8oucX445gp4/" width="135" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">在飛機上可以看到九州海上的星羅棋布般的小島嶼</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3XMSkm_K4LWwBrgp7XU1z6Grb5fxKSTjGo4gwPZahFvYihCIYH5aI67gzl4G1SCEDcvmZFe8B6m_3b2C7HguqedFlscvoDRxDWQ9zbK8-rOMLnuO9fLTp-i-98dRNZF_lE8oucX445gp4/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioTLQtgBGpHJtxXVnyyZR3jQ5dQsKTfwZuBBlc8RKpwjUAYN-jOV_59iUfZTVnYjkPlBHTo8z90EjkfSqtmI5XVjrFxyQnWsUqmL_Zfk1c3eTWZOuaSkcL3fxNDOWH15yiE0Wq5O2-yzhI/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioTLQtgBGpHJtxXVnyyZR3jQ5dQsKTfwZuBBlc8RKpwjUAYN-jOV_59iUfZTVnYjkPlBHTo8z90EjkfSqtmI5XVjrFxyQnWsUqmL_Zfk1c3eTWZOuaSkcL3fxNDOWH15yiE0Wq5O2-yzhI/" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">但是在福岡的機場國際線到地鐵還有一段距離，必須搭機場公車轉乘到國內線的地鐵站才有辦法進入博多市區，</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">如果要從國際線搭計程車進入博多市區也是可以但是要花的錢比較多。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">國際線跟國內線的機場巴士他的公車站牌號碼是2號。在站台前面可以看到滿滿的人大家都在等接駁車</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-8ItFOU52AvnzNpRnOTHbBkxwoAMwUTflLNB_H4Ub5YpCMbZdX7ChRxXDcUeRQ9QTSEsSb4TSHji98-SB4Pbdd7YZHdPenQeWDXVN-cXZZmrRQDGfVWe184L7i4VdsrMkPiVWOWgVuEvc/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="907" data-original-width="1210" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-8ItFOU52AvnzNpRnOTHbBkxwoAMwUTflLNB_H4Ub5YpCMbZdX7ChRxXDcUeRQ9QTSEsSb4TSHji98-SB4Pbdd7YZHdPenQeWDXVN-cXZZmrRQDGfVWe184L7i4VdsrMkPiVWOWgVuEvc/" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">地圖：</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" height="450" loading="lazy" src="https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!4v1624565166165!6m8!1m7!1sKiSa5M_DOy10-AtztsyywQ!2m2!1d33.58400512855519!2d130.4440674048957!3f13.28205041536503!4f-4.259051754296223!5f1.1385157922223463" style="border: 0;" width="600"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">而國內線的站台長這個樣子，一下車馬上就地鐵站的出入口，在交通上算是蠻方便的而且不太容易迷路。</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT-_zUEDYd_slR6G93S4IVUlXqx1CDclG4Q6KB7by2Xj5019obhLr-ChKMFgWCNCFoWBojcI_d4nehXhfbAzwVDp1vS3Bl-KYUfW1cDlbvqt1LncuOZSnDuReXuXPsGVYG9xVdtuMqedvE/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="907" data-original-width="1210" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT-_zUEDYd_slR6G93S4IVUlXqx1CDclG4Q6KB7by2Xj5019obhLr-ChKMFgWCNCFoWBojcI_d4nehXhfbAzwVDp1vS3Bl-KYUfW1cDlbvqt1LncuOZSnDuReXuXPsGVYG9xVdtuMqedvE/" width="320" /></a></div>地圖：<iframe allowfullscreen="" height="450" loading="lazy" src="https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!4v1624565724975!6m8!1m7!1sNrriitVl_vY-J5JpFKt5vg!2m2!1d33.59682820857062!2d130.4485857573051!3f170.1738329614102!4f4.92729514765179!5f1.4825867527561027" style="border: 0;" width="600"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">要出海關的時候還發生了一段小插曲，我可能是因為穿著多口袋的背心，加上只有自己一個男生，所以在海關的時候差點被請去小房間……還被海關的員警全身摸了個遍。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCEUSMPiLUGhLGxOcziRL20UQyYF4qoBbtGpkvjqGGELes1u0E1p81nanIxnpt-lh56wD6m-rasxxOe7X_UY3jKoBFyR3BjY8-W6LyambEudO4F68_fmQ1J_mBiTYLJs33Pf5OglHHVzUI/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1248" data-original-width="936" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCEUSMPiLUGhLGxOcziRL20UQyYF4qoBbtGpkvjqGGELes1u0E1p81nanIxnpt-lh56wD6m-rasxxOe7X_UY3jKoBFyR3BjY8-W6LyambEudO4F68_fmQ1J_mBiTYLJs33Pf5OglHHVzUI/" width="180" /></a></div><div><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">博多地鐵一隅</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwX9xaH3iFOKLOWb3nGk3r2-UK2IGsS4PFoYYMjHWFT2KbL-OJBqiEcEE-Nk_gcMbZngQjNs_83v_cKTwk95oHcWLlGZ2tnuTuhWI7b3LSf-6GykyRHC_QcAo6KFcsy_ZeoKvk1g5-ENmF/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1210" data-original-width="907" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwX9xaH3iFOKLOWb3nGk3r2-UK2IGsS4PFoYYMjHWFT2KbL-OJBqiEcEE-Nk_gcMbZngQjNs_83v_cKTwk95oHcWLlGZ2tnuTuhWI7b3LSf-6GykyRHC_QcAo6KFcsy_ZeoKvk1g5-ENmF/" width="180" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">到了JR博多站之後第一件事情當然是先拍照留念（誤）</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">然後拿去找一下JR PASS的領取地點<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjncA3A7Zbxhs456uikU7cgpDqv_NLe9vajJMw-PJQ_Ye5ijrt293Xx8FxXWTn_VxrX2DIeT2AoSbqdTXnc2JY1fSE5FZ6I0vzbeE2B85Zo2s5MoWtY_G7u4pwvct6mAqFmGO3i42FI0JSh/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1210" data-original-width="907" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjncA3A7Zbxhs456uikU7cgpDqv_NLe9vajJMw-PJQ_Ye5ijrt293Xx8FxXWTn_VxrX2DIeT2AoSbqdTXnc2JY1fSE5FZ6I0vzbeE2B85Zo2s5MoWtY_G7u4pwvct6mAqFmGO3i42FI0JSh/" width="180" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>而他的領取地點還蠻好找的，只要到一樓大廳看著有紅色的招牌Rail pass counter就好了。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">領取過程也很簡單只要準備好護照、還有當時在網路上購買的購買憑證，馬上就可以領取了，而往後的所有新幹線的票也幾乎都要找這個紅色招牌的Rail pass counter或是綠色招牌的售票口來處理購票換票等相關事務。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8lPpvsjyJCqRuY893KWWWo2GGhRLdv-HGtAV0KkhGJA5ZsGpiZPJB1pRNopsCVoymGYQ4rVmUbup9MtNVHr6nNGOz2pR9qj6yTib6wpwRAri2r5HaRv-jH2Hr2S6cspguOdztVAVJ2iyC/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="907" data-original-width="1210" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8lPpvsjyJCqRuY893KWWWo2GGhRLdv-HGtAV0KkhGJA5ZsGpiZPJB1pRNopsCVoymGYQ4rVmUbup9MtNVHr6nNGOz2pR9qj6yTib6wpwRAri2r5HaRv-jH2Hr2S6cspguOdztVAVJ2iyC/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUS6BqgTs5lPLUEQy6-M7wcpLmH-SipwjyolHfkhjRzRrxpoNUvYYO9SJfNaPWWN7Tz5MF_oyKGh9lo2LR7p3oRLFKXZFlH_FRt55jz_h492tkziQxa5b6E0_iJ8jQrt7C4R2K3v1_PcYV/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="907" data-original-width="1210" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUS6BqgTs5lPLUEQy6-M7wcpLmH-SipwjyolHfkhjRzRrxpoNUvYYO9SJfNaPWWN7Tz5MF_oyKGh9lo2LR7p3oRLFKXZFlH_FRt55jz_h492tkziQxa5b6E0_iJ8jQrt7C4R2K3v1_PcYV/" width="320" /></a></div><div>地圖：<iframe allowfullscreen="" height="450" loading="lazy" src="https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!4v1624566655196!6m8!1m7!1sHitMR0hQ1UdJTuhqR7ghZA!2m2!1d33.59013818118378!2d130.4206235645653!3f160.6764914986669!4f5.364682617980719!5f0.4000000000000002" style="border: 0;" width="600"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div>為了旅途的舒適，所以我用了商務艙的全日本JR Pass。然後順便打了一張要去廣島的票</div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvk87_jXCQ3XONfKmDM7UbZusfHGohV56WvllTRLKLpU21madCzHu6BpE-uqgqSxLFuIXxfoKIsaPFjunUkL0W5gp5_KRtZvDJ4L4hL_QIKGJLhEEp4e18rg_dpYG3REGfqbhNQmro49td/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1210" data-original-width="907" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvk87_jXCQ3XONfKmDM7UbZusfHGohV56WvllTRLKLpU21madCzHu6BpE-uqgqSxLFuIXxfoKIsaPFjunUkL0W5gp5_KRtZvDJ4L4hL_QIKGJLhEEp4e18rg_dpYG3REGfqbhNQmro49td/" width="180" /></a></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div>接著就是等我的新幹線來了</div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgrXI-ILLo3K7ZiqVSWUz2GY8BHObKC6z-KS6dVU90Yaa_oyUeXCBGZI-6Ai2YANwaVqUM4D0PFAEf34E5EhAN1bPLjrcRQLMLzsAKntGKR_d51t_wYWPlyGJbijEi2VDI2mMHecjEZqcZ/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgrXI-ILLo3K7ZiqVSWUz2GY8BHObKC6z-KS6dVU90Yaa_oyUeXCBGZI-6Ai2YANwaVqUM4D0PFAEf34E5EhAN1bPLjrcRQLMLzsAKntGKR_d51t_wYWPlyGJbijEi2VDI2mMHecjEZqcZ/" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">一般車廂跟商務車廂外觀最大的差別就是商務車廂會有四葉幸運草的標誌</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBmNzZ_yjrLHUkGivRP3WiSTSJYUggxO1NOtVe8yY5D9Pb4Rcu_e0h8FOrUFi9XAqb2lZKCfCHDcP8LTNWX4KXcNJXmRxyKfJbowLfMlPLZJKfRMdH96Rcfy-DfkYNOKVNikNBu4TxVF2l/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="907" data-original-width="1210" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBmNzZ_yjrLHUkGivRP3WiSTSJYUggxO1NOtVe8yY5D9Pb4Rcu_e0h8FOrUFi9XAqb2lZKCfCHDcP8LTNWX4KXcNJXmRxyKfJbowLfMlPLZJKfRMdH96Rcfy-DfkYNOKVNikNBu4TxVF2l/" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div>而商務艙真的不愧是商務艙，在座椅上面還備有100伏特的插座可以讓我隨車充電，這樣子就算一直開著手機記錄路線都不用怕沒電。</div><div>而且在商務艙還有販賣便當只是我已經先在福岡吃過了</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU3g33jbXupbZ4uz3yD6N1lnP8QPGqtxfzuX-sD3IGBuBW_szq4GjGNirb3pdgOwEX5PTVADfdMEvyQApUFzouItabOWoNHLBD9Q92X0Ytu8vikTBPv6xXslzkpzGdZ0GaCSDG0c2X5qHK/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1651" data-original-width="929" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU3g33jbXupbZ4uz3yD6N1lnP8QPGqtxfzuX-sD3IGBuBW_szq4GjGNirb3pdgOwEX5PTVADfdMEvyQApUFzouItabOWoNHLBD9Q92X0Ytu8vikTBPv6xXslzkpzGdZ0GaCSDG0c2X5qHK/" width="135" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6x1keVqwEgizguraF5EMfJktgoWbdmFSZEgLOuM7pdN9Oywve4e5ViXyLdGvVH9m3BcvVeLr59zFiladA57ujR74diyMRI08pgDPUcOos1hS520zZz43cR_XLZAyOvUDPvY1Egz-FIoN4/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="936" data-original-width="1248" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6x1keVqwEgizguraF5EMfJktgoWbdmFSZEgLOuM7pdN9Oywve4e5ViXyLdGvVH9m3BcvVeLr59zFiladA57ujR74diyMRI08pgDPUcOos1hS520zZz43cR_XLZAyOvUDPvY1Egz-FIoN4/" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div>連椅子都很好坐，有電動調整功能～<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img aria-label="相片 - 縱向 - 2020年1月17日 上午11:55:27" class="SzDcob" data-atf="false" data-iml="2060020.800000012" height="964" jsname="uLHQEd" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFo71yVnmtE4wEzLlzj4EeYsSRwoGDE7Ay7v2auzLeOih0i3JukUZ63QG2P76tOeUYfNh88Eh0XmucWuh6dJWyd4Dn4-qvBLtjWGEWvBO95lE-o6zzdQlW8yWsmPn9XNOcIFOc4i9vlEgu/w723-h964-no/?authuser=0" style="transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px) rotate(0deg);" width="723" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img aria-label="影片 - 橫向 - 2020年1月17日 下午12:05:00" class="SzDcob" data-iml="2139729.900000006" height="964" jsname="uLHQEd" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/XokclYUr5Ncqb4-SzyIw20TpB8adVr19kQWN_vFkk9uhtFVcCzD9bEPYkY7-ZgAk2G33fVrKRtAWC81phVxeGXg1Qx4m8IJcAKPbobpCHL5I2Pzddut5A6XuZsMHqN5uKsfYEzPHAiMe8sUDRB6_AlPtX4_oY8t75JdvJeFSOkjyaZsodTOI6EYtW6DV5NyJJjYNUUqQcuWVlbWVZom4vtBB4ya1o84sPa0cHzLmlGp4PrLBUd0pi8bspeEGV18DZHD2a3UFULAowgkHWa85TWHKMiE6EbXoh1WrMmuUKp6R3ub3xXQoX8n1FOHUrtwlrR0WPLYTKg6BykwPiVR6bzlXKwpyo329fQAwgTE_cih9bUWSsvAAT3Wo2aTa0jGx5qrex-eUbBOJH8-Pd4_PxgHZfczsiNM0IRisrFtY8OVyrcTSLKnxPC2wP5_O6UURdDMqjS8FVhxBHjZtKWnJmKsiEUkfIzOXSheC2rmj_PJ2Icb6fWTX8L_fhUCMctAWZGLaLdKjDuF13x9CkzUZd3h9arLAuHL-QPdLumF65Z4zPqxe9tkvi7swuQemBL9fWCJJUcr-TYk0vw0g7PyoyUriO7ITCU1Rcxzix6WkM5pwuXKI-V_G_3MdRsYVp7d-J5WOu2DNrpYhDam_Ow1Z1znya0Ha2Xawl_QH6wpkXFPHZqFoAo7AYeTbWUbZe8rRXPAUYKJZkx11WeCRBcIysKfiRA=w1714-h964-k-no?authuser=0" style="transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px) rotate(0deg);" width="1714" /></div><br /></div><br /></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">到了廣島之後第一件事情就是要趕快找地方放行李然後輕裝上陣。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1651" data-original-width="929" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNPP-bJf_LcHJgHhlA9D_cQppgpdvGXDRybr_tN7Tr_HcztYHtcXzx516AHJCnivoAZf_E2a9O7OZBxsRKlcRzAcemjzLtMyOYsfEhDAw1IKhnAZoJobC1wLnWkQzjk0KXQqSHPLZW6NO0/" style="color: #0000ee;" width="135" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">因為時間有限所以在廣島大概只能停留幾個位置那我選擇的是廣島的核爆圓頂跟日本三景的海上鳥居。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">不過不得不說，因為季節的因素所以白天比較短，因此較在城市之間移動通常是利用晚上來移動。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">抵達目的地之後過夜睡醒之後開始玩，這樣就可以把行李留在飯店的大廳，就可以輕裝出遊玩一玩之後，再回來飯店拿行李移動到下一個城市，比免把珍貴的白天拿來搭車。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">廣島地面電車</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiwX6cu8eh8PYHrRmY_cbs3kuY6vjHqryhUOUeC_7-7EkgneZ97leRUrwxXLCqzmmJwd71Gp1YZcarFfld7diGS_chIABp0p04NMbpShSNq8UeUgxhVE7MqavkwgLpYfD1IuvQ3C0LD7_i/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiwX6cu8eh8PYHrRmY_cbs3kuY6vjHqryhUOUeC_7-7EkgneZ97leRUrwxXLCqzmmJwd71Gp1YZcarFfld7diGS_chIABp0p04NMbpShSNq8UeUgxhVE7MqavkwgLpYfD1IuvQ3C0LD7_i/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMHDz9IXSMaLjJCxdDZEOjpGPp3kQfABCj5T1IjT4BFFpkCZzVxC42ywDIguVyUPJqHh3HNCS4GXT590-EZFmPWxPwVhI_aUFRxzjdTc70oCJKySO8YeMOu8U8bATYYfndUyCL4LP6PziE/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMHDz9IXSMaLjJCxdDZEOjpGPp3kQfABCj5T1IjT4BFFpkCZzVxC42ywDIguVyUPJqHh3HNCS4GXT590-EZFmPWxPwVhI_aUFRxzjdTc70oCJKySO8YeMOu8U8bATYYfndUyCL4LP6PziE/" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzzMVZ7DY_P5DhRgl6o0H0KPjFyHnt4tFG4HGaR5EuAoZXyKW7zHORiBUMBKUDPUqRiKs4OP6eFf5_VcVQoCHj5p5ZqYCmfowIbCZw3OEFYxsn8tTvg0Wszf3w7NjIvXsQ_1NbyX7dx7Kw/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzzMVZ7DY_P5DhRgl6o0H0KPjFyHnt4tFG4HGaR5EuAoZXyKW7zHORiBUMBKUDPUqRiKs4OP6eFf5_VcVQoCHj5p5ZqYCmfowIbCZw3OEFYxsn8tTvg0Wszf3w7NjIvXsQ_1NbyX7dx7Kw/" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">廣島核爆圓頂</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">地球上第一個實現人間蒸發的地點……</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">只能說大民族主義害人不淺</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmZ5519-valsVvtQfooD7C43SQ0RGYJtUe1RXd7aBNZoM8c4nFEHHFbgbCYFZayFcqzAYmx1xKKX2YNvsj0fSFXOKr7C-5252czYQZasTCnG2PCo8zImHMyCRxj2hHy4oxxazGDC3zjeeM/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1800" height="213" 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href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc1mn6CNeyWOUdvsaptzQ3IMxeKCJKd-aMRLtAxnlIEtOMXa4FhjRX0dsq5e0yPdyhuZuDkdExIdD5crRvf-FSCoAEDV5eSZmtEKKEd3tunevROtZ_yYknXunrTZe6L4MeN_dCnTEKHY4O/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc1mn6CNeyWOUdvsaptzQ3IMxeKCJKd-aMRLtAxnlIEtOMXa4FhjRX0dsq5e0yPdyhuZuDkdExIdD5crRvf-FSCoAEDV5eSZmtEKKEd3tunevROtZ_yYknXunrTZe6L4MeN_dCnTEKHY4O/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxixMqiD5Pr84K7m-LE8syPTXHBKeAfx-5X7HlmQjuA8a7RM5_-Muy3fU4f9MSdgkGIcNQ1labA56ADaOB7z-Zwv5lRhJ1JTRxdjNPfx4AowX-xc6tXy-xfezPE637HrSMLjjH3riBxlk2/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1651" data-original-width="929" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxixMqiD5Pr84K7m-LE8syPTXHBKeAfx-5X7HlmQjuA8a7RM5_-Muy3fU4f9MSdgkGIcNQ1labA56ADaOB7z-Zwv5lRhJ1JTRxdjNPfx4AowX-xc6tXy-xfezPE637HrSMLjjH3riBxlk2/" width="135" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOjndshMQ2cOKs3YS0Zslaf412g20wv8dU2BK8Z6eeLcya8nM62evu49crQ5gMbze0U6FgZ2tgRv7ylAh7hPDUo_CoRCIkJ4IAf-AnZ7Ul9AL8k8Eb6bNuKVx19Zk4iom3Se3I5anIQkO5/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOjndshMQ2cOKs3YS0Zslaf412g20wv8dU2BK8Z6eeLcya8nM62evu49crQ5gMbze0U6FgZ2tgRv7ylAh7hPDUo_CoRCIkJ4IAf-AnZ7Ul9AL8k8Eb6bNuKVx19Zk4iom3Se3I5anIQkO5/" width="320" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">地圖：</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" height="450" loading="lazy" src="https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d6584.388157084655!2d132.44716888576323!3d34.39641263453344!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x0%3A0x34e6677ae0c6c096!2z5Y6f5a2Q5b2I54iG54K45ZyT6aCC5bGL!5e0!3m2!1szh-TW!2stw!4v1624705823999!5m2!1szh-TW!2stw" style="border: 0;" width="600"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">離開核爆圓頂後評估了一下時間，雖然廣島電鐵有到宮島口站，但是如果回頭到廣島站搭JR過去會更快。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBSw-57U7bNFeVaB3oJNSPjFRxj22f8UVpGeh8_n8PYTrUJ2OsbLLfqUMrWf7yFXHpoiDDHiRT6-IKg0oKfrZ2B_mXlNocNC7gCKr_MhxtAK046y_DCz9iqjqcowUV7zAD70HSI86ZFB-I/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBSw-57U7bNFeVaB3oJNSPjFRxj22f8UVpGeh8_n8PYTrUJ2OsbLLfqUMrWf7yFXHpoiDDHiRT6-IKg0oKfrZ2B_mXlNocNC7gCKr_MhxtAK046y_DCz9iqjqcowUV7zAD70HSI86ZFB-I/" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqGX_7aq-O24hpoKIVh-x61cuqqOvJ06h9y2O-GKt8oYB1EOTVS-97ht9QtYYpoV4FVDuCDlWUrG8XfHRJhZsIkkRs7Fem-2YaxkVrQvobdgsnggOf-oZUpaXU6MRGCEG3KiDv81EZPXys/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="907" data-original-width="1210" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqGX_7aq-O24hpoKIVh-x61cuqqOvJ06h9y2O-GKt8oYB1EOTVS-97ht9QtYYpoV4FVDuCDlWUrG8XfHRJhZsIkkRs7Fem-2YaxkVrQvobdgsnggOf-oZUpaXU6MRGCEG3KiDv81EZPXys/" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">地圖：</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" height="450" loading="lazy" src="https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d1647.741112816793!2d132.302633493513!3d34.31273661817358!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x355ab75ae1044a65%3A0xe0a7fcf087db103!2z5a6u5bO25Y-j!5e0!3m2!1szh-TW!2stw!4v1624705906661!5m2!1szh-TW!2stw" style="border: 0;" width="600"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">到了渡船口拿JR PASS到售票口給站務員看一下就可以上船了。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigpmiGKmae2bm3nc4LP1Dg3O3bCIxxErVwoc1y-5qrHO-Qf4jumsaruIzQL_YGlLupb1z8nunieWEfjSyGOBlXEXZufCvwPDZ9u9QYRC6_DeQ3-pHX3HAu0PgtIVJIKJodelc0VDNl3i-Y/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigpmiGKmae2bm3nc4LP1Dg3O3bCIxxErVwoc1y-5qrHO-Qf4jumsaruIzQL_YGlLupb1z8nunieWEfjSyGOBlXEXZufCvwPDZ9u9QYRC6_DeQ3-pHX3HAu0PgtIVJIKJodelc0VDNl3i-Y/" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1651" data-original-width="929" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4IWiGHSMZNSoIKgfiBzX66648sXOBRoHNijCof8eK_1kwj4F4FDYFx9qzAnCXkMLCoHsN8X9YWg4c0AWEOcO_-sKeMSXmzDPPo6jnH7RSXi5UiUfuRHd9Tb_zFbk6DDQxSQi2yoqXkOxL/" style="color: #0000ee;" width="135" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtLd3JOB3K45rgGt3unKi9RlmkUwhfTR-CH8-yctl5WdGKTM8H-9S2XKhfsGfvaxbX2pZQ7cfZqlqqp88t4s-N-qeoEy2MYI2hRA7nSoRRQ5fTHlpvS50i7nSwNbtx8f3BQoA3wR6sx7oc/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtLd3JOB3K45rgGt3unKi9RlmkUwhfTR-CH8-yctl5WdGKTM8H-9S2XKhfsGfvaxbX2pZQ7cfZqlqqp88t4s-N-qeoEy2MYI2hRA7nSoRRQ5fTHlpvS50i7nSwNbtx8f3BQoA3wR6sx7oc/" width="320" /></a></div>這種接駁船也可以開車上去，只是來回的運費是多少這就不清楚了</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglOvtd5KGWMVf-Ln9tcXKsA0_vSQyQfku0lrCLu0h6p-2_6dsGP6NmeRZpaGqrL-D_rnrcBVjkkzYt97wM6yavmqjvgK_EYGgcu_okYBeu4BZVOL_hAtIq_9dWg67jZ7Tt54mey-LSPMF5/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglOvtd5KGWMVf-Ln9tcXKsA0_vSQyQfku0lrCLu0h6p-2_6dsGP6NmeRZpaGqrL-D_rnrcBVjkkzYt97wM6yavmqjvgK_EYGgcu_okYBeu4BZVOL_hAtIq_9dWg67jZ7Tt54mey-LSPMF5/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9BK6wN8Gs7ZJlIshZF2V-YzFy9gcXQGP2JeVek6syknKNytKcKAm64Zj5DYIzfUC0r8CSfRbf2PpaqWoLUWQ_rzfuxdYiGFOiVpKteu6hGjM8twYJcGWoWLcY96705akZF4gKrA_EQck0/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9BK6wN8Gs7ZJlIshZF2V-YzFy9gcXQGP2JeVek6syknKNytKcKAm64Zj5DYIzfUC0r8CSfRbf2PpaqWoLUWQ_rzfuxdYiGFOiVpKteu6hGjM8twYJcGWoWLcY96705akZF4gKrA_EQck0/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFi3EkSsl0ylh40PZ25U0pIsEgw74DLSlF_XEJp-_F2KaCoHED2uL_9zL24MTqHwgiyaXRatr4cNKNPbQf-Xb2F9DUFfpIFZb8L4DubVGHcjhbNj-wFqbl_bG8dHi0OHq31w17I6RDS14I/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFi3EkSsl0ylh40PZ25U0pIsEgw74DLSlF_XEJp-_F2KaCoHED2uL_9zL24MTqHwgiyaXRatr4cNKNPbQf-Xb2F9DUFfpIFZb8L4DubVGHcjhbNj-wFqbl_bG8dHi0OHq31w17I6RDS14I/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhglhozwCEh741UNMx9cbSKEaC_tefsO595bX24nZnf9-qPc9pULG8inn3MH-ivcK48y2OfxX1_4WIHuwjiht8B5LvonIWx-0196-tVJeIbCEHtyQaEG2GjAMwO0bo1B7INaFya4uRuUMU6/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhglhozwCEh741UNMx9cbSKEaC_tefsO595bX24nZnf9-qPc9pULG8inn3MH-ivcK48y2OfxX1_4WIHuwjiht8B5LvonIWx-0196-tVJeIbCEHtyQaEG2GjAMwO0bo1B7INaFya4uRuUMU6/" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">而且往宮島的船上很興奮的想要看一下海上鳥居到底長什麼樣子，</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDpIfR5sOscxS4isFZv9nl6D7sdBt6rCzd5sq4PDFf959PU-wAKAnSBpSR-sb-JBtb6vKENVIk0uO3uMaVE_mYhrEYI2eanApWPH70spZt4Yc2WL7-42rKtZLj04P4s6lnWmsZBYVVZcHE/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDpIfR5sOscxS4isFZv9nl6D7sdBt6rCzd5sq4PDFf959PU-wAKAnSBpSR-sb-JBtb6vKENVIk0uO3uMaVE_mYhrEYI2eanApWPH70spZt4Yc2WL7-42rKtZLj04P4s6lnWmsZBYVVZcHE/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIrBjkFrPPDp1BthJdSRUm14qhAIueBhxie8F1pzDwTPy4-AcjWPL8Iv2TrJHC2_Wj1iDHnn_PDmzxKZ3rKSmWgDgydv710-FrLU33jutdaUItly6E2zxSk00mnYO8sLN_Tu3Q6HyxsN6m/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIrBjkFrPPDp1BthJdSRUm14qhAIueBhxie8F1pzDwTPy4-AcjWPL8Iv2TrJHC2_Wj1iDHnn_PDmzxKZ3rKSmWgDgydv710-FrLU33jutdaUItly6E2zxSk00mnYO8sLN_Tu3Q6HyxsN6m/" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">結果QQ………居然在整修，</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">我猜大概跟清水寺一樣是為了東京奧運而進行的整修吧？！</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">不過不得不說可惡的武漢肺炎真的打亂了很多人的步調</div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTbjkYjh_2B-gF5XICiCpwq3hW8DKegY5-XH6U8kGo0dlKpXNYHT-UYTfQUaxN5oj5BlV41InEA5gvoyXKZoW0KItvq4mw4M0_Sfl-Q6wIut1sZdJ5O2Ozf0K-kuab5WP7BYhVy8gUcoc0/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="907" data-original-width="1210" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTbjkYjh_2B-gF5XICiCpwq3hW8DKegY5-XH6U8kGo0dlKpXNYHT-UYTfQUaxN5oj5BlV41InEA5gvoyXKZoW0KItvq4mw4M0_Sfl-Q6wIut1sZdJ5O2Ozf0K-kuab5WP7BYhVy8gUcoc0/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2NfgmXQVKg2Mp21kyJBJ7nyAZIirIqjkG9tIxAL1cxEgZDdRPSREeiOOVJdPoKDvhVPcIxFHchcrFmQO_NZ1-0T6QW488fw_0FBUn9yl89QT1P3t_4yRyLzSIrgizIfmcDYL8ysbLHC3c/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="907" data-original-width="1210" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2NfgmXQVKg2Mp21kyJBJ7nyAZIirIqjkG9tIxAL1cxEgZDdRPSREeiOOVJdPoKDvhVPcIxFHchcrFmQO_NZ1-0T6QW488fw_0FBUn9yl89QT1P3t_4yRyLzSIrgizIfmcDYL8ysbLHC3c/" width="320" /></a></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">宮島渡船口<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFCUtELut1xGWlrVJIGY_PW3k342v0Y-M_DY1bS_uK5PGLHc4NTuSCbWYODBm1UeASSu4WTaG7D8UlkhhIbFe82qb5OAir4MVC7GqwxfyIMTcAs1H8JwMEoyZhv_r5Z3Eec4bWzLV5wwor/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFCUtELut1xGWlrVJIGY_PW3k342v0Y-M_DY1bS_uK5PGLHc4NTuSCbWYODBm1UeASSu4WTaG7D8UlkhhIbFe82qb5OAir4MVC7GqwxfyIMTcAs1H8JwMEoyZhv_r5Z3Eec4bWzLV5wwor/" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">在宮島渡船口哪裡還有宮島的微縮模型</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2_z1z_uWPJ_vIHzbda7ONo_i55nTZ9FduROPGRb-em41HYzXyWSDBtJDO8blXOA1Vr5zkkzR0LWpevL0lwQf1WunyFFOt5RSI4howfWSXBaEGEMLpVU0znjd9rTwHS0a9fJibg979QU-u/" style="color: #0000ee;" width="320" /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">接著只要沿著海邊走就可以走到嚴島神社去，</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgakQZcPaurAFpNijE63Qy1b4xVRDRuK1F8P_bMZt5zW3k0VdPq_VAXwW9x5OwezZza_JvI1RQGne8VGzxsjqXuxjm6scSZaTdz1jX8_cU0IgScyOZvI50K_RNbT66Jk_uXPVJDb-du0a-I/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgakQZcPaurAFpNijE63Qy1b4xVRDRuK1F8P_bMZt5zW3k0VdPq_VAXwW9x5OwezZza_JvI1RQGne8VGzxsjqXuxjm6scSZaTdz1jX8_cU0IgScyOZvI50K_RNbT66Jk_uXPVJDb-du0a-I/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn6NjFha8T6Ck3oEozBZBN6F1g5T0Jam8GEl25ESqskzzooOUfP6T_IOff3oDHOlyNMK8Mx3JRK3a79WB_B_ASWd07nVXczYiWxFysXxcYDPMCHCEeN08-jHWgtferJ7uMINAxZ7snaOsc/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn6NjFha8T6Ck3oEozBZBN6F1g5T0Jam8GEl25ESqskzzooOUfP6T_IOff3oDHOlyNMK8Mx3JRK3a79WB_B_ASWd07nVXczYiWxFysXxcYDPMCHCEeN08-jHWgtferJ7uMINAxZ7snaOsc/" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>而在路上有一大堆的鹿感覺起來很像倒了奈良路都在街上逛大街的<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjINk1uUXrf5CjoRWVducue0iwvNRZFUGl_aAYXD9O188Ea_yMhdYnPLeKNQ8l9kd_K5FRJTO8kCxPcA6CHYVNolG8e4NQgl4ed5PlZBMGMjWtQTroUQGU_vOl5FFf9n-3YTKBAmzbfcF4s/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1651" data-original-width="929" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjINk1uUXrf5CjoRWVducue0iwvNRZFUGl_aAYXD9O188Ea_yMhdYnPLeKNQ8l9kd_K5FRJTO8kCxPcA6CHYVNolG8e4NQgl4ed5PlZBMGMjWtQTroUQGU_vOl5FFf9n-3YTKBAmzbfcF4s/" width="135" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZjI3mKRuA3yfEszRky6C-rvBdtLX11JzYeT95_BWScIDqEshld2pVJeEpYKP-shRaOaDFIfhoUE-UTEp7W2RU_fjsZzkteXnvn5RFh_XUQ1lFRZ2wnXvOzQyDcvRDjI3vke2ViF4AZGEf/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1651" data-original-width="929" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZjI3mKRuA3yfEszRky6C-rvBdtLX11JzYeT95_BWScIDqEshld2pVJeEpYKP-shRaOaDFIfhoUE-UTEp7W2RU_fjsZzkteXnvn5RFh_XUQ1lFRZ2wnXvOzQyDcvRDjI3vke2ViF4AZGEf/" width="135" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"></div></div><div>路邊的小賣店土產店幾乎每間都有在賣飯匙感覺起來飯匙似乎是宮島的名產</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIoOsuAjFBOjBN1egic0nDlDib7rNMbx5WHdj0iMsZ9zcsBKlUZ_QK3B0cyDspm1hwhIm9A0BSyItiwEqf-mqee0IRZECSpOiay92fRvmX6Q6hBbp9RtVPZP4C-w6eEIKx71CG3bHKFpQS/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1651" data-original-width="929" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIoOsuAjFBOjBN1egic0nDlDib7rNMbx5WHdj0iMsZ9zcsBKlUZ_QK3B0cyDspm1hwhIm9A0BSyItiwEqf-mqee0IRZECSpOiay92fRvmX6Q6hBbp9RtVPZP4C-w6eEIKx71CG3bHKFpQS/" width="135" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div>走過海灣之後立馬映入眼前的就是宮島神社的鳥居，然後往海上看，還可以看到那個正在整修中的鳥居</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRXy73JA__cNRW1gjdrlOQRuQ6Qg-XChRBEGaR25y0LAfki7DhgT2Qa6b58ciEOzzayor0jeK8T32qq_V_5jNxr487ZL7gouZJGJ6OIkjUqxLLxTitcnhroCXh-IX5115KGNiggySYfZS0/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1651" data-original-width="929" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRXy73JA__cNRW1gjdrlOQRuQ6Qg-XChRBEGaR25y0LAfki7DhgT2Qa6b58ciEOzzayor0jeK8T32qq_V_5jNxr487ZL7gouZJGJ6OIkjUqxLLxTitcnhroCXh-IX5115KGNiggySYfZS0/" width="135" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUngSFHi8sV0b_9hxI8xFzt4SaqUNUPrYHJiXqalxZLgJnFVVk0EV-Pm91mTjnua1nusSSILBx8vgWkR3Rh-QclfP3ipmcyWzpAJ1cL-FDl-kLYSYdHYtC0AY94NKo1Cbs_QrlAXJ0UELi/" style="color: #0000ee;" width="320" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">付了參拜費用之後進入嚴島神社參觀，我只有一個想法這麼會有人想法建築物蓋在潮間帶<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEOCpkXP9zggtOM87VFCHkk0UGCzGhzv0-J8HoZi1v72dwRhW-slRKxB_TEVlod3fgyl85M7shyphenhyphenhg2pqs7E88T4Edfwxc22Cs1LTUCUwYv1nZZFXDZKMjhTNMECjwmx_nki0CmQVY1Cv14/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1800" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEOCpkXP9zggtOM87VFCHkk0UGCzGhzv0-J8HoZi1v72dwRhW-slRKxB_TEVlod3fgyl85M7shyphenhyphenhg2pqs7E88T4Edfwxc22Cs1LTUCUwYv1nZZFXDZKMjhTNMECjwmx_nki0CmQVY1Cv14/" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTMpQ_TrLcufsOhjJsRUorEuU6SC4lh9AREqiUBJRc_fvNUwPnHoKZJpqrbxeKqcTiPsccYGrhotciL15vXApG3c9H3yLQMyoR6IIKhKwAPBlVPDOG5K29FPIBdSxmVCOGiEp1oQgl-YwT/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1800" height="213" 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src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHwRmW6Y34MchexfKkDrzPBNuUxXyuKQ8_dTZRIhvFcT6Ny1xrEA8uIv5q9Z4T2h9tFDlcqBGay4CbfTmhCUDTfuk2waU1IdUBpdXsJqPwev6JJ7y1qoqSTepikuHxc1QQ2aUV7qwAF9uS/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVnIUu2Aze4TvseTdNzKG09FwXeVUHna0vcMJgWEry89EH_UqBZOnA8D1SqXcy7aSDNwOPooNh4I0Y-b30fWlvkuZYRQZYyweKf3LssPFZ9OGTzoA_TW0TUSqSolTSKkgF42Jqp9haSkhN/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVnIUu2Aze4TvseTdNzKG09FwXeVUHna0vcMJgWEry89EH_UqBZOnA8D1SqXcy7aSDNwOPooNh4I0Y-b30fWlvkuZYRQZYyweKf3LssPFZ9OGTzoA_TW0TUSqSolTSKkgF42Jqp9haSkhN/" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp_YFeqQOCMSDFfe1TTUfrm-jJ_NqC_FUAHJEOUIXbSuYQZs5HMOoJ0n-2WiejZ9qEkXg9_9QDgSjsqLKNyq5NEHHJqE1EN2GnDCytieHmXs6NCty_loD_5WiJjoBGeFwnZZSPyOVi_OPx/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1800" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp_YFeqQOCMSDFfe1TTUfrm-jJ_NqC_FUAHJEOUIXbSuYQZs5HMOoJ0n-2WiejZ9qEkXg9_9QDgSjsqLKNyq5NEHHJqE1EN2GnDCytieHmXs6NCty_loD_5WiJjoBGeFwnZZSPyOVi_OPx/" width="320" /></a><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div>看完嚴島神社之後就回到廣島站，重新打了一張往新大阪的車票後就去吃廣島有名的廣島燒。</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">不過我真的不知道他跟大阪燒差在哪裡感覺起來都像是煎餅？！（一次嘲諷三種食物支持者）</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">但是唯一相同的地方就是都很美味</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: 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href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxDl4PtfeFGUuA_aE2rzb5Jy9-1YddpZI_YhacL_nljXBKAlVWBsTvL737P7mhjB3iLZuaGMkj4oqrL-r4-4rcAdeL2QwkvWE6tw_thJdtLwJfh8EwHCT6a5EeKBqs9i5Tca8ha4DGCeo0/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="907" data-original-width="1210" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxDl4PtfeFGUuA_aE2rzb5Jy9-1YddpZI_YhacL_nljXBKAlVWBsTvL737P7mhjB3iLZuaGMkj4oqrL-r4-4rcAdeL2QwkvWE6tw_thJdtLwJfh8EwHCT6a5EeKBqs9i5Tca8ha4DGCeo0/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSeZqYkKZvx8bJTVa1MX0HOF_dpFtV0sZH9FWdyN30uH6kcujuQYSPJL23bQtvKuZi_-vcXaE5tD_V_LeIh0HYDF2NtvldH3idQykaR227xhgxAge404q7ll_hJbYp0GuNafWReGjDzrMI/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="907" data-original-width="1210" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSeZqYkKZvx8bJTVa1MX0HOF_dpFtV0sZH9FWdyN30uH6kcujuQYSPJL23bQtvKuZi_-vcXaE5tD_V_LeIh0HYDF2NtvldH3idQykaR227xhgxAge404q7ll_hJbYp0GuNafWReGjDzrMI/" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ee;"><u><br /></u></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span>雖然去日本好幾次了，但是從來沒有搭過新幹線到新大阪那個區域。</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span>所以這一次到新大阪附近還真的是人生地不熟，而且那裡裡比較熱鬧的道頓崛也還有一段距離，算是好好休息的地方吧！<div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge4rgKJTw-wlgISPJb9k_1yhqsOVe-Yydmxgp7F8JXwuzkk-2CWISaA1mXqzRzvbj9KxwYDNzVyQdoW3wQtjMHz9cwcpeAfCbt9eBOQJMrLmc3Esgpr8PEFHvaGQ-XZQM2-67Anqt-J7-g/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge4rgKJTw-wlgISPJb9k_1yhqsOVe-Yydmxgp7F8JXwuzkk-2CWISaA1mXqzRzvbj9KxwYDNzVyQdoW3wQtjMHz9cwcpeAfCbt9eBOQJMrLmc3Esgpr8PEFHvaGQ-XZQM2-67Anqt-J7-g/" width="320" /></a></div><br style="color: black;" /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black;"><br /></div>當天住的是膠囊旅館（Nine Hours Shin-Osaka Station）算是回顧一下以前當兵時的大通鋪不過好一點的地方就是隱私比大通鋪好很多。</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span>不過在時隔一年後，寫這一篇回顧的文章的時候查了一下資料……？！</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span>他已經暫時關閉了，應該是捱不出疫情的關係吧……<br style="color: black;" /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsO-BOoGE-zdqhV7PPukPgAD8zttvH5N5IVeefoZ2n9TxhCT0zpd0nDmCAhCgh4o_qALpgqdQwl8KN0EGgp6CsDbs-R0rMxuSMVaUu5y8KRtuN1uPeNpPm6sPn_suKXMXP7ijP-KnfrIK3/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1651" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsO-BOoGE-zdqhV7PPukPgAD8zttvH5N5IVeefoZ2n9TxhCT0zpd0nDmCAhCgh4o_qALpgqdQwl8KN0EGgp6CsDbs-R0rMxuSMVaUu5y8KRtuN1uPeNpPm6sPn_suKXMXP7ijP-KnfrIK3/" width="320" /></a></div><br style="color: black;" /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi70q32NAItchlDzMheUgTR7SrHO6xTa8B7rScGmPxqvEdZ0325aqS_tCCD3Fgcv10-ZUGxYQSljFWSvGXFDdjgiNwZMpRhWajio8R5xNeetqp_EmEBmaDElwKOPbknuEFmGncVRC0vEYK2/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1651" data-original-width="929" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi70q32NAItchlDzMheUgTR7SrHO6xTa8B7rScGmPxqvEdZ0325aqS_tCCD3Fgcv10-ZUGxYQSljFWSvGXFDdjgiNwZMpRhWajio8R5xNeetqp_EmEBmaDElwKOPbknuEFmGncVRC0vEYK2/" width="135" /></a></div></span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>地圖：</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" height="450" loading="lazy" src="https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d409.85863335472084!2d135.50218339242105!3d34.73369460102324!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x6000e564dc5ef28f%3A0x3f6e34adf6773ff3!2sNine%20Hours%20Shin-Osaka%20Station!5e0!3m2!1szh-TW!2stw!4v1624706218361!5m2!1szh-TW!2stw" style="border: 0;" width="600"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-9195937602035006302021-05-21T15:00:00.003+08:002021-05-21T15:00:00.259+08:00【國二理化】密閉系統的氣體壓力-乾冰炸彈<p><br /></p><p>嚴正聲明：</p><p>本實驗在學校操場空曠處，並且讓學生在遠距離觀察乾冰炸彈爆炸，全程均由教師操作。並無安全之疑慮。</p><p>也請不要任意模仿，乾冰炸彈從封口後到爆炸的時間不易掌控，短則數秒，但是爆炸卻是貨真價實。在短距離內可能造成聽力永久受損，以及身體部位被保特瓶破片弄傷。</p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: #333333; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;"><br /></h3><p>乾冰是固體的二氧化碳。在正常氣壓一大氣壓下，二氧化碳的凝固點是-78.5℃。無色，無味，不可燃。</p><p><br /></p><p>而乾冰的密度各不相同，但通常約為 1.4至1.6 g/cm3，因此丟入水中會沈在底部。</p><p><br /></p><p>因為乾冰在升溫時是由固態直接『昇華』為氣態，直接跳過液態而變成氣體，也因此我們稱做「乾冰」。</p><p><br /></p><p>但也因為這個性質，將乾冰置入密閉容器是非常危險的！</p><p>乾冰在昇華為氣體的過程中，體積可以膨脹500～600倍。</p><p>在密閉容器內會造成容器內壓力變大，直到超過容器的負荷，然後爆炸。</p><p><br /></p><p>而可樂的PE瓶在出廠時，因為要承受可樂內部的二氧化碳氣體，</p><p>瓶身的耐壓至少都在10大氣壓，約1MPa、147psi……，</p><p>這種爆炸可不是鬧著玩的。</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>乾冰目前有很多的用途，例如：保冷、清潔不能碰水的電子元件、舞台特效、乾冰汽水等……。</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>對於乾冰有以下幾個使用建議：</p><p>(1) 不要用手碰，乾冰的溫度是-78.5℃，絕對可以凍傷你。</p><p>(2) 不要拿來吃，除非你很肯定在碰到或是吞下肚之前就會把他吐出來。但還是不建議。</p><p>(3) 不要置入密閉容器中，乾冰在昇華為氣體後，體積會增加為500～600倍，會造成爆炸。</p><p><br /></p><p>(4) 不要在密閉空間中使用，以免造成二氧化碳中毒。一般大氣中二氧化碳含量超過1%時，人即有輕度中毒反應；當超過3%時，開始出現呼吸困難；超過6%時，就會重度中毒甚至死亡。</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="595" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wNK2e63kotY" width="716" youtube-src-id="wNK2e63kotY"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="583" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/X3rRNMN8vk4" width="701" youtube-src-id="X3rRNMN8vk4"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="597" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ubW9PWyXUys" width="719" youtube-src-id="ubW9PWyXUys"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="638" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GIoWk9_6YeE" width="768" youtube-src-id="GIoWk9_6YeE"></iframe></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-73907322179767644492021-05-14T21:52:00.004+08:002021-05-14T21:54:27.444+08:00【國二理化】熱對反應速率的影響-酒精大砲<p> <span style="font-size: 14pt;">想像一下：</span></p><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">當家裡瓦斯漏氣時，該不該開電扇？</span><br /><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">當然不應該開啟任何電器～</span><br /><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">雖然瓦斯漏氣，與氧氣均勻混合了，</span><br /><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">但是因為溫度不夠高，放100年他都沒機會炸掉……</span><br /><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">可是只要一有電火花……</span><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpTWn4l2z7tMpT7JRhB8vx_tzcnrPOUrT0F0TFum3goCQ5qIFaoboS6zSmvw2FQE7kLeknXvC3l2sQ35KGVjs4fau0pvHG1SyYhvylYqIxZCCIIh0dx12DkMECz4fzjzn7ZBEHxinPage7/s1600/nEO_IMG_2016-05-03+19.48.51.jpg"><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpTWn4l2z7tMpT7JRhB8vx_tzcnrPOUrT0F0TFum3goCQ5qIFaoboS6zSmvw2FQE7kLeknXvC3l2sQ35KGVjs4fau0pvHG1SyYhvylYqIxZCCIIh0dx12DkMECz4fzjzn7ZBEHxinPage7/s640/nEO_IMG_2016-05-03+19.48.51.jpg" width="640" /></span></a><br /><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">讓幾個瓦斯分子能反應、燃燒、放出熱……</span><br /><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">然後再讓周圍的瓦斯分子反應、燃燒、放出熱……</span><br /><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">然後再讓更大範圍的瓦斯分子反應、燃燒、放出熱……</span><br /><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">最後就會炸掉了～</span><br /><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><br /><a name='more'></a><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">當然</span><br /><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">養樂多槍也是一樣的作法</span><br /><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">將酒精以噴霧器噴在養樂多空罐中</span><br /><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">然後打開點火槍</span><br /><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">他就會爆開射出去～</span><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">但是做了幾年的養樂多槍……</span><br /><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">心中的那團火似乎有點熄了……</span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://pic.pimg.tw/kleinmaah/1380924652-1608469731.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><img border="0" height="382" src="http://pic.pimg.tw/kleinmaah/1380924652-1608469731.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">所以……</span><br /><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;">新一代的酒精砲出現啦！</span><br /><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh69TslTU-hTTda0fHIOK8Zi2ZiaGEbT9kxEySbNURcaA8nLNmwaxieD3IpCwDX7S9R-O-UHsAiaC0qeE31wJ1VmUqToa9f4b28lcgnvkBhWOHTT6fIxXKKzysN4hMQplVNZ2-N6cuAIvnq/s1600/nEO_IMG_2016-05-03+17.31.59.jpg"><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh69TslTU-hTTda0fHIOK8Zi2ZiaGEbT9kxEySbNURcaA8nLNmwaxieD3IpCwDX7S9R-O-UHsAiaC0qeE31wJ1VmUqToa9f4b28lcgnvkBhWOHTT6fIxXKKzysN4hMQplVNZ2-N6cuAIvnq/s640/nEO_IMG_2016-05-03+17.31.59.jpg" width="640" /></span></a><br /><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS9ic3EpJjdUrkN7ILmpwNFOvRLmv1Rr976kT3lrdMxTZxe5m9pHIGaLFVyTI4YStEIIx7pWXXk5EA_eaWdggotV7YCS6UK_ibq4vvTn0dNTFGiXohq8fvB6n36wk8i6-GeGCgOdpnAnln/s1600/nEO_IMG_2016-05-03+17.55.31.jpg"><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS9ic3EpJjdUrkN7ILmpwNFOvRLmv1Rr976kT3lrdMxTZxe5m9pHIGaLFVyTI4YStEIIx7pWXXk5EA_eaWdggotV7YCS6UK_ibq4vvTn0dNTFGiXohq8fvB6n36wk8i6-GeGCgOdpnAnln/s640/nEO_IMG_2016-05-03+17.55.31.jpg" width="640" /></span></a><br /><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><span face=", "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><br /><br /><br /><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eBDAxtNib2U" title="YouTube video player" width="835"></iframe><div><br /></div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/H90L7lCUZKk" width="853"></iframe></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-49235393821481444672021-03-23T19:46:00.007+08:002021-03-23T19:46:52.207+08:00【國二理化】原子量的歷史<p>由於原子的實際質量很小，如果人們用它們的實際質量來計算的話那就非常的麻煩，因此國際上規定採用相對原子質量(Relative atomic mass)和相對分子質量來表示原子、分子的質量關係。相對原子質量標準的演變是人類對物質本質認識的一個縮影。</p><p><br /></p><p>一、 H標準-原子質量標准開始出現</p><p><img alt="約翰·道耳頓- 維基百科，自由的百科全書" class="n3VNCb" data-noaft="1" jsaction="load:XAeZkd;" jsname="HiaYvf" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/John_Dalton_by_Charles_Turner.jpg/220px-John_Dalton_by_Charles_Turner.jpg" style="height: 272px; margin: 0.95px 0px; width: 220px;" /></p><p>讓我們從道爾頓在18世紀末19世紀初建立的原子論說起。道爾頓根據他所建立的原子論導出了倍比定律（這時倍比定律與定比定律已經形成），並提出了原子量的概念。 1803年，他規定了H的原子量為1（雖然他正式發布他的原子論是在1805年）。</p><p><img alt="约瑟夫·普鲁斯特- 维基百科，自由的百科全书" class="n3VNCb" data-noaft="1" jsaction="load:XAeZkd;" jsname="HiaYvf" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Proust_joseph.jpg" style="height: 500.747px; margin: 0px; width: 383px;" /></p><p>那時人們已經知道水中氫氧質量比為1:8（感謝普勞司特的定比定律），道爾頓無從知道水中氫氧原子的比例，他就根據思維經濟原則武斷地決定，水分子是由一個氫原子和一個氧原子構成的，所以氧的原子量是8，道爾頓是原子量測量的開山始祖。</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAzOCHb7o3ecEIVB1YwazSRf5s6peovvop7ENoSC4RWMhbhNZnGEkZL2em6J0HNYMghk56YQtHThp2XQqf0um48y5SDpxQAdDQ4w8o-nAG0tF87G8S2xwKq5Ih0M-FRBBhX_EDkWlh8BuA/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="274" data-original-width="250" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAzOCHb7o3ecEIVB1YwazSRf5s6peovvop7ENoSC4RWMhbhNZnGEkZL2em6J0HNYMghk56YQtHThp2XQqf0um48y5SDpxQAdDQ4w8o-nAG0tF87G8S2xwKq5Ih0M-FRBBhX_EDkWlh8BuA/" width="219" /></a><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2571" data-file-width="1530" decoding="async" height="370" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/A_New_System_of_Chemical_Philosophy_fp.jpg/220px-A_New_System_of_Chemical_Philosophy_fp.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/A_New_System_of_Chemical_Philosophy_fp.jpg/330px-A_New_System_of_Chemical_Philosophy_fp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/A_New_System_of_Chemical_Philosophy_fp.jpg/440px-A_New_System_of_Chemical_Philosophy_fp.jpg 2x" style="text-align: left;" width="220" /></div><br /><br /><p></p><p>從圖中我們可以看出，不僅是水，像二氧化硫、甲烷、碳酸鋇的分子組成他都給錯了。而因為這樣，雖然氫氧化鉀的組成他寫對了，但根據這個分子組成並結合氫氧化鉀的宏觀質量來推斷鉀的原子量也必然會出現錯誤的結果，因為氧的原子量是錯誤的。</p><p>後來呢，人們用了幾年，就感覺有些彆扭。為什麼呢？</p><p>上文已經提到了，那時候人們的科技水平不發達，確定原子量的方法是：</p><p>1、確定宏觀上元素的質量比（還經常出錯）。</p><p> 2、確定它的化學式（還經常出錯）。</p><p> 3、根據前兩者確定原子的質量比（這個現在的初中學生應該也會，一般不會出錯）。 </p><p>4、確定原子量。</p><p>那時候實驗條件差，精度也低，人們當然喜歡取整數，或者只保留一、兩位小數。因為前邊的定比定律什麼的可能會使人們產生原子量都是氫的整數倍的錯誤感覺，這樣就又有問題了。</p><p>首先確定氧的原子量就錯了，開門“紅”，以這個為基準去確定其他原子量當然也會出錯，其次是很多物質的化學式也確定錯了，再次是，取整數後，再計算其他原子量，通過很多中間物質導出的原子量的誤差就會被慢慢放大。</p><p>舉一個例子：根據氫和水，算出了氧，用算出來的氧的數值和氫氧化鉀去計算鉀的，用算出來的鉀的數值和碳酸鉀去計算碳的，用計算出來的碳的和碳酸鋇計算出來鋇的，用計算出來的鋇的和硫酸鋇，來計算硫的，好了，每次計算都會出現錯誤或誤差，這麼多步之後，就是失之毫釐謬以千里了。用算出來的硫再去看二氧化硫就發現，二氧化硫（好吧，那時候他們可能叫一氧化硫，或叫其他的名，反正不會叫做二氧化硫。因為從上圖上看，道爾頓他們把我們現在叫做二氧化硫的物質的分子認為是由一個硫原子和一個氧原子構成（嗯，不管他們叫它什麼了），其中氧和硫的質量比與原子量之比不相同。以上是小編虛構的例子，但這種現像一定不是個例，他們就迷惑了，因為他們發現這原子量不自洽，一種化合物滿足了，另一種化合物就不滿足！照顧了這個物質，那個物質就不對了。</p><p>不過提一嘴，現代的離子半徑就是通過這種方式來確定的，即先規定了氧離子和氟離子的半徑，再根據X射線衍射實驗確定離子晶體中陰陽離子的核間距，即半徑和，然後用這個和減去其中一個離子的，來確定另一個離子。比如氯離子的半徑就是先測定氟化鉀，根據氟離子和鉀離子的半徑和和規定的氟離子半徑為136pm，來得到鉀離子的半徑，再測定氯化鉀中氯和鉀的原子半徑和，減去剛才得到的鉀離子半徑，獲得氯離子半徑。當然以後鎂離子半徑可以再測氯化鎂得到，最後每一個都修約修約，讓整體接近自洽。</p><p>話說回來，為什麼原子量不自洽呢？因為H原子（準確的說是氕）是由1個質子和1個電子構成的，不含有中子。而其他原子都是既有質子也有中子的。中子的靜止質量為1.6749547×10^-24g，質子的靜止質量為1.6726491×10^-24g，中子是比質子重的0.138%的，這一部分就能讓那些有很多中子的原子離整數差得更遠（雖然有質量虧損）。1810年時，道爾頓的原子量被修正為：H-1，O-7，N-5，S-13.0，P-9，C-5.4，As-42，Pt-100。</p><p><img alt="Jöns Jacob Berzelius.png" data-file-height="432" data-file-width="355" decoding="async" height="268" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius.png/220px-J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius.png/330px-J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius.png 2x" width="220" /></p><p>1818年貝採裡烏進行了大量修正，H修正為了0.99，O修正為了16（貝採里烏斯因為發現2體積氫氣與1體積氧氣生成2體積水蒸汽（忽略氫鍵影響），所以他認為水中氫原子數量是氧原子數量的2倍，但這與他是否承認分子存在或阿伏加德羅定律無關，他只是認為體積比與原子數成正比），S修正為了32.2，P修正為了62.7（P是現在的2倍，應該還是某物質的化學式確定錯了），C修正為了12.5，As修正為了150.52，Pt修正為了199.4。1826年，他又進一步修正了，使H、C、N、O、F、P 、S、Cl、As、Pt均與現在數值非常相近，至少保留到整數都是一樣的了。</p><p>哦，對了，貝採里烏斯採是誰？他是第一位把原子量測得比較精確的化學家。他用了近二十年的時間，在極其簡陋的實驗室裡測定了大約兩千種化合物的化合量，並據此在1814～1826年的12年裡連續發表了三張原子量表，所列元素多達49種。他還把道爾頓的畫圖的形式寫化學式改為現在的拉丁文寫法的人，雖然那時候用的不是下角標，而是上角標，但是至少讓我們現在的化學考試可以有時間答完卷子。</p><p><br /></p><p>二、 O 標準成為主流</p><p>同樣還是1826年，同樣還是貝採里烏斯，因為他覺得氧形成的化合物比氫形成的化合物要多得多（小編覺得因為那時他主要研究的是無機物吧），也許也是為了標新立異的緣故吧，他採用以氧的原子量為100的標準，取代了道爾頓的原子量標準，也因為上文說了，他糾正了很多原子量的錯誤，比如O的原子量已經是H的16倍了，H為6.64，它更符合實驗事實，所以就被廣大化學家採納了。不過，讓小編吐槽一下，他給氧取了這麼個整數，可就坑壞了其他元素的原子量了，都不是整數了（也許S會是200，Cu在高中階段會是400？）。不知道那時候的人背原子量有沒有現在這麼容易。</p><p><img alt="Cannizzaro Stanislao.jpg" data-file-height="642" data-file-width="421" decoding="async" height="229" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cannizzaro_Stanislao.jpg/150px-Cannizzaro_Stanislao.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cannizzaro_Stanislao.jpg/225px-Cannizzaro_Stanislao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cannizzaro_Stanislao.jpg/300px-Cannizzaro_Stanislao.jpg 2x" width="150" /></p><p>1860年，康尼查羅在德國卡爾斯魯厄國際化學家代表大會上論證了原子-分子學說。在根據蒸氣密度法測定分子量的基礎上，提出一個合理的測定原子量的方案：“因為一個分子中所含各種原子的數目必然都是整數，因此，在重量等於分子量值的某物質中，某元素的重量一定是其原子量的整數倍。如果我們考查一系列含某一元素的化合物，其中必有一種或幾種化合物中只含有一個原子的這種元素，那麼，在一系列該元素的重量值中，那個最小值，即為該元素的大約原子量。”</p><p>也許是人們實在受不了那麼多小數，也是在1860年斯塔斯建議把氧的原子量定為了16，這樣就又有很多是接近整數的了（比以H為1的時候接近整數要多，原因見下一段，但也不知道這個原因是不是站得住腳），更重要的是，他將天平的靈敏度提高到0.03mg，將很多元素的原子量的測量值測到了小數點後4位，化學家們愉快地使用了100年！</p><p>也許因為氧的三種同位素中，O-16是最多的，佔99.76%，而O-17和O-18分別是0.04%和0.20%，所以氧的原子量為16，基本就反過來決定了O -16也差不多為16，因為那時候人們雖然不知道有同位素，但是從實驗的效果上來看，他們規定的是氧的各種同位素的原子量的加權平均數為16。 O-16核素有8個質子、8個中子和16個電子構成，所以這時的單位1相當於是1個質子和1個中子的平均質量與1個電子的質量的和（精確來說不同於它們的靜止質量，因為有質量虧損），這樣對很多其他元素的原子量更接近整數有所幫助，因為很多輕元素的質子數和中子數都是相同的。</p><p>當然的，那時候人們連原子是否真實存在都不確定，原子論還屬於一個看不見摸不著的假說，更不知道的質子、中子和電子為何物了。</p><p> <img alt="约瑟夫·汤姆孙- 维基百科，自由的百科全书" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-atf="true" data-deferred="1" data-iml="836.4300000002913" data-index="0" height="227" jsname="Q4LuWd" 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" 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width="161" /> <img alt="查兌克〈James Chadwick〉 描述中子的發現查兌克〈James Chadwick〉 描述中子的發現" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-atf="true" data-deferred="1" data-iml="751.3749999998254" data-index="0" height="188" jsname="Q4LuWd" 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o8vcS6f7aelikAyQZtpI3Gmmx+iYfWMwRO3hafonqTBcGYN76g67IJTGCIdBB9Cll+Vw5dN1GbLu6Yj4j7JCW1k/qvHj4eGnqgpMVj8XVe5lFv4bGkhzngSdrBTeG9nabHB7yaj4Bmoc1+cfeqnYsEd6Jt3ttN/EKTh3zE2sI5H6IJbGjbTbziyfpOBnz/hRmk5gpNPeyAUwM8HX4J/UW53Udjj+byO/gn6RifZAkuExGgQUxlO1x5j+EEHlh4RJT0mECSFreG0P+XaRaL9CsoBdazB1CymWbQDHQ6oJeEe0nNGnLdT6bJIsADpPy6quwDMokGdyNrq3oOzNuLAyOkoHPwu7IEG/hIQw7A0mxgw6DppcJb3nLIPW2iIHuCDcyIjUDb3QJY4h7eU77XVN2yrh9VjJtEnlr93WgwdEESdri9weV/MLE8dqZ31ajRDWwB4nWfdA5jnDIGNufclRsNQyQBd7vbqoeDxuU5jc6AfJWdDFhn+o78+o++iC1wrfwg0Ay95BHMGZB6GfvntRXLzLzcxMdBBHgVh+yTHYiu+u/wDK2zZ/cd/Zbeg1sADXmJiTr8kEqgQQRFp333EnmnWMLt7bcxfmmcOJmfHz5qXJtpff6oCju5tYF/qkZtxyF9x9UvDTJ3uZHOU6XNa0uJgNuZ5boEmpkbLrt8dOY620UHg/E2VHPDXAta4Bt5BF/v0WU7Q8Tfi3fgYYf6YIzOE94zp5LSdnuBNwzcty5wEk7fcINAwyZiRG2xUhjrEX0SGMAgzpyS2viTI+CBsv18J9OakMeOcwoDKpLzcQGnzvzUrDvhrnGIn23QWQcBrZBZvi/HGsIE+iCDgDkgJx4TZQKpMLnABajL3WvFzGV3gqPgwBqCeSsqWJyFzdc3sUF5hCA0kWtHgnMFUIMl1py/wfdRMG0R8vLZScJcvbl5H0QT2VA0EeI8QdL/VKwwyt7wtPlB36RzCj03gOg3DhB2MwpGHcDOtotvy0QTabYY+f2nzEajnp92WH428MwzGkd+o9z3H+kG3ktNxusWYcd65MT53VF2kw5qvpMAgMw4dOxvf4FBlcPGpT9V7n2Hh/CisV92Wwf4lUEiWsMnr0Qbfs1ghRotYDJmeV3C/y9OqvmODY8ARb4H70TFBogWyzoOXKD1S6jC0WtaY1Gt/BA80kmDF/Iz/KeY06ffVMYds3JGaxHgfiNk5jMcykwve6w9ZHLxCB9zw0ZiQABJPTms3xHEPxr2splzKI/M/QumWkDmEbcNUxhDqgLKMy1oMOdyLuhmVoqOHDGhjQABoPJBF4Vw1lFgawflN/6jzV21ok8re/yUDKQecz063ClscCDY3AtysgkSBJJGmqrOL4sU6VS4MNlvU2t7+hT+LeAL+Pssd2nxUUngXzXB9NuY0lBL7JYh7w9xJLT10VnxrjApUi1sZnC39lRdl8a2jhs+8/x56p3geCdi353iGAnKOd5j4oLTs3wMvaalQfmFgdgboLViqKQA209EEHmhxSIS0iUEnANIfmGytnMDiHtjqFDw1mQNSrCjh8rcxv4FBYYUSC6JaSAQNR1UrDUsr9bnTkR1KjcPsTyIvsY2U1jCXSNrQgOk2XtG4NwfqpuCaZcCDpI5i9x7JnBiHgied+vyUmk2Hfq6dL7Hfw6lBQ9pq3eps2LhPirNrmfhVT+ptB7ROsZpPxlZ7i5D8W1ovldN76GY+KsMZmBdLe65paQDcN5jnZBh2gugDU2XRez2DNKkABJPeJ1En5LN8B4QRUc5wzNaO6dnToQt7gmd1s6AXI3nWQgkCo52WJJm45GBIHlfyUpjyRz38p2TNGb5CJiehAGoKz/aDtSyh3KUPqcxo0/X6oLrinG6eFHe7zz+Vg1lVfDsC+s44nE2Buyn+ls6SCqjgHDXVagxFclxJzDpB+7LW1MVGgiZB5Hy6wgsaVQhjACBt0jby2TrqhJaQSN4101HxVNUrZw1oJBGnKYuDy09lLoVi4SAbZf/rz1t4oLV1YS0i06cidx00T7q4bJkj08vb4KvqkEhoMOItyMRdQ8fXDS2HXAkt+In70QDiuOHdIvIvHO9h6e3VYrieMzteNQAT9hTeK40klwHdNj011CpjUnPeSWn2QXfBMK7E06dMGGNEvdpbNMH75LoWBoso08jB3R6+K5x2brOLmUKcj9T3C4I3B6fRbfE41rA1kid/ggbxTXPd+cjW0mNbadCgouG4oL5bm8nzQQcXQY2SAgU5hR3p5ILylhRY2sNEt7/0Qm24i0SnaT8wEi4t5IJ7GNDQc19OnVWGHPSTl1Ht8lUsaTYXgg+M/NXuBpxsbsMdOnUIHcCy4LgDt4H5eCGNJDDIiCdOU69ClMd3Rp15+n3KicbeWNc4GQR47RpuEGdwxz1qlQmQ0C51Gn0Ka4txDv2PhHMKBTxWRjiD3i6COnz1UbDU3PcLTfyQb/gghjQ5p7oBMagk6jYj6lXoDWNBccrdc2w8eSrOGQxkusADJO11ke0naN1SadN3cFif3x8kFh2k7Wa0qBgC2canoDyVd2Y4QatQPfca33m3ruq/gnC3VnaWn1/ldCwVH8JtMNaCJi06E9dJ+Mc0CnENLcohrRcgRYag/e6gY17wcrXSCTE/fQddVd1X2e1sWEyeuoKqv+FuqPc9tRrWyMgF7xcIHcMx+SXAW5G9pv6evkrDh9QBgI1i/ruomF4axodne4usL2aRr8/ZWeGaBAayAQWneLc9x/KBqo9xI7p5TpBj2/hRsdhXxmkBoGs3EHb19lJrNc5sZtDFrdRIUXEYbJSPeu0mQ7Q22J0mfYIM/XFNpcXBzz6A+Pvsq3EYsEmGBgykRqfH4fZVjxWqS0GBPMb291U4PCOq1WsB/MYJ9z8EG27KUG0MKKgaC54nNvvAnZV1d7nv/ADiCTY6gzpPqpPFsUGMFJhsyGx0AuOoP1RcE4c57muM5SY8UFzguEtLRcg6m331QWkwWFytFpI7p525oIPOTlKwI3UZ5U7BtiEE2hQvdPh3eiUoiADN1Ea7vkzdBdsIA+fkrrAvcHNOoiPAkXg8jr5rOUqvdg6H4laaizuNO0CfvmgQ9zmyDzkRf2OvxVR2gr/6diDuItINvr6KwxfdJiNdPHWPULMcZxMsuTYn4wUFFhsI+o/K1pMlbjAcGFGnmI73XpqPmmeE4xjGBzNS0RYja880zxjjBFMjc6dAgjdpOOAtFKnLQLPINjfQLLsZJRgSequuDYDO4A6zb0lBsOyeAyUm6BxM31633/lWTK5j/AGuABtIk7jxTlHusaG6AAkdd/vqoT2GDplJknfz5oE0TnqVGPk2zCNwTp11KsMHkLHMAjLBI3HIjcaFVrapFRxkRYaQR5jnf0UlrS6e+6QAZ0JEwbjwQT2FjgZcLzc/0ncIqeKYHanXSNLQYO4lQ6VFudzS0QQfUixT/AA8WbFoOo3BP8H1QNYnEl57tjmsdBbmmcQxzwQ+o0XbIGukXOh/hN4qic5a6zvzSPEj4/Hoo2Rwa4zoWyDextbwMIKvilRjWlrJcQ6xm2h28072VoxnqPkOEBhnQwZ9JCrsXAzHcO/v8lr+xGHY/DS4TL3X3Ebj75oEswpe4F0Ekw70Fx8VrcBhQz+mNuv0KiUsC1s6z+afbTzVvSjLOsiPayCThgSJndGoUZ2gS4by0wfA+qNB//9k=" width="145" /></p><p>接下來到了20世紀，湯姆森和盧瑟福相繼發現了電子、原子核，在1912年人們發現了同位素可能存在的證據並於1913年成功找到的同位素，此後又在1929年發現了氧是有同位素的！ （不過質子是盧瑟福於1917年發現的，而中子在1920年盧瑟福才假設可能存在，到1932年才由查兌克真正發現了中子。）</p><p>這可是驚天動地的大發現啊！試想一下，一直以來作為“標準秤砣”的氧原子居然有3種啊，這不是亂套了嗎？物理學家認為，沒有一種氧原子的原子量是16，因為16只是三種氧原子的加權平均數，這種“混合平均的氧原子”是不存在的，之前原子量的規定是荒謬的。</p><p><img alt="Francis William Aston.jpg" data-file-height="396" data-file-width="280" decoding="async" height="311" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Francis_William_Aston.jpg/220px-Francis_William_Aston.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Francis_William_Aston.jpg 1.5x" width="220" /> <img alt="在精準醫學時代以質譜儀監控血中的有效藥物濃度- Health Essence of Asia - 亞洲健康互聯" class="n3VNCb" data-noaft="1" height="249" jsaction="load:XAeZkd;" jsname="HiaYvf" src="https://www.hea.com.tw/file/image/images/5(36).jpg" style="height: 464px; margin: 0px; width: 430px;" width="231" /></p><p>所以質譜儀的發明者<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF">阿斯通</a>規定，以O-16原子的質量的1/16定為原子量的單位，O-16的原子量為16.0000，元素的原子量規定為各同位素原子的加權平均數。這個定義與之前的定義主要有兩個差別，一是將“O”改為了“O-16”，二是把原子量16改為了16.0000（體現出大部分原子量不是整數為普遍現象）。阿斯通的規定獲得了物理學界的廣泛支持，畢竟比原來的定義要更嚴謹一些嘛，因為舊定義中的O是不真實存在的原子。阿斯通也因為質譜儀的發明以及利用質譜儀測定了很多元素的同位素豐度等貢獻，獲得了1922年諾貝爾化學獎。 （吐個槽：那個年代的化學獎很多都被原子物理學家拿走，現在的化學獎很多都被生物學家拿走的感覺……）</p><p><br /></p><p>三、 物理原子量與化學原子量並存</p><p>雖然同位是的發現對當時的科學界影響很大，不過，化學家們並不買賬。改原子量？牽一髮而動全身啊！而且……這是要改多少數據啊？以小編的心態大膽猜測一下他們的想法：“管他那種O原子是不是真實存在的呢，既然同位素豐度是固定的（當然，在一定時間和空間範圍內），我們研究的又主要是宏觀的東西（注意當時化學的研究對象），稱量的都是天文數字那麼多的原子、分子，從結果上看，和使用同位素的平均原子量的效果是相同的，是不影響做研究的，而且……好像還更方便些，因為我可以直接拿來天然存在的O2去做原子量測定的研究，而不必分離出純的由O-16組成的O2或其他化合物，當然，小編猜測也許那時候化學家也不太能分離出純的O-16組成的物質。總之，他們認為不改也不影響研究，而自己的東西讓物理學家給改了會很丟人。</p><p>從此，原子量一詞分成了“物理原子量”和“化學原子量”，數值是不同的，物理學界和化學界互相不服軟啊，“憑什麼聽你們的？用你們規定的那個數？哥哥我用了2個月背出的有效數字有4位的原子量表不就白背了嗎？”（好吧，這部分，小編在圖書館借的某本書中，有更詳細、更生動的描寫，可惜現在不知道是哪本書了，找了很多書也沒有再找到），總之有那麼幾年，原子量在科學界是有兩套的，各用各的數據。</p><p>到1940年，才通過同位素技術準確地測定出了氧的各種同位素豐度。因為物理學界把O-16定為16.0000，並測得O-17和O-18的質量分別為17.0045和18.0049，加權平均後，得到氧元素的分子量為16.0044，而化學將加權平均數規定為16 ，所以它們的原子量單位的比值就是16.0044/16.0000=1.000275。同年，國際原子量與同位素豐度委員會（ICAW）就將其確定為兩種原子量的換算因子，即：物理原子量=1.000275×化學原子量。</p><p>因為是以比值為標準的，所以各元素的兩個原子量的倍數關係都是相同的，即所有元素的兩種原子量都是1.000275倍的關係，但因為各元素的原子量的數值不同，所以兩者的差值是不同的。有人可能認為1.000275太小，可以忽略。其實不然，以Fe為例，假設鐵的原子量為58.845，在乘以1.000275後變成了58.861，如果學過分析化學，就會明白使用有四位小數電子天平的悲哀……58.845和58.861兩個數在分析化學家眼力看，差太多了！如果是滴定兩次滴出來這兩個結果？根本不平行嘛！</p><p>四、 C-12標準的確立</p><p>直到1935年開始，大規模使用質譜儀來確定元素的原子量，準確度得到了空前的提高！質譜儀的基本原理高中人教版物理裡面有介紹，就是根據帶電粒子在磁場中的偏轉半徑，確定質量與電荷的比值，而電荷基本就是1或2，從而得到極其精確的質量（前提是弄好真空環境）。</p><p><img alt="L Pauling.jpg" data-file-height="278" data-file-width="229" decoding="async" height="267" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/L_Pauling.jpg/220px-L_Pauling.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/L_Pauling.jpg 1.5x" width="220" /></p><p>而那個時候的化學家也開始研究化學鍵了，<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%AE%91%E6%9E%97">鮑林</a>他們就這時候開始逐漸牛起來的嘛，由宏觀進入到了微觀領域，所以這時候化學家對核素的區分，也是有必要的了。</p><p><img alt="为什么相对原子质量以C-12原子质量的1/12作为标准？ - 分析测试百科网" class="n3VNCb" data-noaft="1" jsaction="load:XAeZkd;" jsname="HiaYvf" src="https://img.antpedia.com/attachments/2015/05/121036_201505201609251.jpg" style="height: 220px; margin: 26.65px 0px; width: 157px;" /></p><p>不過，也許是為了面子，物理學界和化學界依然在僵持，直到一個做質譜和原子量測量研究的馬陶赫提出的解決方案……</p><p>馬陶赫是誰呢？根據國際純粹與應用化學聯合會（IUPAC）2004年的一篇原子量發展史的綜述對其的介紹，他是1955年獨立地修改了整個元素週期表的原子量的人！小編驚呆了，這真是大神啊！</p><p>1959年，馬陶赫在國際純粹與應用物理學聯合會（IUPAP）於慕尼黑召開的大會上，建議以C-12原子的1/12作為原子量的單位，即他建議以Ar(C-12) =12.0000取代Ar(O-16)=16.0000，1960年得到了IUPAP的通過（可能因為他很有威望吧），然後IUPAP以新標準與化學的舊原子量相比幾乎完全一樣，將這個新的原子量標準提交給IUPAC考慮。 IUPAC經過考慮後，初步決定接受（有台階下了，呼呼），並在1961年在蒙特利召開的大會上予以正式通過。 1961年8月，開始正式啟用新標準，Angus E.(Gus) Cameron 在1961年，以Ar(C-12)=12.0000新標準更新了原子量表。從此，“物理原子量”和“化學原子量”這兩個詞就不再使用了，而用“國際原子量”來代替了。</p><p><br /></p><p> 為什麼馬陶赫建議將標準改為了Ar(C-12)=12.0000呢？原因有以下幾點。</p><p>1.測量原子量的精確方法已經改為了質譜法（但化學方法也仍然很重要！），質譜儀中碳元素是次級基準，即用C-12做標準是很可靠的，因為碳元素可以形成很多有機物，可以形成很多很多較重的（即分子量較大的）分子離子，這樣可以測量的物種很多，對於減小相對誤差是有好處的，其他元素不具備這種優越條件；</p><p>2.自然界中的C-12的豐度是很穩定的，並且是大量的；</p><p>3.1950s開始物理學界已經開始推廣以C-12為12.0000的標準了，並且在物理學界取得了一定支持；</p><p>4.物理學家可以接受這個新標準，因為它與O-16一樣，同樣是以一種核素作為標準的，是“嚴謹”的；</p><p>5.化學家可以接受這個新標準，因為與之前按O-16為標準時的相對誤為275ppm（百萬分之二百七十五，ppm表示百萬分之一）相比，新標準與舊的原子量的相對誤差為42ppm，與化學家傳統使用的原子量幾乎完全一樣，因為O的平均原子量的1/16恰好與C-12的1/12極其接近，也因此現在的原子量最接近整數的元素不是H=1.008，也不是C=12.011，而是O=15.999。讓我們感謝馬陶赫，否則不知道現在是不是還是有兩套原子量表。</p><p><br /></p><p>這個定義與舊的定義相比，要說明的有：</p><p>1.原來是以1個原子與1個C-12原子相比較，現在變成了1mol元素與1molC-12相比，也就是說氫的原子量為1.00794指的不是“1個氫原子的質量是一個C-12原子質量的1.00794/12”了，因為H、D、T原子沒有一個是那個數值的，它表示的是按照天然豐度“混合”的H、D、T共1mol時，質量是1mol C-12質量（即0.012kg）的1/12（即1g）的1.00794倍（即1.00794g）。很繞是吧？但確實比之前要更規範，因為沒有了那種“假想的平均質量的原子”，雖然名稱仍叫做“原子量”。 （初中教材沒有用1mol而仍然用1個原子，應該是考慮到初中同學沒有開始學物質的量，以及只是初步了解同位素的概念）</p><p>2.單核素元素的相對原子質量等於該元素的核素的相對原子質量，多核素元素的相對原子質量等於該元素的天然同位素相對原子質量的加權平均值。</p><p>3.相對原子質量是一個比值，它是量綱為1的物理量，即單位是1，而不是u（道爾頓），單位為u（或kg）的物理量是“原子質量"（英文為“ atomic mass”），它是質量的絕對值。</p><p>而現在，在英文中，relative atomic mass反而成了比atomicweight更受到推薦的術語。</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div id="gtx-trans" style="left: 347px; position: absolute; top: 8121.89px;"><div class="gtx-trans-icon"></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-20268426819543525652021-02-25T17:24:00.004+08:002021-09-06T17:39:50.596+08:00【國二理化】火柴中的化學-磷<p>1669年，德國漢堡一位叫<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%A8%E5%B0%BC%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7">亨尼格·布兰德（Hennig Brand)</a>的商人在用加熱蒸發人尿的過程中，意外地得到一種像白蠟一樣的物質，在黑暗的小屋裡閃閃發光。</p><p><br /></p><p>這從未見過的白蠟模樣的東西，雖不是布蘭特夢寐以求的黃金，可那神奇的藍綠色的火光卻令他興奮得手舞足蹈。他發現這種火光不發熱，也不能引燃其它物質，是一種冷光。於是，他就以“冷光”的意思命名這種新發現的物質為“磷”。磷的拉丁文名稱Phosphorum就是“冷光”之意，它的化學符號是P，它的英文名稱是Phosphorus。</p><p>磷有白磷、紅磷、黑磷三種同素異形體。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://assets.cn.chem-station.com/uploads/2017/12/7dd4c3f74f006b34bb1d70d7adebd54e-1-680x385.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="385" data-original-width="680" src="https://assets.cn.chem-station.com/uploads/2017/12/7dd4c3f74f006b34bb1d70d7adebd54e-1-680x385.png" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>白磷又叫黃磷，為白色至黃色的蠟性固體。白磷活性很高，必須儲存在水里。人吸入0.1克白磷就會中毒死亡。白磷在沒有空氣的條件下，加熱到260℃或在光照下就會轉變成紅磷，而紅磷在加熱到416℃變成蒸汽之後冷凝就會變成白磷。紅磷無毒，加熱到240℃以上才著火。在高壓下，白磷可轉變為黑磷，它具有層狀網絡結構，能導電，是磷的同素異形體中最穩定的。</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>火柴是如何發明的呢？</p><p>根據歷史記載，世界上第一根火柴是法國化學家錢斯爾發明的硫酸火柴。那根火柴又粗又長，棒的一端塗有氯酸鉀、蔗糖等一些物質混合而成，使用時將它與濃硫酸接觸即可燃燒。儘管這種方法比當時用石塊撞擊生火要方便得多，可是這種火柴的價格太貴，而且濃硫酸有很強的腐蝕性，很容易出事故，因此沒有得到普及。</p><p>其實，火柴的燃燒原理在11世紀初就出現了。北宋初年，民間用沾著硫黃的棒條摩擦引火，人們稱它為“發燭”。由於當時的條件有限，它也不是人類理想的引火工具。</p><p>火柴的真正問世，當屬磷頭火柴的使用。</p><p>1669年，德國一位科學家從事冶煉各種金屬，企圖從中煉出黃金。一天，他把白砂和小便放在曲頸瓶中加熱，當火燒得很旺時，突然從瓶裡冒出一股白煙，凝結成一團白蠟樣的東西。這團東西在黑暗中會閃閃發光，遇到空氣就會自燃起來。布朗特把這種“怪物”取名為磷，意思是發光體。他將磷的秘密高價賣給了一個富商。</p><p>1677年，富商將這種物質交給當時著名的科學家波義耳，讓其投入進行研究。波義耳經過研究，掌握了製磷的技術，並開始了製造火柴的試驗。</p><p>1680年，最原始的火柴出現，在木質細棒的一端塗上硫黃，在粗紙上塗有磷，取火時將細棒在紙上摩擦，就會點燃細棒。但是當時因為製磷的成本很高未能推廣使用。</p><p>1775年，瑞典化學家舍勒用硫酸與煅燒過的骨骼一起加熱的方法成功地提取了磷，十年後，歐洲市場上出現了“磷頭小燭”。一根塗有蠟質的燈芯，一端附上一小塊白磷，密封在一隻小玻璃管裡。使用時只需打開玻璃管，白磷就會使“小燭”燃燒起來。</p><p>19世紀初，英國化學家約翰•華克在給自己的獵槍上放火藥時，無意中製成了世界上最早的摩擦火柴。</p><p>因為這種白磷有劇毒，使用不安全，不久就遭到各國禁用。</p><p>後來法國人改進了配方，用一種稱為三硫化四磷的物體代替白磷做發火劑，這就是現代火柴的雛形。</p><p>然而這種火柴在粗糙的固體表面摩擦能起火，甚至放在衣袋裡稍一摩擦也會自燃，自然也不夠安全。</p><p>1845年，德國人施羅德將白磷隔絕空氣加熱到250℃製成了紅磷。從此，人們開始用紅磷制火柴。</p><p>1880年，瑞典人在上海開了一家瑞典瑞商洋行，生產和經營火柴。全套機器設備都是瑞典的，甚至連火柴盆上的商標也是國外印刷的，他們利用產品價格低廉的特點，在我國市場上獲取了大量利潤。</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-77916019819855947412021-01-12T18:40:00.001+08:002021-01-12T18:42:35.822+08:00《國二下理化》係數平衡<p>係數平衡的前提是：學過週期表，會配化學式。</p><p>如果還不會的話，請先複習化學式囉~</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qtGytsh0QqI" width="560"></iframe></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>接著就是要會反應式的係數平衡了!!!</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JyFw7C7H_VM" width="560"></iframe></div><br /><p>例題：</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJudKeDssfGLPX8cEmZVeLcfgyI-C7AxiBhwbinb1KIfu00ytNWceJ7pslyVfoUD3eLZPaWYArWx3dEu93PSc6oCNG8Gwmh05B-szSmkdgqFb1EK8ATIpX55Vr_02_w2HL8Ziua1jNLPOx/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1448" height="981" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJudKeDssfGLPX8cEmZVeLcfgyI-C7AxiBhwbinb1KIfu00ytNWceJ7pslyVfoUD3eLZPaWYArWx3dEu93PSc6oCNG8Gwmh05B-szSmkdgqFb1EK8ATIpX55Vr_02_w2HL8Ziua1jNLPOx/w693-h981/%25E9%25A0%2586%25E6%25A5%25B5%25E7%2590%2586%25E5%258C%2596-2%25E4%25B8%258B-ch0-%25E4%25BF%2582%25E6%2595%25B8%25E5%25B9%25B3%25E8%25A1%25A1%25E7%25B7%25B4%25E7%25BF%2592.jpg" width="693" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" lang="EN-US">(13)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> +</span>（ ）<span lang="EN-US">C </span>→ （ ）<span lang="EN-US">CO<sub>2</sub> +</span>（ ）<span lang="EN-US">Fe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/h1Guvgym6Yg" width="560"></iframe></div><br /><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" lang="EN-US">(14)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> +</span>（ ）<span lang="EN-US">CO </span>→ （ ）<span lang="EN-US">CO<sub>2</sub> +</span>（ ）<span lang="EN-US">Fe<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JYbrF5R6u7k" width="560"></iframe></div><br /><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" lang="EN-US">(15)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">CaCO<sub>3</sub></span>＋（ ）<span lang="EN-US">HCl
</span></span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" style="background: white;">→</span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">CaCl<sub>2</sub></span>＋（ ）<span lang="EN-US">H<sub>2</sub>O+</span>（ ）<span lang="EN-US">CO<sub>2</sub></span></span><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">↑</span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/j9_PTb38zKQ" width="560"></iframe></div><br /><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" lang="EN-US">(16)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> +</span>（ ）<span lang="EN-US">CO<sub>2</sub> </span>→ （ ）<span lang="EN-US">CaCO<sub>3</sub></span></span><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">↓</span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" lang="EN-US">+</span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5wI_R5vHxCI" width="560"></iframe></div><br /><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" lang="EN-US">(17)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH</span>＋（ ）<span lang="EN-US">O<sub>2</sub> </span></span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" style="background: white;">→</span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">CO<sub>2</sub></span>＋（ ）<span lang="EN-US">H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/P_zeRQdvVMA" width="560"></iframe></div><br /><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" lang="EN-US">(18)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">NaHCO<sub>3</sub></span></span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" style="background: white;">→</span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></span>＋（ ）<span lang="EN-US">H<sub>2</sub>O+</span>（ ）<span lang="EN-US">CO<sub>2</sub></span></span><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">↑</span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fAAjqnHQ5rk" width="560"></iframe></div><br /><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" lang="EN-US">(19)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">NaHCO<sub>3 </sub></span>＋（ ）<span lang="EN-US">HCl</span></span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" style="background: white;">→</span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">NaCl</span>＋（ ）<span lang="EN-US">H<sub>2</sub>O+</span>（ ）<span lang="EN-US">CO<sub>2</sub></span></span><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">↑</span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ztbf9lhXXV0" width="560"></iframe></div><br /><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" lang="EN-US">(20)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">CO<sub>2</sub></span>＋（ ）<span lang="EN-US">H<sub>2</sub>O</span></span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" style="background: white;">→</span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub></span>＋（ ）<span lang="EN-US">O<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/4f8JpY1kjT0" width="560"></iframe><br /><sub><br /></sub><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24pt;"><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -24.1pt;">(23)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" style="text-indent: -24.1pt;">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">CaC<sub>2</sub> +</span>（ ）<span lang="EN-US">H<sub>2</sub>O
</span>→ （ ）<span lang="EN-US">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></span></span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" style="text-indent: -24.1pt;">↑</span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -24.1pt;">+</span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" style="text-indent: -24.1pt;">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/P5XZMxfeQBA" width="560"></iframe><br /><sub><br /></sub><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" lang="EN-US">(24)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">Al(OH)<sub>3</sub></span>＋（ ）<span lang="EN-US">HCl
</span></span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" style="background: white;">→</span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">AlCl<sub>3</sub></span>＋（ ）<span lang="EN-US">H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/iDvy3XnwE0k" width="560"></iframe><br /><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" lang="EN-US">(25)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">Ag</span>＋（ ）<span lang="EN-US">H<sub>2</sub>S</span>＋（ ）<span lang="EN-US">O<sub>2</sub></span></span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" style="background: white;">→</span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">Ag<sub>2</sub>S</span>＋（ ）<span lang="EN-US">H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><span lang="EN-US"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ehwiwqvFMkA" width="560"></iframe><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" lang="EN-US">(26)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">Cu</span>＋（ ）<span lang="EN-US">HNO<sub>3</sub> </span></span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" style="background: white;">→</span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">Cu(NO<sub>3</sub> )<sub>2</sub></span>＋（ ）<span lang="EN-US">NO<sub>2</sub></span></span><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">↑</span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">＋（ ）<span lang="EN-US">H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mvih7k--5qY" width="560"></iframe></div><br /><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" lang="EN-US">(27)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">Cu</span>＋（ ）<span lang="EN-US">HNO<sub>3</sub> </span></span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" style="background: white;">→</span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">Cu(NO<sub>3</sub> )<sub>2</sub></span>＋（ ）<span lang="EN-US">NO</span></span><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">↑</span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">＋（ ）<span lang="EN-US">H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cg9vgWuZRX4" width="560"></iframe></div><br /><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" lang="EN-US">(28)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">KMnO<sub>4</sub> + </span>（ ）<span lang="EN-US">HCl
</span></span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" style="background: white;">→</span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">KCl + </span>（ ）<span lang="EN-US">MnCl<sub>2</sub> + </span>（ ）<span lang="EN-US">H<sub>2</sub>O + </span>（ ）<span lang="EN-US">Cl<sub>2</sub></span></span><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">↑</span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -24.1pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/67-2XMolA-M" width="560"></iframe></div><br /><span face=""微軟正黑體",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span><p></p>
<span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" style="text-indent: -32.1333px;">(29)</span><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">（ ）<span lang="EN-US">MnSO<sub>4</sub> +</span>（ ）<span lang="EN-US">PbO<sub>2 </sub>+</span>（ ）<span lang="EN-US">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>
</span>→（ ）<span lang="EN-US">HMnO<sub>4 </sub>+</span>（ ）<span lang="EN-US">PbSO<sub>4</sub>
+</span>（ ）<span lang="EN-US">H<sub>2</sub>O</span></span></div><div><span face="微軟正黑體, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></span></div><div><br /></div>
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qFguiRMw7dQ" width="560"></iframe>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-90007782202566828022021-01-12T18:07:00.004+08:002021-09-06T17:40:02.663+08:00【國二理化】汞Mercury <p> </p><h2><span style="font-size: x-large;">汞Mercury </span></h2><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">金屬元素，俗稱水銀，化學符號Hg，原子序80，是種密度大(約13.6g/cm<sup>3</sup></span><span style="font-size: large;">)、銀白色、常溫常壓下為液態的金屬。除了汞之外是液體的元素只有非金屬元素的溴(Br)。</span><br /><span style="font-size: large;">汞的凝固點是 −38.83 °C ，沸點是 356.73 °C，汞是所有金屬元素中液態溫度範圍最小的。</span><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">汞因為</span><span style="font-size: large;">具有恆定的體積膨脹係數，</span><span style="font-size: large;">可用於溫度計、</span><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.pcc-vghtpe.tw/tc/%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E4%B8%AD%E6%AF%92%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A/page/P30-31.pdf" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="864" data-original-width="1228" height="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4ktZhm1I3rz43mJ3oGufD7vfIgPlwjzokLk1upzr4ADOc4ygRPdyp05BYz0i5D1cy08BTqoMKkHUXbrTvwTb72MV83B-X29NCJ6L-Qd4lGMQ5WBHvXzcjCe3qMwTfAZ-jkuSRNZo_GE26/w640-h450/1610445426350.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-large;">氣壓計、血壓計、水銀開關和其他裝置。（例如電暖器的「防傾倒開關」）</span></div><div><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizUGi38z2A961SXRNng_X3EsyeSeGpq0rloqt5xJhs7oQ45LOnBmSOfjNDzaSkmThyDYLvHvsjyFqKFOsagEFchiUz-vhgvpEA6yP9o0RyYVIPijt7u7o_fltnfIesevhjj_mS7yW9LMOM/s1600/20121017_235900.jpg"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizUGi38z2A961SXRNng_X3EsyeSeGpq0rloqt5xJhs7oQ45LOnBmSOfjNDzaSkmThyDYLvHvsjyFqKFOsagEFchiUz-vhgvpEA6yP9o0RyYVIPijt7u7o_fltnfIesevhjj_mS7yW9LMOM/s640/20121017_235900.jpg" width="640" /></a><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT1R1Oc0NlI5xZuYoT6jOr1QuGN_R9EB-l-8OD_pMPfOm3DCXBMtGQZy99Qwgwfh1s9pAm3d0zNe30h6cn-Q3ZoTcdTf4KeFWHBmaKn_qChOofZGdCwLHhbrxpiSdKe0dsBZsYVQE4dNLI/s1600/20121017_235918.jpg"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT1R1Oc0NlI5xZuYoT6jOr1QuGN_R9EB-l-8OD_pMPfOm3DCXBMtGQZy99Qwgwfh1s9pAm3d0zNe30h6cn-Q3ZoTcdTf4KeFWHBmaKn_qChOofZGdCwLHhbrxpiSdKe0dsBZsYVQE4dNLI/s640/20121017_235918.jpg" width="640" /></a><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrWbRmzSLmMd-92wo7ZAs3ZSktNRg829V8mLPibwUzsmQOaTRgKpVpdniWAve_9BXrnSvNvApP2vNzmXiXuyB2prnmLHCc5hy9oWOsAzG5VWv4vSdrOLppETiNkTW9TBHYT8ZTntflhYpr/s1600/20121018_000039.jpg"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrWbRmzSLmMd-92wo7ZAs3ZSktNRg829V8mLPibwUzsmQOaTRgKpVpdniWAve_9BXrnSvNvApP2vNzmXiXuyB2prnmLHCc5hy9oWOsAzG5VWv4vSdrOLppETiNkTW9TBHYT8ZTntflhYpr/s640/20121018_000039.jpg" width="640" /></a><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj174DtcVbyCl4Si_TYbrFUNNIrXz5VjjWavdhPw7nTLM79HZfmU2ZXajw4lMJV407_EU6MBKlveXw2957Mf4sVXwMuQDwRvYstqnYGlWwafFiXOJwbwSouRNpsV-fTzm0zJpXSTh9zg2wH/s1600/20121018_000046.jpg"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj174DtcVbyCl4Si_TYbrFUNNIrXz5VjjWavdhPw7nTLM79HZfmU2ZXajw4lMJV407_EU6MBKlveXw2957Mf4sVXwMuQDwRvYstqnYGlWwafFiXOJwbwSouRNpsV-fTzm0zJpXSTh9zg2wH/s640/20121018_000046.jpg" width="640" /></a><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrb3OVAWvXUuUrLLaC3jruGGgZWFLmG0WcvD9x1xHyCvQxc7Qx_hyMJwTjJlFx5k0KEiP8eC84JOGNAz3DXnN0QCC7-xp_1HRqKhxc8T4rj1ch8m-gmbjQrW7Jr4ssBWnbyT3yWgK5Zd02/s1600/20121018_000107.jpg"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrb3OVAWvXUuUrLLaC3jruGGgZWFLmG0WcvD9x1xHyCvQxc7Qx_hyMJwTjJlFx5k0KEiP8eC84JOGNAz3DXnN0QCC7-xp_1HRqKhxc8T4rj1ch8m-gmbjQrW7Jr4ssBWnbyT3yWgK5Zd02/s640/20121018_000107.jpg" width="640" /></a><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4SoEXbfMH0Sq7Q7euOffLfCUWUWXpAQiCQ7tRnhe84bMLkI0XeIEgce6Og6De-d5bBH-QSRAv4HESVQoxmRmSMRc6tzHnVZ-sxKY-OQgf04rE9uonUkaR0nM9Y1XfFQm_6D6DfLsQ1B2t/s1600/20121018_000128.jpg"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4SoEXbfMH0Sq7Q7euOffLfCUWUWXpAQiCQ7tRnhe84bMLkI0XeIEgce6Og6De-d5bBH-QSRAv4HESVQoxmRmSMRc6tzHnVZ-sxKY-OQgf04rE9uonUkaR0nM9Y1XfFQm_6D6DfLsQ1B2t/s640/20121018_000128.jpg" width="640" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">也可用於科學研究和補牙的汞合金（通稱汞齊）。也被用於發光；日光燈中的電流通過汞蒸氣可以產生波長很短的紫外線，紫外線使螢光物質發出螢光，進而產生可見光。</span><div>
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uJCSd8W5WXU?start=366" width="560"></iframe>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">汞在全世界的礦產中都有產出，主要來自硃砂（硫化汞HgS）。</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://s.zimedia.com.tw/s/ShYZ56-1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" src="https://s.zimedia.com.tw/s/ShYZ56-1" /></a></div><br />攝入或吸入的硃砂粉塵都是劇毒的。</span><br /><span style="font-size: large;">而且硃砂還是一種已經被禁用的中藥!!!</span><br /><span style="font-size: large;">日前才傳出台中有中醫診所開出具有硃砂的藥方導致有人重金屬中毒</span><br /><h1 class="news-title-3" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 52px; margin: 15px 0px 10px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="goog_1938976995">禁藥硃砂、鉛丹超毒？中醫師吳明珠揭驚人真相：古籍曾記載</a></span></h1><a href="https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=794658">https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=794658<br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">汞中毒還能由接觸可溶解於水的汞（例如氯化汞和甲基汞），</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Methylmercury-cation-3D-vdW.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="579" data-original-width="800" height="232" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Methylmercury-cation-3D-vdW.png" width="320" /></a></div><br />吸入汞蒸氣或者食用被汞污染的海產品引起。</span><div><span style="font-size: large;">例如在日本的水俁市發生過的<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E4%BF%81%E7%97%85">水俁</a></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E4%BF%81%E7%97%85">病</a></span></div><div><br /></div>
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XhQruXBEccQ" width="560"></iframe>
<div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><br /><h2><span style="font-size: x-large;">甚至在中國古代也曾經以汞作酷刑之用。</span><span style="font-size: large;">(OS：古代人果真熱情奔放，創意無限……)</span></h2><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">『剥皮是古代的一种酷刑，不同地区有利用不同的方式剥去受刑者的皮肤。在中国古代，会利用水银贯注在受刑者的皮肤与身体之间，从而把他的皮剥出来。</span><br /><span style="font-size: large;">在明初，朱元璋立下重典，官员贪污60两银子，一律押往府州县衙门左边的土地庙，设有“剥皮亭”，处剥皮实草之刑，也就是说：被剥皮者的皮肤还会被填入草料，吊挂在官府，以警告其他官员的用途。剥皮时如果让被剥皮者早死了，又规定：“有即毙者，行刑之人坐死。”（叶子奇《草木子余录》）』</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">不過現在台灣的貪官……只要換個國籍或是跑到大陸就解脫了～</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">看那50摳或014就知道……</span><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">以上資料修改自維基百科:</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9E">http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9E</a><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div></div></div><div id="gtx-trans" style="left: -63px; position: absolute; top: 5058.23px;"><div class="gtx-trans-icon"></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-61566609377138757142020-12-28T19:51:00.002+08:002021-09-06T17:40:13.598+08:00【國二理化】元素性質與化學式命名<p> </p>
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qtGytsh0QqI" width="560"></iframe><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>講義：</div><div><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kBA822Qp9DyJkrAph-eAAtiUZ92wcf1w/view?usp=sharing">元素性質與化學式命名</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1n-5TjLfSbianhdYheRHRYOLmvw7FIEkW/view?usp=sharing">化學式練習表</a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-73894014308643564512020-12-25T20:19:00.004+08:002021-09-06T17:40:26.792+08:00【國二理化】科學新聞：鈉金屬火災<p>到底是有多無知才會失火的時候不告訴消防員裡面有金屬鈉⋯⋯？</p><p>鹼金族的元素碰到水通通都會反應產生氫氣，</p><p>然後就爆炸了。</p><p>正常狀況下是會放在礦物油中保存⋯⋯</p><p><a href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=uixxJtJPVXk&feature=share">https://youtube.com/watch?v=uixxJtJPVXk&feature=share</a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uixxJtJPVXk" width="320" youtube-src-id="uixxJtJPVXk"></iframe></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p> <a href="https://www.ettoday.net/news/20201221/1880995.htm">https://www.ettoday.net/news/20201221/1880995.htm</a></p><p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Microsoft JhengHei UI", "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">桃園蘆竹區旭富（4119）製藥20日中午發生嚴重火警，造成2名員工1死1傷慘劇，但稍早廠房內疑似又傳出爆炸聲響，而一旁竄出黃褐色的濃煙，讓附近居民都嚇壞了。據了解藥廠之所以又傳出爆炸，疑似是因為廠內有八桶金屬鈉的緣故，因碰到水產生化學反應。對此，現場指揮官怒斥，廠商沒講實話。</p><p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Microsoft JhengHei UI", "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">旭富公司指出，推測火災發生原因是因為，生產線在進行化學溶劑處理時，溶劑流進水溝所致，雖然當下有立即通報消防裝置，但因為風勢過於強勁，導致火勢難以控制。另外，據了解，這起事故造成1名員工死亡、1名員工受傷，而火勢波及鄰近5間工廠，火災財損預估高達8億元。</p><p class="no_margin" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Microsoft JhengHei UI", "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="▲▼旭富大火燃燒直到今（21）日凌晨才全數撲滅，火調人員初判起火點為配藥廠。（圖／記者楊織興翻攝）" height="450" src="https://cdn2.ettoday.net/images/5346/d5346872.jpg" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" title="▲▼旭富大火燃燒直到今（21）日凌晨才全數撲滅，火調人員初判起火點為配藥廠。（圖／記者楊織興翻攝）" width="600" /></p><p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Microsoft JhengHei UI", "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong class="figcaption" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">▲旭富大火燃燒直到今（21）日凌晨才全數撲滅，火調人員初判起火點為配藥廠。（圖／記者楊熾興翻攝）</strong></p><p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Microsoft JhengHei UI", "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">此外，雖然火勢已於20日晚間獲得控制，但現場似乎仍有餘火悶燒，因此讓消防人員不敢大意，仍在現場搶救當中。不過，21日中午卻突然又傳出爆炸聲，接著濃烈的黃煙伴隨著竄出，讓附近居民都相當擔心。</p><p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Microsoft JhengHei UI", "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></p><p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Microsoft JhengHei UI", "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></p><p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Microsoft JhengHei UI", "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">延伸閱讀：<a href="https://highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw/wordpress/?p=4990">https://highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw/wordpress/?p=4990</a></p><p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(71, 71, 71); color: #474747; font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 25px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff6600; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">鈉（Sodium）<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: green; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">高雄市立女子高級中學化學科洪瑞和老師/國立中山大學化學系張祖辛副教授責任編輯</span></strong></span></p><p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(71, 71, 71); color: #474747; font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 25px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">在19世紀初伏打（Volta A. G. 1745~1827）發明了電池後，各國化學家紛紛利用電池分解水並獲得了成功。英國化學家戴維（Davy H. 1778~1829）利用電池分解各種物質的實驗研究。他希望利用電池將苛性鉀分解為氧氣和一種未知的”基”。因為當時化學家們認為苛性鹼也是氧化物。他先用苛性鉀的飽和溶液實驗，所得的結果卻和電解水一樣，只得到氫氣和氧氣。後來他改變實驗方法電解熔融的苛性鉀時，發現在陰極上出現了具有金屬光澤的、類似水銀的小珠，其中一些小珠立即燃燒並發生爆炸形成光亮的火焰，而另一些小珠不燃燒只是表面變暗，覆蓋著一層白膜。他把這種小小的金屬顆粒投入水中立即起火焰，在水面急速奔躍並發出響聲。就這樣，戴維在1807年發現了金屬鉀。幾天之後，他又從電解苛性鈉中獲得了金屬鈉。戴維將鉀和鈉分別命名為”Potassium”和”Sodium”，因為鉀是從草木灰（Potash）、鈉是從天然鹼－蘇打（Soda）中得到的。鈉的元素符號Na來自其拉丁文”Natrium”。鈉離子可溶在水中，地球的海水中含有的主要鹽類即為氯化鈉。鈉有極強的黃色焰色，其中最有名的是鈉蒸氣D線（鈉雙黃線589.6；589.0nm）<span id="more-4990" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(71, 71, 71); color: #474747; font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 25px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">鈉的性質：<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />鈉是工業上用途最大的鹼金屬，具有很強的還原性，它能與金屬氧化物作用，使其它金屬還原出來。鈉能溶於液態氨中，生成藍色溶液，該溶液具有導電性和順磁性。在液氨溶液中，鈉解離生成鈉正離子和溶劑合電子（Na<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">(s)</span> → Na<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">+</span><span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">(NH3)</span> + e<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">－</span><span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">(NH3)</span>），其中的溶劑合電子是一種很強的還原劑。現今工業上生產的鈉，主要是以電解熔融態氯化鈉（加入氯化鈣以降低熔點）而得。</p><p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(71, 71, 71); color: #474747; font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 25px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">鈉是生命中重要的元素，正常成人體內鈉總量約為90g。鈉的主要功能是維持人體細胞外液的滲透壓。食鹽（NaCl）是早期人類活動中交易的重要商品，食鹽不僅使食物味道鮮美，還是人體獲取鈉元素的主要來源；但如果人體內鈉鹽積聚過多，就會改變滲透壓使血壓增高，誘發心臟病。因此，有高血壓或心臟病的人在飲食中必須控制食鹽的攝取量。鈉在實驗室中常用於除去殘留在有機溶劑中的微量水分。</p><p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(71, 71, 71); color: #474747; font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 25px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. 鈉與水的反應：鈉與水反應劇烈，反應放出的熱使鈉熔化成小球並產生氫氣。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />2. 鈉與氧的反應：金屬鈉在空氣中燃燒，生成黃色的過氧化鈉：2Na + O<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> → Na<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>O<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>。</p><p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(71, 71, 71); color: #474747; font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 25px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">鈉的化合物<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />1. 氫氧化鈉：由於在空氣中易吸濕潮解，所以固體NaOH是常用的乾燥劑。它還容易與空氣中的二氧化碳作用生成碳酸鹽，所以要密封保存。NaOH和KOH是重要的化工基本原料，它們的水溶液和熔融物能與許多金屬或非金屬氧化物作用，在工業生產上有很多重要用途。</p><p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(71, 71, 71); color: #474747; font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 25px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. 過氧化鈉：過氧化鈉Na<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>O<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>呈強鹼性，含有過氧離子。在鹼性介質中過氧化鈉是一種強氧化劑，常用作氧化分解礦石的熔劑。例如: Na<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>O<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>與水作用產生H<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>O<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>。H<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>O<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>立即分解放出氧氣。所以過氧化鈉常用作紡織品、羽毛等的漂白劑和氧氣產生劑。在潮濕的空氣中，過氧化鈉能吸收二氧化碳並放出氧氣：2Na<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>O<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> + 2CO<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> → 2Na<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>CO<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span> + O<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>。因此過氧化鈉廣泛用於防毒面具、高空飛行和潛水艇裡，以吸收人們放出的二氧化碳並供給氧氣。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />在酸性介質中，當遇到像過錳酸鉀這樣的強氧化劑時，過氧化鈉就會顯出還原性，於是過氧離子被氧化成氧氣單質釋出。</p><p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(71, 71, 71); color: #474747; font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 25px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3. 氫化鈉：氫化鈉（NaH）也是一種強還原劑，但不若氫化鋰穩定，常用於有機合成中。</p><p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(71, 71, 71); color: #474747; font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 25px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4. 氯化鈉：全世界每年約會消耗掉150百萬噸的氯化鈉，是化學工業上用量極大的物質，主要採自地底的岩鹽及自海水提煉。</p><p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(71, 71, 71); color: #474747; font-family: 微軟正黑體; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 25px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5. 碳酸鈉、碳酸氫鈉：鹼金屬及銨根的碳酸鹽是溶解度比較高的，碳酸鈉在自然界主要有兩種水合物：Na<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>CO<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span>．H<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>O及Na<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>CO<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span>．10H<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>O，自然界中雖有天然產出的碳酸鈉礦物，但全世界仍有70%的碳酸鈉是產自於Solvay 法，或稱氨－鹼法。2NaCl(aq) + CaCO<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span>(s) → Na<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>CO<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span>(aq) + CaCl<span style="border: 0px; bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>(aq)，此法需消耗相當多的能量。在美國，約有一半產量的碳酸鈉是用於玻璃製造業。碳酸氫鈉也可由氨鹼法製造，碳酸氫鈉的溶解度較差，受熱後易分解產生二氧化碳，可用於滅火器，但碳酸氫鈉的主要用途是用於食品烘焙業。</p><p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Microsoft JhengHei UI", "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></p><p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Microsoft JhengHei UI", "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></p><p style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Noto Sans TC", "Microsoft JhengHei UI", "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-62340688363132661612020-12-20T12:08:00.009+08:002021-09-06T17:40:35.184+08:00【國二理化】淺談國中理化中的科學史-從早期科學到原子說與近代物理的脈絡（下）<p>(建議使用電腦版閱讀)</p><p>在前文中，我們提過了一堆的科學家，這些科學家奠定了古典科學的基礎。</p><p>也把元素與原子的概念確定好了！</p><p>但是科學家的好奇心是永無止境的！</p><p>漸漸的開始就有人想了，有沒有更小的？</p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E5%A7%86%E5%AD%99"><span style="font-size: medium;">湯木生(Joseph John Thomson，1856~1940) </span></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/J.J_Thomson.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="512" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/J.J_Thomson.jpg" width="256" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>１９世紀中後期，電磁學的應用逐漸發展成熟，各式電的應用開始出現，電報、發電機……的電力裝置開始被發明出來。雖然科學家們對於電流的特性已有相當程度的掌握，但是對於「電」的本質可說是沒有太多的了解。</p><p>這個時代科學界正流行起一個神奇的電力裝置——<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E6%A5%B5%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A">陰極射線管</a>。１８５８年，德國物理學家<a href="http://chiuphysics.cgu.edu.tw/yun-ju/cguweb/sciknow/phystory/CRT.htm">普呂克</a>在一根真空管（接近真空，大約１０^-３pa）兩端放上陰極以及陽極（就是兩塊金屬板），並給予強大的電位差（電壓），藉以觀察真空管中氣體的放電過程，這時有趣的現象發生了，當打開開關給予電壓後真空管開始發出光芒，並且出現明顯的光束軌跡，科學界對此一放電現象十分感興趣，這個光是怎麼來的？還有這道軌跡究竟是代表什麼呢？</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</div><br /><p><br /></p><br /><p>「陰極射線究竟是波還是粒子」這個議題自陰極射線管被發明以來，已經吵了將近三十年，１８９６年，在英國科學會的請託下，正值４０歲的湯木生，正式加入了這場世紀論戰。在接受這個任務後，湯木生開始著眼於過去實驗的成果，物理系出身的他擁有電磁學方面的札實基礎，仔細回顧後他發現，</p><p>「如果這種射線帶磁又帶電，那我只要能證明他有質量，那不就可以證明陰極射線就是粒子了嗎？」</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</div><p>１８９７年，湯木生發表了一篇名為《陰極射線》的論文，其中寫道：</p><p>「陰極射線的電荷粒子比起電解的氫離子，ｅ/ｍ值大得多。ｅ/ｍ大的原因可能是ｍ小，也可能是ｅ大。我想，陰極射線的電荷粒子要比普通分子小。這可從射線穿過薄鋁片的實驗得知。」</p><p>註：ｅ/ｍ值：又稱荷質比，指電荷與質量之間的比值。</p><p>這份論文對科學界開了關鍵性的一槍，除了把爭論多年的陰極射線究竟是波還是粒子的問題解決完之外，更重要的是，湯木生發現了一種比原子還小的粒子，這種粒子十分微小，存在於原子之中。而這個結論也意味著——原子是能夠被切割的鐵則被打破了。在這篇論文被提出時，湯木生將這些負電粒子稱作「微粒」，直到１８９９年，他採用科學家斯坦尼所發明的「電子」一詞，來稱呼這種微粒，而「電子」的發現也讓湯木生得到了１９０６年的諾貝爾物理獎。</p><p>而後，湯木生也提出了他所構想的原子模型。葡萄乾布丁模型</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://fdbaf083-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/nctuthomson/a-tang-ge-de-ke-xue-cheng-jiu-1/xi-gua-yuan-zi-mo-xing/%E5%9C%96%E7%89%871.jpg?attachauth=ANoY7coxI-dd2cls__3Fp6Fpu4C3QMeZjOIluRDusThIT7qT8UVxC2wMKcHsr2rhdj_7Col4ey6da5UmUDxETaNWN7fgJxvjLfjtGa5qop6E_dDj3QfdLkyYy97HxgFzRriqCSJC7ZVxzl-tv5kpVAGfzwLR3ZqSaGUx3ftqmKSdSJpdz24GT2CWWhUUHmchHCxxJRqgzSS6xK28ooL30k3by7mNbUrbiOhSpK0H4Dac2_tqPPv56BeTOK5t3R8L5ysNAyXCBR2TtnT1gGtzBXe4TVtruTugEC8WgrBnFJeUTAFO5YeKT0M%3D&attredirects=0" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="646" data-original-width="540" src="https://fdbaf083-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/nctuthomson/a-tang-ge-de-ke-xue-cheng-jiu-1/xi-gua-yuan-zi-mo-xing/%E5%9C%96%E7%89%871.jpg?attachauth=ANoY7coxI-dd2cls__3Fp6Fpu4C3QMeZjOIluRDusThIT7qT8UVxC2wMKcHsr2rhdj_7Col4ey6da5UmUDxETaNWN7fgJxvjLfjtGa5qop6E_dDj3QfdLkyYy97HxgFzRriqCSJC7ZVxzl-tv5kpVAGfzwLR3ZqSaGUx3ftqmKSdSJpdz24GT2CWWhUUHmchHCxxJRqgzSS6xK28ooL30k3by7mNbUrbiOhSpK0H4Dac2_tqPPv56BeTOK5t3R8L5ysNAyXCBR2TtnT1gGtzBXe4TVtruTugEC8WgrBnFJeUTAFO5YeKT0M%3D&attredirects=0" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>延伸閱讀：<a href="https://lis.org.tw/post/00002046">https://lis.org.tw/post/00002046</a><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E7%91%9F%E7%A6%8F"><span style="font-size: medium;">拉塞福（Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson，1871年8月30日－1937年10月19日）</span></a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Ernest_Rutherford_LOC.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="596" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Ernest_Rutherford_LOC.jpg" width="298" /></a></div>湯木生的學生。<p></p><p>當時正值湯木生發現電子之後，居里夫人發現「鐳」並對放射性做研究的階段，科學界正因為這一連串的發現開始注意到一個十分重要的課題，那就是「原子內部究竟是什麼樣子」。當時的科學研究成果不管是JJ湯木生發現了電子、居里夫人發現了放射性、侖琴發現的X光，這些發現都來自於原子的內部，但原子裡面究竟是什麼樣子，在此之前只有湯木生所提出的「西瓜模型」對原子內的世界做了簡單的預測。</p>而實驗上，拉賽福成功利用強大的磁場將具有強烈放射性的原素「鐳」分離出三種不同的射線，並將這三股射線的性質做紀錄加以命名，也就是我們現在所說的αβγ射線，當時只知道有其射線，但是射線的本質是什麼還不清楚。<div><p>拉賽福在放射性的研究上取得十分豐碩的成果，對當時實世界許多領域都造成轟動，他發現發現元素的半衰期，並由半衰期推斷出地球的年齡遠高於當時宗教所認為的6000年、發現同位素，藉此證明原子量並不是最適合做元素排序的指標(其學生<a href="https://highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw/wordpress/?p=3498">莫色勒</a>發現真正的規律來自於原子序)。</p><p>年僅三十五歲的拉賽福在進行α粒子的實驗時，觀察α粒子撞擊金箔的情形。他和 來自德國的實驗夥伴蓋格發明蓋格計數 器（Geiger counter），這對他的實驗有 很大的幫助。拉塞福曾經半開玩笑地 說：「蓋格數粒子的模樣就像守財奴數 他的金子！」 </p><p>拉塞福的實驗設計很有趣：首 先，α粒子由一個裝有放射線物質的小 鉛盒射出，通過真空的環境，朝著一塊 僅 0.0000086 cm 厚的金箔撞擊。其實 拉塞福為了驗證他的金箔實驗事後嘗試 過許多不同的金屬，包括鋁箔、鐵箔和 鉛箔，但還是以他的金箔實驗最出名。 在金箔的後面他架設了一個可以觀 察火花的觀察孔，拉塞福請瑪斯登特別 注意是否有粒子向後散射的情形，向後 散射的α粒子會撞擊在硫化鋅屏幕上， 產生細小的火花，可以清楚地看到。拉塞福當時只是隱約覺得梅子布丁模型似 乎沒有辦法解釋他作金箔實驗觀察到的 某些情況，而瑪斯登則認為這是磨練實 驗技巧的好機會，於是相當小心地操作實驗。他先讓自己身處於黑漆的房間裡 至少一小時，讓雙眼習慣黑暗，然後耐 心地看著屏幕…… 結果竟然看到好多小小的火花閃爍 著，約每秒一次！</p></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8dKDiVOTmCv-HqqbRy-N8v2_sdnXooBq6ukKIp1jiNCKLjVHkihu_srXUKGoS14fdi7XWH3y-P5x1RO0FDqMY11fX982CfhOxrwA1LShE4unAaO2C4shLa9AMQi-I_mwT7bU2tLt3Bd6i/s837/1608434877961.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="535" data-original-width="837" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8dKDiVOTmCv-HqqbRy-N8v2_sdnXooBq6ukKIp1jiNCKLjVHkihu_srXUKGoS14fdi7XWH3y-P5x1RO0FDqMY11fX982CfhOxrwA1LShE4unAaO2C4shLa9AMQi-I_mwT7bU2tLt3Bd6i/s320/1608434877961.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></div></blockquote><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</iframe></div><br /><p> </p><div><p>當時包括拉塞福的科學家都沒有 預料到這個結果。如果電子的分布如他 們所以為的，像好吃的梅子般均勻地分 布在布丁之中，那麼帶正電荷的α粒子 （α粒子其實是少兩個電子的氦離子） 應該會若無其事地穿過金箔，然後從 金箔的另一面散射開來，因為金箔裡帶 正電荷和負電荷的粒子應該是均勻分布 的。可是事實顯然並非如此，居然可 以觀察到有 α 粒子被金箔反彈回來。 「太不可思議了！」拉塞福說：「這就 像你拿大砲朝著衛生紙射擊，砲彈卻彈了回來！」 拉塞福從這個觀察推測―顯然砲 彈（射擊出去的 α 粒子）撞到金原子 中某個位於中心的微小粒子，這個粒子 至少和 α 粒子質量相當，同樣帶有正 電荷的「核」，才有可能讓 α 粒子往 後散射回來。他推測原子的結構是由位 於中心的「核」和環繞在外園的電子所 組成的，這個「核」僅僅只有原子的十 萬分之一大，卻占有原子絕大部分的質 量，而原子大部分是空的，所有的電子 都繞著這個「核」旋轉。拉塞福提出的 模型一點也不像梅子布丁或任何好吃的 布丁，反倒像地球所在的太陽系了。</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-lRz_pVqZOnwqnHAjuKF5ZNY3Q_eKhgl5fCib8QSTgbZmlEvy6Ga_AaFHZko0iYH9MbPDzZEtUUhr31w0HtDNFrbFAacxEASGew1fbZPQVvXXvJhc62MQT8BRaqN9HqBw1HuQfIz-HIxa/s458/1608434755501.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="458" data-original-width="303" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-lRz_pVqZOnwqnHAjuKF5ZNY3Q_eKhgl5fCib8QSTgbZmlEvy6Ga_AaFHZko0iYH9MbPDzZEtUUhr31w0HtDNFrbFAacxEASGew1fbZPQVvXXvJhc62MQT8BRaqN9HqBw1HuQfIz-HIxa/s320/1608434755501.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p></p><p>拉塞福的發現推翻他的老師湯姆森 所提出的梅子布丁模型，然而當時的科 學家還是比較喜歡梅子布丁模型，比較 不喜歡太陽系模型，因為太陽系模型沒 有辦法解釋為什麼原子內部帶負電的電 子不會繞呀繞的最終就被吸引到帶正電 的原子核中心去了。這個問題拉塞福也 沒有辦法答覆，直到數十年後量子力學 的概念發展起來，波爾（Niels Henrik David Bohr，1885-1962）才用量子力學 代替拉塞福回答這個問題。</p><p>故事還沒結束，１９１９年，拉賽福回到卡文迪西實驗室從他的老師JJ湯木生手中接下了主任的棒子，而這裡也是他研究生涯的最後一個階段，就如同他前三個階段，剛進卡文迪西實驗室轉換跑道後便分離出αβγ射線，到加拿大之後因為核衰變研究拿下諾貝爾化學獎，回到英國曼徹斯特後發現了原子核提出行星模型，這回他回到卡文迪西實驗室當主任，他決定要再來玩一次打碎原子的實驗。</p><p>這次一樣是拿α射線當作砲彈，但這次要炮打的目標是「氣體」，拉賽福將α射線射入滿是氮氣的空間中，藉此來看看砲彈打中氮氣後是否會有特殊的現象發生。而實驗確實發生了意料之外的結果，他在感應器中發現，竟然出現了「氧氣」！只含有氮氣的空間中經α射線的撞擊後，出現了原本完全不存在的氧氣，這個過程中還伴隨著一顆氫原子核的出現，對此拉賽福的推論是原本的氮氣和α射線發生了原子核的反應，所以才生成原本不存在的氧氣，這就是人類第一次以人為方法來發生核反應。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDcDI4DqZPo3c2ohNksOUCaMnPA-0uCbK1AbtedMUcF1lK6SsyUm3qiXuqh2ac_gCfbGIHI_zO4UvUoMv7OYVUM1DpS3z5n8qSrTeERBXyH8eZI2GCLQnIS7I8FAwmLhDmpgZt9b-7pBDR/s431/1608435264175.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="87" data-original-width="431" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDcDI4DqZPo3c2ohNksOUCaMnPA-0uCbK1AbtedMUcF1lK6SsyUm3qiXuqh2ac_gCfbGIHI_zO4UvUoMv7OYVUM1DpS3z5n8qSrTeERBXyH8eZI2GCLQnIS7I8FAwmLhDmpgZt9b-7pBDR/s320/1608435264175.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p>拉賽福除了成功完成了人類有史以來第一次的核反應外，還將這次實驗中出現的氫原子核定名為質子，過去許多科學家認為所有的元素都是氫原子所組成的，因為所有元素的重量都會是氫原子的整數倍，所以有這樣的說法，但這並沒有確切的實驗足以證明這項假設。不過在拉賽福實驗後發現，在這些核反應的發生過程中總是會伴隨氫原子核的出現，再加上一顆氫原子核的帶電量與一顆電子相同但電性相反，所以他合理懷疑與湯木生所發現的電子相對應的就是氫原子核，定將氫原子核命為質子，也就是人類發現的第二種亞原子粒子，如此一來原子內電荷的來源就得到了合理的解釋，只是，拉賽福發現，當我們能測量到原<br />子內的質子與電子後，將質子的質量加起來卻遠遠不及原子量(電子質量比質子小了2000倍左右加了並不影響這個結果)，所以剩下的質量是從哪來的呢？拉賽福大膽假設原子內一定有不帶電的粒子存在，但另一個問題是，一個不帶電的粒子到底要怎麼去找到他呢？這成了科學界的一道新難題。</p><p>延伸閱讀：<a href="https://www.ntsec.edu.tw/LiveSupply-Content.aspx?cat=6838&a=6829&fld=&key=&isd=1&icop=10&p=1&lsid=7021">https://www.ntsec.edu.tw/LiveSupply-Content.aspx?cat=6838&a=6829&fld=&key=&isd=1&icop=10&p=1&lsid=7021</a></p><p><a href="https://lis.org.tw/post/00002066">https://lis.org.tw/post/00002066</a><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%85%8B"><br /></a></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%85%8B">查兌克（James Chadwick，1891年10月20日－1974年7月24日）</a></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/James_Chadwick.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="640" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/James_Chadwick.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>拉賽福認為，原子核內部應該有一種特殊粒子，這種粒子帶中性電，可能是由一個電子與一個質子共同組成的，這種複合粒子因為不帶電所以十分難被量測到。雖然拉賽福猜中性粒子是由電子與質子的假設方向並不正確，但這個原子內質量的難題也如同拉賽福所預估的那樣，由於帶有電中性所以無法用電場或磁場加以區別，實在是難以量測其性質，所以解答遲遲沒有出現，這一遲便是十年的歲月，直到最後成功解答這項難題的是在１９１１年便追隨拉賽福到卡文狄席實驗室的查兌克。</p><p>自從拉賽福開始用α射線當作砲彈打出原子核、打出質子後，許多科學家也相繼使用各式射線對著原子開火，希望藉此能夠找到更多原子核內的資訊。而這樣的嘗試確實也得到了不少的成果，只是這些資訊仍不足以解答原子核內質量的秘密。</p><p>直到１９３０年，德國科學家波特發現，若是使用放射元素釙的α射線去撞金屬鈹等特定物質，會讓鈹發出一種具有高能與高穿透性的射線，所以他也將這種射線叫做「鈹射線」。波特發表的實驗引起了當時放射元素的大家居禮夫婦(這裡的居禮是居禮夫人的女兒)的注意，１９３１年，他們重複了波特的實驗，發現鈹射線的穿透性強的超乎他們的想像，於是乎夫妻兩人開始著手深入研究這個鈹射線到底是什麼東西。就在隔年１９３２年，他們有了新的進展，居禮夫婦用鈹射線拿去打石蠟(表面上很多氫的碳氫化合物)，發現打出許多高速質子(氫原子核)，居禮夫婦因為這種射線帶中性電又具有高穿透性，所以將鈹射線解釋為一種高能γ射線。</p><p>當居禮夫婦發表著他們對鈹射線的推論同時，曾經提出中性粒子假設的拉賽福與其學生查兌克馬上就發覺，這個鈹射線應該不是γ射線，正常γ射線根本沒辦法高能到把質子打下來，而這種射線很有可能就是他們正在找的中性粒子。對此已經找尋中性粒子十多年的查兌克馬上開始重複居禮夫婦的實驗並檢驗這種射線究竟有什麼樣的性質。查兌克發現，雖然鈹射線和γ射線一樣，中性不帶電、穿透性極強，但有一點和γ射線十分不同，那就是γ射線是以光速前進，但這個鈹射線卻只有光速的１／１０快而已，對γ射線來說這樣的速度真的太慢了，速度沒γ射線大能量卻相當高，這個鈹射線更有可能是他們所預測的中性粒子了。隨著研究的加深查兌克還發現，將鈹射線直接打進氮氣中，會發現少數射線打入氮原子中，但γ射線並不會發生這種現象，很明顯的，這個鈹射線根本就不是γ射線。</p><p>就在居禮夫婦發表鈹射線研究的後一個月，查兌克便發表了一篇名為《中子可能存在》的文章，其中闡述了他對這種中性粒子存在可能的論述，並在不久之後發表了另外一篇名為《中子存在》的文章，詳細的介紹了自己的實驗與論述，並推論居禮夫婦所研究的鈹射線就是原子核內的中性原子——中子。</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT9LjQxuBBDkBAzZkxL9lYtkRM1c8SXv7UlzQK66c-zudCNSagSJgi8hTlFVsv8CwIkSdqSjq89ANS_jlsbjOlIQIDu6GAA9OJOoae9pdSHIltMijwd4YtOZUOaiKAJLYKuYKycy1QSaAr/s430/1608436278714.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="77" data-original-width="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT9LjQxuBBDkBAzZkxL9lYtkRM1c8SXv7UlzQK66c-zudCNSagSJgi8hTlFVsv8CwIkSdqSjq89ANS_jlsbjOlIQIDu6GAA9OJOoae9pdSHIltMijwd4YtOZUOaiKAJLYKuYKycy1QSaAr/s320/1608436278714.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>問題就在這裡，如果γ射線撞擊中子要使質子獲得5.7 MeV動能，γ射線的能量必須高達52MeV，可是他們所認為的「γ射線」是釙放射源產生的α粒子撞擊鈹靶而來，中間並無加工、加速的過程，沒有道理可以得到能量高達52MeV的γ射線。</p><p>英國人查兌克認為從原子核所放出的光子或粒子的能量，一般僅為幾個MeV而已，不可能高到52 MeV，因此他認為波特所發現的新射線不是γ射線，而可能是拉塞福所找尋的中子。他立即進行同樣的實驗，將產生的新射線撞擊氫、氦、氮等氣體，得知此中性射線由質量與質子約相等的中性粒子所構成，即現在所熟知的中子。</p><p><br /></p><p>延伸閱讀：<a href="https://lis.org.tw/post/00002087">https://lis.org.tw/post/00002087</a></p><p><a href="https://case.ntu.edu.tw/blog/?p=30272">https://case.ntu.edu.tw/blog/?p=30272</a><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.ntsec.gov.tw/FileAtt.ashx?id=3403">https://www.ntsec.gov.tw/FileAtt.ashx?id=3403</a></p><p><a href="https://www.ps-taiwan.org/bimonth2/download.php?d=1&cpid=179&did=11">https://www.ps-taiwan.org/bimonth2/download.php?d=1&cpid=179&did=11</a></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-56848273727647550292020-12-17T18:16:00.002+08:002021-09-06T17:40:46.474+08:00【國二理化】淺談國中理化中的科學史-從早期科學到原子說與近代物理的脈絡（上）<p>國中理化中</p><p>有幾個科學家是我們不得不認識</p><p>但是也有幾個科學家在精(ㄧㄢ)簡(ㄍㄜ)的教材中被消失</p><p>所以我們就按照歷史脈絡及課本來談談幾個科學家吧</p><p><br /></p><p>在科學的發展中，或是更正確地來說，</p><p>是以人類的文明發展歷史中。</p><p>我們對於未知的事物存在著許多恐懼與幻想，</p><p>所以最早起源的基本上就是神學。</p><p>看到有火，好可怕，有火神；</p><p>看到有淹水，好可怕，有水神；</p><p>看到有太陽每天東昇西落，好有規律，有太陽神；</p><p>埃及人看到糞金龜滾球，就覺得有糞金龜神(凱布利)在滾太陽；(聖甲蟲 GET!)</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRQnJ_KrBAOSCWVtePctvEHXT23hBw8qHI2RA&usqp=CAU" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="154" data-original-width="326" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRQnJ_KrBAOSCWVtePctvEHXT23hBw8qHI2RA&usqp=CAU" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>希臘人覺得是有帥哥駕馬車帶著嬌滴滴的太陽出來遊車河(黃道)；(赫利俄斯的馬車可不是人人可以開)</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc_ohZQL5EogjGYIrJVnxjClmdrBrYvxiEptSyr953JsyYHtC7HMQTzZ0VUXhLeioKsDiQkFhpQgrIyfM4CQ40t0bPWawP61aVafgn5TlhF9hUnjiJ8NvwKxK6dR4Tdb5IPHIDFqWIc5Qe/s300/phaethon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc_ohZQL5EogjGYIrJVnxjClmdrBrYvxiEptSyr953JsyYHtC7HMQTzZ0VUXhLeioKsDiQkFhpQgrIyfM4CQ40t0bPWawP61aVafgn5TlhF9hUnjiJ8NvwKxK6dR4Tdb5IPHIDFqWIc5Qe/s0/phaethon.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p>等等......太多因為未知而將自然現象訴諸神鬼巫術的例子了</p><p><br /></p><p>而後</p><p>古希臘一群哲學家(其實是幹話王)，開啟了人類自我思考追根究柢的想法，</p><p>每天想著宇宙是如何形成的？！人有病其實是靈魂有病？！(柏拉圖-靈魂三分說)</p><p>當然也在這群幹話王中出了稍微講理一點的人，</p><p>追求真理的亞里斯多德。（不過依然是幹話王……重的掉的比較快？！）</p><p>但好歹是科學的啟蒙，自己想辦法自圓其說。</p><p><br /></p><p>然後，</p><p>就沒有然後了......，</p><p>因為羅馬時期(西元後)開始大推一神信仰(基督教)，</p><p>導致此時的科學只要與教會想法不同，就會有生命的危險!!!</p><p>看看下列精美的受害者名單</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://memeprod.sgp1.digitaloceanspaces.com/user-wtf/1606356256878.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="725" data-original-width="600" src="https://memeprod.sgp1.digitaloceanspaces.com/user-wtf/1606356256878.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p><span style="font-size: xx-small;">希柏提亞(Hypatia, 375-415)，女數學家。吉朋(Gibbon)在《羅馬帝國表亡史》中敘述時說：「她由車上被拉下來，剝脫衣服到一絲不掛，被拖至教堂，為一群野蠻而無人性的狂徒，用尖利的蠔將她的肉由骨上剝削下來，手腳砍下，拋擲火燄之中。」</span></p><p><span style="font-size: xx-small;">維薩留斯(A. Vesalius, 1514-1564)，解剖學家，發表了《人體的構造》。教會判他死刑，並通緝追捕。從此他就離開意大利，至老而不知所終。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: xx-small;">塞爾維特(M. Servetus,1529-1553)，解剖學家，發現人體血液大循環系統外還有小循環系統。寫有《論三位一體的謬誤》。 逃往日內瓦時被捕，幾星期後被關在一個寒冷潮濕的地牢，手腳上被上了鐐栲。最後被加爾文下令用慢火燒烤二小時。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: xx-small;">布魯諾 (G. Bruno, 1548-1600)是個思想家和哲學家。他反對所謂三位一體說，寫了《論限宇宙和世界》、《論原因、本原和同一》、《諾亞方舟》。更進一步發展哥白尼的宇宙結構模型，指出「太陽也只是千千萬萬個普通恆星之一而非宇宙中心」，被羅馬教廷的宗教裁判所迫害而逃亡各地十五年，終于在威尼斯被捕，過了八年酷刑的監倉生活。在 1600年被送往刑場時他大聲反對，因此被用鉗子將舌頭從口內拉出並剪斷，然後火刑燒死。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: xx-small;">伽利略(Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642)，物理學家和天文學家。他出版了一連串有關天文學的著述。用望遠鏡證明木星有衛星存在，月亮上有山，太陽有黑點。寫了《世界雨個最偉大的對話》支持哥白尼的日心論。後來被迫在宗教裁判所中簽字認錯，從獄中遷往受監視的小屋幽居，渡過九年的憂苦生活，于1642年病逝。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: xx-small;">拉美特利(1709-1751)，法國啟蒙思想家，唯物主義及無神論哲學家，主要的無神論著作為《人是機器》，出版後大大激怒教會，著作被焚毀，威嚇要殺死他，拉美特利被迫逃亡終生。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: xx-small;">狄德羅(1713-1784)，法國啟蒙思想家，唯物主義及無神論哲學家，《百科全書》的主要編輯者。狄德羅一生提倡科學和理性，反對宗教神學，曾被教會關押三個月。</span></p><div><br /></div><div>所以，</div><div>以前研究科學的風險跟職災還真不小，</div><div>所以當時基本上都是講求能夠用的『實用科技』，</div><div>不然就是接近巫術或是煉金術。(四元素論)</div><p>直到印刷術的發明，</p><p>讓知識擴張的可以更加迅速，也間接導致宗教改革。</p><p>使宗教及政治掛勾的力量減小。</p><p>另外就是大航海時代及工業革命，使得教會力量變得更小。</p><p><br /></p><p>自此以後科學才開始加速發展。</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">16-17世紀</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">伽利略·伽利萊（Galileo Galilei ；1564年2月15日－1642年1月8日）</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="630" height="361" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg" width="284" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p>因為他實在太屌，基本上被稱為科學之父……</p><p>有太多太多的東西可以講，</p><p>所以還是談談他對原子說的貢獻好了！</p><p>他最大的貢獻就是留下了一個抽水泵浦……（三洨）</p><p>沒錯，就是那個抽水泵浦～引領了托里切利</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E8%90%AC%E5%82%91%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E9%87%8C%E6%8B%86%E5%88%A9">托里切利（Evangelista Torricelli, 1608－1647）</a></span></p><p>於1643年完成伽利略生前未能解決的一個問題：為什麼抽水幫浦怎樣都沒辦法把水打到十米以上的高度？</p><p>托里切利懷疑是因為空氣本身有重量，但要用抽水幫浦做實驗也太大費周章，於是他用密度是水的13.5倍的水銀取代水，如此就可以大幅降低水柱高度。他將水銀裝滿一米長的細長玻璃管中，用拇指封住管口，倒立垂直置於水銀槽中。放開拇指後，水銀柱即下降停留在76公分高的位置，屢試不爽。托里切利主張維持水銀柱不墜的，正是空氣重量施加於水銀槽面的壓力，也就是大氣壓力。</p><p>而托里切利也是第一個製造出真空狀態的人。</p><p>為了紀念他，我們將水銀柱上的真空狀態稱為托里切利真空!!</p><p>（延伸閱讀：<a href="https://history.pansci.asia/post/121236767460/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%8A%E5%A4%A9611%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E4%B9%8B%E6%B5%B7%E6%B0%B4%E9%8A%80%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA">【科學史上的今天】6/11——大氣之海，水銀真空</a>）</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://64.media.tumblr.com/e3dbb04d3025ce4fe09ee828c87c08f2/tumblr_nprcvlBac71tenh4mo1_1280.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="662" height="400" src="https://64.media.tumblr.com/e3dbb04d3025ce4fe09ee828c87c08f2/tumblr_nprcvlBac71tenh4mo1_1280.jpg" width="331" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E4%B9%89%E8%80%B3">波以耳（Robert Boyle，1627年1月25日－1691年12月30日）</a></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Portrait_of_The_Honourable_Robert_Boyle_(1627_-_1691)_Wellcome_M0006615.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="623" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Portrait_of_The_Honourable_Robert_Boyle_(1627_-_1691)_Wellcome_M0006615.jpg" width="311" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>1657年他在<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%85%8B">羅伯特·胡克</a>(沒錯，就是那個彈簧的虎克、那個顯微鏡看軟木塞的虎克)的輔助下，</p><p>對<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B">奧托·格里克</a>(是的，就是他媽……，不對，是馬德堡半球實驗的那個市長)發明的氣泵進行改進。</p><p>而後發現了波以耳定律：密閉定溫的情況下，壓力與體積的乘積為定值。</p><p>這對後來的氣體科學研究給了一個很重要的發展基礎。</p><p>但是更重要的，1661年波以耳發表了《懷疑派的化學家》，在這部著作中波以耳批判了一直存在的四元素論，不過也開闢了一條新的道路。(所以也啟發了後來的科學家想出了<a href="https://lis.org.tw/post/00002009">燃素說</a>)</p><p>並提出了元素的初步構想。</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">18-19世紀</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C"><span face="微軟正黑體" style="background-color: white;">英國人卜利士力（Joseph Priestley，1733-1804，</span><span face="微軟正黑體" style="background-color: white;">）</span></a></span></p><p><span face="微軟正黑體" style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px;"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-3199" height="294" src="https://highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E7%BE%8E%E9%BA%97%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%EF%BC%8D%EF%BC%8D%E5%8D%9C%E5%88%A9%E5%A3%AB%E5%8A%9B%EF%BC%88Priestley%EF%BC%89%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%A3%EF%BC%88Oxygen%EF%BC%89-1.png" title="十大美麗化學實驗－－卜利士力（Priestley）發現氧氣（Oxygen）-1" width="256" /></span></p><p><span face="微軟正黑體">1774年，卜利士力發現當他加熱氧化汞（mercuric oxide，HgO）時，會產生一種氣體。</span></p><p><span face="微軟正黑體"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face="微軟正黑體"><img alt="The Invention of Air,' by Steven Johnson: An Account of an 18th-Century Chemist, Theologian and Perennial Agitator - The New York Times" class="n3VNCb" data-noaft="1" jsaction="load:XAeZkd;" jsname="HiaYvf" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2009/01/03/books/gewen-600.jpg" style="height: 216.395px; margin: 76.0025px 0px; text-align: left; width: 383px;" /></span></div><span face="微軟正黑體">蠟燭在這種氣體裡可燃燒得更旺盛，老鼠在裝滿這種氣體的容器裡會比在相同容積空氣裡存活時間多一倍。當時科學界的主流理論是燃素說（phlogiston theory），燃素說的核心概念是認為在可燃燒的物質中含有燃素（phlogiston)，在燃燒的過程會不斷釋放燃素到空氣裡，當空氣中的燃素達到飽和時，物質就無法燃燒。普利斯利無法拋棄燃素說的思維，而氧氣讓物質燃燒更旺盛的現象，從燃素說的角度來解釋是因為氧氣缺乏燃素，所以燃燒較旺盛（較慢達到燃素飽和狀態）。因此他將自己發現的氣體命名為「去燃素氣體（dephlogisticated air）」，並在英國皇家學會發表成果。</span><p></p><p>不過很可惜的他選錯邊了，所以我們後來只能在題目中看到他的卜利士力製氧<br /><a href="https://img.yamol.tw/item/1689977-0-5ebad55b51f4c.png#s-437,239" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="239" data-original-width="437" src="https://img.yamol.tw/item/1689977-0-5ebad55b51f4c.png#s-437,239" /></a></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AE%89%E6%89%98%E4%B8%87-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9C%97%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E9%94%A1">拉瓦節（Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier，1743年8月26日－1794年5月8日），被後世尊稱為「近代化學之父」</a></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/David_-_Portrait_of_Monsieur_Lavoisier_(cropped).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="693" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/David_-_Portrait_of_Monsieur_Lavoisier_(cropped).jpg" width="347" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>有錢公子哥，踢爆燃素論，並利用實驗直接得到『質量守恆定律』，</p><p>可惜在法國大革命時被砍頭了……</p><p>不過也因為拉瓦節奠定的化學的基礎，前人製造設計的設備，</p><p>使得下一個重要的科學家他的發現更加有意義！</p><p>（延伸閱讀：<a href="http://www.bud.org.tw/museum/s_star20.htm">拉瓦節</a>）</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://wiki.kfd.me/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9">普勞斯特（Joseph Louis Proust，1754年9月26日－1826年7月5日）</a></span></p><p>法國化學家，其最大貢獻是確立了定比定律。</p><p>他最初是跟隨父親的腳步, 成為一名藥劑師, 但Proust反而對幾個化學領域做出了重大貢獻. 他最著名的發現是『絕對比例定律』也被稱為『定比定律』。</p><p>定比定律規定, 化學化合物元素的比例總是一樣的, 無論來源如何. 這意味著, 例如, 一個水分子永遠包括一個氧原子和兩個氫氣原子, 無論這些元素是來自哪裡。</p><p>在『定比定律』被理解之前, 人們認為元素可以以各種方式結合. 普魯斯特定律幫助證實了約翰·道爾頓的原子說, 其中指出所有物質都是由原子組成的, 化合物由元素組成, 它們總是以相同的方式結合在一起.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGvWCKYiETvz-pQt_gke3qWGNWu6KRRLAQAxWqV6DiXESQjIU-wdGZ2pPMGVweEg6a90gBq1wuaw0dBYrq0oy5t_400viUCqwV4Clxn7JFaDqL6cUcB_q7oSzKwZPHFmxBBWCx89KNJnip/s843/42530343_10155520289397062_2070834626548465664_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="843" data-original-width="843" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGvWCKYiETvz-pQt_gke3qWGNWu6KRRLAQAxWqV6DiXESQjIU-wdGZ2pPMGVweEg6a90gBq1wuaw0dBYrq0oy5t_400viUCqwV4Clxn7JFaDqL6cUcB_q7oSzKwZPHFmxBBWCx89KNJnip/s320/42530343_10155520289397062_2070834626548465664_n.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF">道耳吞（John Dalton，1766年9月6日－1844年7月27日）</a></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.lifechem.tw/uploads/4/0/1/0/40100751/published/john-dalton-500.jpeg?1507008061" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="499" src="https://www.lifechem.tw/uploads/4/0/1/0/40100751/published/john-dalton-500.jpeg?1507008061" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>道耳吞在化學上的最偉大貢獻，是在1808年提出的「原子說」。（同時也是個色盲……。）</p><p>而在原子說之前，他也基於定比定律提出了『倍比定律』。</p><p>若兩元素可以生成兩種或兩種以上的化合物時，在這些化合物中，一元素的質量固定，則另一元素的質量成簡單整數比。</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>所以化學到此先喘口氣～</p><p>而氣體的物理實驗也隨著時代在進步，</p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E7%9B%96-%E5%90%95%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B">給呂薩克（Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac，1778年12月6日－1850年5月10日）</a></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="614" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac.jpg" width="307" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>法國物理學家、化學家，以研究氣體而聞名。</p><p>他最重要的發現就是『氣體反應體積定律』：同溫同壓下，氣體相互之間按照簡單體積比例進行反應，並且生成的任一氣體產物也與反應氣體的體積成簡單整數比。</p><p>這個定律也讓一個怪咖級的科學家亞佛加厥，不知哪來的勇氣提出『亞佛加厥假說』；</p><p>並且在這個假說下提出了『分子說』。</p><p>還有重新發表『查理-給呂薩克定律』，指定量定壓的理想氣體，體積與絕對溫度成正比；定量定容的理想氣體，壓力與絕對溫度成正比。間接的導致克爾文制定了新的溫標絕對溫度。</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A2%85%E4%BB%A3%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%8F%E4%BC%BD%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97">亞佛加厥（Amedeo Avogadro，1776年－1856年）</a></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Avogadro_Amedeo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="661" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Avogadro_Amedeo.jpg" width="330" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>義大利化學家，提出了亞佛加厥假說，還提出了分子說想修正化學道爾吞的原子說。</p><p>而且他除了是律師外還是一個物理學家……。</p><p>所以不被重視也是很正常的，但是之後證明他才是對的。</p><p>當然也被留下一個令國高中生害怕的數字……</p><p>亞佛加厥數 6*10^23 或 6.02*10^23</p><p>（延伸閱讀：<a href="https://lis.org.tw/post/00000131">分子說-亞佛加厥</a>）</p><p><br /></p><p>而此時，我們又要來加入一個場外亂鬥的人。</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E4%BC%8F%E6%89%93">伏打（Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta，1745年2月18日－1827年3月5日）</a></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Alessandro_Volta.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="390" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Alessandro_Volta.jpeg" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>義大利物理學家，發明電池！</p><p>不過他發明電池的過程也是跟另一位科學家賈法尼有著千絲萬縷的愛恨情仇～</p><p>也就是因為有電池，卻沒有電器可以用……</p><p>所以科學家們開始電一些奇怪的東西，並在電解的過程中發現新的元素。</p><p><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8">化學元素發現年表</a></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%87%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E9%97%A8%E6%8D%B7%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB">門得列夫（1834年2月8日－1907年2月2日），</a></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/DIMendeleevCab.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="569" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/DIMendeleevCab.jpg" width="285" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>想想當年拉瓦傑提出 20 種左右的元素在伏打發明電池後五十年內增加到 63 種。</p><p>門得列夫發現化學元素的周期性，依照原子量，製作出世界上第一張元素周期表，並據以預見了一些尚未發現的元素。根據不完全準確的原子量和有空位的序列發現了元素周期律，體現出他敏銳的洞察力和充滿智慧的想像力。</p><p>而後通過英國科學家<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%A1%9E%E8%8E%B1">莫色勒</a>的工作，人們才發現原子核里的正電荷數目（即原子序、質子數）決定了元素的化學性質。周期表所反映的，實際上是元素隨原子序數上升時，最外層電子數的周期性變化。</p><p>（延伸閱讀：<a href="https://pansci.asia/archives/108558">門得列夫與週期表：頑固就是戰鬥民族的浪漫（上）</a>）</p><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><p>參考：</p><p>https://highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw/wordpress/?p=3198</p><p>https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%8B%92%E6%B6%85</p><p>https://history.pansci.asia/post/121236767460/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%8A%E5%A4%A9611%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E4%B9%8B%E6%B5%B7%E6%B0%B4%E9%8A%80%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-438132184940504835.post-40420673577612170472020-12-09T11:57:00.005+08:002020-12-24T12:11:57.146+08:00新聞中的科學-催熟水果催到爆炸?!?!
<p> 俗稱電土的碳化鈣遇到水會產生乙炔</p><p>(反應式：<span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #ea4335; font-size: 14px;">碳化鈣</span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #4d5156; font-size: 14px;">+水=</span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #ea4335; font-size: 14px;">乙炔</span><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #4d5156; font-size: 14px;">+氫氧化鈣(強鹼，俗稱熟石灰) </span>)</p><p>(<span data-original-title="碳化钙" data-toggle="tooltip" face="-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-size: 19.2px;">CaC<span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14.4px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span><span face="-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"" style="background-color: white; color: #212529; font-size: 19.2px;"> + </span><span class="coefficient" face="-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: blue; font-size: 19.2px; font-weight: bold;">2</span><span data-original-title="水" data-toggle="tooltip" face="-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-size: 19.2px;">H<span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14.4px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>O</span><span face="-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"" style="background-color: white; color: #212529; font-size: 19.2px;"> → </span><span data-original-title="氢氧化钙" data-toggle="tooltip" face="-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-size: 19.2px;">Ca(OH)<span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14.4px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span><span face="-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"" style="background-color: white; color: #212529; font-size: 19.2px;"> + </span><span data-original-title="乙炔" data-toggle="tooltip" face="-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-size: 19.2px;">C<span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14.4px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>H<span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14.4px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span>)</p><p>而乙炔在一般農業用途上是用來催熟水果用的</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GArGiZMg4TA" width="560"></iframe>
</div><br /><p><br /></p><p>不過因為它也是烴類的成員</p><p>所以是不錯的燃料</p><p>想當然而</p><p>會炸掉也是正常的</p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqOmBQCdijxOlJ5dYL_B-DsawOqGMgFOYnNpmWcmup6FS47T0Xvb0WY64lvf3qcSeWLOwm8ogIJ8WJpGmBxa52L4ZMV8P5Ds8XQSW0L-nmNJFFpshpxF6E-O1WjEHaWkeyBt4kARzEufkB/s6217/%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E6%259E%259C%25E8%25A1%258C%25E9%259B%25BB%25E5%259C%259F%25E7%2588%2586%25E7%2582%25B8%25E6%2590%258D7%25E5%25AE%2585%25E3%2580%2580%25E8%25A6%25AA%25E5%258F%258B%25E7%25AB%259F%25E5%2597%2586%25E3%2580%258C%25E5%258F%2588%25E6%25B2%2592%25E6%25AD%25BB%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E3%2580%258D+%25EF%25BD%259C+%25E8%2598%258B%25E6%259E%259C%25E6%2596%25B0%25E8%2581%259E%25E7%25B6%25B2+%25EF%25BD%259C+%25E8%2598%258B%25E6%259E%259C%25E6%2597%25A5%25E5%25A0%25B1+%25281%2529.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="6217" data-original-width="506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqOmBQCdijxOlJ5dYL_B-DsawOqGMgFOYnNpmWcmup6FS47T0Xvb0WY64lvf3qcSeWLOwm8ogIJ8WJpGmBxa52L4ZMV8P5Ds8XQSW0L-nmNJFFpshpxF6E-O1WjEHaWkeyBt4kARzEufkB/s16000/%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E6%259E%259C%25E8%25A1%258C%25E9%259B%25BB%25E5%259C%259F%25E7%2588%2586%25E7%2582%25B8%25E6%2590%258D7%25E5%25AE%2585%25E3%2580%2580%25E8%25A6%25AA%25E5%258F%258B%25E7%25AB%259F%25E5%2597%2586%25E3%2580%258C%25E5%258F%2588%25E6%25B2%2592%25E6%25AD%25BB%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E3%2580%258D+%25EF%25BD%259C+%25E8%2598%258B%25E6%259E%259C%25E6%2596%25B0%25E8%2581%259E%25E7%25B6%25B2+%25EF%25BD%259C+%25E8%2598%258B%25E6%259E%259C%25E6%2597%25A5%25E5%25A0%25B1+%25281%2529.png" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" class="placeholder" id="31f9c16474149" src="https://www.blogger.com/img/transparent.gif" style="background-color: #d8d8d8; background-image: url('https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/i/materialiconsextended/insert_photo/v6/grey600-24dp/1x/baseline_insert_photo_grey600_24dp.png'); background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; opacity: 0.6;" /></div><br />新聞出處：<a href="https://tw.appledaily.com/local/20170125/7ZGERCUWPRHC3UGBD27GVABPMA/">https://tw.appledaily.com/local/20170125/7ZGERCUWPRHC3UGBD27GVABPMA/</a><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0