Total - Solutions

preventing wrinkles

2009-11-28T21:43:00.001-08:00

Preventing wrinkles is the best way to not have wrinkles. Your first and best defense against wrinkles is to stay well hydrated; this keeps the skin plump and smooth. It is recommended that you drink between six and eight glasses of water a day. While that sounds like a lot of water in all actuality it really is not that much water.

A well balanced diet is also helpful to preventing wrinkles. If your body is getting the proper nutriment you will have healthy skin to go along with that. Foods rich in anti-oxidants and high in vitamins A, C and E are good for the skins appearance. Taking a good multi-vitamin can also be a way to help the skin.

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How to Minimize Wrinkles through Natural Home Treatments and Over the Counter Prevention Remedies

2009-11-12T21:12:00.001-08:00

Everyone wants to grow old gracefully with the look of youth and as few wrinkles as possible.

Preventing wrinkles

Preventing wrinkles is the best way to not have wrinkles. Your first and best defense against wrinkles is to stay well hydrated; this keeps the skin plump and smooth. It is recommended that you drink between six and eight glasses of water a day. While that sounds like a lot of water in all actuality it really is not that much water.

A well balanced diet is also helpful to preventing wrinkles. If your body is getting the proper nutriment you will have healthy skin to go along with that. Foods rich in anti-oxidants and high in vitamins A, C and E are good for the skins appearance. Taking a good multi-vitamin can also be a way to help the skin.

Exercise is important to healthy skin as is moisturizing. When you exercise your body gets rid of toxins that can build up causing you to age faster. Using a good moisturizer will help the skin retain its elasticity making you appear younger.

Avoid the sun, smoking and limit your alcohol. These all have the power to rob your skin of its elasticity and youthfulness. It is recommended that you always wear an SPF of 15 or higher if you are going to be outside. You can also choose to wear protective clothing to avoid the sun and prevent wrinkles.

Age Spot Home Remedies

One of the most natural and easy to use home remedy is just recently being discovered by many people. Virgin Coconut Oil is one of the best skin care treatments because it has many antioxidant properties as well as the ability to be absorbed into the skin and cell structure helping to rejuvenate the skin. Virgin coconut oil that has not been refined does not break down the same as refined vegetable oils. You can even substitute virgin coconut oil in foods and further your health and skins appearance.

Extra virgin olive oil, avocado oil, peanut oil, or sesame oil is also very good for skin to help reduce wrinkles as well as prevent them from forming. These oils contain properties that are healthy for skin including antioxidants that help the skin retain its elasticity.

There are many home remedies for treating problem areas one home remedy for under eye treatment is to apply odorless castor oil with a cotton swab to the area. You can also use egg whites to firm and tighten skin. Or use apple cider vinegar with distilled water to balance the ph level of your skin.

Over the counter skin treatments

There are many over the counter skin care products that you can purchase to treat wrinkles at home. Dermatologists recommended products will contain vitamins C & E as well as have anti-oxidants in them. Products that also contain AHA help to remove the dead layers of skin to produce a younger appearance in the skin.

Many night creams contain retinol as well as aha. Retinol is a form of vitamin A and can be used to reduce acne as well as anti-aging by speeding up the turn over rate of your skin. This also helps to give the skin a younger appearance by reducing fine lines and wrinkles on the face. Retinol is recommended for under eye treatment as well as the fine lines and wrinkles around the mouth and corners of the eyes.

No matter how you choose to reduce your winkles and fine lines it is clear that you have many options that do not have to cost a fortune and it is clear that prevention is the best option for reducing those fine lines and wrinkles that age us all.

Protecting Delicate Skin Around the Eyes and Basic Skin Care Around The Eyes

2009-11-12T21:10:00.000-08:00

The skin under and around the eyes is the most sensitive skin on your body. It is thinner in this area and can become problematic for many people early on. There are some basic things that you should do every day and night to take care of this more sensitive skin.

You should always wash off eye make up using a gentle cleanser. Many over the counter products that are created to remove make up around the eyes are best because they are made to be gentle enough to not cause damage to the skin. One very good cleanser that is natural and gentle enough for even sensitive skin is witch hazel. This product cleans well all while still being gentle enough for that very sensitive around the eye area.

A good way to prevent this from happening is to use an eye gel or moisturizing cream in the morning when you first get up and again at night before you go to bed. As we age the skin becomes less elastic and can loose the soft supple look it had before. Staying well hydrated also helps the skin to continue to have that supple look. Ensuring that your moisturizers contain SPF will also help to ensure that the delicate skin around your eyes is protected from getting wrinkles that can be caused by sun damage to the skin.

Lymph nodes located under the eyes where toxins build up in the lymph system your eyes to be puffy and swollen. A good way to reduce that swelling is to apply a cool mask around the eyes. You can also gently press on the area using the third finger on each hand to massage this area to release the toxins built up in the lymph system. Many people also like to store a jar of eye cream in the refrigerator so that they can apply it cold to the skin to reduce the swelling and sooth the enflamed feeling.

Crows feet or laugh lines around the eyes are very typically the first to appear because of how delicate and thin the skin around the eyes is. The best way to combat these types of lines and wrinkles is to use a product that contains glycolic acid, also known as alpha hydroxy acid or AHA. One product line that boasts to be gentle enough to be used around the eye as a wrinkle remover is Olay. Utilizing cosmetics that contain AHA will help you to diminish your fine lines and wrinkles around the eyes. There are many over the counter cosmetics that help get rid of your fine lines and wrinkles.

There are also many natural remedies that can be used to moisturize & soothe the delicate skin around your eyes. To reduce swelling and make your eyes more relaxed you can use slices of cucumbers on your eyes. To moisturize the delicate area you can apply a little olive oil around your eyes each day to give this area more moisture then the rest of the skin.

How to Choose the Right Moisturizer for Your Skin

2009-11-12T21:07:00.000-08:00

When looking for the right kind of moisturizer for your skin you should consider many things before just going and buying any product off the shelves. These things should be skin type, time of year, as well as cost of the product you are looking at.

Skin Types

Oily skin is described as shiny with a dull color to it. Chronically oily skin has large pores and often has blackheads or pimples that can be either large or small. There are many causes to this type of skin a few of which are hormone levels, heredity, diet, and the weather. Natural oils such as Olive oil are actually good for oily skin types, they help break down the body’s oil and replace it with good oil.

Dry skin can be described by a dull flat tight look. This skin type often suffers from a tight itchy feeling and the skin can flake or chap and crack easily. This skin type can be caused by a lot of the same things as oily skin such as heredity, diet, and hormones.

Combination skin is skin that has both oily patches as well as dry patches and is a very typical skin type for the face. Often the T zone is where the oily patches are; the T zone is the forehead, nose, and chin. Often this area is affected by acne or can be more greasy feeling then the rest of your skin. The dry patches are often the cheeks where they can become so dry some people may experience flaking or chapping.

Sensitive skin is skin that is thin or fine in texture. If you have sensitive skin you probably have allergic reactions to many products including detergents, cosmetics and alcohol that is used in many skin care products. Sensitive skin burns easily as well as can get windburned more easily.

Products

Dermatologists recommend that you always use a moisturizer that contains a sun screen. SPF is important to give you the sun protection you need. During the summer months you can even find moisturizers that contain tint for a nice tanned look.

Some products like Aveno have clearly labeled bottles that tell you what the skin type each different product is best for. Aveno is best for sensitive skin as well as to be used during winter months when dry skin can be at its worst.

Neutrogena is one of the top recommended products for skin care by dermatologists and can be found in just about any drug store, chain store, or super market. Neutrogena is a product that is especially good for people who suffer from oily skin types or acne that is often caused by oily skin.

You may also find that some organic ingredients work best for your skin. A natural deep moisturizer is olive oil and is often used even in luxury salons. This is one of the best moisturizers for a deep penetrating facial or all over body moisturizer. Choosing a product that is right for your skin will allow you to save money as well as find the right product for your skin type.

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Steps for Make up

2009-11-12T21:04:00.000-08:00

Step by step make up:

1. Cleansing

2. Applying foundation

3. Applying concealer

4. Applying eye shadow

5. Applying eye liner

6. Applying eye mascara

7. Applying powder

8. Applying blush

9. Applying lipstick

10. Applying Nail Polish

Facial and Skin Care

Daily skin and facial care is much more effective in making us look beautiful than any cosmetics in the world. Here we are going to discuss some of the tips and tricks that we can use to make us look younger and more beautiful without spending too much of extra time and money:

•Get a quick facial at home by splashing your face with lots of warm water and then massaging it with olive oil to moisturize your skin. Use a half-teaspoon of sugar for scrubbing your face and keep rubbing it until it melts away. Wipe off your face with a warm, wet cloth.

•Use the toning mixture of equal parts of water and vinegar and dissolve few aspirins in it twice a day to counter any aging signs in your face. Vinegar flakes off dead skin cells while aspirin is a superb anti-acne product and is also effective on deep acne spots. However, it tends to make skin thinner like store bought toner and so sun block with at least SPF 15 should be used essentially everyday.

•Wash your face several times a day and wipe off with a clean cloth to keep acne off the oily skin.

•If your eyes look puffy or swollen, wash your face and cover your eyes with sliced potatoes or cucumbers for a few minutes. This is really effective in the morning.

•Olive oil works well as face and eye makeup remover.

•Clean you nails with white vinegar before applying nail polish for a smoother finish and make it last longer.

•Olive oil mixed with melted beeswax is a great lip balm.

Lip Make Up

2009-11-12T20:57:00.000-08:00

Lip make up should be in contrast with the face make up and your dress.

Lip pencil:

You should choose a lip pencil that matches the shade of lipstick. Choose a bit darker shade than the shade of lipstick.

Lipstick:

They come in a variety of color. The color chosen must match not only with make up but also with the dress you are wearing.

APPLYING LIPSTICK:

•

◦Before applying lipstick, prime your lips with some foundation and powder to remove all color from your lips.

◦Outline your lips using a sharp lip liner pencil. The shade of your pencil should be same as that of lipstick. For the upper lips, start from the centre and move out towards the corner of the mouth. For the lower lip, work from side to side.

◦Take some lipstick into a brush and fill along the outline of the lips. For the upper lip, start from the centre and work outwards and for the lower lip, work from side to side. Don’t apply too much of color.

◦Open your mouth wide and brush the color into the corners, so the edges must not remain unfilled.

◦Use Vaseline or cream to give shine to your lips after applying lipstick.

Tips to be followed:

•Heavy eye make up should be balanced with the soft lip color and to compliment soft eye make up, wear rich colored lipstick.

•To avoid smudging, apply foundation on your lips before applying lipstick.

•Blot your lips with tissue paper for natural looks.

•For a different look, you can use shining lip liner.

Shaping up of lips:

Shaping lips can make you look attractive.

•For thick lips: This type of lip appear smaller if you draw the outline just within the natural shape. You must use medium toned lip color and avoid dark brows, plums and pale shimmer shades .

•For thin lips: They can be easily corrected by taking the pencil outside the natural lip line. Work on it slowly and steadily to get the perfect shape. Fill in with the lipstick. A highlight of frosting on the upper lip would create an impression of fullness .

•For shapeless lips: Try to make the most flattering shape by stressing the centre of the lips and then fill.

Lip care:

•Massage your lips with coriander leaf juice to make it soft and rosy.

•Use lip primers to combat dry lips.

•Mix a pinch of crushed sugar in a little lip balm and apply it for fifteen minutes on your lips..

Dark lips:

There are various reason for the lips to get dark that is the use of cheap brand of lipstick, heavy application of lipstick, sun exposure, drinking tea or coffee in excess. The prime cause of dark lips is smoking. Check whether you are not wearing expired lipstick. It can also be due to dryness and allergy. For maintaining red lips, fresh air, vitamins and iron are required. Keep your lips free from lipstick as much as you can. Take plenty of fruits and vegetables

Applying Nail Polish

2009-11-12T20:48:00.000-08:00

Women wear traditionally Nail polish. Nail remover is very useful, it is not only wipes off old shade of nail polish, but give the strength and make the new shade coat stay for long term period.

Firstly, apply thin coat of nail polish on nails and leave them for drying and after this apply other coat on them.

Do not apply thick coat of nail polish, always use one by one application of nail polish. Because of a single coat of polish can dry sooner and lasts for long term period.

It is the best methods to give strength and prevent nails from dryness by using remover and then apply nail polish. One should apply nail polish at least one or two times per week. Girls and women should remember the following tips while applying nail polish:

•One uses a white nail pencil for lining the nail tip for the flawless French Manicure. Avoid use of white nail polish.

•Keep in mind, do hand massage weekly for pampering and improve nail growth and increase circulation of blood in hands.

•One should submerge the fresh painted nails in full bowl of ice-cold water for about half hour to make the chip-resistant nail enamels for long term period.

•Sometimes, one may get away with clean nails underneath and rub all nails on the buffing cream and after this for getting healthy and natural shine use chamois buffer. •Keep in mind, do not use filer to file the corner of nails because, it can become weak.

•Get funky and fashionable by using solid color for nails and leave them for dryness. After this, use toothpicks for making diagonal lines across the nails in many colors.

•Use metallic glints for hot dates or club night outs. One can easily use nail tattoos, nail piercing and embellishments for nails makeup.

•Use sparkle or a single coat of gloss on nails, which are very dry for glitter and shimmer. One can use silver glitter for looking good on black and dark blue shades during gold glitter with red color.

Nail Polish technique
The best method for applying nail polish is in three strokes such as one down the each side and one down the middle. If one makes some mistake, does not loose the heart, and make sure about remover to remove old nails color and use cotton buds while applying nail polish.

PearlXP concept of sub-groups

2009-10-31T07:15:00.000-07:00

The concept of sub-groups

Groups have a hierarchical organization. At the top of the hierarchy are Primary

Groups. These are the main asset, liability, income or expenditure groups of

accounts that determine the entire accounting and their presentation, i.e.,

whether a ledger affects Profit & Loss Account (as a revenue item) or goes into

the Balance Sheet. The Reserved Primary Groups and subgroups (shown

indented) are: Aliases for the groups are given in square brackets [ ].

Primary Groups of capital nature

1. Capital Account

Reserves and Surplus [Retained Earnings]

2. Current Assets

Bank Accounts

Cash-in hand

Deposits (Asset)

Loans & Advances (Asset)
Stock-in-hand

Sundry Debtors

3. Current Liabilities

Duties and Taxes

Provisions

Sundry Creditors

4. Fixed Assets

5. Investments

6. Loans (Liability)

Bank OD Accounts [Bank OCC Accounts]

Secured Loans

Unsecured Loans

7. Suspense Account

8. Miscellaneous Expenses (Asset)

9. Branch/Divisions

Revenue Primary Groups

10. Sales Account

11. Purchase Account

12. Direct Income [Income Direct]

13. Indirect Income [Income Indirect]

14. Direct Expenses [Expenses Direct]

15. Indirect Expenses [Expenses Indirect]

<>A discussion on each of the reserved groups: <>

1. Capital Account	This holds the Capital and Reserves of the company. Examples of ledgers that may be opened under this group are Share Capital, Partners' Capital A/c, Proprietor's Capital Account. Reserves and Surplus [Retained Earnings] Open ledgers like Capital Reserve, General Reserve, Reserve for Depreciation, etc.
2. Current Assets	Directly under Current Assets, you may find place for assets that do not fall under the following sub-groups: Bank Accounts - For Current, savings, short term deposit accounts, etc. Cash-in hand - PearlXPautomatically opens one Cash A/c under this group. You are permitted to open more cash accounts, if necessary. Note: An account under Cash-in-hand group or Bank Accounts/Bank OCC A/c group is printed as separate Cash Book in the traditional Cash Book format and does not form part of the Ledger. Deposits (Asset) - In essence, a place for Fixed Deposits, Security Deposits, or any deposit made by the company (not received by the company, which is a liability). Loans & Advances (Asset) - For all loans given by the company and advances of a non-trading nature, e.g., advance against salaries, or even for purchase of Fixed Assets. We do not recommend you to open Advances to Suppliers account under this group. Doing so gives rise to the difficulty in ascertaining advance position of a particular supplier and to adjust future bills against such advances. For further details, please refer to the section on Common Errors. Stock-in-hand - This is a special group. You may wish to open accounts like Raw Materials, Work-in-Progress and Finished Goods. How the balances are controlled depends on whether you opted to maintain an integrated account-cum-inventory system in the company features. (refer to Company creation section for more details) Let's consider the options: Integrated Accounts-cum-Inventory : You are allowed transactions in Inventory records and the account balances are automatically reflected in the Balance Sheet as Closing Stock. You are not allowed to directly change the closing balance of an account under this group. Non-integrated Accounts-cum-Inventory: Accounts that fall under this group are not permitted any transactions. It allows you to hold opening and closing balances only. Since no vouchers can be passed for these accounts, they are the only accounts for which the closing Balances can be directly altered (by an authorized user only) Sundry Debtors- For your customer accounts. Do not open them under the Sales Account group, which is a revenue account. For more information on common and possible errors in grouping of accounts, please refer below to the separate paragraph on the topic.

3. Current Liabilities	You may open accounts like Outstanding Liabilities, Statutory Liabilities and other minor liabilities directly under this group. Sub-groups under Current Liabilities are Duties and Taxes, Provisions and Sundry Creditors Duties and Taxes For all tax accounts like VAT, MODVAT, Excise, Sales and other trade taxes. A convenient place to find the total liability (or asset in case of advances paid), as well as the break-up of individual items. Provisions- For provision accounts like Provision for Taxation, Provision for Depreciation, etc. Sundry Creditors - For trade creditors of the company. Do not open your supplier accounts under the Purchases Account group, which is a revenue account. For more information on common and possible errors in grouping of accounts, please refer below to the separate paragraph on the topic.
5. Investments	To group your investment accounts like Investment in Shares, Bonds, Govt. securities, long term Bank deposit accounts, etc. A convenient place to view the total investments made by the company.
	For loans, typically long term, taken by the company.
6. Loans (Liability)	Bank OD Accounts [Bank OCC Accounts] - PearlXP gives two distinct types of Bank Accounts, The Bank OCC A/c is meant to record the company's overdraft accounts with banks. e.g., Bill Discounted A/cs, Hypothecation A/cs etc. Note: An account under Bank OCC A/c group is printed as separate Cash Book in the traditional Cash Book format and does not form part of the Ledger. Secured Loans- For term loans and other long/medium term loans that have been obtained against security of some asset. PearlXP does not verify the existence of the security. Typical accounts would be Debentures, Term Loans, etc. Unsecured Loans - For loans obtained without any security. E.g., Loans from Directors/partners or outside parties.
7. Suspense Account	Theoretically speaking, this group should not exist. However, in modern accounting, many large corporations use a Suspense Ledger to track moneys paid or recovered, the nature of which is not yet known. The most common example is money paid for Traveling Advance whose details would be known only upon submission of the TA bill. Some companies may prefer to open such accounts under Loans and Advances (Asset) group. Please note that Suspense Account is a Balance Sheet item. Any expense account even if it has 'suspense' in its name, should be opened under a Revenue group like Indirect Expenses and not under Suspense Account group.
8. Miscellaneous Expenses (Asset)	This group is typically used more for legal disclosure requirements, like Schedule VI of the Indian Companies Act. It should hold incorporation and pre-operative expenses. Companies would write off a permissible portion of the account every year. A balance would remain to the extent not written off in Profit & Loss Account. PearlXP does not, however, show a loss, carried forward in the Profit & Loss Account, under this group. The Profit & Loss Account balance is shown separately in the Balance Sheet.
9. Branch/Divisions	This group is provided to keep the ledger accounts of all companies that are your company's branches, divisions, affiliates, sister concerns, subsidiaries, etc. This is a group of convenience. You may not wish to utilize it in this manner. Note that PearlXP permits Sales and Purchase transactions to take place with accounts opened here. Remember, these are their accounts in your books and not their books of accounts. Just treat them as you would any party account. If you wish to maintain the books of that branch/division on you computer, you must open a separate company. (PearlXP allows maintenance of multiple company accounts).
Revenue Primary Groups
10. Sales Account	- For different sales accounts. The natural segregation of your sales accounts could be based on Tax slabs or type of sales. This also becomes a simple mechanism for preparation of Tax returns. An example of such classification may be helpful: Classify under Sales Accounts the following sub-groups Domestic Sales Export Sales Now under Domestic Sales open the following ledgers: Sales (10%) Sales (5%) Sales (exempt) You may even open an account Sales Returns under the group Domestic Sales to view your net sales after returns (or the returns may be directly passed through journal against the specific sales account). Please do not open customer accounts under this group. For more details on possible errors in this regard, please refer to the paragraph given below.
11. Purchase Account	This is similar to sales accounts, except for the purpose of the transaction.
12. Direct Income [Income Direct]	For non-trade income accounts that affect Gross Profit. All trade income accounts would naturally fall under Sales Accounts. You may wish to use this group for accounts like Servicing Contract Charges that follow sales of equipment. If yours is a professional services company, you may not use the Sales Account group at all. Instead, open accounts like Professional Fees under this group.
13. Indirect Income [Income Indirect]	For miscellaneous non-sale income accounts, e.g., Rent Received and Interest Received.
14. Direct Expenses [Expenses Direct]	For manufacturing or direct trading expenses. These accounts determine the Gross Profit of the company.
15. Indirect Expenses [Expenses Indirect]	For all other administrative, selling or non-direct expenses. PearlXP automatically opens the Profit & Loss Account which is a reserved primary account. You may use this account to pass adjustment entries through journal vouchers .e.g., transfer of profit or loss to Capital or Reserve account.

Simply adhering to the reserved groups may be sufficient for many

organizations. For greater diversity, PearlXP allows you to create your own

groups, either as sub-groups or primary groups. Groups can be sub-classified,

to give a virtual accounting tree. At the lowest level, of course, would be the

ledger account. An example of sub-groups would help illustrate the power of this

facility:-The group Indirect Expenses can be sub-classified as under

(Ledgers given in italics):
Indirect Expenses

Administrative Expenses

Interest Paid

Interest paid to banks

Interest paid to others

Marketing Expenses

Selling and distribution expenses

Packing expenses

Transportation

Sales Promotion expenses

Advertising expenses

Direct Promotion expenses

Remember, that during voucher entry, only the ledger accounts are used, - and

the grouping structure remains transparent, irrespective of the use of subclassification.

You may create, alter, or display a single Group or multiple

Groups. Single group option is useful when you wish to work on one group at a

time. Multiple is a time and labour saving option in a list format and is useful

when working on many sub-groups at a time. Once a sub-group is created, it

behaves exactly like a group. Any reference to group would deem to include a

sub-group.

Pearl XP Security Control Security levels – types of security

2009-10-31T07:09:00.000-07:00

Security Control Security levels – types of security: PearlXP has a

very customizable security system. You can set up authority levels and users

who are placed at these levels. The authority levels or Types of Security decide

the rights of the users – what they can or cannot do when using PearlXP.

PearlXP has two security types already set up. One is Owner and the other Data

Entry. Owner has full access and rights to all parts of PearlXP. Data Entry has

restricted rights. You are allowed to create other security types based on these

predefined types and allow more or less rights as required.

Users and Passwords: You would need to create different users who belong

to one or more different security levels or types of security. Select the option at

the Security control menu to define users, give their passwords and their

security levels. Only the administrator can assign users and their passwords.

Backup and Restore: The Backup and restore process are protected with

Passwords for security. You may also backup to a Hard Disk or Network Disk by

specifying the appropriate path (e.g. C:\BACKUP)

Database Lookup: Through this module you can checkup the PearlXP Backup

of a company without restoring the data. I.e. you can take or even pass/Alter

entries in the Backup Data without altering the original database. If you are a

professional Accountant /Auditor you can check the backup of your clients at

your office and can make necessary alterations in accounts if needed and can

return the backup data for restoration in the clients computer. (For checking

the database the client has to provide the Backup Key he has given at the time

of taking the backup)

ACCOUNTS INFORMATION

Groups (Classification of Account-heads)

PearlXP follows the 'Single Ledger' concept of accounting, which is the modern

way of managing accounts. This is in direct contrast to Subsidiary Ledger

Accounting. Thus, all financial entries are performed using ledgers or account

heads. Ledger account heads are created to identify transactions. The single

ledger concept does away with the need for sub-ledgers and corresponding

control accounts in General Ledger. Ledger balances by themselves do not

convey much without some form of classification. PearlXP, therefore, gives you

a powerful way to group ledger information, which is meaningful in reports and

compliant with laws. Groups, in PearlXP, serve to both classify and identify

account heads according to their nature and enable presentation of summarized

information.

Traditionally, grouping of accounts is a post-accounting activity that is done only

when reports are needed. This has an inherent drawback of delayed reports thatare not available at hand when required. PearlXP gives you great flexibility in

setting up your chart of accounts. It allows you to group your ledger accounts

right at time of creating your accounts chart. Your reports and statements will

reflect the desired classification at all times. Further, PearlXP permits you to regroup

your ledgers anytime (with some minimal restrictions), should reclassification

be necessary. We acknowledge that re-grouping is always possible

and would, in practice, be resorted to, when there are changes in the nature of

information. However, re-grouping can be done only by a user account that has

requisite authority under the access control list. At the highest level of grouping,

accounts are classified into capital or revenue - more specifically into assets,

liabilities, income and expenditure. Based on mercantile accounting principles,

PearlXP provides a set of reserved groups and allows you to modify their

names or create sub-groups.

PearlXP Xpress Accounting

2009-10-31T07:05:00.000-07:00

Tally Function Keys

2009-10-29T07:07:00.000-07:00

F9 : Inv Rep : Allows you to directly invoke Inventory Reports menu without going back to

the Gateway of Tally screen.

F10:Acc Rep : Allows you to directly invoke Accounting Reports menu without going back to

Gateway of Tally screen.

To get the Closing Stock in the balance Sheet and the Profit and Loss Statement, activate

Integrate Accounts & Inventory? Option in F11 : Features.

F12 : Configure : Allows you to configure your Balance Sheet. Fields in the Balance Sheet

Configuration screen are explained as follows :

i. Show Vertical balance Sheet? : All Multi-column reports of the Balance Sheet are

shown in a vertical layout. You can select Y or N as required.

ii. Profit or Loss both as Liability? Select Yes or No.

iii. Show Percentages? : To see the figures in Balance Sheet along with break-up with

respect to Capita A/C.

iv. Show Working Capital Figures? To have working capital in the Balance Sheet of

Current Assets and Current Liabilities.

v. Method of showing Balance Sheet? By default, the Balance Sheet has horizontal

layout with Liabilities on the left side and Assets on the right side. A window, pops-up with

options to change the default settings of the Assets and Liabilities side in the Balance Sheet.
vi. Appearance of Names : A menu pops up with various styles for the display of Name.

vii. Scale Factor for values? For rounding the figures in the Balance Sheet to the nearest

scale factor.

F12: Range : This button is used to display information based on some search condition. You

can combine the search using the operators ‘OR’ and ‘AND’. You get the Range of information

in Report menu, by pressing Alt and F12 keys together or by clicking on this button. Suppose,

you frame a query for displaying Ledgers having Opening Balance as Non-Zero OR Groups

having Total Debit Transactions greater than 50,000. Now, to get a Balance Sheet Satisfying

the above query, proceed as follows:

Step 1: Select the option Ledgers from the Type of Info sub-menu in the Range of

Information in Report menu and press Enter. A sub-menu pops up

Step 2: Select the option Opening Balance from the sub-menu, another sub-menu Range of

Info. Pops-up

Step 3: Select the option as NON-ZERO from the Range of Info. Sub-menu, instantly you

get a Conditional sub-menu

Step 4: Select the Or option in the Condition menu, and press Enter. The Type of Info. Submenu

pops-up.

Step 5: Select the Group option in the Type of Info. Sub-menu. A sub-menu named

Particulars gets displayed on the screen.

Step 6: Select the Total Debit Transaction option in the Particulars pop-up list. Another submenu

Range of Info. Gets displayed.

Step 7: Select the greater than option in the sub-menu.

Step 8: Now type 50000 in the last field.

Step 9: Finally, select End of List option to end the search. You have the Balance Sheet

based on your query.

• F12: Value : You can specify the Vouchers to be used in calculation by selecting this button.

You get the Value to Calculate in Report menu by clicking on this button or by pressing Ctrl

and F12 keys simultaneously.

Now, let us make a Balance Sheet on the following Query.

Calculate balances using Vouchers having date equal to ‘23-04-2001’ OR Billed Quantity greater

than 40,000. To get a Balance Sheet satisfying this Query, proceed as follows:

Step 1: Click on the F12: Value button and select the Date option in the Particulars sub-menu, you

get a screen once you press the Enter key.

Step 2: From the Range of Info. Menu selects the equal to option. You get another sub-menu

displayed on your screen.

Step 3: Type the date 23-04-2001 and press Enter.

A condition sub-menu gets displayed

Step 4: Select the Or option from the condition sub-menu, to combine the search condition. A
particulars sub-menu pops-up.

Step 5: Select the Billed Qty option from the Particulars pop-up list. A range of Info. Sub-menu

gets displayed

Step 6: Select the option greater than from the Range of Info. Sub-menu and type the value as

40,000.

Step 7: Select the End of List option to end the search. You get the desired Balance Sheet

satisfying the your query.

Tally Function Keys for Vouchers

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You can mark Vouchers as Post-dated while entering them. Tally will include the post-dated

vouchers only on the due date. The Post-Dated button on the Button Panel toggles between Post-dated

and Current options. Suppose you pay installments for and item in the last week of every month. You

can set-up the payments in advance, which will be included in the books, by marking them regular on

the due date.

Purchase Order

A Purchase Order can be easily generated by Tally and the same can be directly sent to the Supplier.

The Order position can be seen in the Stock Summary. The Purchase Order Book lists all the

Purchase Orders placed and the Sales Order Book lists all the Sales Orders received.

Balance Sheet

It is a statement of Assets and Liabilities. You can view the Balance Sheet by pressing the alphabet B

on the Gateway of Tally screen:

Gateway of Tally Balance Sheet

Configuring Balance Sheet

You can even change the configuration of the Balance Sheet by using the buttons on the Button

Panel. The buttons are discussed below:

F1:Detailed : To have the Closing Balance of the Sub-Groups or Leders under each Primary

Group. This gives you the break-up of the Grouped figures in the Balance Sheet. This button

toggles between F1:Detailed and F1:Condensed.

F7:Valuation : To change the Valuation method for Closing Stock. This button will be enabled

only if you have activated the option Integrate Accounts & Inventory? In F11: Features menu.

New Column : It allows you to add new columns to the Balance Sheet of the active

Company. You can get the Balance Sheet of another active Company or the same Company
for different periods in this new column.

• Alter Column : To alter the details (Period, Stock Valuation Method, etc.),place the cursor in

the column to be altered and press the Alt and A keys together or click on this button.

• Del Column : To delete the columns added to the Balance Sheet, just place the cursor in the

column to be deleted and press the Alt and D keys together or click on this button.

• Auto Column : This button allows you to add multiple columns to the Balance Sheet. The

New Column button allows you to add only one column at a time, but this button allows you

to add as many columns as you wish in one go. When you click on this button, a sub-menu of

Column details pops-up prompting you to specify the required details.

The various options given in the Column Details sub-menu are described as follows:

i. Company : This option is very helpful for comparative analysis of all the active

companies. It gives you their Balance Sheet’s in different columns.

ii. Daily : To get the Balance Sheet on a daily basis.

iii. Half Yearly : To get the Balance Sheet on a half yearly basis.

iv. Month-wise : To get the Balance Sheet for every month.

v. Quarterly : To get the Balance Sheet quarterly.

vi. Weekly : To get the Balance Sheet weekly.

vii. Yearly : To get the Balance Sheet yearly.

Tally Accounting Ledgers

2009-10-29T06:27:00.000-07:00

Ledgers are the actual account heads to which a transaction is identified. Ledgers are very important

for Voucher entries. In Tally, Ledgers are allocated to within Groups for better control of the

Accounts.

As you create a Company, two Ledger Accounts Cash and Profit and Loss A/c are created by default.

You cannot create another Profit and Loss A/c but any number of Cash accounts may be created.

Note :--

• Only the authorized users can alter Ledgers.

• One can not alter :
o Parent of Ledger under the Group Cash-in-hand or Bank Account if there are entries in

that account.

o Parent of a Ledger under Purchase or Sales Account or Sundry Debtors or Creditors if

there are entries in these accounts.

o Closing Balance of a Ledger Account. But this can be altered for account under the Group

‘Stock-in-hand’.

Cost Categories and Cost Centres

Centres

It is a unit of an organization to which transactions (usually revenue) are allocated. We can have the

details of all the transactions from a Centre. The ledger account shows only the nature of a

transaction, it does not give any idea of the unit or organization involved though one may have some

idea about it from Narration. The centers are of the following two types:

Cost Centre: When only costs or expenses are allocated to these centers then they are termed as Cost

Centres.

Profit Centre: When income is also allocated to these centres, then they are termed as Profit Centres.

Cost Categories : It allows allocation of a transaction to several sets of Cost Centres (parallel

allocation).

Note : -- The concept of Cost Centres and Cost Categories is similar to Ledgers and Groups

respectively. By default Tally maintains a Cost Category as ‘Primary’.

Vouchers In Tally

A voucher is the basic recording document. Vouchers are used for recording day-to-day transactions.

Tally has several Pre-Defined Vouchers with different formats, for different types of transactions.

You have the facility to even modify the existing formats as per your need. Vouchers can be created

only in Single mode.

Pre-Defined Vouchers

Contra Voucher : This Voucher is used for fund transfer between Cash and Bank accounts only.

Like Fund transfer from one Bank / Cash account, to another Bank / Cash account cash deposits /

withdrawals into / from Bank. Follow the steps to get this voucher displayed on your desktop:

Gateway of Tally Voucher Entry Click on the F4 : Contra button on the Button Panel to have

the Contra Voucher creation screen.

Purchases

We have following three types of Vouchers for purchase.

1. Purchase Voucher : This Voucher records all entries relates to purchases. If inventory values are

affected for purchase accounts in case of Acct-with-Inventory companies, item details must be

given. Perform the following steps to have this Voucher on your desktop:

Gateway of Tally Voucher Entry Click on the F9: Purchase button on the Button. Panel to
get the Purchase Voucher creation screen.This voucher is used to place purchase orders of the

goods to the suppliers. This voucher is for outward return of rejected goods. The rejected goods

are sent back to the supplier.

Sales

For sales, we have following types of Vouchers.

1. Sales Voucher : This voucher records all entries related to sales. You need to enter the item

details if inventory value gets affected due to sales. It is very useful when sale entry is not made

through Invoice. Perform the following steps to have this Voucher on your desktop:

Gateway of Tally Voucher Entry Click on the F8 : Sales button on the Bottom panel to get

the Sales Voucher creation screen. This voucher is used for recording orders for supply of goods

or services. It is used for making customer’s Invoices. This is return inward of the sold goods by

the customers.

Payment Voucher

This voucher records all the payments made through Bank and Cash. Perform the following steps to

have Payment Voucher creation screen:

Gateway of Tally Voucher Entry Click on the F5: Payment button present on the Button Panel

to have the Payment Voucher Creation screen.

Receipt Voucher

The purpose of this voucher is to record all receipts into bank or cash accounts. Perform the following

steps to have Receipt Voucher creation screen:

Gateway of Tally Voucher Entry Click on the F6:Receipt button on the Button Panel to have

the Receipt Voucher Creation screen.

Journal Voucher

These are for rectification / adjustment entries.

Invoke the Voucher Features screen by clicking on the F11:Features button on the Button Panel. In

the Voucher Features screen, activate the field Use Debit / Credit Notes? By typing Yes for it.

Journal Vouchers are of three types:

i. Journal

ii. Credit Note Voucher

iii. Debit Note Voucher

i. Journal : It is for adjustments between any two ledgers. No outside parties, like Debtor,

Creditor, Branches / Division are involved. Perform the following steps to have this Voucher on

your desktop:

Gateway of Tally Voucher Entry Click on F7:Journal button on Button Panel. A menu

with three options Journal, Credit Note and Debit Note, pops-up. Select Jounal option by

highlighting it and pressing the Enter key.

ii. Credit Note Voucher : This note is useful in case of return of a part of goods by the

customer due to incorrect supply or due to overcharging. Perform the following steps to have this
Voucher creation screen:

Gateway of Tally Voucher Entry Click on the F7:Journal button on the Button Panel. A

menu with three options Journal, Credit Note and Debit Note pops up. Select Credit note option

by highlighting it and pressing thee Enter key.

iii. Debit Note Voucher : This note is raised in case of Return Outward (Purchase Return) of

damaged goods to the supplier or in case of under-charging a customer.

Memo Voucher

As the name implies, it is a Non-Accounting voucher whose entries do not affect your accounts at all.

The entries in this voucher are not posted into ledgers, instead they are stored in a separate Memo

Register. A Memo Voucher can be converted into a regular voucher, for inclusion in your books of

accounts. Perform the following steps to have this Voucher creation screen on your desktop:

Gateway of Tally Voucher Entry Click on the F10:Memos button on the Button Panel.

The Memo Vouchers are of two types:

i. Memorandum Voucher: This type of memo Voucher can be used in many situations such

as:

a. Suspense Payments: Suppose an employee takes an advance for his traveling

expenses. Until and unless the expenses are incurred, the actual expenditure details

cannot be worked out. A Memo Voucher can be entered for advance and can be

entered for advance and can be turned to Payment Voucher after receiving the details

of the expenditure incurred.

b. Vouchers are not verified at the time of entry : At times, you may not understand the

details in a Voucher. You can enter a Memo Voucher under such conditions, which

can be amended after receiving the details.

c. Items given on approval : Memo Vouchers can be entered for items, which are

approved. This Voucher may be amended into a proper Sales Voucher depending upon

the outcome.

d. Reminder service: Memo Vouchers may be entered for future transactions, such as

Dates of Insurance Premiums, Tax due, Installment Payments, Post-Dated cheques.

Tally may be set to remind you a date before the due date of these transactions.

Groups in Tally

2009-10-29T06:18:00.000-07:00

Groups

In the modern way of accounting, all financial entries are performed using Leders or account heads.

Tally follows the ‘Single Ledger’ concept of accounting. It is advisable to Group / Classify ledger

information based on their functions. Groups are helpful in classifying and identifying account heads
based on their nature. Grouping helps in presenting summarized information. Regrouping of accounts

is also permitted by Tally. The single ledger concept eliminates the need for sub ledgers and

corresponding control accounts in General Ledger. Traditionally, grouping of accounts is a postaccounting

activity, but it leads to delayed reports that are not available at hand when required. At the

highest level of grouping, accounts are classified into Assets, Liabilities, Income and Expenses.

Groups by Default (Pre-defined Groups) : Tally provides you with a number of pre-defined

Groups to save you from unnecessary burden of creating frequently used Groups. In these Groups,

some are Primary and some are Subgroups. Subgroup is a part of the main group.

Predefined Groups

Predefined Groups

Alias names for the Groups are shown inside a square bracket.

Detailed Description of Pre-Defined Groups

Capital in Nature	Revenue in Nature
1. Capital Account	1 Sales Account
i. Reserves and Surplus [Retained Earnings]	2 Purchase Account
a. Bank Accounts
b. Cash-in hand
c. Deposits (Asset)
d. Loans & Advances (Assets)
e. Stock-in-hand
f. Sundry Debtors
3 Current Liabilities	3 Income Direct
a. Duties and Taxes
b. Provisions
c. Sundry Creditors
4 Fixed Assets	4 Indirect Income[ Income Indirect]
5 Investments	5 Direct Expenses[ Expenses Direct]
6 Loans (Liability)	6 Indirect Expenses [Expenses Indirect]
a. Bank OD Accounts [Bank OCC Accounts]
b. Secured Loans
c. Unsecured Loans
7 Suspense Account
8 Miscellaneous Expenses (Asset)
9 Branch / Divisions

Alias names for the Groups are shown inside a square bracket.

Detailed Description of Pre-Defined Groups

1) Capital Assets It holds Capital and Reserves of the company. For example, Proprietor’s or

Owner’s Capital Account, Partners Capital Account, Share Capital.

a) Reserves and Surplus [Retained Earnings] : Related to Reserves. Retained Earnings is the

alias name for Reserves and Surplus, e.g. Capital Reserve, General Reserve, Reserve for

Depreciation.

2) Current Assets : It consists of 6 subgroups. If all the assets of the company could not be

allocated in any of these subgroups then the primary group ‘Current Assets’ can accommodate it.

a) Bank Accounts : It holds Current Savings, Short-Term Deposits, etc.

b) Cash-in-Hand : This holds Ledger Account for Cash. More than one Cash Account can be

opened if needed, e.g. Petty Cash A/c.

c) Deposits (Asset) : It holds deposits like Fixed Deposits, Rental Deposits, Security Deposits,

etc. that is the deposits made by the Company (not received).

d) Loans & Advances (Assets) : It is for holding loans given by the company which are nontrading

in nature, e.g. Salary Advance, Advance for Purchase of Fixed Assets, etc.

e) Stock-in-Hand : It holds Opening and Closing Stock. It is a special Group. The balances

depend on the type of Inventory Management option selected while creating a company, e.g.

Raw Materials A/c, Work-in-Progress, Finished Goods, etc.

i) Integrated Accounts-cum-Inventory : Transactions in Inventory records are permitted

and the corresponding changes are reflected in the Balance Sheet as Closing Stock. You

just can not alter the Closing Stock balance directly.

ii) Non-integrated Accounts-cum-Inventory : No transaction permitted. It holds only the

Opening and Closing balances. The authorized users can directly alter closing balances as

no Vouchers can be passed for these accounts.

f) Sundry Debtors : It holds the accounts of the debtors, who owe money to the business.

3) Current Liabilities : It holds the Outstanding Liabilities, Statutory Liabilities and some other

minor liabilities. Liabilities such as PF, TDS, ESI also fall under this Group.

a) Duties and Taxes : it holds the accounts of trade duties, Excise, Local Sales Tax, Central

Sales Tax.

b) Provisions : This acts as a reserve like Provision for Depreciation, Provision for Taxation,

etc.

c) Sundry Creditors : It holds the account of the trade Creditors of the Company.

[One should not open the Supplier Account under Purchase Account Group, as Purchase A/c is a

Revenue A/c.]

4) Fixed Assets : It is a convenient place for holding the Fixed Assets of the company.

5) Investments : It holds the accounts of overall investments, like Bonds, Shares, Govt., Securities,

Long-Term Bank Deposits, etc.

6) Loans (Liability) : It keeps an account of the Loans taken by the Company.

a) Bank OD Accounts [Bank OCC Accounts] : Bank OCC is the alias name for Bank OD

Accounts. It holds Over Draft Account like Hypothecation Accounts, Bill Discounting
Account, etc. of the Bank.

b) Secured Loans : It holds the accounts of the loans taken by the company from Banks and

other Financial Bodies by mortgaging its Fixed Assets. It is a secured loan so it has to be

returned from the fixed asset of the company even if the company fails.

c) Unsecured Loans : This is an unconditional loan obtained from Partners / Directors or

outside parties.

7) Suspense Account :As the name implies, it is created when there is some discrepancy in the

Balance Sheet. It is a Balance Sheet item, e.g. Travelling Advance whose details will be known

only after the submission of TA bill.

8) Miscellaneous Expenses (Asset) : This is mainly for legal disclosure requirements, like

Schedule VI of Indian Companies Act. It is rarely used.

9) Branch / Divisions : It holds the accounts of all the Sister Concerns, Branches, Divisions,

Affiliation, etc. of the existing company.

10) Sales Account : It holds the different Sales Accounts. The Sales Account can be categorized as

Types of Sale (Domestic Sales, Export Sales) and the Tax slabs. To have an idea of net sales after

return, one can even open an account Sales Return under the Group Domestic Sales. [don’t open

Customers account under the Group Sales Account.]

11) Purchase Account : It holds the accounts related to purchase.

12) Direct Income [Income Direct] : It holds the account of the direct income like income due to

sales of goods. A Professional Service Company may like to open an account as Professional Fees

instead of Sales Account, under this Group.

13) Indirect Income [Income Indirect] : It holds the accounts of non-sale indirect income, like

income from Rent Received, Commissions Received, Interest Received, etc.

14) Direct Expenses [Expenses Direct] : It holds the direct trading expenses of the factory, like

Wages paid to Labours, Transportation, Electricity Bill.

15) Indirect Expenses [Expenses Indirect] : Expenses incurred in the administrative building, like

Salary paid to Staff, Maintenance of Vehicle, etc.

Tally automatically opens the Profit & Loss Account which is a reserved primary account. You may

use this account to pass adjustment entries through journal vouchers, e.g. transfer of profit or loss to

Capital or Reserve account.

2009-10-29T06:05:00.000-07:00

INTRODUCTION TO TALLY

Opening Screen of Tally

The opening screen of Tally is shown in Figure below. It contains the following components:

1. The top bar of the screen contains the product message and version, system date and time.

2. The middle bar of the screen is basically divided into two sections:
a) Left Hand Side: This portion contains the following information:

• Current company: It gives the information of the Companies that are already loaded or

selected.

• Current period: It is the Financial Year of the currently loaded company.

• List of selected companies: Displays all the active Companies. The currently selected

company will be in bold letters

• Date of last entry Displays last voucher entry date.

Right hand side displays the pop-up menu, from where the instructions to Tally are given.

Button Panel: the buttons on the panel help you perform various functions. These buttons can be

selected simply by clicking on them. The functions of these buttons are discussed later.

Direct Command: Press Ctrl and N keys simultaneously or click on this area to activate it. Even if

the mouse does not work, you can type commands in plain English in this area and execute them.

Note on the Buttons on the Button Panel

The underlined and non-underlined buttons work differently. You will have to press Alt key and the

corresponding Function key simultaneously if an option is underlined. You can even invoke a button

just by placing the mouse-pointer on it and clicking the left mouse-button.

Accounts Configuration

Features and Configuration

We notice the buttons F11 & F12 in almost every screen, which permits to activate / de-activate

options.

Tally controls operational Features through F11: Features button and allows to configure settings

through F12: Configure button.

F11: Features button appear almost in every screen upon selecting a company. You get same option

irrespective of screen where you launch it. Features settings are Company specific. You can activate

an option for one company and de-activate the same for another company. F12 : Configure is contextsensitive.

You get different options on launching this button at different screens. Configuration option

relevant to the specific screen would appear. The settings you make through

F12:Configure is global (and not company specific), change made becomes effective for all the

companies you work with Tally.

Note :Some features like multi-currency and multi-locations, once enabled and used, cannot be

modified. the two features. Cost centers and Bill-wise details – must be activated in features screen to

be available for ledger accounts. Feature changes (F11:Features)affect only the current company but

configuration changes (F12: Configure) affect all the open companies.

Why Tally is Popular?

2009-10-29T06:04:00.000-07:00

Welcome to TALLY, a friendly business accounting software. Tally is a popular software because of

its following user-friendly features:

1. It is user-friendly and can be used, even by a novice, in the field of computers and Accounting,

thus giving you full control over every aspect of your business accounting.

2. You don’t have to wait for days on end to have a quick look at the financial status of your

Business/Firm. Tally provides you instant results.

3. You don’t have to memorise Codes for your accounts, Debtors and Creditors. Leave this to

Tally.

4. it is flexible and can be customized to suit your daily work schedules and needs, like

customizing Vouchers, Final Reports etc.

5. It is highly secured against data tampering. Different labels of security designed with different

authorities for data access and usage.

6. It has interactive online Help to bail you out from any confusion.

Requirements for installing TALLY as 6.3

• Hardware Requirements: The following minimum configuration is required by TALLY for

efficient response:

• Processor: IBM PC compatible computers with CPU’s of the Intel family 80586 or better.

• RAM or Main Memory: 32 MB suggested for Windows 98 and 64 MB for windows 2000 as

minimum.

• Disk Storage: At least 10 MB of free hard disk storage space. Tally programs require less than 3

Mb. Approximately 1 MB of space is required for every 1000 transaction.

• Installation Drive: CD ROM drive.

• Operating System Software: Tally works on all major PC operating platforms, viz. Microsoft

Windows 95 and above. In fact, the Tally pack contains the versions for Windows 95/98/ME and

Windows NT/2000 Operating Systems. Tally is able to auto-detect the operating system platform.

In a network environment, your data could reside on any file server including Windows 98/ME,

NT/2000, Netware, Unix and Linux servers.

The network protocol supported is primarily TCP/IP. Other protocols could be used with TCP/IP

running on top.

Manual Book-keeping Vs Computerized Accounting

2009-10-29T06:03:00.000-07:00

Manual Book-Keeping

In manual Book-Keeping, you first create ledgers; carry forward previous year’s closing balance as

Opening Balance for the current year. Record cash transaction in Cash Book and non-cash

transactions in Journal (or subsidiary books), then amounts from Cash Book and Journal are posted

into respective ledgers.

Whenever, you need to know balance of any ledger, you are required to total amounts in both Debit

and Credit columns of the ledger and compute the difference to derive the closing balance for the

Ledger as on that date. To prepare Final Accounts (Profit & Loss A/c, Balance Sheet) for any period,

you have to compute closing balance of ledgers for the period and then prepare a Trial Balance. From

Trial Balance, you post Nominal accounts to Profit & Loss A/c, Real & Personal ledgers to Balance

Sheet.

Next year, when you create New Year books, again you create all the ledgers afresh and enter

opening balance (a sheer repetition and monotonous job.)

Since Posting, casting, totaling and balancing – all are done manually, this leaves enough room for

errors. At the time of finalization of accounts, it’s a common scenario that Accountants are burning

mid-night oil to tally Trial balance. And even after spending few sleepless nights, if accounts do not

match, they are forced to leave an entry in Final Accounts Difference in Trial Balance having no

explanation.

Computerized Accounting

When you opt for Computerized Accounting first time, you have to create all the ledgers and enter

opening balance (in subsequent years you need not to create the Ledgers again or carry forward

previous year’s closing balance as opening balance since it would be carried forward on it’s own by

the software) and classify at this stage. Thereafter, you enter all transactions in Vouchers (different

types of Vouchers to record diverse nature of transactions). That’s all you have to do and everything

else (like posting to Ledger, preparation of Trial Balance, Final Accounts etc.) is done by the

software.

In computerized accounting, while creating new ledger, you are required to classify it suitably under

relevant accounts Group to tell the software the nature of the Ledger and where it will appear. This is

necessary at this stage as all Reports are prepared on-line the moment you enter transactions

(Vouchers). In case of Manual Book-Keeping, this classification is done at later stage (after

preparation of Trial Balance, Nominal Accounts are transferred to Profit & Loss Account through

Journal Entry, Real & Personal Accounts are posted to Balance Sheet under proper heading i.e.

Groups).

Year-end Entries

In manual book-keeping, you are required to pass Journal entries to transfer closing balance of all

nominal accounts to prepare Profit & Loss Accounts, which you are not required to do in case of

computerized accounting. The software does this job on it’s own. In next year, only closing balance

of Real and Personal accounts are carried and nominal accounts balance is zeroed by the software (for

which you pass Journal entries in manual book-keeping). The advantages are that your accounts are

always open and any modification is instantly reflected.

Vodafone's Chhota Credit --- Now do an emergency recharge from your mobile..

2009-08-29T23:40:00.000-07:00

" Sometimes getting a little extra when you really need it, could help you a lot. That´s why Vodafone brings you Chhota Credit.

So the next time you have to make that all important call and your balance is less than Rs 5, just SMS CREDIT to 144 (toll free). "This is what Vodafone has to offer its valued existing customers...Now u can actually recharge your Prepaid account Yourself withour going to the Recharge shop.. though only a meagre amount of Rs.10 only.. and that too when u have a positive balance of less than Rs.5.

Each time you use Chhota Credit, Rs 10 will be credited to your balance for a period of 7 days and this amount along with a transaction fee of Re 1 will be adjusted against your next recharge. You can make use of Chhota Credit if you have been with us for more than 3 months and have balance validity of more than 7 days.

"Well there's nothing written on how many times we can use this CREDIT at a stretch..!!! Notorious brains thinking of some money saving techniques??

Well the quoted part are the original text from Vodafone India's site.
Click Here to link to this offer's page on Vodafone's India's site.

Visit: http://www.planetofitsolutions.sosblog.com
http://www.totalonlinesolutions.blogspot.com
http://www.webphotogalery.blogspot.com
http://sites.google.com/site/everysolutionsite/

How to Import Contacts & Mails From Third Party Email Service to Gmail

2009-08-11T23:08:00.000-07:00

Gmail Labs is good at bringing out of box feature to gmail, every week or two we see a new feature getting added to gmail. Here is another good feature added to gmail this time gmail labs have simplified the process importing emails and contacts from third party email service providers like Yahoo, Hotmail, AOL.

This feature will be helpful to those users who didn’t want to switch to gmail just because of fear of losing their old email messages from third party email service. With this new feature you can now instantly migrate to Gmail from any email service by importing Contacts and emails messages.

How to Import Contacts & Email Messages from Other Email Account to Gmail

1. Login to your Gmail Account if you do not have then proceed to create new Gmail account

2. Click on Settings links

3. Under the Accounts and Import tab, click the Import mail and contacts button.

4. In the new window that opens, enter the email address of the account you’d like to import contacts from. Click Continue.

5. Enter the password for your other email account and click Continue.

6. Check option of your choice

7. Click Start Import. The import will continue if you leave the Settings page or sign out of Gmail.

8. Your contacts and/or messages will be imported.

It may take 24-48 hours before you see your imported messages, so don’t worry if they’re not there as soon as you click OK. You can check the status of your import by clicking the Accounts and Imports tab on the Settings page. Once the import is complete, you’ll see a confirmation message at the top of your inbox.

Since this new feature of gmail is being slowly rolled out this option may not appear your account.

For More Detail or To Join our Bloggers Mail us at : vikashkgarg@gmail.com

How to Delete & Remove Google Account or Close Gmail, Orkut Accounts

2009-08-11T22:44:00.000-07:00

Google has given us so many good webservices which include Gmail a

web Mail, Orkut a social networking, Web search history, book Search, Adsense, Checkout and many more. I suppose their will hardly any use who will no be happy with any of this web Service.

The Number of such users will be very very less and their will be some one at other end of this world willing to get rid of his google account or want to close or remove his Gmail or Orkut account. I have seen many users asking how to delete/close or remove Google Accounts, Gmail Account, Orkut account or all the Google Web services. Well most of the users are unaware that they can remove or delete any or all the google account and its webservices such as Gmail, Orkut etc as the link to remove and delete google account is not easily accessible. Today we are going to show you how you can delete/ remove or close Google Accounts.

How to Delete/Remove/Close Google Account and its Web services like Gmail, Orkut

1. Login/Sign in to your Google Account using http://www.google.com/account

2. Click on Edit link beside My products heading.

3. You will see two sections

i. Delete a Product :- e.g Gmail, Orkut, Google Video etc

ii Delete Account :- Delete and Close Google Account

Delete/Close Account of any Google Webservice

i. If you want to just delete or close account of any Google Webservice then follow the respective

Remove account link under “Delete a Product” section

ii. Once you click on link to “Remove … Account Permanently” A confirmation page will appear with title “Please Read Carefully”

iii. Click “Yes” to confirm and Delete Your Google Web Service Account.

Once you click yes the respective Google Web service will get deleted permanently
Delete/Close Google Account

i. If you want to Delete your Google Account then follow the link Close account and delete all services and info associated with it from Delete Account Section

ii. A page with title “Please Read Carefully” listing Google Services will appear.

iii You need to confirm and acknowledge this action and once you click Delete Google Account your Google Account will get Terminated permanently.

For Any help or be a Part of Our Blogging just mail us at : vikashkgarg@gmail.com

How to Delete & Remove Blogger Blog

2009-08-11T22:19:00.000-07:00

How to Delete, Remove Blogger Blog

Back in year 2000 there wasn’t many free blogging platform was available as well blogging was totally new concept for every one. Then first free blog providing service Blogspot(changed to Blogger) came into picture and revolution of Blogging started.

Even I had created my first blog on blogspot which I have abandoned now. The information on my blogspot blog wasn’t much important one, but this can not be case for all. You may want to delete and remove your blogger (blogspot) blog. Well then here is guide of How to delete blogspot/blogger blog.

How to Delete & Remove Blogger Blog

1. Sing in to your Blogger account.

2. Your Blogger Dashboard will list all your blogs created with this account

3. Click on Settings Link of Respective blog which you want to delete

4. A new page with blog settings will appear

5. Click on Delete blog link displays under Blog tools section

6. Confirmation Message will be displayed, Click ‘DELETE THIS BLOG’ to proceed for final deleting of Blogger Blog.

You can use ‘export it’ link to export all your blogger post published on this blog.

Breakthrough Weight Management Procedures - Articlesfreedom.com

2009-08-01T05:57:00.001-07:00

Health Sanctuary Breakthrough Weight Management Procedures
Health Sanctuary is famous for introducing latest Weight Management technologies and out of the box techniques like GX99, Thermax, Ayurveda, Vaccuum Therapy, Torque & DH Therapy, Colon Hydrotherapy, Thermo-magic etc..

Proverbs tell us that beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder, what they don’t tell us is that the most critical of beholders is you yourself. With the most discerning of glances, we look in the mirror and nine times out of ten, don’t like what we see. Sometimes it’s just a small blemish or an unflattering pair of jeans, or the ever annoying “healthy” tag that can spoil the day. Then there are happier days when we’ve assured ourselves that the starvation has paid off and the jeans are just right.
True beauty lies in the belief, a belief in the self. Working towards that belief and creating Weight Management & beauty solutions, HEALTH SANCTUARY has been in the health care sector for more than a decade and has been the force behind lakhs of satisfied clientele that have gone forth with a renewed belief . HEALTH SANCTUARY®’s bouquet of services include Weight Management, Cosmetic Surgery, Dermatology / Skin Treatments, Oxygen Bar, Laser Hair Reduction (US FDA Approved), Ayurveda, De-Stress Techniques, Nutritional Services, Health Foods etc. It is also famous for introducing latest Weight Management technologies and out of the box techniques like GX99, Thermax, Ayurveda, Vaccuum Therapy, Torque & DH Therapy, Colon Hydrotherapy, Thermo-magic etc..
After a successful presence in Delhi, Gurgaon, Faridabad and NCR, HEALTH SANCTUARY® is now fast expanding to newer markets, pan India. In addition to the metros, Health Sanctuary will be reaching out to the under-explored towns and tier II cities as well leveraging on the Franchise route. Several Company owned and Franchise Centres are already in the pipeline and the first phase target of reaching a tally of 50 HEALTH SANCTUARY® owned / exclusive brand franchisee Centers by 2010-11 is within reach. "At the same time, our drive for new products and services innovation will continue apart from adding new greener technologies that are proven safe and are as per international standards," ensures Ms Shirin, the US based Director, Health Sanctuary.

The Company is run by professionals and is headed by Ms Shubi Husain, a widely acclaimed Nutritionist, Marketing Expert and Entrepreneur. For demos of Health Sanctuary’s concept, and to have a free counseling session on services that Health Sanctuary specialises in, please contact HS Nutritionist / Counsellor at +91 9873298033.

Addresses:
South Delhi:
Health Sanctuary®
A-1/19, Safdarjung Enclave
New Delhi - 110029, India
Ph: 011-41651181 / 82, 46023841 / 46023842
mail@hsanctuary.com , www.hsanctuary.com

Health Sanctuary®
C -26, Greater Kailash - I
New Delhi - 110048
Ph: 011- 46588593, 46588594
mail@hsanctuary.com, www.hsanctuary.com

North Delhi:
Health Sanctuary®
A-9, Gujranwala Town - I
Delhi - 110009, India

Ph: 011-42381844, 42381845, 9873298033
mail@hsanctuary.com , www.hsanctuary.com

West Delhi:
Health Sanctuary®
J 12 / 13, Rajouri Garden,
New Delhi - 122017
Ph: 011-45130545/46/47
mail@hsanctuary.com, www.hsanctuary.com

NCR (Faridabad):
Health Sanctuary®
SCF No. 1, Sector 17 Market,
Faridabad - 121002, India

Ph: 0129-3203762, 3203746, 9873298033
mail@hsanctuary.com , www.hsanctuary.com

NCR (Gurgaon):

Health Sanctuary®
8, BougainVillae Marg, (Opp, Bristol).
DLF Ph II, Gurgaon - 122002

Ph: 0124-4053911, 4057909, 4288182 / 83
mail@hsanctuary.com , www.hsanctuary.com

visit: http://www.planetoftotalsolutions.blogspot.com

Health Sanctuary Launches Its Exclusive Slimming Studio At J 1213 Rajouri Garden New Delhi India - Articlesfreedom.com

2009-08-01T05:55:00.001-07:00

Health Sanctuary launches its Exclusive 'SLIMMING STUDIO' at J 12/13, Rajouri Garden, New Delhi, India

HEALTH SANCTUARY®, India's premier chain of Weight Management and Skin Care Clinics launched its exclusive SLIMMING STUDIO at J 12/13, Rajouri Garden, New Delhi, India. The launch comes close on the heals of its successful running of the Med Spa Project initiated at C - 26, GK-1, New Delhi. With the launch of its Slimming Studios, the Health Sanctuary brand has emerged stroger and is slated to expand exponentially. This also puts the company on the fast track to an accelerated expansion, wherein the company, according to a senior official, would be increasing its presence in all Metros and set up more exclusive brand franchisees.

The newly opened centre at Rajouri Garden will specifically deal with the complete range of Advanced Weight Management Procedures. This also lends credence to the oft repeated news items of Health Sanctuary being a Company famous for practising the world's latest Weight Management and out of the box technologies like the GX99, Thermax, Ayurveda, Vaccuum Therapy, Torque & DH Therapy, Colon Hydrotherapy, Thermo-magic, Thermo Sculpting etc..

These Specialised weight management procedures will complement the general services offered at HEALTH SANCTUARY which includes but are not limited to Cosmetic Surgery, Cosmetic Dermatology / Skin Treatments, Laser Treatments / Laser Hair Reduction (USFDA Approved), Ayurveda, Oxygen Bar, De-Stress Techniques, Nutritional and Medical Consultation etc.

In the words of its MD Ms Shubi Husain on the eve of the launch of the HS Slimming Studio “All efforts are directed to make accessible to everyone of you, our humble gift of adding healthy and beautiful years to your life.” In fact after joining HEALTH SANCTUARY’s various BODY SCULPTING and CONTOURING programs, one's dream of looking attractive and graceful through ages, comes true.

With the launch of its new centre, HEALTH SANCTUARY plans to continue its efforts at battling obesity and improving the general well being of the society at large. Health Sanctuary, as a decade old Pvt. Ltd Company is known to be introducing state of the art Weight Management and Skin Care technologies every couple of months. Some of their Programs are also famous by the names of Thermage, RX+, the 3 Day Weight Loss Challenge etc.

As per one of the Officials of the Company, “Branded Weight Management Products of Health Sanctuary are to hit the market in the near future”. This will catapult the Company to an elite group providing 360 degrees of Weight Management Solutions.

Health Sanctuary regularly organizes free health and nutrition camps, workshops and seminars to further its vision of establishing a healthy and prosperous society. What’s more the Lucky winner Scheme at Health Sanctuary gives one an opportunity to win prizes worth Lakhs of Rupees while being their lucky client availaing all the Services for FREE for a month. For demos of Health Sanctuary’s concept, and to have a free counseling session on services that Health Sanctuary specializes in, one can contact the Nutritionist / Counsellor at 09873298033 or just SMS HS to 53030. For further details long on to the Company website http://www.hsanctuary.com

Addresses:
South Delhi:
Health Sanctuary®
A-1/19, Safdarjung Enclave
New Delhi - 110029, India
Ph: 011-41651181 / 82, 46023841 / 46023842 9873298033

mail@hsanctuary.com , www.hsanctuary.com

Health Sanctuary®
C -26, Greater Kailash - I
New Delhi - 110048
Ph: 011- 46588593, 46588594
mail@hsanctuary.com, www.hsanctuary.com

North Delhi:
Health Sanctuary®
A-9, Gujranwala Town - I
Delhi - 110009, India

Ph: 011-42381844, 42381845, 9873298033
mail@hsanctuary.com , www.hsanctuary.com

West Delhi:
Health Sanctuary®
J 12 / 13, Rajouri Garden,
New Delhi - 122017
Ph: 011-45130545/46/47
mail@hsanctuary.com, www.hsanctuary.com

NCR (Faridabad):
Health Sanctuary®
SCF No. 1, Sector 17 Market,
Faridabad - 121002, India

Ph: 0129-3203762, 3203746, 9873298033
mail@hsanctuary.com , www.hsanctuary.com

NCR (Gurgaon):

Health Sanctuary®
8, BougainVillae Marg, (Opp, Bristol).
DLF Ph II, Gurgaon - 122002

Ph: 0124-4053911, 4057909, 4288182 / 83
mail@hsanctuary.com , www.hsanctuary.com

Health Sanctuary Launches Its Exclusive Slimming Studio At J 1213 Rajouri Garden New Delhi India - Articlesfreedom.com

2009-08-01T05:46:00.001-07:00

HEALTH SANCTUARY in Expansion Mode, Launches Exclusive Medi SPA at GK - I

HEALTH SANCTUARY®, India's premier chain of Weight Management and Skin Care Clinics launches its exclusive Medi SPA at C-26, GK-I, New Delhi. The launch marks the 6th centre of the Health Sanctuary brand in the national capital region (NCR) and puts the company on the path to an accelerated expansion, Pan India

The company, according to a senior official, would increase its presence in all Metros and set up more exclusive brand franchisees.
The newly opened centre at Greater Kailash - I will specifically deal with advanced Cosmetic Dermatology and Skin Care, so as to improve the aesthetic quality of the skin and hair. This will complement the general services offered at HEALTH SANCTUARY which include but are not limited to Weight Management, Cosmetic Surgery, Dermatology / Skin Treatments, Oxygen Bar, Laser Treatments and Laser Hair Reduction (USFDA Approved), Ayurveda, De-Stress Techniques, Nutritional and Medical Consultation etc.
In the words of its MD Ms Shubi Husain on the eve of the launch “All efforts are directed to make accessible to everyone of you, our humble gift of adding healthy and beautiful years to your life.” In fact after joining HEALTH SANCTUARY’s various BODY SCULPTING and CONTOURING programs, one's dream of looking attractive and graceful through ages, comes true.
With the launch of its new centre, HEALTH SANCTUARY plans to continue its efforts at battling obesity and improving the general well being of the society at large. Health Sanctuary, as a decade old Pvt. Ltd Company is famous for introducing state of the art Weight Management and Skin Care technologies every couple of months. Their out of the box techniques are famous by the names of GX99, Thermax, Thermage, Thermo-Magic, RX+, the 3 Day Weight Loss Program etc.

As per one of the Officials of the Company, “Branded Weight Management Products of Health Sanctuary are to hit the market by June end”. This will catapult the Company to an elite group providing 360 degrees of Weight Management Solutions. Health Sanctuary regularly organizes free health and nutrition camps, workshops and seminars to further its vision of establishing a healthy and prosperous society. What’s more the Lucky winner Scheme at Health Sanctuary gives you an opportunity to win a prize worth Rs 50000/- and be their lucky client for the month.
For demos of Health Sanctuary’s concept, and to have a free counseling session on services that Health Sanctuary specializes in, please contact the Nutritionist / Counselor at +919873298033 or just SMS ‘HS’ to 53030

Addresses:
South Delhi:
Health Sanctuary®
A-1/19, Safdarjung Enclave
New Delhi - 110029, India
Ph: 011-41651181 / 82, 46023841 / 46023842
mail@hsanctuary.com , www.hsanctuary.com

Health Sanctuary®
C -26, Greater Kailash - I
New Delhi - 110048
Ph: 011- 46588593, 46588594
mail@hsanctuary.com, www.hsanctuary.com

North Delhi:
Health Sanctuary®
A-9, Gujranwala Town - I
Delhi - 110009, India

Ph: 011-42381844, 42381845, 9873298033
mail@hsanctuary.com , www.hsanctuary.com

West Delhi:
Health Sanctuary®
J 12 / 13, Rajouri Garden,
New Delhi - 122017
Ph: 011-45130545/46/47
mail@hsanctuary.com, www.hsanctuary.com

NCR (Faridabad):
Health Sanctuary®
SCF No. 1, Sector 17 Market,
Faridabad - 121002, India

Ph: 0129-3203762, 3203746, 9873298033
mail@hsanctuary.com , www.hsanctuary.com

NCR (Gurgaon):

Health Sanctuary®
8, BougainVillae Marg, (Opp, Bristol).
DLF Ph II, Gurgaon - 122002

Ph: 0124-4053911, 4057909, 4288182 / 83
mail@hsanctuary.com , www.hsanctuary.com

MCA SOLVED ASSIGNMENT MCS 07 (PROJECT)

2008-09-17T22:38:00.000-07:00

MCS 07 (PROJECT)

Q. 1. Write an interactive C language to manage the study centre with menu options like student’s details, semester enrolled for, assignments submitted and marks obtained, attendance for the practical courses etc. Using the file handling concepts. The application should he designed user-friendly.

Note: You must execute the program and submit the program logic, sample input and output along with the necessary documentation for this question. Assumptions can be made wherever necessary.

Ans. C Program:

/* Include files
********************************/
#include //-------Header file for printf, scanf
#include //-------Header file for getch(), clrscr()
#include //--------Header file exit function

/************************************************
17user defined structure
************************************************/
///-----------structure used to define date data type

Struct date
{
Int dd;
Int mm;
Int yy;
};

//--------- structure to store personal details
Struct personal
{
Char fname[20];
Char mname[20];
Char lname[20];
Char address [50];
};

//------- structure to store student’s enrollment.

//----------Assumption : One student can enroll at max. One program.

Struct enrollment
{
Char program [30]; //--------program like, B.Sc , B. Tech(IT),
B. Tech. (CE)
Etc……
Int sem; //-----semester
Struct date doe;

};

//-----structure to define subject detail like name of subject, assignment submitted or not, marks
// obtained
//-----Assumption-one . student can have at max 5 courses
struct subjects
{
Char sub_nm[30];
Char ass_flag //---assigment submitton flag, ‘y’ or ‘n’
Int marks;
};

//----- student structure
Struct student
{
Int rollno;
Struct personal pers_dtl;
Struct enrollment enr_dtl;
Int subj_cnt;
Struct subjects sub_dtls[5];
};
Typedef struct student student;

/****************************************************************
Function prototypes
****************************************************************/

Void printLine(int count, char ch);
Void printHeader ();
Char printMenu();
Void continue_prog();
Void add_student (FILE *fp);
Void view_student (FILE *fp, char choice);
Void update_student (FILE *fp, char choice);

/*************************Main Program********************************/
Void main ()
//---------declaration section
Char ch, filename[20];
FILE *fp;

//--------------------file open
Fp= fopen (“z:\’\ student. Dat “,”w+”);

While (1)
{
Ch= printMenu();
Switch (ch)
{
Case ‘1’ :
Add_student(fp);
Break;
Case ‘b’ :
View_student(fp,’b’);
Break;
Case ‘c’ :
View_student(fp,’c’);
Break;
Case ‘d’ :
View_student(fp,’c’);
Break;
Case ‘A’ :
Update_student(fp,’A’);
Break;
Case ‘B’ :
Update_student(fp,’B’);
Break;
Case ‘C’ :
Update_student(fp,’C’);
Break;
Case ‘D’ :
Update_student(fp,’D’);
Break;
Case ‘4’ :
Update_student(“\n THANK YOU ………..”);
Break;
Exit(0);
}
}//----enf of while
Fclose (fp)
//--- terminate program
Printf(“\n press any key to continue ……………………….”);
Getch();

/***************************************************************
18procedure : srch_std
19purpose : search student in a file
20input :
o 1. rollno: int
o 2. fp : FILE
*Output :
Offset, if record found
-1, if not found
****************************************************************/
Int srch_std(int rolledno, FILE *fp)
{
Int num;
//------declaration section
Int pos=-1;
Student s1;
//-- search record
Fseek(fp,0,0); //--set file pointer to begin of file
While (!feof(fp))
{
Num=fsacnf(fp, “%d”, &s1.rollno);
If(num==rollno)
Pos = ftell(fp)-sizeof(s1);
}
} //--- end of while
Return pos;
}

/******************************************************************
* procedure : update_student
* purpose : Read a roll number, and display student’s details for given roll number
* Input
* 1. fp : FILE *//--pointer to a file which contain data
* 2. choice : char //--- choice for which detail is required to be viewed
*output : None
******************************************************************/
Void update_student(FILE *fp, char choice)
{
//---declaration section
Student s1;
Int rno;
Int cno;
Int pos,
Int I;
//--- Enter rollno to be viewed
Printf(“\n Enter Roll number to be viewed :”);
Scanf(“%d”, &rno);

//---- Search student record with entered rollno from a file
Pos =srch_std;
//---if record not found
If(pos== -1)
{
Printf(“\n No record found for %d rollno”, rno);
Return;
}
//---If record found
Ftell(fp);
printHeder();
fscanf(fp, “%d”, &s1. rollno);
printf (“\nStudent Rollno : %d”,s1:rollno);
switch(choice)
{
Case ‘A’ ://--- personal detil
Printf(“\n*******************personal details************);
Printf(“\nEnter firstname middlename LastName : “);
Scanf(“%s %s %s”, &s1.pers_dt1.fname, &s1.pers_dt1.mname,&s1.pers_dt1.lname);
Fprintf (“%s %s %s”, &s1.pers_dt1.fname, &s1.pers_dt1.mname,&s1.pers_dt1.lname);
Printf (“\n Enter Address : ”);

scanf("%s", &s1.pers_dt1.address);
fprintf(fp, "%s", &s1.pers_dt1.address);
printf("\nEnter Date of birth (dd-mm-yy) : ");
scanf("%d, %d, %d ", &s1.pers_dt1.dob.dd, &s1.pers_dt1.dob.mm, &s1.pers_dt1.dob.yy);
fprintf("%d, %d, %d ", &s1.pers_dt1.dob.dd, &s1.pers_dt1.dob.mm, &s1.pers_dt1.dob.yy);

printf("\n*********************************************);
break;

case 'B': //......enrollment detail
printf("\n\n***********Enrollment Detail*****************);
printf("\nEnter program Name :");
scanf("%s",&s1.enr1_dt1.program);
fprintf(fp, "%s",&s1.enr1_dt1.program);

printf("\nEnter semester :");
scanf("%s",&s1.enr1_dt1.sem);
fprintf(fp, "%s",&s1.enr1_dt1.sem);
printf("\nEnter Date of enrollment (dd-mm-yy) : ");
scanf("%d, %d, %d ", &s1.pers_dt1.dob.dd, &s1.pers_dt1.dob.mm, &s1.pers_dt1.dob.yy);
fprintf("%d, %d, %d ", &s1.pers_dt1.dob.dd, &s1.pers_dt1.dob.mm, &s1.pers_dt1.dob.yy);
printf("\n*********************************************);
break;

case 'C': //--- assignment details
printf(************Assignment Detiail******************);
for( i=0; i {
printf ("\nsubject %s :" ,s1.sub_dtls[i].sub_nm);
printf ("submitted ?(y/n) ;");
scanf("%c", &s1.sub_dtls[i].ass_flag);
fprintf(fp, "%c", &s1.sub_dtls[i].ass_flag);
scanf("%c ", &s1.sub_dtls[i].ass_flag[i].ass_flag);
fprintf(fp, "%c ", &s1.sub_dtls[i].ass_flag[i].ass_flag);
}
break;

case 'D': //--- marks details
printf(************Marks Detiail******************);
for( i=0; i {
printf ("\nEnter Mark For subject %s :" ,s1.sub_dtls[i].sub_nm);
scanf("%c", &s1.sub_dtls[i].marks);
fprintf(fp, "%c", &s1.sub_dtls[i].marks);
}
break;
}
//----update record in file
ftell (fp);
//fwrite (&s1, sizeof (s1),1,fp);

continue_prog();
/***************************************************
*procedure : view_student
*purpose Read a roll number, and dislay student's details for given roll number
* input
*1. fp : File * // ***** pointer to a file which contain data
* 2. choice : char. //---choice for which detail is requried to be viewed
* output : None
**************************************************/
void view_student(FILE * fb, char choice)
{
//----declaration section
student s1;
int rno;
int pos;
int i;
int count;
//--- Enter rollno to be viewed
printf("\nEnter Roll Number to be Viewed :");
scanf("%d", &rno);

//--- Search student record with entered rollno from a file pos=srch_std;

//--- if record not found
if(pos== -1)
{
printf("\n No record found for %d rollno", rno);
return;
}

//--- if record found
ftell (fp);
//fread(&s1,sizeof(s1),1,fp);
printHeader();
fseek(fp,oL,0);
fscanf(fp," %d", &s.rollno);
printf("\nRoll no %d :" , s1.rollno);
swithch(choice)
{
Case ‘A’ ://--- personal detail
Printf(“\n*******************personal details************);
Printf(“\nEnter Firstname Middlename LastName : “);
Scanf(“%s %s %s”, &s1.pers_dt1.fname, &s1.pers_dt1.mname,&s1.pers_dt1.lname);
Fprintf (“%s %s %s”, &s1.pers_dt1.fname, &s1.pers_dt1.mname,&s1.pers_dt1.lname);
Printf (“\n Enter Address : ”);
scanf("%s", &s1.pers_dt1.address);
fprintf(fp, "%s", &s1.pers_dt1.address);
printf("\nEnter Date of birth (dd-mm-yy) : ");
scanf("%d, %d, %d ", &s1.pers_dt1.dob.dd, &s1.pers_dt1.dob.mm, &s1.pers_dt1.dob.yy);
fprintf("%d, %d, %d ", &s1.pers_dt1.dob.dd, &s1.pers_dt1.dob.mm, &s1.pers_dt1.dob.yy);

printf("\n*********************************************);
break;

case 'B': //......enrollment detail
printf("\n\n***********Enrollment Detail*****************);
printf("\nEnter program Name :");
scanf("%s",&s1.enr1_dt1.program);
fprintf(fp, "%s",&s1.enr1_dt1.program);

printf("\nEnter semester :");
scanf("%s",&s1.enr1_dt1.sem);
fprintf(fp, "%s",&s1.enr1_dt1.sem);
printf("\nEnter Date of enrollment (dd-mm-yy) : ");
scanf("%d, %d, %d ", &s1.pers_dt1.dob.dd, &s1.pers_dt1.dob.mm, &s1.pers_dt1.doe.yy);
fprintf("%d, %d, %d ", &s1.pers_dt1.dob.dd, &s1.pers_dt1.dob.mm, &s1.pers_dt1.doe.yy);
printf("\n*********************************************);
break;

case 'C': //--- assignment details
printf(************Assignment Detiail******************);
for( i=0; i {
printf ("\nsubject %s :" ,s1.sub_dtls[i].sub_nm);
printf ("submitted ?(y/n) ;");
scanf("%c", &s1.sub_dtls[i].ass_flag);
fprintf(fp, "%c", &s1.sub_dtls[i].ass_flag);
scanf("%c ", &s1.sub_dtls[i].ass_flag[i].ass_flag);
fprintf(fp, "%c ", &s1.sub_dtls[i].ass_flag[i].ass_flag);

}
break;

case 'D': //--- marks details
printf(************Marks Detiail******************);
for( i=0; i {
printf ("\nEnter Mark For subject %s :" ,s1.sub_dtls[i].sub_nm);
scanf("%c", &s1.sub_dtls[i].marks);
fprintf(fp, "%c", &s1.sub_dtls[i].marks);
}
break;
}

continue_prog();

/***************************************************************
* procedure : continue_prog
*purpose : print a message. Halt for trigger and switch to menu.
*Input : None
* Output : None
***********************************************************/

void continue_prog()
{
printf("\n\t\tpress any key to continue........");
getch();
}

/*************************************************************
* percedure : add_student(fp)
* purpose : Add new student record in file
* Input : fp : FILE"
* Output : None
***********************************************************/

void add_student(FILE *fp)
{
//---- declaraton section
student s1;
int i;
//-- read of input data
ptintHeader();

printf("\nEnter Student Roll number :");
scanf("%d", &s1.rollno);
fprintf(fp," %d",s1.rollno);
//---- check , does this student exist
if(srch_std(s1.rollno, fp) != -1)
{
printf("\nSorry, this rollno already exist");
continue_prog();
}
//----Enter Personal Detail
Printf(“\n*******************personal details************);
Printf(“\nEnter Firstname Middlename LastName : “);
Scanf(“%s %s %s”, &s1.pers_dt1.fname, &s1.pers_dt1.mname,&s1.pers_dt1.lname);
Fprintf (“%s %s %s”, &s1.pers_dt1.fname, &s1.pers_dt1.mname,&s1.pers_dt1.lname);
Printf (“\n Enter Address : ”);
scanf("%s", &s1.pers_dt1.address);
fprintf(fp, "%s", &s1.pers_dt1.address);
printf("\nEnter Date of birth (dd-mm-yy) : ");
scanf("%d, %d, %d ", &s1.pers_dt1.dob.dd, &s1.pers_dt1.dob.mm, &s1.pers_dt1.dob.yy);
fprintf("%d, %d, %d ", &s1.pers_dt1.dob.dd, &s1.pers_dt1.dob.mm, &s1.pers_dt1.dob.yy);

printf("\n*********************************************);

//......enrollment detail
printf("\n\n***********Enrollment Detail*****************);
printf("\nEnter program Name :");
scanf("%s",&s1.enr1_dt1.program);
fprintf(fp, "%s",&s1.enr1_dt1.program);

printf("\nEnter semester :");
scanf("%s",&s1.enr1_dt1.sem);
fprintf(fp, "%s",&s1.enr1_dt1.sem);
printf("\nEnter Date of enrollment (dd-mm-yy) : ");
scanf("%d, %d, %d ", &s1.pers_dt1.dob.dd, &s1.pers_dt1.dob.mm, &s1.pers_dt1.doe.yy);
fprintf("%d, %d, %d ", &s1.pers_dt1.dob.dd, &s1.pers_dt1.dob.mm, &s1.pers_dt1.doe.yy);
printf("\n*********************************************);

printf("\n\n***********Subjecct details****************************);
printf("\n How many subject enrolled :");
scanf ("%d",&s1.subj_cnt);
fprintf(fp," %d",s1.subj_cnt);
for( i=0; i {
printf("\nSubject Name :");
scanf("%s",&s1.sub_dtls[i].sub_nm);
fprintf(fp," %s", s1.sub_dtls[i].sub_nm);
s1.sub_dtls[i].ass_flag='n';
s1.sub_dtls[i].marks=0;
}

//--- assignment details
printf(************Assignment Detiail******************);
for( i=0; i {
printf ("\nsubject %s :" ,s1.sub_dtls[i].sub_nm);
printf ("submitted ?(y/n) ;");
scanf("\n%c", &s1.sub_dtls[i].ass_flag);
fprintf(fp, "%c", &s1.sub_dtls[i].ass_flag);
scanf("%c ", &s1.sub_dtls[i].ass_flag[i].ass_flag);
fprintf(fp, "%c ", &s1.sub_dtls[i].ass_flag[i].ass_flag);

}
//--- marks details
printf(************Marks Detiail******************);
for( i=0; i {
printf ("\nEnter Mark For subject %s :" ,s1.sub_dtls[i].sub_nm);
scanf("%c", &s1.sub_dtls[i].marks);
fprintf(fp, "%c", &s1.sub_dtls[i].marks);
}

//----insert student's record in file
fseek (fp, -1, SEEK_END));
//fwrite (&s1, sizeof (s1),1,fp);

continue_prog();
}

/*******************************************************************************
* prpcedure : printLine
*purpose : print a line with repeatation of chararctaer symbol
*Input :
** 1.count: int => specifies number of times a character to be printed
* 2.ch :- char=>specifies symbol to be printed
* Output : None
********************************************************************/
void printLine(int count, char ch)
{
int i;
printf("\n");
for(i=0; i {
printf("%c",ch);
}
}
/**********************************************************
*procedure : printHeader
*purpose : print page header
* Input : None
*Output : None
***********************************************************/

void printHeader()
{
clrscr();
printLine (80,'*');
printLine (80,'*');
printLine (20,'*');
printLine("STUDENT MAANGEMENT SYSTEM");
printLine(80,'*');
printLine(80,'*');
}

/*****************************************************************
* Procedure : printMenu
* Purpose : print Header, and Menu. Read choice from user input
and
return
* Input : None
*output :
* 1. ch : char=> specifies choice ('1' or '2' or '3' )
****************************************************************/
char printMenu()
{
char ch; //******* ****************Main Menu*************************
main_menu;
while(ch<'1'|| ch>'4'
{
printHeader();
printf("\n1'. Add A Student Record : ");
printf("\n2'. Add A Student Record : ");
printf("\n3'. Add A Student Record : ");
printf("\n4'. Exit : ");
printLine(40, "-");
printf("\n Enter your choice : ");
flushall();
scanf("%c",&ch);

printLine(40, '-' );
if(ch< '1' || ch>'4')
{
printf("\n Enter Valid choice. Please try again. ")
printf("\n Press any key to continue");
getch();
}
printLine(80, '*');

if(ch=='1' || ch== '4') //---- if ch is '1', return for
add_student, process '4' for exit.

return ch;
else if (ch=='2') //------ display view menu.
{
while(ch<'a' || > 'e')
{
PrintHeader();
printf(" \na. view Personal Detail " );
printf(" \nb. view Emrollment Detail " );
printf(" \nc. view Assignment Detail " );
printf(" \nd. view Marks " );
printf(" \ne. Back previous menu ");
scanf("%c",&ch);

if(ch<'a' ||>'e')
{
printLine(40, '_');
printf(" \n Enter Valid Choice Please try again . " );
printf("\n Press any key to continue.. " );
printLine(80, '*');
}
}
if (ch= ='e')
goto main_menu;
else
return ch;
}
else if (ch==3) //----- display update menu
{
while(ch< 'A' || ch> 'E')
{
PrintHeader();
printf(" \nA. view Personal Detail " );
printf(" \nB. view Emrollment Detail " );
printf(" \nC. view Assignment Detail " );
printf(" \nD. view Marks " );
printf(" \nE. Back previous menu ");
scanf("%c",&ch);

if(ch<'a' ||>'E')
{
printLine(40, '_');
printf(" \n Enter Valid Choice Please try again . " );
printf("\n Press any key to continue.. " );
printLine(80, '*');
}
}
if (ch= ='E')
goto main_menu;
else
return ch;
} //----end of update menu
}
}

Q2. Write an assembly language program to accept a decimal number and display its hexadecimal equivalent.
Ans:
; decibin - get decimal digits from keyboard
; and convert them to binary in BX regoster

. model tiny
.code
.startup
;-------------------------------

; main program loop

start :

call read_num
call print_crlf
call print_hex
call print_crlf
jmp start ; loop endlessly

; *****************************************************************
; print_crlf
; prints out a carriage return and linefeed
; *****************************************************************

print_crlf proc
mov ah, 2h ; print character function
mov dl, 0dh ; carriage return
int 2lh ; print it
mov dl, 0ah ; linefeed
int 21h ; print it

ret
print_crlf endp

; ***************************************************************************
; read_num
; reads a number from keyboard input
; and stores it in BX in binary
; ***************************************************************************

read_nem proc

mov bx, 0h ; clear bx for number
;
; get digit form keybard and
; conevrt it to binary
;
newchar :
mov ah 1h ; keyboard input function
int 21h ; execute ^ with dos
sub a1, 30h ; ascii to binary
j1 endinpt ; jump if < 0
cmp a1, 9d ; is it > 9d?
jg endinpt ; yes, not decimal digit
cbw ; byte in a1 to wrod in ax

; digit is new in AX
; multiply number in Bx 10d

xchg ax, bx ; trade digit and number
mov cx, 10d ; put 10d in CX
mul cx ; number times 10d
xchg ax, bx ; trade number and digit
;
; add digit in AX to number in BX
;
add bx, ax ; add digit to number
jmp newchar ; get next digit
;
; check to see wht they entered
; if nothing, exit
; otherwise, return from process
;
endinpt :
emp bx, 0h ; is it 0?
jne return ; nope, return from process
exit ; yup, exit program
return :

ret
read_num endp

; **************************************************************
; print_hex
; print in hex to the sereen the contents of
; BX
; *************************************************************
print_hex proc

mov ch, 4h ; number fo digits to print

; start with first digit in Bx
; register

rotate:
mov c1, 4h ; set count to 4 bits
rol bx, cl ; left digit to right

; convert to number
mov a1, b1 ; mov to AL
and a1, 0fh ; mask off digit
add a1, 30h ; convert hex to ascii
cmp a1, 3ah ; is it > 9?
jl printit ; jump if digit =0 to 9
add a1, 27h ; digit is A to F

; print the digit in
; the AL register

printit :
mov dl, al ; put ASCII char inDL
mov ah, 2h ; display output function
int 21h ; call DOS
dec ch ; done 4 digit =0 to 9
jnz rotate ; not yet

; fallthrough and return
ret
print_hex endp
end

Q.3 Write a program to evaluates 4*(4^2)+3x +7 if flag = = or evaluates 9x+3 if flag = = 0. Assume x is a 16-bit unsigned number.

Ans.
.model small
.data
prompt1 db = " enter the number for flag "
prompt2 db = " enter the number X "
prompt3 db = " the result is "
X db ?
num db ?

.code
disp prompt1
call read_num
print _crlf ; read the number for flag
mov ax,num
add ax, num
jnc f0
disp prompt2
set ; check if carry flag
call read_num
print_crlf

mov ax,x
f1:
mul ax
mul 4
mov dx, ax
mul 3
add ax,dx
add ax, 07
jmp exit
f0 : mul 09
add ax,03
jmp exit

disp prompt3

; *********************************************************************************
; print_crif
; print out a carriage return and linefeed
; ********************************************************************************

print_crlf proc
mov ah, 2h ; print character function
mov dl, 0dh ; carriage return
int 21h ; print it
dl, 0ah ; linefeed
int 21h ; print it
ret
print_crlf endp

; ********************************************************************************
; reads number from keyboard
; ********************************************************************************

read_num proc
mov bx, oh ; clear bx for number
int 21h ; execute ^ with dos
sub a1, 30h ; ascii to binary
j1 endinpt ; jump if < 0
cmp a1, 9d ; is it > 9d?
jg endinpt ; yes, not decimal digit
cbw ; byre in a1 to word in ax

; digit is now in AX
; multiply number in BX by 10d

xchg ax, bx ; trade digit and number
mov cx, 10d ' put 10d in CX
mul cx ; number times 10d
xchg ax, bx ; trade number and digit

;
; add digit in AX to number in BX
;

add bx, ax ; add digit to number
jup newchar ; get next digit

; check to see what they entered
; if nothing, exit
; otherwise, return form process

endinpt :
cmp bx, 0h ; is it 0?
jne return ; return from process
exit
return :
ret
read_num endp
disp macro msg
mov ah, 09h
lea dx, msg
int 21h
disp endm

Exit : mov ax, 4c00h
int 21h

; ***************************************************************************
; OUTPUT
; ***************************************************************************

enter the number for flag 5
enter the number X 2
the result is 21

Q.4 Write a program, which reads two decimal numbers, multiply them and display the product in decimal.

Ans.
.model small
.Data
Prompt1 db “Enter first number”
Prompt2 db “Enter second number”
Prompt3 db “The result is ”
.code
Disp macro msg
Mov ah, 09h
Int 21h
: disp endm
Call read_num
Mov ax, x
Cmp flag, 00
Je f0
F1: mul ax
Mul 3
Add ax, dx
Add ax, 07
Jmp exit
F0 mul 09
Add ax, 03

Disp prompt1
Call read_num
Mov bx, ax
Print clf
Disp prompt2
Call read_num
Mul bx
Print clf
Disp prompt3
Call write_num

Exit: mov ax, 4c00h
Int 21h

;**************************************************************************************
Read the decimal number
;**************************************************************************************

Read_num proc
Mov bx, 0h ; clear bx for number
; get digit form keyboard and
Newchar:
Mov ah 1h ; keyboard input function
Int 21h ; execute ^ with dos
Sub a1, 30h ; ascii to binary
J1 endinpt ; jump if < 0
Cmp a1, 9d ; is it > 9d?
Jg endinpt ; yes, not decimal digit
Cbw ; byre in a1 to word in ax

; digit is now in AX
; multiply number in BX by 10d

Xchg ax, bx ; trade digit and number
Mov cx, 10d ; put 10d in CX
Mul cx ; number times 10d
Xchg ax, bx ; trade number and digit

; add digit in AX to number in BX

Add bx, ax ; add digit to number
Jmp newchar ; get next digit

; check to see what they entered
; if nothing, exit
; otherwise, return from process
Endinpt:
Cmp bx, 0h ; is it 0?
Jne return ; return from process
Exit ; exit program

Return: ret
Read_num. endp

;************************************************************************************
; display the decimal number
;************************************************************************************

Write_num proc
Push dx ; save the values of all
Registers
Push cx
Push bx
Push ax

Mov cx, 0
Lea di, buffer_B+6
Mov bx, 10
B2: mov dx, 0
Div bx
Or d1, 30h ; separate each digit
Dec di
Mov [di ], d1 ; form the array of digits
Inc cx
Or ax, ax
Jnz b2

B3: mov ah, 2 ; display each digit
Mov d1, [di]
Int 21h
Inc di
Loop b3 ; continue till all digits displayed

Pop dx
Pop cx
Pop bx
Pop ax

Return: ret
Write_num endp

;******************************************************************************************; print_crlf
; prints out a carriage return and linefeed
;******************************************************************************************

Print_crlf proc

Mov ah, 2h ; print character function
Mov d1, 0dh ; carriage return
Int 21h ; print it
Mov d1, 0ah ; linefeed
Int 21h ; print it

Ret
Print_crlf end
End

;******************************************************************************************
OUTPUT
;******************************************************************************************

Enter first number: 8
Enter second number: 6
The result is: 48

Q.5 Write an assembly language program to implement a stack

Ans.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; use of stack to print reverse of string
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

.model tiny
.stack 100h
.code
Mov cx, 0
Read_char: mov ah, 1 ; read character typed by programmer
Int 21h
Cmp a1, 0dh ; if enter key pressed go to endof
Line
Je end_of_line

Push ax ; push character in stack
Inc cx ; increment count_of_char
Jmp read_char ; go to read_char

End_of_line : pop dx ; pop character form stack
Mov ah,2 ; display poped character
Int 21h
Loop end_of_line ; if count_of_char>0 goto
End_of_line
Int 20h

;------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; OUTPUT
;----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dbcd
dcba

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