tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10927202586906721942026-10-14T03:22:59.599-07:00Compilation lecture notes of medical subjectsUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger1587125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-63174790319058321132013-12-29T03:18:00.002-08:002013-12-29T03:18:24.091-08:00

An international committee of clinical investigators (Rome III Committee) defined dyspepsia as one or more of the following symptoms: Postprandial fullness (termed postprandial distress syndrome). Early satiation (meaning inability to finish a normal sized meal or postprandial fullness). Epigastric pain or burning (termed epigastric pain syndrome).

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-59857100539242575672013-12-20T06:36:00.000-08:002013-12-20T06:36:03.750-08:00

Guidelines for the treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) have been released from the Infectious Disease Society of American (IDSA). Although it is difficult to distinguish viral from bacterial acute rhinosinusitis (ARS), three features suggest the diagnosis of ABRS:  1) persistent symptoms or signs of ARS lasting 10 or more days with no clinical improvement;  2) onset

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-8083224363373895902013-08-17T21:01:00.000-07:002013-08-17T21:01:01.505-07:00

1. Weight reduction Maintain normal body weight (BMI : 18.5 – 24.9). 2. Adopt DASH eating plan Consume a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products with a reduced content of saturated fat and total fat. 3. Dietary sodium reduction Reduce dietary sodium intake to no more than 100 mEq/d (2.4 g sodium or 6 g sodium chloride (NaCl) ). 4. Physical activity Engage

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-709308937658881702013-08-16T20:14:00.000-07:002013-08-16T20:14:47.117-07:00

Blood pressure should be measured with a well-calibrated sphygmomanometer.  The bladder width within the cuff should encircle at least 80% of the arm circumference.  Readings should be taken after the patient has been resting comfortably, back supported in the sitting or supine position, for at least 5 minutes and at least 30 minutes after smoking or coffee ingestion. Source: CMDT

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-10663886140761420462013-08-13T21:07:00.000-07:002013-08-16T21:21:04.145-07:00

1. Hipertension with Heart failure Recommended Drugs: ACE Inhibitors Aldosterone Antagonist ARB β-Blockers CCB Diuretic Clinical Trial Basis: ACC/AHA Heart Failure Guideline MERIT-HF COPERNICUS CIBIS SOLVD AIRE TRACE ValHEFT RALES 2. Hipertension with Post-myocardial infarction Recommended Drugs: ACE Inhibitors Aldosterone Antagonist β-Blockers Clinical Trial Basis: ACC/

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-50359758136213319072013-08-01T08:16:00.000-07:002013-08-16T20:45:19.979-07:00

1. Genetic causes Hypertension can be caused by mutations in single genes. Liddle syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by early-onset hypertension, hypokalemic alkalosis, low renin and low aldosterone levels. 2. Renal disease Renal parenchymal disease is the most common cause of secondary hypertension.  Mechanisms : related to increased intravascular volume or

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-79196670996413031802013-03-28T08:50:00.000-07:002013-03-28T08:50:00.097-07:00

Chemoprophylaxis appears to reduce significantly the risk for progression from latent infection to active disease. In patients who have not received chemotherapy, a positive skin test result implies the presence of a few dormant but viable tubercle bacilli, which have the potential for reactivation. It has been demonstrated that the administration of INH daily for 6 to 12 months reduces the risk

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-13056521733953289542013-03-27T08:47:00.000-07:002013-03-27T08:47:05.381-07:00

The tuberculin skin test is the most useful test for the diagnosis of past or present tuberculous infection. The Mantoux test is more reliable than multiple-puncture tests, such as the tine test. PPD is available in three strengths: the first strength contains 1 tuberculin unit (TU),  the intermediate strength contains 5 TU, and  the second strength contains 250 TU.  Only the

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-44330308146721705652013-02-23T09:00:00.000-08:002013-02-23T09:00:01.959-08:00

At each visit, weight, blood pressure, fundal height, fetal heart rate are measured, and a urine specimen is obtained and tested for protein and glucose. Review any concerns the patient may have about pregnancy, health, and nutrition. 6-12 Weeks Confirm uterine size and growth by pelvic examination. Document fetal heart tones (audible at 10–12 weeks of gestation by Doppler). First

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-37899977331223211352013-02-20T09:13:00.000-08:002013-02-20T09:13:00.061-08:00

Casts are composed of Tamm-Horsfall urinary mucoprotein in the shape of the nephron segment where they were formed. Hyaline casts  Concentrated urine,  febrile disease,  after strenuous exercise,  in the course of diuretic therapy (not indicative of renal disease) Red cell casts  Glomerulonephritis  White cell casts  Pyelonephritis, 

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-20676345334350265692013-02-19T08:49:00.000-08:002013-02-19T08:49:00.102-08:00

ACE inhibitors Alcohol A-II antagonists Androgens Anticonvulsants (phenytoin, valproic acid, carbamazepine) Benzodiazepines Carbarsone (amebicide) Chloramphenicol (third trimester) Cyclophosphamide Diazoxide Diethylstilbestrol Disulfiram Ergotamine Estrogens Griseofulvin Isotretinoin Lithium Methotrexate Misoprostol NSAIDs (third trimester) Opioids (prolonged use)

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-71448391899678054172013-02-18T07:59:00.001-08:002013-02-18T09:18:44.883-08:00

DM is classified on the basis of the pathogenic process that leads to hyperglycemia, as opposed to earlier criteria such as age of onset or type of therapy. The two broad categories of DM are designated type 1 and type 2. Both types of diabetes are preceded by a phase of abnormal glucose homeostasis as the pathogenic processes progresses. Type 1 diabetes is the result of complete or near-total

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-21339393115399937992013-02-05T04:49:00.001-08:002013-02-05T04:49:49.039-08:00

Proponents of alternative diets claim that life prolongation through adherence to a particular diet is an achievable goal for cancer patients. However, a systematic review based on evidence found indicates that there is no diet regimen that has been conclusively proven to cure cancer or significantly prolong the life of cancer patients. Gerson regimen — Hildenbrand et al (1995) analysis

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-4210612849659098812013-02-04T04:55:00.000-08:002013-02-05T04:56:01.141-08:00

Intolerance to lactose-containing foods (primarily dairy products) is a common problem. The term lactose intolerance is applied to the development of characteristic symptoms after the ingestion of lactose:  abdominal pain,  bloating,  flatulence,  diarrhea,  and, particularly in adolescents, vomiting. The causes of lactose malabsorption can be divided into : 

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-26644427273346387012012-09-13T08:20:00.000-07:002012-09-13T08:20:00.024-07:00

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are characterized by severe disturbances of eating behavior. The salient feature of anorexia nervosa is a voluntary restriction of food intake relative to caloric requirements leading to an inappropriately low body weight. Bulimia nervosa is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by abnormal compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-56482159120454289332012-09-12T08:18:00.001-07:002012-09-12T08:18:58.917-07:00

Insulin secretagogues stimulate insulin secretion by interacting with the ATP-sensitive potassium channel on the beta cell. These drugs are most effective in individuals with type 2 DM of relatively recent onset, who have residual endogenous insulin production. Class/Generic Name Daily Dosage, mg Duration of Action, h Sulfonylureas  Glimepiride 1–8 24 Glipizide 5–40 12–18

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-83893076858105415422012-08-25T07:16:00.002-07:002012-08-25T07:32:38.069-07:00

Absolute contraindications to botulinum toxin injection include infection at the site of injection or known hypersensitivity to any component of the product. AbobotulinumtoxinA should not be given to patients with allergies to cow’s milk protein; this limitation does not apply to onabotulinumtoxinA, incobotulinumtoxinA, or rimabotulinumtoxinB. Relative contraindications to treatment

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-13877857026772048822012-08-24T07:30:00.000-07:002012-08-25T07:31:39.555-07:00

Two serotypes of botulinum toxin have been formulated for clinical use, including botulinum toxin type A and botulinum toxin type B. In order to prevent confusion between products, in 2009, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended the use of specific names, rather than serotypes, to refer to the available formulations of botulinum toxin. OnabotulinumtoxinA The

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-78485645822749373262012-06-10T00:02:00.000-07:002012-06-10T00:02:00.591-07:00

Elderly Care Medicine Lecture Notes provides all the necessary information, within one short volume, for a sound introduction to the particular characteristics and needs of elderly patients. Presented in a user-friendly format, combining readability with high-quality illustrations, this eighth edition has been thoroughly revised to reflect advances in knowledge on how disease presents in

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-9911720300628477682012-06-09T08:55:00.000-07:002012-06-20T08:58:21.185-07:00

Decerebrate posture Results from damage to the upper brain stem.  In this posture, the arms are adducted and extended, with the wrists pronated and the fingers flexed.  The legs are stiffly extended, with plantar flexion of the feet. Decorticate posture Results from damage to one or both corticospinal tracts.  In this posture, the arms are adducted and flexed, with the

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-83009434330551132492012-06-08T08:27:00.000-07:002012-06-20T08:37:11.587-07:00

AFFECTED ORGAN VISCERAL PAIN PARIETAL PAIN REFERRED PAIN Appendix Periumbilical area Right lower quadrant Right lower quadrant Distal colon Hypogastrium and left flank for descending colon Over affected area Left lower quadrant and back (rare) Gallbladder Middle epigastrium Right upper quadrant Right subscapular area Ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus Hypogastrium and groin Over affected

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-48836987587356555192012-06-07T21:58:00.000-07:002012-06-20T08:38:08.300-07:00

Major presenting symptom Likely microbes Incubation period Likely food sources Vomiting S. aureus 1 to 6 hours Prepared food, eg, salads, dairy, meat B. cereus 1 to 6 hours Rice, meat Norwalk-like viruses 24 to 48 hours Shellfish, prepared foods, salads, sandwiches, fruit

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-14987608654448657372012-06-06T08:27:00.000-07:002012-06-20T08:38:24.828-07:00

Acute renal failure (ARF) has traditionally been defined as the abrupt loss of kidney function that results in the retention of urea and other nitrogenous waste products and in the dysregulation of extracellular volume and electrolytes. The loss of kidney function is most easily detected by measurement of the serum creatinine which is used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-47650240297701399342012-06-05T21:44:00.000-07:002012-06-06T21:45:48.362-07:00

Listeria monocytogenes is an important bacterial pathogen in neonates, immunosuppressed patients, elderly adults, pregnant women, and occasionally, previously healthy individuals. Febrile gastroenteritis Listeria account for less than one percent of reported cases of bacterial foodborne infections, but outbreaks of febrile gastroenteritis from contaminated food have been described.

Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1092720258690672194.post-45338433006805808282012-06-04T16:09:00.000-07:002012-06-20T08:43:42.767-07:00

Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of heart failure (HF) independent of coronary heart disease and hypertension and may cause a cardiomyopathy. DEFINITION Diabetic cardiomyopathy has been defined as ventricular dysfunction that occurs in diabetic patients independent of a recognized cause (eg, coronary heart disease, hypertension) EPIDEMIOLOGY There is a well established

Unknownnoreply@blogger.com