<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3761864862166097595</id><updated>2024-09-21T14:19:44.013-07:00</updated><category term="casas en tierra"/><category term="cabañas en madera"/><category term="construcción en tierra"/><category term="maderas para construcción"/><category term="construcción sostenible"/><category term="elementos estructurales en madera"/><category term="Cubiertas rusticas"/><category term="La madera en la construcción"/><category term="antecedentes bahareque"/><category term="antiguedad"/><category term="arcilla cruda"/><category term="armaduras en madera"/><category term="arquitectura biodegradable"/><category term="arquitectura en tierra"/><category term="arquitectura verde"/><category term="cabañas con estructura de madera"/><category term="cabañas en tierra"/><category term="carpintería de armar"/><category term="caña"/><category term="cerchas"/><category term="cobijo humano"/><category term="columnas"/><category term="conectores metálicos"/><category term="construcción biodegradable"/><category term="construcción en armonia con la naturaleza"/><category term="construcción en armonía con la naturaleza"/><category term="construcción en madera"/><category term="construcción y medio ambiental"/><category term="construcíon sostenible con maderas"/><category term="cubiertas"/><category term="cubrejuntas"/><category term="diseño de columnas en madera"/><category term="elementos de madera"/><category term="empalmes"/><category term="enfermedades de la madera"/><category term="esfuerzos de flexión"/><category term="esfuerzos de tracción simple"/><category term="explotación sostenible de madera"/><category term="fabricación de columnas en madera"/><category term="fabricación de vigas en madera"/><category term="formas comerciales de la madera"/><category term="jabalconados"/><category term="la tierra como habitat"/><category term="madera liviana"/><category term="madera pesada"/><category term="medio ambiente"/><category term="muros portantes en madera"/><category term="palma"/><category term="paredes de tabla o de chapa en madera"/><category term="paredes en madera"/><category term="paredes entramadas en madera"/><category term="piezas de madera sometidas a esfuerzos de tracción simple"/><category term="piezas estructurales de madera"/><category term="protección contra el fuego"/><category term="respeto por la naturaleza"/><category term="tacos de madera"/><category term="techos de grama"/><category term="techos en materiales naturales"/><category term="techos en paja"/><category term="tierra pisada"/><category term="tratamiento de la madera"/><category term="vigas"/><category term="vigas con pernos"/><category term="vigas de madera"/><category term="vigas sencillas de sección rectangular"/><category term="vivienda biodegradable"/><category term="viviendas con estructura en madera"/><category term="viviendas en armonia con la naturaleza"/><category term="viviendas en tierra"/><category term="zapatas"/><category term="zapatas en concreto"/><category term="zapatas en concreto para cabañas en madera"/><category term="árboles maderables"/><title type='text'>La arquitectura de la tierra</title><subtitle type='html'>La arquitectura en tierra una opción de construcción en armonia con la naturaleza</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Adalberto Salazar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02127885897572227379</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiNigV8IIc9EHXiSHBr2nOUlJGBCOnJFmCJYnJGknNnmuUsIdGP0tuLugLnC_cnPHrUnwZ4IlyI7UbXhtdlGKwXgNF6ZtciPRK0vlFmRazANgGrd0-qHRqroUWh9SwNAw/s220/Adalberto.JPG'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>19</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3761864862166097595.post-4851249288605665431</id><published>2014-02-22T15:46:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2014-02-22T15:48:13.475-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="antecedentes bahareque"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="antiguedad"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="arcilla cruda"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="casas en tierra"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cobijo humano"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="la tierra como habitat"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="medio ambiente"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="respeto por la naturaleza"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="tierra pisada"/><title type='text'>ANTECEDENTES DE LA ARQUITECTURA DE TIERRA</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: .45pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;El hombre está ligado a la tierra
desde sus orígenes.. Los primeros materiales de construcción fueron aquellos
proporcionados por la naturaleza, como la piedra, los troncos y ramas de
árboles, la fibra vegetal, la lana el pelaje de animales y la arcilla.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: .45pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Desde hace 10.000 años los hombres
construyen ciudades. La tierra cruda, fue, y sigue siendo, uno de los
principales materiales de construcción: Es así que, hoy en día, más de un
tercio de la población humana vive en hábitat de tierra.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: .45pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Existen construcciones grandiosas,
tales como el coliseo Romano foto no 1, las mezquitas de la antigüedad foto no 2, Conjuntos residenciales construidos en diferentes pueblos de Latinoamérica
y Centro América foto no 3, 4, 5 y 6, varias de estas construcciones, tienen escondido
debajo de sus pañetes azulejos o mármoles estructuras de piedra, madera, bambú
y barro, o las famosas casas torre del Yemen que pueden tener hasta 8 plantas,
muchas de ellas datan de hace 400 años.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.25pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.25pt;&quot;&gt;Foto nº 2 - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Mezquita al Sur de Marruecos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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México&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 9.85pt; margin-top: 0.4pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
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México&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.25pt;&quot;&gt;Foto nº 5 - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Unidad residencial en arcilla construida en San
Salvador&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;

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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:&quot;Tabla normal&quot;;
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
 mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
 line-height:115%;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
 mso-ansi-language:ES;
 mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.75pt; margin-top: 20.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: .45pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Todos ellos, son ejemplos de la
durabilidad de esta arquitectura ancestral y de la fiabilidad de su principal
material constructivo: el barro crudo, Su uso fue muy extendido en la
arquitectura sagrada, oficial, civil o agrícola y las construcciones de barro
se encuentran en todos los continentes, aunque en las zonas húmedas o boscosas
solían elegirse otros materiales, como piedra, madera, guadua y adobe cocido.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.75pt; margin-top: 12.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: .55pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;El barro ha acompañado la aventura
del cobijo humano desde su forma más antigua y humilde hasta llegar a nuestros
días donde representa el papel del la alternativa respetuosa y de escala
humana. Fotos nº 6, 7 y 8 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.75pt; margin-top: 12.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj44_NKWI7pgZMJNHfPrdGVSyBuznLRRBFY3tJ2mfLqhgidHzoDpood52KokHriZQgGA65Y-FmjTVadimUVOnxy1ATDdde27Rk3FoALERgK2fuSBKmonv65pCk75qC4GWzFM7QIsQHY_9o/s1600/CASA+BAHREQUE+MUNICIPIO+DE+TOLEDO.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj44_NKWI7pgZMJNHfPrdGVSyBuznLRRBFY3tJ2mfLqhgidHzoDpood52KokHriZQgGA65Y-FmjTVadimUVOnxy1ATDdde27Rk3FoALERgK2fuSBKmonv65pCk75qC4GWzFM7QIsQHY_9o/s1600/CASA+BAHREQUE+MUNICIPIO+DE+TOLEDO.JPG&quot; height=&quot;297&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: .55pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;Casa de bahareque en esquina, cerca al centro, en el
municipio de Toledo Antioquia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;Foto nº 6 (personal) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.75pt; margin-top: 12.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
  &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;
  &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
  &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;
  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
  &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
  &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;
  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;ES&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/&gt;
   &lt;w:OverrideTableStyleHps/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;
   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.75pt; margin-top: 12.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-other; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  DefSemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; DefQFormat=&quot;false&quot; DefPriority=&quot;99&quot;
  LatentStyleCount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Normal&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:&quot;Tabla normal&quot;;
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
 mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
 line-height:115%;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
 mso-ansi-language:ES;
 mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.2pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;Si es
obvio que científicos han demostrado que un ladrillo de adobe crudo inmerso en
un cubo de agua se derrite y deshace con rapidez, esa no es la conducta de todo
un muro, este nunca se encontrará tan mojado. Existe poca similitud entre un
solo ladrillo atacado por sus seis caras a la vez y un muro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
  &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;
  &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
  &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;
  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
  &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
  &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;
  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;ES&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/&gt;
   &lt;w:OverrideTableStyleHps/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;
   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.75pt; margin-top: 12.7pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  DefSemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; DefQFormat=&quot;false&quot; DefPriority=&quot;99&quot;
  LatentStyleCount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Normal&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
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encalado y comprimido con varias capas, colocado sobre unos cimientos de
piedras y hormigón y protegidos por un techo y un volado de medio metro u
ochenta centímetros. La agresión del agua es entonces mínima. Además, no se
puede olvidar que si es cierto que una parte de los muros absorban agua de
lluvia también es verdad que tienen la tendencia a secarse muy rápidamente.
Esta es una de las características más destacables de un hábitat (ecosistema,
medio ambiente, entorno) que respira. El adobe más que un material es un
sistema.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 9.85pt; margin-top: 0.4pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3niYVd68z59P24PiDaSjqDIGFAjy7wAcYOoQCMdeos8PhI1ITXX64KFEy_hFR7SODzJRZ3BlU1cs_DYXypVHNMwSB9yBqEHK1EQMjfho28FjVBxg82OcpuU89fZ5vXxfx3VQh_LkS870/s1600/CASA+EN+TAPIA+PISADA+ISLAS+CANARIAS.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3niYVd68z59P24PiDaSjqDIGFAjy7wAcYOoQCMdeos8PhI1ITXX64KFEy_hFR7SODzJRZ3BlU1cs_DYXypVHNMwSB9yBqEHK1EQMjfho28FjVBxg82OcpuU89fZ5vXxfx3VQh_LkS870/s1600/CASA+EN+TAPIA+PISADA+ISLAS+CANARIAS.JPG&quot; height=&quot;205&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 9.85pt; margin-top: 0.4pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;Foto nº 8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;Casa de tapia pisada, revoque en arcilla y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt; techo en tierra con grama &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;en Las Islas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 9.85pt; margin-top: 0.4pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;Canarias - España.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;Foto y textos extraidos de la pagina web http://.rinconesdelatlantico.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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 &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:&quot;Tabla normal&quot;;
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 mso-style-priority:99;
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 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
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&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.65pt; margin-top: 12.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Así, en Tierra de Campos, se le repasa la faz a la
vivienda con una nueva y fina capa de revoco de tierra y paja menuda, para
rejuvenecerla durante unos años más, y combatir el sol que sigue al&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; invierno.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.65pt; margin-top: 12.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;La escasa resistencia frente al monstruo del
hormigón y la menor durabilidad de éste frente al agente agresivo, decidieron
darle la espalda a un material que durante muchos siglos dio cobijo al hombre.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.65pt; margin-top: 12.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.7pt; margin-top: 13pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Pero los pueblos de
tierra continuaron resistiendo, continuaron en pie las casas, el tiempo justo
para que el hombre volviera su mirada de nuevo; la tierra perdura y demanda un
escaso mantenimiento, mucho menor que la fachada de cemento pintada con acrílico. El progreso ha roto el vinculo entre nosotros y la naturaleza, antiguamente y no hace mucho tiempo, cuando la mayor parte de la población vivía en las zonas rurales, toda la construcción era ecológica, sólo se utilizaban materiales de la región; la construcción de los campos, al igual que la agricultura, hasta hace poco más de 40 años&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.7pt; margin-top: 13pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Texto y fotos en negrilla y comillas, extraidos de la pagina web&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; http://www.rinconesdelatlantico.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:&quot;Tabla normal&quot;;
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
 mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
 line-height:115%;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
 mso-ansi-language:ES;
 mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
  &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;
  &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
  &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;
  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
  &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
  &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;
  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;ES&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/&gt;
   &lt;w:OverrideTableStyleHps/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;
   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.7pt; margin-top: 13pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  DefSemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; DefQFormat=&quot;false&quot; DefPriority=&quot;99&quot;
  LatentStyleCount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Normal&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
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 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:&quot;Tabla normal&quot;;
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;
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 mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
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&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.65pt; margin: 12.9pt 0cm 11.1pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Casas de tapia pisada que siguen resistiendo al paso del tiempo, fotos no 9&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;10, 11 y 12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Fotos nº 9 y 10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:&quot;Tabla normal&quot;;
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
 mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
 line-height:115%;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
 mso-ansi-language:ES;
 mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.4pt;&quot;&gt;La tapia pisada no requiere mantenimiento continuo, se puede
rehabilitar de manera que luzca de nuevo agradable rebitando las partes
deterioradas con la misma mezcla de arcilla del material del muro arcilla con agregado pequeño y mediano más un revoque de arcilla nuevo más pintura.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
  &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;
  &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
  &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;
  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
  &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
  &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;
  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;ES&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/&gt;
   &lt;w:OverrideTableStyleHps/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;
   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Fotos nº 11 y 12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  DefSemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; DefQFormat=&quot;false&quot; DefPriority=&quot;99&quot;
  LatentStyleCount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Normal&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:&quot;Tabla normal&quot;;
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
 mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
 line-height:115%;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
 mso-ansi-language:ES;
 mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 9.9pt; margin-top: .8pt; mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: center; text-autospace: ideograph-other; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.4pt;&quot;&gt;Casas de tapia pisada en el área rural municipio de toledo&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 9.9pt; margin-top: .8pt; mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: center; text-autospace: ideograph-other; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.4pt;&quot;&gt;Antioquia. Fotos personales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 9.9pt; margin-top: .8pt; mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: center; text-autospace: ideograph-other; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.4pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
  &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;
  &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
  &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;
  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
  &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
  &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;
  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;ES&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/&gt;
   &lt;w:OverrideTableStyleHps/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;
   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 9.9pt; margin-top: .8pt; mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: center; text-autospace: ideograph-other; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  DefSemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; DefQFormat=&quot;false&quot; DefPriority=&quot;99&quot;
  LatentStyleCount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Normal&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;WordSection1&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: .55pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&quot;En la arquitectura de la
colonización antioqueña el constructor afrontó la transformación de la
naturaleza virgen con los materiales del medio geográfico y de&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt; acuerdo con los modelos traídos de
sus sitios originarios. Esos modelos de construcción, de diseño y de
utilización eran símbolos de las relaciones sociales en que los nuevos pobladores
del occidente colombiano se educaron y luego trasladaron en sí mismos como
potencia creadora. En la colonización se desplegó esa potencia hasta ser acto
de vigor equiparable al de la arquitectura original. Grupo de fotos nº 13, 14,
15, 16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: .45pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.65pt; margin: 0.8pt 3.6pt 36.9pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkgbs4m70ZYbM9G1fgeNLYOhbyEC_yQIE-J2UMNerQlJC0oSV9IHk_klhM2xI-YyAIroVEGKybn5FjxxW5xPS-8F-LkBo6gRlafdbXI_GVAC8VlPm7W8tEXGWQQG_tXziBy_XKOgtbiFc/s1600/TAPIA+SANTAFE.JPG&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkgbs4m70ZYbM9G1fgeNLYOhbyEC_yQIE-J2UMNerQlJC0oSV9IHk_klhM2xI-YyAIroVEGKybn5FjxxW5xPS-8F-LkBo6gRlafdbXI_GVAC8VlPm7W8tEXGWQQG_tXziBy_XKOgtbiFc/s200/TAPIA+SANTAFE.JPG&quot; height=&quot;131&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;nº 13. Santafe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilr_xeqV8ZjIyJ5Mo19vKVzzsv4Ds59Ac8HJEdE4fpqb6C8EuCsJQjXtwC7r_eqS7w0XN3O5CRVdwg7uVRgaTZyytrV7m3JMINGYdFkvd036X5MX5lbk6rT4GN-IkTwhrzN2qQYJS5g5A/s1600/TAPIA+PISADA+YOLOMBO.JPG&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilr_xeqV8ZjIyJ5Mo19vKVzzsv4Ds59Ac8HJEdE4fpqb6C8EuCsJQjXtwC7r_eqS7w0XN3O5CRVdwg7uVRgaTZyytrV7m3JMINGYdFkvd036X5MX5lbk6rT4GN-IkTwhrzN2qQYJS5g5A/s200/TAPIA+PISADA+YOLOMBO.JPG&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; width=&quot;148&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;nº 14- Yolomo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkoE90oMjjiLnb1F-2cG31rRXx3pRAqHoTzrEClSSwDHpugLl5X5SYe9Tp5WVY7-UnhaHTvBpOmUGn8mDhTrq3bzGDgFBM1HDqUsmX0pJAvmTCHJ5iP5_yVp4mXoI69KzHDr8TppFAqR8/s1600/TAPIA+BEJORRAL.JPG&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkoE90oMjjiLnb1F-2cG31rRXx3pRAqHoTzrEClSSwDHpugLl5X5SYe9Tp5WVY7-UnhaHTvBpOmUGn8mDhTrq3bzGDgFBM1HDqUsmX0pJAvmTCHJ5iP5_yVp4mXoI69KzHDr8TppFAqR8/s200/TAPIA+BEJORRAL.JPG&quot; height=&quot;112&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;nº 15. Abejorral&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPO7bQGalP3qkLpiBDEoXO5vj4cLofFc4jZTTt0v6w_Z9URbUvjWb-WtuYDbX5GgN9Be_2qRYyg_Pw2oteRGUF-Mq5JJSKiuHbECmKVvDaCR6O3q-phcS7D0aWHjVZRRnz6f-lU-RwLWg/s1600/TAPIA+JARDIN.JPG&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPO7bQGalP3qkLpiBDEoXO5vj4cLofFc4jZTTt0v6w_Z9URbUvjWb-WtuYDbX5GgN9Be_2qRYyg_Pw2oteRGUF-Mq5JJSKiuHbECmKVvDaCR6O3q-phcS7D0aWHjVZRRnz6f-lU-RwLWg/s200/TAPIA+JARDIN.JPG&quot; height=&quot;131&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 9.9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 11.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: center; text-autospace: ideograph-other; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;nº 16. Jardín&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; letter-spacing: .45pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: .45pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Están hechas en tapia pisada, con columnas y vigas de madera
y cubierta en teja de barro. Las barandas enchambranadas en macana, las
columnas y puertas en madera pintadas, los aleros en voladizo que protegen los
amplios corredores y la fachada, contrastan con las paredes. Fotos 17,&amp;nbsp; 18, 11,
12 y 13&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPl2gS9IxN2pS4M6HP0FLqUNXc6uqoh7cFOOf2COi4MXq3Wd8RHLyrccq9WCZQVbVlteKENNHWR5IBWWGKDoNUbn5fDFtyPXq32AOn5AqmLeBelzEkkMEZxUpcOIPHY9pvZ8G6idv3uug/s1600/VENTANA+COLONIAL+2.JPG&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPl2gS9IxN2pS4M6HP0FLqUNXc6uqoh7cFOOf2COi4MXq3Wd8RHLyrccq9WCZQVbVlteKENNHWR5IBWWGKDoNUbn5fDFtyPXq32AOn5AqmLeBelzEkkMEZxUpcOIPHY9pvZ8G6idv3uug/s200/VENTANA+COLONIAL+2.JPG&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; width=&quot;144&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;nº 17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhup0LhWpO4dxh2CNH0O8N2XtHzPgBhpgjWfWpuDGHoZP23JznRN6ZSzPjeQP8vA1JkbZ7iOG8Zt-4wp0bJQ4uoeQbiQOeufMqwsr_m6jMiqh-IZML0pgBcXFv_hQxfGHnU5Kiuff67lWM/s1600/VENTANA+COLONIAL+1.JPG&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhup0LhWpO4dxh2CNH0O8N2XtHzPgBhpgjWfWpuDGHoZP23JznRN6ZSzPjeQP8vA1JkbZ7iOG8Zt-4wp0bJQ4uoeQbiQOeufMqwsr_m6jMiqh-IZML0pgBcXFv_hQxfGHnU5Kiuff67lWM/s200/VENTANA+COLONIAL+1.JPG&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; width=&quot;140&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;nº 18 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.6pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Las monumentales puertas que solían
representar poder y estatus, además de su belleza exuberante funcionaban como
refuerzos aporticados entre la viga de techo y la fundación o como apoyo en
entrepisos amarradas con las vigas corridas superiores e inferiores en madera&quot;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Fotos &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.6pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;No 17 y 18.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Las fotos y textos anteriores en negrilla y entre
comillas pertenecen a la pagina web http://www.villegaseditores.com.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;WordSection1&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.65pt; margin: 23.05pt 0cm 0cm 3.6pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.5pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;Existen diferentes técnicas para
trabajar la tierra cruda pisada, y la mayoría de ellas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt; son técnicas ancestrales que se han
mantenido con cambios desde la antigüedad hasta nuestros días, aunque otras son
aportaciones modernas: a menudo están fuertemente relacionadas con las
costumbres locales, la climatología del lugar y las características de la
tierra disponible. Las técnicas principales son el tapial, los adobes crudos,
adobes de suelo-cemento, los bloques de tierra compactada, el cob o las bolsas
de tierra: también hay algunas técnicas básicamente de carácter provisional y
de menor calidad, corno las bolas de tierra o el sod.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;WordSection2&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.65pt; margin: 13.4pt 7.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;La construcción en tierra, además de
ser cobijo de nuestros antepasados, construir casas con tierra en la actualidad
es habitual en muchas zonas del planeta por consiguiente, se hace interesante
mantener e impulsar las técnicas autóctonas de construcción y fomentar su
aplicación, investigación y mejora.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;En los países industrializados,
además de utilizarse para rehabilitar antiguas construcciones, la tierra se ha
aplicado con éxito en proyectos singulares de personas comprometidas con la
autoconstrucción y el uso de materiales naturales: asimismo se empieza a
introducir esta construcción alternativa con tierra en la edificación
convencional: es el caso de Alemania, donde algunos fabricantes han empezado a
producir materiales de construcción basados en la tierra sin cocer, como
ladrillos aligerados con paja o corcho, fibra de coco, o pañetes de tierra con
yute (extraído de la planta de fique) y cañizo para utilizar en interiores.
Disfrutar de viviendas saludables y de bajo impacto ambiental debería ser una
prioridad, y construir con tierra es una interesante posibilidad&quot;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;El texto en negrilla entre comillas fué extraído de la pagina web http://www.fundaterra.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.65pt; margin-top: 13.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.45pt;&quot;&gt;Existen organizaciones dedicadas a
impulsar la construcción con tierra como La Fundación Tierra en Barcelona
(España), El Instituto Juan de Herrera en Madrid (España), La revista Rincones
del Atlántico publicada mensualmente por correo desde, La Orotava Tenerife
(Islas Canarias - España) y en su página web.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Style1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.65pt; margin-top: 13.65pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharacterStyle1&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.55pt;&quot;&gt;Estudios relacionados con el tema se
encuentran en el Seminario: &quot;Materiales no Convencionales para
Construcción&quot;, del Comité de Investigaciones Científicas y Desarrollo,
CINDEC. Que edito la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. En el se recopilan diferentes
materiales y sus diferentes técnicas. La Cartilla Fabricación de Suelo-Cemento
editada por El Instituto Colombiano de Productores de Cemento y Otras
Investigaciones sobre el tema son: Constru-Tierra 2006 Curso Taller
Internacional Arquitectura Sostenible, Tecnología y Construcción con Tierra en
las dos versiones; El Maestro Sismo&quot; del Ingeniero Civil Patricio Cevallos
Salas y Arquitectura y Superficies de Tierra Policroma: Huacas de Moche,
Trujillo; Proyecto Arqueológico de Huacas de la Luna en el Perú del Arquitecto
Ricardo Morales Gamarra Universidad Javeriana y Universidad Santo Tomás. Un de
las investigaciones con tierra y fibra, es el estudio de la fibra de coco en la
investigación realizada por los doctores: D. Rubén S. Roux Gutiérrez (1). Dr.
José Adán Espuna Mujica (2), Influencia del Refuerzo de Fibra de Coco en las
características de ladrillos de adobe. Desde este aporte científico se examina
sí la fibra del maíz también puede influir en las características mecánicas de
los ladrillos de adobe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/feeds/4851249288605665431/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2014/02/antecedentes-de-la-arquitectura-de.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/4851249288605665431'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/4851249288605665431'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2014/02/antecedentes-de-la-arquitectura-de.html' title='ANTECEDENTES DE LA ARQUITECTURA DE TIERRA'/><author><name>Adalberto Salazar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02127885897572227379</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiNigV8IIc9EHXiSHBr2nOUlJGBCOnJFmCJYnJGknNnmuUsIdGP0tuLugLnC_cnPHrUnwZ4IlyI7UbXhtdlGKwXgNF6ZtciPRK0vlFmRazANgGrd0-qHRqroUWh9SwNAw/s220/Adalberto.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT41-VvBx09c7UBIp_LDX_TInToCQNZx0AcsV8QfcNgzyAkkLye8aZ-jLW5GlWTPKlHsvr5sieix-BOLgonU-08HnwuYYxxTzLWofMzBjGugoZCjj2dNg9TpHRBarKK0NWAeJQruJF-yI/s72-c/COLICEO+ROMANO1.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3761864862166097595.post-831057817113600376</id><published>2012-01-30T18:18:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-30T18:18:46.374-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="armaduras en madera"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cerchas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="conectores metálicos"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cubiertas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="jabalconados"/><title type='text'>CONECTORES METÁLICOS PARA VIGAS DE MADERA</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;La sección crítica de las columnas que soportan armaduras
existe habitualmente donde se conectan las rodillas de la armadura a la
columna. Cuando no se utilizan rodillas, o la columna soporta una viga,
entonces se debe proveer una conexión rígida.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Las figuras figuras a continuación muestran las conexiones típicas de vigas a
columnas. Ver dibujos a, b y c.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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 &lt;o:lock aspectratio=&quot;t&quot; v:ext=&quot;edit&quot;&gt;
&lt;/o:lock&gt;&lt;/v:path&gt;&lt;/v:stroke&gt;&lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;v:shape alt=&quot;EMPALME DE COLUMNA CON EL TIRANTE DE UNA CERCHA.jpg&quot; id=&quot;_x0030__x0020_Imagen&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1039&quot; style=&quot;height: 185.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 418.5pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Dibujo a. EMPALME
DE COLUMNA CON EL TIRANTE DE UNA CERCHA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;v:shape alt=&quot;DETALLE DE EMPALME DE COLUMNA DE CERHA.jpg&quot; id=&quot;_x0031__x0020_Imagen&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1038&quot; style=&quot;height: 221.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 267.75pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0bvc1_Cpsh-eID1DtW01WToUY3XSPu-FmXaMoXHLJ8RAZyWLxcYqfWRPHL8-w4AZ9ZN4sV1kJKA-cYn3iTZNlQOfoCl6sDPT1UN9ZrRnNpliWsH6agpSnAQooUQ6WO1TTFL5fFEd2qGQ/s1600/DETALLE+DE+EMPALME+DE+COLUMNA+DE+CERHA.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;330&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0bvc1_Cpsh-eID1DtW01WToUY3XSPu-FmXaMoXHLJ8RAZyWLxcYqfWRPHL8-w4AZ9ZN4sV1kJKA-cYn3iTZNlQOfoCl6sDPT1UN9ZrRnNpliWsH6agpSnAQooUQ6WO1TTFL5fFEd2qGQ/s400/DETALLE+DE+EMPALME+DE+COLUMNA+DE+CERHA.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Dibujo b. DETALLE
DE EMPALME DE COLUMNA CON TIRANTE DE CERCHA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-BuhsKkwuduCcu-v8YJ1yHmuUXQ4W_nN4mOgYPoQtZe8HFq1lCsCXKeAR-3yxMIyjp05Lwnd6TwrFAwmq4pe0a0ZeEsm3XmSc7kpUf9xlAKNEVNkXhUOf1Eism8jlDGdTvsIu1UbcXtw/s1600/CONECCIONES+TIPICAS+DE+TRABES+Y+VIGAS+DE+MADERA+A+COLUMNAS.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;118&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-BuhsKkwuduCcu-v8YJ1yHmuUXQ4W_nN4mOgYPoQtZe8HFq1lCsCXKeAR-3yxMIyjp05Lwnd6TwrFAwmq4pe0a0ZeEsm3XmSc7kpUf9xlAKNEVNkXhUOf1Eism8jlDGdTvsIu1UbcXtw/s400/CONECCIONES+TIPICAS+DE+TRABES+Y+VIGAS+DE+MADERA+A+COLUMNAS.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwyx2TNzk7BHWAwP-P3f4O2NAuixcWhBUE3JSaI7FtVdD5S09JJKvktS5h7Nwt_UhgShO-XKTu_hnpKU7DuseWok-EAzbNJ1NcxnfTwg_zqDfqdt3i7Q4HedixXmVPMmtfR7Zx5EEQRWg/s1600/CONECCIONES+TIPICAS+DE+TRABES+Y+VIGAS+DE+MADERA+A+COLUMNAS+2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;131&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwyx2TNzk7BHWAwP-P3f4O2NAuixcWhBUE3JSaI7FtVdD5S09JJKvktS5h7Nwt_UhgShO-XKTu_hnpKU7DuseWok-EAzbNJ1NcxnfTwg_zqDfqdt3i7Q4HedixXmVPMmtfR7Zx5EEQRWg/s400/CONECCIONES+TIPICAS+DE+TRABES+Y+VIGAS+DE+MADERA+A+COLUMNAS+2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;c. CONECCIONES&amp;nbsp;TÍPICAS&amp;nbsp;DE TRABES Y VIGAS DE MADERA A COLUMNAS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;CUBIERTAS:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;ARMADURAS Y JABALCONADOS:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Considerando que la carga vertical que actúa en un nudo
central es P, (ver figura 60a y 60b), el esfuerzo S que se presenta en los
pares y el empuje H que tiene que ser contrarrestado por la viga tendrá un
valor de:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhycthaeVVU4N2RyOWS_R5uolpjt0DexWba8UcAA3CW209HIXJI5rRRqQWgdv-hMG5nWeUQfrfkg0gh29C_Mi9yNnVB1OHSH_JkdQG0mywvNQejq-TmsdF6LqQfabRTs71S6SpLYAfm144/s1600/ARMADURA+O+JABALCONADO+Y+SUS+PRINCIPALES+COMPONENTES.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;131&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhycthaeVVU4N2RyOWS_R5uolpjt0DexWba8UcAA3CW209HIXJI5rRRqQWgdv-hMG5nWeUQfrfkg0gh29C_Mi9yNnVB1OHSH_JkdQG0mywvNQejq-TmsdF6LqQfabRTs71S6SpLYAfm144/s400/ARMADURA+O+JABALCONADO+Y+SUS+PRINCIPALES+COMPONENTES.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;a. ARMADURA O
JABALCONADO Y SUS PRINCIPALES COMPONENTES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWRzk6s9L47_wSKDRBC-v2fq_GLRush5Prg2KRzxbu2KExzGxMtQIUblxfCJ5zyNLC1WDpLMSASXL-f6WHdfrr1eLJzzQNJPwqDq7gyquq5d2D9Mj4Gx-co0ERIhFS6Ha-Qbu5yGKi2sA/s1600/DETALLE+A++DE+UN+JABALCONADO.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWRzk6s9L47_wSKDRBC-v2fq_GLRush5Prg2KRzxbu2KExzGxMtQIUblxfCJ5zyNLC1WDpLMSASXL-f6WHdfrr1eLJzzQNJPwqDq7gyquq5d2D9Mj4Gx-co0ERIhFS6Ha-Qbu5yGKi2sA/s1600/DETALLE+A++DE+UN+JABALCONADO.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;DIBUJO b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPJoHSl1i-sFrT_BwTrb7fY7H7OkKIYj1WGYem7ZEFn-8ro_BY5iN1tWO1NqFNkZuo-LTNjQZwJT65PORvgOsnSax3Mj6zxQLkq4ZOA50_2uMjCocwBkEkZQ1U5Pf1jIIE_GK0UlWWUio/s1600/DETALLE+A++DE+UN+JABALCONADO+2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPJoHSl1i-sFrT_BwTrb7fY7H7OkKIYj1WGYem7ZEFn-8ro_BY5iN1tWO1NqFNkZuo-LTNjQZwJT65PORvgOsnSax3Mj6zxQLkq4ZOA50_2uMjCocwBkEkZQ1U5Pf1jIIE_GK0UlWWUio/s1600/DETALLE+A++DE+UN+JABALCONADO+2.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;DIBUJO c&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;DIBUJO b y c, EL ESFUERZO
S QUE SE PRESENTA EN LOS PARES Y EL EMPUJE H QUE TIENE QUE SER CONTRARRESTADO
POR LA VIGA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;S = &lt;u&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;P____&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; H = &lt;u&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;P____&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;2 Sen alfa&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 2 Tang alfa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Para hallar el momento de flexión
de la viga así como el esfuerzo en los pendolones Z, se procede de la siguiente
forma:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;a) La carga que actúa sobre la viga debe ser
uniformemente repartida.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;b) La carga que actúa debe ser concentrada en el
punto C o C´.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Caso (a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;CARGA UNIFORMEMENTE REPARTIDA A LO LARGO DE LA VIGA A-B:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;En este tema la carga uniformemente repartida, que
simboliza Q está constituida por la carga accidental C y el peso propio P, que
está representado por la siguiente ecuación:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Q = C + P&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;El pendolón Z estará sometido a un esfuerzo de tracción y
el valor máximo de la carga P en el punto C tendrá un valor representado en la
siguiente ecuación:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;P = Z = 5/8 Q.L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Y el momento máximo de la viga en el punto C, se establece
por medio de la siguiente fórmula:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Mo = &lt;u&gt;Q.L(al cuadrado)&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 32&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Caso (b):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;CARGA CONCENTRADA F EN EL PUNTO C O C&#39;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;En este condición el valor máximo de la carga P en el punto
C estará dado por la fórmula:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;P = Z = F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;En esta situación el pendolón está sometido a tracción.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;El momento de la carga en el punto C es M = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Cuando la carga actúa en el punto C´, el valor máximo de la
carga P en este punto esta expresado en las siguientes igualdades:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;P = F&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Z = 0&amp;nbsp; M = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Otro procedimiento para la deducción de armaduras en madera
es el que sigue: dibujo consecutivo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;v:shape alt=&quot;METODO PARA CALCULAR UNA ARMADURA.jpg&quot; id=&quot;_x0037__x0020_Imagen&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1032&quot; style=&quot;height: 162pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 425.25pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;METODO PARA CALCULAR UNA ARMADURA&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:%5CUsers%5CCINEMO%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image008.jpg&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiN1MDDY2V9mktvvkNW-JT-y-J7qlYI1FzBJLq53jEOXdMdCO0Nt60ufyrdWSyJTFFgivFRn66-PHPQm4gVhwuuTaXgXNJDi-ZDLOz-CBj-XtWkTeXmMPZArB-Kd7AlVHWZrOhLxylYLA/s1600/METODO+PARA+CALCULAR+UNA+ARMADURA.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;150&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiN1MDDY2V9mktvvkNW-JT-y-J7qlYI1FzBJLq53jEOXdMdCO0Nt60ufyrdWSyJTFFgivFRn66-PHPQm4gVhwuuTaXgXNJDi-ZDLOz-CBj-XtWkTeXmMPZArB-Kd7AlVHWZrOhLxylYLA/s400/METODO+PARA+CALCULAR+UNA+ARMADURA.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;MÉTODO&amp;nbsp;PARA CALCULAR
UNA ARMADURA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Una selección de sección que generalmente es beneficioso, es
la que aísla a una junta con solo dos esfuerzos desconocidos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Como los esfuerzos y las cargas en la junta tienen que estar
en equilibrio teórica y realmente, si sumamos las componentes horizontales de
las fuerzas deben por obligación dar cero, por consiguiente, también la suma de
las fuerzas verticales deben ser iguales a cero.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Sabemos que se conocen las líneas de acción de las fuerzas y
que los esfuerzos actúan a lo largo de los ejes longitudinales de los elementos
de la armadura, con esta forma se pueden deducir dos magnitudes desconocidas de
dos esfuerzos de cada junta. Ver dibujos: A, B, C, D y E.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfi3GK9bfxBK9WNTWJHhORXQxGWTK5xi7EiQE5Y4DDg9YLQ9XWUPKABVBiUHud64Y7oyirT4SrXgNCE-yJCXCAk8VZBZTd0x9Csijw1HDR9LrMFgG8rStIT87F_LYCl6_wFoDy0yOKAkU/s1600/L%C3%8DNEAS+DE+ACCI%C3%93N+DE+TODAS+LAS+FUERZAS.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;342&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfi3GK9bfxBK9WNTWJHhORXQxGWTK5xi7EiQE5Y4DDg9YLQ9XWUPKABVBiUHud64Y7oyirT4SrXgNCE-yJCXCAk8VZBZTd0x9Csijw1HDR9LrMFgG8rStIT87F_LYCl6_wFoDy0yOKAkU/s400/L%C3%8DNEAS+DE+ACCI%C3%93N+DE+TODAS+LAS+FUERZAS.JPG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; o:ole=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;height: 366pt; width: 426.75pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;LÍNEAS DE ACCIÓN DE TODAS LAS FUERZAS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Para aplicarlo a la unión número (1) de la armadura, lo
primero que se tiene que hacer es igualar a cero la suma de las componentes
verticales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Esta igualdad muestra que la componente vertical del cordón
debe ser igual y opuesto a la reacción, que es de 120 kilogramos. Por
consiguiente, el esfuerzo en el cordón superior en ésta unión tiene que ser una
compresión igual a la mostrada en el dibujo siguiente, que es de 200 kilogramos.
Después se iguala a cero la suma de las componentes horizontales. Esta igualdad
indica que el esfuerzo en el cordón inferior en la unión debe ser igual y
opuesto a las componentes horizontales del cordón superior.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSc0vc9mktFsKO1hY76axWz0-cBWIyx3CPPZanUFwO0R4INkRhjGWo1oAvAe4b12JVxfDavoOVudc5aHxNYYOLv7cuUcEZqrXxKcVlMuAbNhAYWhEwtxRjWJ-ykRSUul_K1PbiDKrw2Mc/s1600/SECANTE+DE+TETA.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;302&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSc0vc9mktFsKO1hY76axWz0-cBWIyx3CPPZanUFwO0R4INkRhjGWo1oAvAe4b12JVxfDavoOVudc5aHxNYYOLv7cuUcEZqrXxKcVlMuAbNhAYWhEwtxRjWJ-ykRSUul_K1PbiDKrw2Mc/s320/SECANTE+DE+TETA.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;v:shape alt=&quot;SECANTE DE TETA.jpg&quot; id=&quot;_x0039__x0020_Imagen&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1031&quot; style=&quot;height: 222pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 234pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;SECANTE DE TETA&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:%5CUsers%5CCINEMO%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image010.jpg&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Por consiguiente, el esfuerzo en el cordón inferior debe ser
una tensión igual a la mostrada en dibujo sucesivo, que es de 160 kilogramos.
Al tomar una sección alrededor de la junta numero 2, se deja&amp;nbsp; ver que el esfuerzo en la vertical es cero,
conviniendo que no hay cargas en la junta y el cordón inferior es perpendicular
a la vertical. Aun más, los esfuerzos deben ser los mismos en los elementos del
cordón inferior en la junta, porque la suma de las componentes horizontales
debe ser de cero.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioIwJ8xwFukBoxnvZA9LQlam3Mz3D6UfBrev2T34ANkLWIkG3tKkNVYOIqsZ745lbcKfeVluGOh5TXoWlebBgrkAn6fp3NyZ6zAvsVf34nEJzOspASWk1X-bnnKjUqY1mkq7kC6eltmuM/s1600/COSENO+DE+TETA.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;302&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioIwJ8xwFukBoxnvZA9LQlam3Mz3D6UfBrev2T34ANkLWIkG3tKkNVYOIqsZ745lbcKfeVluGOh5TXoWlebBgrkAn6fp3NyZ6zAvsVf34nEJzOspASWk1X-bnnKjUqY1mkq7kC6eltmuM/s320/COSENO+DE+TETA.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;v:shape alt=&quot;COSENO DE TETA.jpg&quot; id=&quot;_x0031_0_x0020_Imagen&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1030&quot; style=&quot;height: 222pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 234pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;COSENO DE TETA&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:%5CUsers%5CCINEMO%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image011.jpg&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Después de deducir las uniones&amp;nbsp; 1 y 2 una sección alrededor de la junta
numero 3 solo corta dos esfuerzos desconocidos, SBH en el cordón BH superior y
SHG en la diagonal HG.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;La aplicación de las leyes del equilibrio en este junta
producen dos ecuaciones. Ver plano cartesiano . Dibujo a.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWQ3k2hG3aAXT7AKG57hRpseBrzxxSdgTr4ZmqRGOTiz3d3jObkLkktB9sMlmt7oKR_BDVIUXwDTIA7mGM-2PINS-rAOKhepI1HXr-QHZ4A6-9Ef6fegO0nIE3YqsqLhNRJCCJ8d776RY/s1600/PLANO+CARTESIANO+REPRESENTACI%C3%93N+DE+FUERZAS.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;243&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWQ3k2hG3aAXT7AKG57hRpseBrzxxSdgTr4ZmqRGOTiz3d3jObkLkktB9sMlmt7oKR_BDVIUXwDTIA7mGM-2PINS-rAOKhepI1HXr-QHZ4A6-9Ef6fegO0nIE3YqsqLhNRJCCJ8d776RY/s320/PLANO+CARTESIANO+REPRESENTACI%C3%93N+DE+FUERZAS.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;DIBUJO a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;v:shape alt=&quot;PLANO CARTESIANO REPRESENTACIÓN DE FUERZAS.jpg&quot; id=&quot;_x0031_1_x0020_Imagen&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1029&quot; style=&quot;height: 202.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 266.25pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;PLANO CARTESIANO REPRESENTACIÓN DE FUERZAS&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:%5CUsers%5CCINEMO%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image012.jpg&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;1-Sumatoria Fy = FAY – 80 - BHy + HGy = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;2-Sumatoria Fx = FAx – BHx – HGx = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Sen de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; – 52´ - 12” = FAy/FA &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;FAy = Sen de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; – 52´ - 12” x FA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Sen de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; – 52´ - 12” = HGy/HG &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;HGy = Sen de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; – 52´ - 12” x HG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Sen de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; – 52´ - 12” = BHy/BH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;BHy = Sen de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; – 52´ - 12” x BH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Cos de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; – 52´ - 12” = FAx/FA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;FAx = Cos de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; – 52´ - 12” x FA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Cos de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; – 52´ - 12” = HGy/HG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;HGx = Cos de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; – 52´ - 12” x HG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Cos de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; – 52´ - 12” = BHx/BH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;BHx = Cos de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; – 52´ - 12” x BH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Sumatoria
Fy =&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;FAy = 0.6
FA&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;HGy = 0.6
HG&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;BHy = 0.6
BH&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Sumatoria Fx =&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;FAx = 0.8 FA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;HGx = 0.8 HG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;BHx = 0.8 BH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Estos resultados se sustituyen en las formulaciones uno y
dos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;1-Sumatoria Fy = 0.6FA – 80Kg – 0.6BH +0.6HGy = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;2-Sumatoria Fx = 0.8FA – 0.8BH – 0.8HG = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Se admite que ambos esfuerzos desconocidos son de
compresión, es decir, actúan hacia la unión.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;El esfuerzo en la vertical no sale en estas igualdades pues
anteriormente se determino que es cero.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;El esfuerzo FA se encontró que era de 200 kilogramos de
acuerdo con el análisis realizado anteriormente a la unión 1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;La solución simultánea de las dos igualdades da como
resultado lo siguiente:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;1)120Kg –
80Kg – 0.6BH +0.6HGy = 0 (0.8)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;2)160Kg -
0.8FA – 0.8BH – 0.8HG = 0 (0.6)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;1)96Kg –
64Kg – 0.48BH + 0.48HG = 0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;2)96Kg&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; -&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
0.48BH – 0.48HG = 0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;De la igualdad 1:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;192Kg – 64 Kg – 96BH = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;128Kg – 0.96BH
= 0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;128Kg /0.96
= BH&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;133.33Kg =
BH&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;De la igualdad 2:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;160Kg – 0.8BH – 0.8HG = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;160Kg
-0.8(133.33) - 0.8HG = 0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;160Kg –
106.666 = 0.8HG&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;53.336Kg/0.8
= HG&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;66.675Kg = HG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;67Kg = HG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Ahora en el siguiente paso hagamos uso de la unión número 5
para buscar el esfuerzo en el pendolón HJ. En esta unión podemos observar que
el pendolón ejerce una fuerza hacia arriba en sentido contrario a la carga que
le es aplicada, por esta razón en dicha unión tiene que haber la misma fuerza
pero actuando en sentido contrario, lo que nos indica que es hacia arriba.
Podemos ver el dibujo del plano cartesiano. Dibujo b.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3rROnRbryGP2tSNqqCm3Bppv-6Iuyx5rDO9m4_0fmfDNGQkGerMKjGpx5nVyWuUW_ANQ-gZCWdxL4ghaZXAOdTLo8-kRyM5pSZ8zO6b34O7go8CH1Jp7erts4UXPrI8vV7ZCy2iqSmTM/s1600/PLANO+CARTESIANO+REPRESENTACION+DE+FUERZAS+2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;212&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3rROnRbryGP2tSNqqCm3Bppv-6Iuyx5rDO9m4_0fmfDNGQkGerMKjGpx5nVyWuUW_ANQ-gZCWdxL4ghaZXAOdTLo8-kRyM5pSZ8zO6b34O7go8CH1Jp7erts4UXPrI8vV7ZCy2iqSmTM/s320/PLANO+CARTESIANO+REPRESENTACION+DE+FUERZAS+2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;v:shape alt=&quot;PLANO CARTESIANO REPRESENTACION DE FUERZAS 2.jpg&quot; id=&quot;_x0031_2_x0020_Imagen&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1028&quot; style=&quot;height: 194.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 292.5pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;PLANO CARTESIANO REPRESENTACION DE FUERZAS 2&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:%5CUsers%5CCINEMO%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image013.jpg&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;EG = 160Kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;EG = EK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Sen de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; -&amp;nbsp;
52´ - 12” = JKy/JK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;JKy = Sen de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; -&amp;nbsp; 52´ - 12” x JK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Sen de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; -&amp;nbsp;
52´ - 12” = HGy/HG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;HGy = Sen de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; -&amp;nbsp; 52´ - 12” x HG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Cos de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; -&amp;nbsp;
52´ - 12” = JKx/JK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;JKx = Sen de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; -&amp;nbsp; 52´ - 12” x JK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Sen de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; -&amp;nbsp;
52´ - 12” = HGx/HG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;HGx = Sen de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; -&amp;nbsp; 52´ - 12” x HG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;1-Sumatoria Fx = HGx – JKx + EK – EG = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;2-Sumatoria Fy = HJy – JKy – HGy = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Ahora Sustituimos en las anteriores igualdades:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Sumatoria de Fx = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Cos de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; -&amp;nbsp;
52´ - 12” x 67 – Cos 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; -&amp;nbsp;
52´ - 12” x JK = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;0.8 x 67Kg
– 0.8 x JK = 0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;53.6Kg =
0.8 x JK&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;53.6Kg/0.8 = JK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;67Kg = JK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Sumatoria Fy = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;HJ - Sen de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; -&amp;nbsp;
52´ - 12” x 67Kg – Sen de 36&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; -&amp;nbsp; 52´ - 12” x 67Kg = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;HJ – 0.6 x
67Kg – 0.6 x 67Kg = 0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;HJ – 40.2Kg
– 40.2Kg = 0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;HJ – 80.4Kg = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;HJ = 80.4Kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;De tal manera que los esfuerzos que soporta la armadura
quedan repartidos así:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;FA = 200Kg&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;FE = 160Kg&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;BH =
133.33Kg&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;HG = 67Kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;HJ = 80.4Kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Como el lado derecho es simétrico, tendrá las mismas
cuantías.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Con los resultados anteriores y los esfuerzos representados
en la cercha se sustituyen los resultados encontrados; en las formulas dadas
para compresión :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;S =
F/Tc&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; S = KF/Tc&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; e = L/i&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;i = Raíz cuadrada de I/S&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; I = b(d)al cubo/12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;y&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; K = Para los L/i =
100 .......&amp;nbsp; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;K = 1/1.046 – 0.00693L/i&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;K Para
L/i&amp;nbsp; &amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;
100 .......... &lt;/span&gt;K = 1/3.525(L)al cuadrado/i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Así mismo se sustituyen los resultados para las cargas de
tensión utilizando la formula &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;S = F/Tc sin contener el coeficiente K.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Si se quiere examinar la deformación unitaria en el caso del
esfuerzo de tensión se puede emplear la expresión:&amp;nbsp; e = PL/A.E.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;En la que:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;E = Modulo de elasticidad de la madera.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Dichos valores también se pueden hallar buscando en las
tablas de compresión admisible para piezas de sección cuadrada y las tablas de
cálculo de vigas de madera sometidas a esfuerzos de flexión, vistas en anterior
artículo sobre el tema, para el caso de los esfuerzos de flexión; se encuentran
deduciendo previamente el Momento Máximo&amp;nbsp;
Mo en Kg/cm y el Momento Resistente Wo = Mo/Tf en cm al cubo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Para los esfuerzos de tracción emplear las tablas siguientes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgftvUmkGXx2aPOA1Pa7zOtzg7EM-ut8w8SQ91rJxgU77-UTJ6LwR3Xn_Q8v4nbcYyL6sndKCTWdSQYEnGmCQ8s9i6WDrfJ7Ky9oZN2ZzetVzNqClXDd6xlCVLtf3mTRNIgZDYene8JCxE/s1600/CARGAS+ADMISIBLES+EN+TONELADAS+2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;143&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgftvUmkGXx2aPOA1Pa7zOtzg7EM-ut8w8SQ91rJxgU77-UTJ6LwR3Xn_Q8v4nbcYyL6sndKCTWdSQYEnGmCQ8s9i6WDrfJ7Ky9oZN2ZzetVzNqClXDd6xlCVLtf3mTRNIgZDYene8JCxE/s400/CARGAS+ADMISIBLES+EN+TONELADAS+2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;La cubierta está formada de la cercha y el material de
techar, el papel de la armadura es la de sostener los materiales de cubierta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;&quot;&gt;Las armaduras de madera son utilizadas usualmente en
edificios destinados a viviendas o pequeñas industrias&amp;nbsp; y las ventajas que tienen estos elementos son
su peso liviano, lo económicas que son y su sencilla ejecución. Pero también
tienen inconvenientes como su limitada resistencia, su continuo mantenimiento y
el peligro de incendio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/feeds/831057817113600376/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2012/01/conectores-metalicos-para-vigas-de.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/831057817113600376'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/831057817113600376'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2012/01/conectores-metalicos-para-vigas-de.html' title='CONECTORES METÁLICOS PARA VIGAS DE MADERA'/><author><name>Adalberto Salazar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02127885897572227379</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiNigV8IIc9EHXiSHBr2nOUlJGBCOnJFmCJYnJGknNnmuUsIdGP0tuLugLnC_cnPHrUnwZ4IlyI7UbXhtdlGKwXgNF6ZtciPRK0vlFmRazANgGrd0-qHRqroUWh9SwNAw/s220/Adalberto.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVAIu4IU-53JWuAO_5PN0lZXa4Q82YlIxSShw1CTDytnjd-qwo2EMG3C9Z2kzYqPkp1fKMwaqAfk-AHvO-JNDw6Q12ww4jpGH_O9IXLesibuRyx_sTutcFR5gUbBgGY823BMEAwiIiSKg/s72-c/EMPALME+DE+COLUMNA+CON+EL+TIRANTE+DE+UNA+CERCHA.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3761864862166097595.post-3089827743745455493</id><published>2011-12-19T18:47:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-12-19T18:56:59.002-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="esfuerzos de flexión"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="piezas estructurales de madera"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vigas sencillas de sección rectangular"/><title type='text'>PIEZAS DE MADERA SOMETIDAS A ESFUERZOS DE FLEXIÓN:</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;En las piezas sometidas a
esfuerzos de flexión el primordial papel está designado a la viga de sección
rectangular, bien sea sencilla, acoplada o compuesta. &amp;nbsp;Ver siguientes dibujos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0KLtsw4EPkjT8mZuMCP9TWFxBr-9ANY3UrQPqYeUQvYxz3sA-YlOnSkQlHefpNUvokt0IdB_bLlEelpyCJtYSSnQXdrDuclouSEc8DMY-oh6JNfJcPJoTaWGvABRCdmxr3uMAEe51OMQ/s1600/PIEZAS+DE+MAD.+SOMETIDAS+A+ESF+DE+FLEXION.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;322&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0KLtsw4EPkjT8mZuMCP9TWFxBr-9ANY3UrQPqYeUQvYxz3sA-YlOnSkQlHefpNUvokt0IdB_bLlEelpyCJtYSSnQXdrDuclouSEc8DMY-oh6JNfJcPJoTaWGvABRCdmxr3uMAEe51OMQ/s400/PIEZAS+DE+MAD.+SOMETIDAS+A+ESF+DE+FLEXION.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdsnsWzmvPRQOukDJI1djdCGRCaDjI2TAeJNRKyGMBeUd5LhVf24If-eS3NfYMx1jIuWzkRWOg95irSiX-vjNO_-bGzT53F5Ei2TpJbrKEfRk9jlWkjyJAfTh3aP7AT25BdREX_HzheZ0/s1600/PIEZ+DE+MAD+SOMETIDAS+A+ESFUERZOS+DE+FLEXI%25C3%2593N.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdsnsWzmvPRQOukDJI1djdCGRCaDjI2TAeJNRKyGMBeUd5LhVf24If-eS3NfYMx1jIuWzkRWOg95irSiX-vjNO_-bGzT53F5Ei2TpJbrKEfRk9jlWkjyJAfTh3aP7AT25BdREX_HzheZ0/s400/PIEZ+DE+MAD+SOMETIDAS+A+ESFUERZOS+DE+FLEXI%25C3%2593N.jpg&quot; width=&quot;395&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;VIGAS SENCILLAS DE SECCIÓN RECTANGULAR:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;El momento máximo de la sección es igual al momento resistente
multiplicado por el coeficiente de trabajo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Mo = Wo.Tf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Mo = Momento máximo de la sección.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Wo = Momento resistente máximo. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Tf = El coeficiente de trabajo a la flexión que como término medio
se toma de 70 kilogramos por centímetro cuadrado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Los momentos máximos de las secciones de las vigas dependen de la
manera como estén cargadas y según estén apoyadas simplemente por los extremos
o empotradas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;El momento que flexiona o momento flector máximo de una viga
empotrada por un extremo y libre por el otro, con una carga concentrada en el
extremo libre esta dado por la siguiente fórmula:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Mo = P/L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;L = Es la luz o claro de la viga.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;P = Carga por unidad de longitud.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;La sección peligrosa es la de empotramiento, que es ab, dibujo A ,
pero con carga uniformemente repartida, siendo P la carga por unidad de
longitud, tiene por momento máximo la siguiente ecuación, &amp;nbsp;dibujo B:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGDLDtMbwVW7i10tlY5cEaVh7q_GrHm9RpYyjE9ufZfCnTcACwcYapikSgqkPiisjOusAPNKf6TlIx_LJG2CPK2mLgcggq4geCbV-VJlVb0dWeol7mPyrHwPI2vYEPmVBBXVKJMMh7HE0/s1600/VIGA+EMPOTRADA.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;203&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGDLDtMbwVW7i10tlY5cEaVh7q_GrHm9RpYyjE9ufZfCnTcACwcYapikSgqkPiisjOusAPNKf6TlIx_LJG2CPK2mLgcggq4geCbV-VJlVb0dWeol7mPyrHwPI2vYEPmVBBXVKJMMh7HE0/s320/VIGA+EMPOTRADA.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Dibujo A&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtTgckKp7dZwCQHQBahGdj8kIJF-2PMTuda3hTISK1gSWJUGRZoIPtUQ1yDkdcFqVZf5INA6NOnv_E83Wxc29WJqqBxJBsnJWPn4FVD9hpla2q1bUFoYsZtRRlIam1AqBj4Fx6kh3zrc4/s1600/VIGA+EMPOTRADA+CON+CARGA+UNIFORMEMENTE+DISTRIBUIDA.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;210&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtTgckKp7dZwCQHQBahGdj8kIJF-2PMTuda3hTISK1gSWJUGRZoIPtUQ1yDkdcFqVZf5INA6NOnv_E83Wxc29WJqqBxJBsnJWPn4FVD9hpla2q1bUFoYsZtRRlIam1AqBj4Fx6kh3zrc4/s320/VIGA+EMPOTRADA+CON+CARGA+UNIFORMEMENTE+DISTRIBUIDA.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Dibujo B&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Mo = 1PL/2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;En otro caso el momento máximo de una viga simplemente apoyada por
sus extremos y con una carga concentrada en su punto medio, tiene por momento
máximo: (ver dibujo siguiente).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUMBbhbgadbWiG0rs02L8iVzPfq_spCkj0wb_nenTTlDtJYj3dqtRfVDs4CNYZZsHGIvxdz-PgUJpy1nrPkX8YVXckalzZI0gOxnL2n64nMoL_-shgV-0Psk-vvmpu8nxGVtNdqSLyYAQ/s1600/VIGA+CON+CARGA+CENTRADA.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;206&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUMBbhbgadbWiG0rs02L8iVzPfq_spCkj0wb_nenTTlDtJYj3dqtRfVDs4CNYZZsHGIvxdz-PgUJpy1nrPkX8YVXckalzZI0gOxnL2n64nMoL_-shgV-0Psk-vvmpu8nxGVtNdqSLyYAQ/s320/VIGA+CON+CARGA+CENTRADA.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Mo = 1PL/4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Para el evento&amp;nbsp; de carga
uniformemente repartida, el momento máximo de la misma esta dado por: (ver&amp;nbsp; dibujo siguiente).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPtEyyxKZulYIzGxJBsoACRNpTcHa4nMAot_9KmQuXSjGzvwlBfeFN7zcfUtDfEoKVL-8M1JLeBRvCUsvkzMVcAU6XZxhKTG04dhOCuMWne9xDk4hBPIXuM88YHlhp3hyphenhyphenl0T7m3CO-ex0/s1600/VIGA+APOYADA+CON+CARGA+UNIFORMEMENTE+DISTRIBUIDA.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;217&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPtEyyxKZulYIzGxJBsoACRNpTcHa4nMAot_9KmQuXSjGzvwlBfeFN7zcfUtDfEoKVL-8M1JLeBRvCUsvkzMVcAU6XZxhKTG04dhOCuMWne9xDk4hBPIXuM88YHlhp3hyphenhyphenl0T7m3CO-ex0/s320/VIGA+APOYADA+CON+CARGA+UNIFORMEMENTE+DISTRIBUIDA.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Mo = 1PL/8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Para el caso de una viga apoyada por sus extremos sometida a una
carga que se halla a la distancia a y b de los extremos. (ver&amp;nbsp; siguiente figura). Tiene como momento máximo:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEjfu_MvSL6px3ciQjIqbG2eaIsVpwsbg-ZO-NE34QlN1y2SkNfc6VQKouM0SRtIX61TvO_omZoWfFotOwqsiBWtIGCfvGNVpPwZDud5dTQaCf86dr6SdJlhDtF1b0xdl3ZYmU_5gyXIs/s1600/VIGA+APOYADA+EN+SUS+EXTREMOS+CON+CARGA+DECENTRADA.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;173&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEjfu_MvSL6px3ciQjIqbG2eaIsVpwsbg-ZO-NE34QlN1y2SkNfc6VQKouM0SRtIX61TvO_omZoWfFotOwqsiBWtIGCfvGNVpPwZDud5dTQaCf86dr6SdJlhDtF1b0xdl3ZYmU_5gyXIs/s320/VIGA+APOYADA+EN+SUS+EXTREMOS+CON+CARGA+DECENTRADA.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Mo = P.a.b/L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Si en una viga existe un orificio, (ver siguiente dibujo), por el
cual tenga que pasar un perno u otro elemento, el momento resistente esta dado
por la siguiente fórmula:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIzYMB4Kxa8cpxznP2Orx-CBGabyhpUMYb2o9ZOrDCHn0f6a2TdfydDi8kGSx3HkxJSUd0HUiNMPa7JwRDAFcP48_mBalPlxhJONBFyW7LxhdDcwz9qqP7j8v8MecUhulxnreEE-4LmZs/s1600/MOMENTO+RESISTENTE+EN+VIGA+CON+ORIFICIO.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;253&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIzYMB4Kxa8cpxznP2Orx-CBGabyhpUMYb2o9ZOrDCHn0f6a2TdfydDi8kGSx3HkxJSUd0HUiNMPa7JwRDAFcP48_mBalPlxhJONBFyW7LxhdDcwz9qqP7j8v8MecUhulxnreEE-4LmZs/s320/MOMENTO+RESISTENTE+EN+VIGA+CON+ORIFICIO.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Wo = 1(a-d)b(al cuadrado)/6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Sucede que el momento de una sección rectangular es 1/6 del producto
del canto “a” por el cuadrado de la altura o tabla b.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Se puede deducir el momento resistente de una viga dada conociendo
el momento de flexión. Así lo muestra el siguiente ejercicio:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Si se tiene una viga de 4 mts de luz con una carga de 2000kg, en su
punto medio, suponiendo que es una viga apoyada por sus extremos, el momento
resistente es:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Wo = Mo/Tf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Busquemos el momento máximo:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Mo = 1PL/4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Mo = 2000kg.4M/4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Mo = 2000kg.m = 200000kg/cm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;El momento resistente será:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Wo = Mo/Tf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Wo = 200000kg/cm/70kg/cm2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Wo = 2857cm(cúbicos)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Para averiguar el perfil, aplicamos la fórmula del momento
resistente de una sección que es:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Wo = 1 a.b(al cuadrado)/6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;2857 = 1a.b(al cuadrado)/6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Buscamos una proporción corriente para la viga de&amp;nbsp; 5/7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;a/b = 5/7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Despejando “a”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;A = 5b/7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Wo = 1a.b(al cuadrado)/6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Substituyendo a “a” en:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Wo = 1/6 . 5b/7 . b(al cuadrado)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Wo = 5b(al cubo)/42&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Wo = 2857cm(al cubo)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;2857cm(al cubo) = 5b(al cubo)/42&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;119994cm(al cubo) = 5b(al cubo)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;119994cm(al cubo) /5 = b(al cubo)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;(Raíz cubica de)119994cm/5 = b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;(Raíz cubica de)23998,8cm = b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;28,8cm = b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Como “a” es = 5b/7, despejando tenemos:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;a = 5(28,8cm)/7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;a = 20,60cm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Aproximando los resultados a y b daremos a la sección un valor de 29
centímetros para “b” y 21 centímetros para “a”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Para agilizar la deducción se establecen unas tablas (ver las tablas
siguientes) en donde ya están previstos los momentos resistentes y la
determinación de la sección es algo rápido con la observancia a las mismas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu7VGC6HdcEijNvamUJpKmsQYBgub_uy8eDefHtNN8q1kQtkJNuqoRtAuz2mAsQRcxudkZZ3oLy90O8qxqwHxp1ktzCFRUrg7OtcZEFW0Ya1qshU4qrQ1rbiIKAafPv_1D41TrMcactaw/s1600/img154.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu7VGC6HdcEijNvamUJpKmsQYBgub_uy8eDefHtNN8q1kQtkJNuqoRtAuz2mAsQRcxudkZZ3oLy90O8qxqwHxp1ktzCFRUrg7OtcZEFW0Ya1qshU4qrQ1rbiIKAafPv_1D41TrMcactaw/s640/img154.jpg&quot; width=&quot;457&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizczrKi5lCFBySLxBwfcHQc0T5idxQYlSYqFeD8YWfHCa8I5k-yYuAznW888Z3l9kjwupYguc78u5iF4R6tz8A95Mzr_kAlxXKhQLP65Lp8mEGmZROK3-pDOf9kl0jp5wqQDteok3vwhk/s1600/img155.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;613&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizczrKi5lCFBySLxBwfcHQc0T5idxQYlSYqFeD8YWfHCa8I5k-yYuAznW888Z3l9kjwupYguc78u5iF4R6tz8A95Mzr_kAlxXKhQLP65Lp8mEGmZROK3-pDOf9kl0jp5wqQDteok3vwhk/s640/img155.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Las anteriores tablas corresponden a varias secciones rectangulares. La forma de manejo de estas tablas radica en que debemos deducir
el momento resistente y luego encontrar en ellas la escuadría que corresponda
al momento determinado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;En el caso del ejemplo mencionado anteriormente donde encontramos un
momento resistente de 2857 centímetros cúbicos y buscando en la primera tabla,
para un coeficiente de 70 kg/centímetro cuadrado, pertenece a una sección de 28
centímetros x 22 centímetros, que es igual a la hallada por el deducción.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;En las deducciones de las escuadrías de vigas en madera por lo
general será obligatorio tener claro en la deformación del elemento la flecha
correspondiente, que por su puesto no debe exceder de 1/500 del claro o luz que
cubre, esta cantidad se cumple también para las vigas de hierro, en concreto si
dichas vigas son para el arriostramiento de construcciones o si sostienen transmisión
de esfuerzos a otros elementos en edificaciones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;En la segunda&amp;nbsp; anteriormente presentada.
Hallamos la sección de un elemento sujeto a flexión, para esto vamos a requerir
saber la carga uniformemente repartida y el claro de la viga para indagar la
sección solicitada, este resultado lo encontramos en la columna izquierda de la
tabla.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Para examinar las deformaciones en los elementos de madera, hacemos
útil la siguiente fórmula:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;E= &lt;u&gt;Esfuerzo unitario___&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;= &amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;f_&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; = &lt;u&gt;P/A &lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;= &lt;u&gt;PL&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Deformación unitaria &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;s &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; e/L&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ae&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Que también se puede expresar de la manera que sigue:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;E= &lt;u&gt;P.L&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;A.E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;En que:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;E : Es el módulo de elasticidad del material expresado en kilogramos
por centímetro cuadrado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;P: La fuerza aplicada sobre el elemento en kilogramos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;F: El esfuerzo que hace la pieza a la cual se le aplica la carga, en
kilogramos por centímetro cuadrado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;A: Es el área de la sección transversal del elemento que recibe la
carga en centímetros cuadrados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;L: Es la longitud del elemento en centímetros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;e: Es la deformación unitaria en centímetros por cada centímetro de
la longitud del elemento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Observemos el siguiente ejercicio:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Traemos a colación el ejemplo anterior que dice: Se tiene una viga
de 4 metros de claro con una carga de 2000 kg, que actúa en su punto medio,
suponiendo que es una viga apoyada por sus extremos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;2000kg = P&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;L = 4 metros ------&amp;nbsp; 400 centímetros&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;A = 28,8 centímetros x 20,60 centímetros = 593cm2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;E = 1990000 lib/pulg2 -------&amp;nbsp;
153077 kg/cm2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;E = &lt;u&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;2000kg x 400cm&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;593,80cm2 x 153.077kg/cm2&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;e = &lt;u&gt;800000cm&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 90827122&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;e = 0,0088cm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;La luz es de 400cm; la deformación permisible es de 1/500. De tal
manera que:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;400cm x &amp;nbsp;1/500&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;e = permisible = 0,80cm.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Esto demuestra que la respuesta e = 0,0088cm favorece el cálculo y
no excede el valor permisible.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/feeds/3089827743745455493/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/12/piezas-de-madera-sometidas-esfuerzos-de.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/3089827743745455493'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/3089827743745455493'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/12/piezas-de-madera-sometidas-esfuerzos-de.html' title='PIEZAS DE MADERA SOMETIDAS A ESFUERZOS DE FLEXIÓN:'/><author><name>Adalberto Salazar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02127885897572227379</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiNigV8IIc9EHXiSHBr2nOUlJGBCOnJFmCJYnJGknNnmuUsIdGP0tuLugLnC_cnPHrUnwZ4IlyI7UbXhtdlGKwXgNF6ZtciPRK0vlFmRazANgGrd0-qHRqroUWh9SwNAw/s220/Adalberto.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0KLtsw4EPkjT8mZuMCP9TWFxBr-9ANY3UrQPqYeUQvYxz3sA-YlOnSkQlHefpNUvokt0IdB_bLlEelpyCJtYSSnQXdrDuclouSEc8DMY-oh6JNfJcPJoTaWGvABRCdmxr3uMAEe51OMQ/s72-c/PIEZAS+DE+MAD.+SOMETIDAS+A+ESF+DE+FLEXION.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3761864862166097595.post-2671047408202312276</id><published>2011-12-01T17:38:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-12-01T17:49:49.078-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cabañas en madera"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cubrejuntas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="empalmes"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="tacos de madera"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vigas"/><title type='text'>EMPALME DE VIGAS CON TACOS Y PERNOS</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Estos
empalmes se hacen por medio de cubrejuntas, tacos de madera y pernos roscados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Los tacos se
instalan de manera que sus fibras sean paralelas a las de las piezas que se van
a unir, por eso se denominan longitudinales. Ver siguiente dibujo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTZCMytqgGgz200J9dtZ3TWb5lCe_tecGFLiaTF7PUKcv9i_X15HSGW6MXChXVrYYlG0jYm7Fvm5-z5hiCF8O2hZauYoFj0BGQOKHkuXZB-wavyZuOq7EdsXfwTyqKtpqQlNw4rPyHWGw/s1600/EMPALME+CON+CUBREJUNTAS.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;237&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTZCMytqgGgz200J9dtZ3TWb5lCe_tecGFLiaTF7PUKcv9i_X15HSGW6MXChXVrYYlG0jYm7Fvm5-z5hiCF8O2hZauYoFj0BGQOKHkuXZB-wavyZuOq7EdsXfwTyqKtpqQlNw4rPyHWGw/s400/EMPALME+CON+CUBREJUNTAS.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Representando
un empalme de este tipo se puede apreciar que la fuerza de extensión F es
transmitida a los tacos sobre la superficie de los mismos mn, rq según las
fuerzas Q1 Q1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Consintiendo
que estas presiones se comparten uniformemente en toda la superficie, la suma
de las mismas para cada caso es: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Q1 = b.t.Tc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;b = Es la
superficie del taco.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Tc =
Coeficiente de trabajo de compresión del material de madera del taco.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Por ello el
momento que actúa en un taco, que es Q1 x T queda equilibrado por el momento de
la reacción correspondiente, que es P x a, produciendo estas fuerzas P
presiones normales a las fibras. Las presiones transferidas hacia la pieza
central son contrarrestadas por cada par de tacos, en tanto que las presiones
conducidas hacia fuera determinan tracciones sobre los pernos que están
intercalados entre los tacos o llaves.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Para la
deducción de las dimensiones y forma de los tacos se ha de tener presente,
además de las fuerzas indicadas, las fatigas tangenciales que son consecuencia
de las mismas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;La longitud
del taco es función de la muesca t, tal que dicha longitud L será como mínimo 4
veces el valor de la muesca.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;L&amp;nbsp; &amp;gt; ó = 4t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Y la
distancia entre tacos sucesiva es:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;L1 &amp;gt; ó =
5t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;A la muesca
t se le da como valor el correspondiente a 1/6 del ancho de la pieza central.
De manera que:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;T = 1/6.hm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;El numero de
tacos, se evalúa de la siguiente forma: Siendo F la tracción a que está
sometida la pieza y Tc el coeficiente de trabajo por compresión en los extremos
del taco, así que:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;n &amp;gt; ó =
F/b.t.Tc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;n &amp;gt; ó =
F/Q1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Como Tc es
una agotamiento medio, se dará a Tc el valor de 60 kilogramos por centímetro
cuadrado que es el valor del coeficiente de trabajo a compresión de la madera.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Los pernos
son de 3/4 a 7/8 de pulgada y las bridas o cubrejuntas deberán ser de
dimensiones adecuadas a los esfuerzos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;En el
siguiente ejemplo, suponemos una viga empalmada como la de la figura siguiente,
la que en su pieza central está sujeta a un esfuerzo de tracción F = 18000kg,
se considera que la madera es una encina, para la que se puede fijar un
coeficiente de trabajo d 90 kilogramos por centímetro cuadrado. Ver siguiente
dibujo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBa9n1xbaxNDXWIwqgzekE0ex5DGNO219wE1RLoulMfdAKQm6ZXlFvGHvPDPeagYAER1PAnmeiGdNR0az6NTBSQl67hEvlN5gVcaI1akyfFDFYLJufMfymp8QLZHD00AOlt18BbHkP6ew/s1600/VIGA+EMPALMADA+CON+CUBREJUNTA+Y+TACOS+DE+MADERA.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;356&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBa9n1xbaxNDXWIwqgzekE0ex5DGNO219wE1RLoulMfdAKQm6ZXlFvGHvPDPeagYAER1PAnmeiGdNR0az6NTBSQl67hEvlN5gVcaI1akyfFDFYLJufMfymp8QLZHD00AOlt18BbHkP6ew/s640/VIGA+EMPALMADA+CON+CUBREJUNTA+Y+TACOS+DE+MADERA.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;La sección
que se da a la pieza para este tipo de esfuerzo se adquiere de la siguiente
fórmula:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;S = F/Te&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Substituyendo:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;S = 18000kg/90 kg/cm2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
S = 200cm2&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Lo anterior
indica que la pieza tendrá una sección de 200 centímetros cuadrados.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Sin embargo
como en la parte en que van colocados los tacos existe reducción de sección
formal a la muesca que se debe hacer para alojar a dichos tacos, es necesario
prever esta contingencia y para establecer exactamente la sección que debe
tener. En principio se admite una sección de 18 x 18, la que por la anterior
condición daría como resultado:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
S = (18 – 2
x 3) x 18 = 216cm2&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Como se da a
la muesca 3 centímetros de profundidad y en la pieza central hay dos muescas,
la dimensión de 18 centímetros queda reducida en dos veces la profundidad de la
muesca de allí que se indica el valor de 18 -2 x 3 que multiplicado por 18, que
son los centímetros del otro lado de la sección, da como resultado 216
centímetros cuadrados y como según se había calculado se requerían 200, queda
un margen superior de 16 centímetros cuadrados en beneficio de la resistencia.
Tenemos el ancho de la pieza que es b = 18, el valor de la profundidad de la
muesca, que es t = 3cm. podemos deducir el número de tacos por la formula
indicada primeramente:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
n &amp;gt; o =
F/b.t.Tc&amp;nbsp; ---------&amp;nbsp; 18000kg/18cm.3cm.60kg/cm2&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
n &amp;gt; o =
F/b.t.Tc --------- 18000kg/3240kg&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
n &amp;gt; o =
5,555 ---------- 6.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Se colocan 6 tacos &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
La longitud
de los tacos se hace como mínimo igual a 4t, que en este caso es 4 x 3 = 12cm y
la separación entre los mismos debe ser como mínimo 5t, por lo que 5 x 3 =
15cm.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Los pernos
se elegirán de 7/8 pulgadas y los cubrejuntas, teniendo en cuenta si los
esfuerzos son excéntricos o no y se podrán colocar desde:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
hm/2&amp;nbsp; &amp;gt; o = he&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
20cm/2 &amp;gt;
o = 20&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
10cm &amp;gt; o
= 20&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Para este
caso se pueden colocar de 14 centímetros.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/feeds/2671047408202312276/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/12/empalme-de-vigas-con-tacos-y-pernos.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/2671047408202312276'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/2671047408202312276'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/12/empalme-de-vigas-con-tacos-y-pernos.html' title='EMPALME DE VIGAS CON TACOS Y PERNOS'/><author><name>Adalberto Salazar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02127885897572227379</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiNigV8IIc9EHXiSHBr2nOUlJGBCOnJFmCJYnJGknNnmuUsIdGP0tuLugLnC_cnPHrUnwZ4IlyI7UbXhtdlGKwXgNF6ZtciPRK0vlFmRazANgGrd0-qHRqroUWh9SwNAw/s220/Adalberto.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTZCMytqgGgz200J9dtZ3TWb5lCe_tecGFLiaTF7PUKcv9i_X15HSGW6MXChXVrYYlG0jYm7Fvm5-z5hiCF8O2hZauYoFj0BGQOKHkuXZB-wavyZuOq7EdsXfwTyqKtpqQlNw4rPyHWGw/s72-c/EMPALME+CON+CUBREJUNTAS.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Calle 74 53 20, Medellín, Antióquia, Colombia</georss:featurename><georss:point>6.235925 -75.575137</georss:point><georss:box>6.172786 -75.654101 6.2990639999999996 -75.496173</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3761864862166097595.post-2708974131706978702</id><published>2011-11-24T08:37:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-24T08:43:46.150-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="arquitectura biodegradable"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cabañas en madera"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="elementos estructurales en madera"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vigas con pernos"/><title type='text'>EMPALME DE VIGAS CON PERNOS</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;En el siguiente dibujo se indica cómo trabaja un perno.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyGjua74wOeZyQRl8d-TQ9Vl16InYSG4WhXO8RD10J4JDh96jsLCiicjh8VpsZ9oLHHyFadmwfWLs6ICjzrXc8JxrcQDKANTdDaHLUEtzyirmdz1U7jjYQWLrvXXI4F3LbEmGDllsRTlo/s1600/GRAFICO+DE+LOS+ESFUERZOS+CON+QUE+TRABAJA+UN+PERNO.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;210&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyGjua74wOeZyQRl8d-TQ9Vl16InYSG4WhXO8RD10J4JDh96jsLCiicjh8VpsZ9oLHHyFadmwfWLs6ICjzrXc8JxrcQDKANTdDaHLUEtzyirmdz1U7jjYQWLrvXXI4F3LbEmGDllsRTlo/s400/GRAFICO+DE+LOS+ESFUERZOS+CON+QUE+TRABAJA+UN+PERNO.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Este trabaja a cortadura por las secciones a y b, y en el grafico se
muestra que las presiones en la parte central del perno, es decir, la
correspondiente al espesor hm, de la pieza del medio, no se reparten
uniformemente a lo largo del perno, pero alcanzan su máximo valor en los
bordes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;En los extremos del perno en las correspondientes a los espesores de
los cubrejuntas que tienen el espesor he, las presiones se reparten como lo
muestra el grafico del dibujo anterior a la derecha.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Llamamos F al esfuerzo longitudinal que es capaz de resistir el
perno, que tiene su diámetro expresado en d y nombramos Tb a la presión en los
bordes, resulta que ésta última es directamente proporcional al esfuerzo F, e
inversamente proporcional al diámetro d del perno y al grueso hm de la pieza
central. Ver dibujo anterior. Dicho en otras palabras el valor de este trabajo
o fatiga en los bordes aumenta con el esfuerzo de tracción F y disminuye con
relación al grueso de la pieza intermedia y con el aumento de la rigidez o
diámetro del perno por ello se puede determinar qué:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Tb = C x F/dhm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;C = Un coeficiente que depende de la relación del diámetro del perno
con relación al espesor de la pieza intermedia. Estos valores de C son como
sigue:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;d/hm&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;  Para &amp;gt; ó = 1/2 hm
------- C = 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Para &amp;gt; ó =
1/4 hm -------- C = 1,1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Para &amp;gt; ó =
1/6 hm -------- C = 1,4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Para &amp;gt; ó =
1/8 hm -------- C = 1,8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Los valores d distintos a los anteriormente enunciados se encuentran
por interpolación. Para un valor d = 1/5 valdrá 1,25.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Si despejamos el valor de F, en la anterior formula, se tiene
otra&amp;nbsp; fórmula que es la siguiente:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;F = dhm x Tb/C ----- Formula 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;El perno trabaja a flexión y su coeficiente de trabajo es 1200
kilogramos por centímetro cuadrado; se tiene que verificar que:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;d/hm&amp;nbsp; &amp;gt;ó = 1/50.(raíz
cuadrada de)Tb ------ Formula 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Para encontrar un número total de pernos necesarios consideramos la
tracción total que puede resistir la pieza, la que dividida por el esfuerzo F
que puede resistir el perno, nos dará el numero. La siguiente expresión nos
apoyara con este caso:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;n &amp;gt;ó = P/F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;P = Esfuerzo total que puede resistir la pieza. Como el numero puede
ser mayor la condición anterior lleva este signo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Para los empalmes se permite que la presión en los bordes debe valer
120 kilogramos por centímetro cuadrado; es por eso que en la fórmula 2, al
reemplazar Tb por dicho valor se convierte en:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;d/hm = 1/50 x Raíz cuadrada de 120&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;d/hm = 0,22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;donde d &amp;gt;ó = 0,22hm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Si se elige un valor d &amp;gt; 0,22hm o, en general, un valor d = K.hm
de la fórmula 2 se deriva que:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Remplazando d = K.hm en d/hm = 150 x (Raíz cuadrada de) Tb dará como
resultado:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;K.hm/hm = 1/50.(Raíz cuadrada de) Tb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Suprimiendo hm arriba y abajo queda:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;K = (raíz cuadrada de) Tb/50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;K .50 = (Raíz cuadrada de) Tb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;2500.K(al cuadrado) = Tb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;K(al cuadrado) = 1/2500.Tb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;K(al cuadrado) = Tb/2500&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;2500.K(al cuadrado) = Tb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Cuyo último valor, se sustituye en la fórmula 1, y nos proporcionará
el valor del esfuerzo en estas condiciones:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;F = d.hm.2500K(al cuadrado)/C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Cuando las tensiones son intensas se manejan pernos de acero dentro
de tubos de hierro dulce y para este caso se toma como valor (d) el diámetro
del tubo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;La separación entre pernos tiene que ser 5 (d) como mínimo. Es decir
separación = diámetro del perno por 5.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Si los cubrejuntas son de madera, conviene que tengan un espesor he,
superior a 1/2hm para que la presión en los bordes no pase del límite indicado.
Ver el siguiente dibujo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3pZ0IYfc6k3gzP7Ie7pip1BZvO3TLfQgdo5WPQYD_bD4ZzIqaGypPZC4SGlxl2fEkJCqBal8JzsGsmcxUoyLmGoazziCO4fEZejCVYM_nsnrK2oorwkLhfWRFAB8woKEvXAhloayRIMw/s1600/DIMENCIONES+DE+LAS+CUBREJUNTAS+EN+UNIONES+DE+VIGAS+CON+PERNOS.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;126&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3pZ0IYfc6k3gzP7Ie7pip1BZvO3TLfQgdo5WPQYD_bD4ZzIqaGypPZC4SGlxl2fEkJCqBal8JzsGsmcxUoyLmGoazziCO4fEZejCVYM_nsnrK2oorwkLhfWRFAB8woKEvXAhloayRIMw/s400/DIMENCIONES+DE+LAS+CUBREJUNTAS+EN+UNIONES+DE+VIGAS+CON+PERNOS.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/feeds/2708974131706978702/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/11/empalme-de-vigas-con-pernos.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/2708974131706978702'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/2708974131706978702'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/11/empalme-de-vigas-con-pernos.html' title='EMPALME DE VIGAS CON PERNOS'/><author><name>Adalberto Salazar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02127885897572227379</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiNigV8IIc9EHXiSHBr2nOUlJGBCOnJFmCJYnJGknNnmuUsIdGP0tuLugLnC_cnPHrUnwZ4IlyI7UbXhtdlGKwXgNF6ZtciPRK0vlFmRazANgGrd0-qHRqroUWh9SwNAw/s220/Adalberto.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyGjua74wOeZyQRl8d-TQ9Vl16InYSG4WhXO8RD10J4JDh96jsLCiicjh8VpsZ9oLHHyFadmwfWLs6ICjzrXc8JxrcQDKANTdDaHLUEtzyirmdz1U7jjYQWLrvXXI4F3LbEmGDllsRTlo/s72-c/GRAFICO+DE+LOS+ESFUERZOS+CON+QUE+TRABAJA+UN+PERNO.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3761864862166097595.post-1792625980840762991</id><published>2011-11-20T07:18:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-21T08:04:58.585-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="elementos de madera"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="esfuerzos de tracción simple"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="piezas de madera sometidas a esfuerzos de tracción simple"/><title type='text'>PIEZAS DE MADERA SOMETIDAS A ESFUERZOS DE TRACCION SIMPLE</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Para establecer la sección que se le debe dar a una pieza de madera sometida a tracción simple de acuerdo a una fuerza aplicada F, se emplea la siguiente fórmula:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;S = F/Te&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;En la que:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;S = es la sección que debe tener la pieza.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;F = La fuerza que actúa sobre la pieza.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Te = El coeficiente de trabajo a la extensión.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Si la pieza en cuestión está sujeta a vibraciones o a golpes frecuentes, se tomara solamente la mitad de este coeficiente de trabajo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Ejemplo:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Se debe hallar la escuadría o sección de una pieza de madera de abeto que debe estar sometida a una carga de tracción de 24000 kilogramos en dirección a sus fibras. Utilizando la anterior formula se tiene:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;S = F/Te&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;------- 24000kg/60kg/cm2 ------- S = 400cm2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Designando el lado menor de la escuadría por a y el mayor por b. Se obtiene:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;a x b = 400cm2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Si damos a (a) un valor de 20cm, el valor de b quedara en:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;b = 400cm2/20cm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;b = 400cm/20cm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;b = 20cm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Y tendremos una pieza de sección cuadrada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Si se da a (a) un valor de 10cm, el valor de b será de:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;b = 400cm/10cm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;b = 40cm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;En este caso tendremos una escuadría rectangular de 10cm x 40cm.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/feeds/1792625980840762991/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/11/piezas-de-madera-sometidas-esfuerzos-de.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/1792625980840762991'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/1792625980840762991'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/11/piezas-de-madera-sometidas-esfuerzos-de.html' title='PIEZAS DE MADERA SOMETIDAS A ESFUERZOS DE TRACCION SIMPLE'/><author><name>Adalberto Salazar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02127885897572227379</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiNigV8IIc9EHXiSHBr2nOUlJGBCOnJFmCJYnJGknNnmuUsIdGP0tuLugLnC_cnPHrUnwZ4IlyI7UbXhtdlGKwXgNF6ZtciPRK0vlFmRazANgGrd0-qHRqroUWh9SwNAw/s220/Adalberto.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3761864862166097595.post-4120424405555995919</id><published>2011-11-18T07:15:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-18T07:17:13.326-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="fabricación de vigas en madera"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vigas de madera"/><title type='text'>FABRICACION DE VIGAS EN MADERA:</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-CO; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Para la fabricación de vigas en madera es importante tener en cuenta que el coeficiente de trabajo de la madera varía de acuerdo a los diferentes países, pero como término intermedio se aceptan algunos como los de compresión que los hemos mencionado anteriormente; para las maderas que trabajan a la tracción y a la compresión de &lt;metricconverter productid=&quot;60 a&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;60 a&lt;/metricconverter&gt; &lt;metricconverter productid=&quot;90 kilogramos&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;90 kilogramos&lt;/metricconverter&gt; por centímetro cuadrado, según se trate de pino, encina o haya. Por ejemplo para el pino, pinabete y abeto se tomarán &lt;metricconverter productid=&quot;60 kilogramos&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;60 kilogramos&lt;/metricconverter&gt; por centímetro cuadrado y para la encina o haya, &lt;metricconverter productid=&quot;90 kilogramos&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;90 kilogramos&lt;/metricconverter&gt; por centímetro cuadrado. Para el alarce &lt;metricconverter productid=&quot;80 kilogramos&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;80 kilogramos&lt;/metricconverter&gt; por centímetro cuadrado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Para la madera que trabaja a la flexión se tomará como término medio el coeficiente de 70 kilogramos por centímetro cuadrado. Sin embargo se pueden llevar a laboratorio tramos de madera con la perfilaría correspondiente para realizar diferentes pruebas de resistencia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/feeds/4120424405555995919/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/11/fabricacion-de-vigas-en-madera.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/4120424405555995919'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/4120424405555995919'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/11/fabricacion-de-vigas-en-madera.html' title='FABRICACION DE VIGAS EN MADERA:'/><author><name>Adalberto Salazar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02127885897572227379</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiNigV8IIc9EHXiSHBr2nOUlJGBCOnJFmCJYnJGknNnmuUsIdGP0tuLugLnC_cnPHrUnwZ4IlyI7UbXhtdlGKwXgNF6ZtciPRK0vlFmRazANgGrd0-qHRqroUWh9SwNAw/s220/Adalberto.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3761864862166097595.post-2782782402154977188</id><published>2011-11-14T12:45:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-14T12:50:27.942-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cabañas en madera"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="columnas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="diseño de columnas en madera"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="elementos estructurales en madera"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="fabricación de columnas en madera"/><title type='text'>FABRICACIÓN DE COLUMNAS EN MADERA</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;Los procedimientos para el diseño de columnas en madera deben
ajustarse con las exigencias del reglamento para construcciones en vigor en
cada país o región. Lo que en este artículo se explica es una manera sencilla
de diseñar los elementos estructurales de una vivienda en madera, o en
combinación con tierra o arcillas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;Los diseños deberán emplear las formulas especificadas en el
reglamento. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;Fórmula para el diseño de columnas en madera:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt; =&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;0,30 x E&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;A&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;L (al cuadrado)/d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;P = Carga axial en libras&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;A = Área de la sección transversal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;E = Modulo de elasticidad de la madera en libras por pulgada
cuadrada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;L = Longitud de la columna sin soporte lateral en pulgadas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;d = Dimensión del lado menor de la sección transversal en pulgadas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;El modulo de elasticidad para las diferentes maderas viene dado por
la tabla siguiente, también se puede encontrar en un libro que trate sobre
estructuras en madera.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;Si se utiliza la formula anterior, se procura que P/A que es el
esfuerzo unitario permisible, no se exceda del valor del esfuerzo unitario de
compresión paralelo al grano o fibra. La carga axial permisible en una columna
de madera, que tiene una sección transversal circular, no deberá superar a la
de una columna cuadrada que tenga la misma cantidad de área en su sección
trasversal, para columnas sencillas macizas L/d no deberá exceder de 50.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;Miremos el siguiente ejemplo sobre el caso: Calcular la carga axial
permisible para una columna&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;de 7 x 7
pulgadas, cuya longitud sin soporte es de 12 pies. La columna es de material de
madera de pino.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;En la tabla anterior, encontramos que para esta clase de madera E=
1900000lib/pulg2 y si buscamos la tabla (VISTA EN EL ARTICULO CARACTERISTICAS
ESPECIALES DE LA MADERA) de resistencia unitaria permisible paralela a la fibra
para el pino encontramos que es de 350kg/cm2 equivalente a 1778lb/pulg2. La
siguiente formula nos ayuda con el problema:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt; =&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;0,30 x E&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;A&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;L (al cuadrado)/d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;L/d = &lt;u&gt;L(al cuadrado)&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;7 pulg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;L/d = &lt;u&gt;12 pies x 12 pulg&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;7pulg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;L/d = 20,6 no excede de 50.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;P/A = 1778lb/pulg2 = Esfuerzo permisible del pino.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;P/A = 0,3 x 1990000lb/pulg2/20,6 x 20,6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;P/A = 597000lb/pulg2/424,36&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;P/A = 1407 lb/pulg2&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;El resultado no excede el valor del esfuerzo permisible paralelo al
grano que es de 1778lb/pulg2 e igualmente se puede usar para determinar la
carga de la columna f x A = P, de la siguiente manera 1407lb/pulg2 x (7pulg x
7pulg) = P.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;1407lb/pulg2 x 49pulg2 = P&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;69 lb = P Que es la carga axial permisible sobre la columna.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;Existe otra fórmula que se recomienda para el cálculo de columnas en
madera; para el cálculo se recomienda tener en cuenta el pandeo, se expresa de
la manera siguiente:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;S = F/Tc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;F = Esfuerzo a que se halla sometida la pieza.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;Tc = Coeficiente de trabajo por compresión.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;También interviene un coeficiente K`(prima), llamado coeficiente de
pandeo, de esta manera la formula se convierte en:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;S = K`prima F/Tc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;El coeficiente K` depende de la esbeltez de la pieza que se expresa
así:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;e = L/i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;L = Longitud expuesta al pandeo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;i = Radio de inercia mínimo que es equivalente a:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;i = Raíz cuadrada de I/S &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;I = Momento de inercia de la sección.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;El valor de este coeficiente esta dado por las siguientes
expresiones:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;Para e = L/i = 100&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;K =
1/1,046 – 0,00693&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;Para e = L/i &amp;gt; 100&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;K =
1/3,525 (l/i)al cuadrado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;Cuando se trata de piezas sencillas es común utilizar piezas de
madera de sección circular o rectangular, por lo que se calculan diferentes
dimensiones y se establecen tablas que facilitan los cálculos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;Las tablas de resistencia de la madera están verificados los
cálculos para piezas que pueden ir desde los 140 hasta los 600 centímetros de
longitud, teniendo en cuenta un coeficiente de trabajo de 60 kg.cm2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;Por medio de la ayuda de estas tablas se puede calcular fácilmente
cualquier pieza sometida a compresión, una vez conocido el esfuerzo que actúa
sobre la columna.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;De esta forma cuando se tiene un pie derecho que debe resistir un
esfuerzo a compresión, esfuerzo que debe actuar en la dirección de su eje, de
29000 kilogramos, teniendo una longitud de 5 metros, buscaremos en la tabla la
columna de 500 centímetros, la carga que más se aproxime a la indicada que es
29,10 que corresponde a una escuadría o sección de 28 x 28 centímetros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;Para las piezas de sección circular también se han establecido las
respectivas cargas, en estas se da el diámetro de las piezas conocido el
esfuerzo y siempre para un coeficiente de trabajo de 60 kilogramos por
centímetro cuadrado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;La fabricación de las columnas es sencilla, pero si se requieren
diferentes secciones y sistemas de vigas, por la forma constructiva que se
quiera adoptar para cada caso, puede resultar más complicado pues entonces se
requerirá de sierras eléctricas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/feeds/2782782402154977188/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/11/fabricacion-de-columnas-en-madera.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/2782782402154977188'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/2782782402154977188'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/11/fabricacion-de-columnas-en-madera.html' title='FABRICACIÓN DE COLUMNAS EN MADERA'/><author><name>Adalberto Salazar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02127885897572227379</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiNigV8IIc9EHXiSHBr2nOUlJGBCOnJFmCJYnJGknNnmuUsIdGP0tuLugLnC_cnPHrUnwZ4IlyI7UbXhtdlGKwXgNF6ZtciPRK0vlFmRazANgGrd0-qHRqroUWh9SwNAw/s220/Adalberto.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnby40Yh213kIe-FxWxDn2vEGJCI3jl_yfUQWWwhyphenhyphenEHYmfSuTlngG5NqfW6OX1oNmjjtmpW1NvDYVPe7075zd9Ppq9XrLTGFwWXS0hwyYktKlhexMpoi6stAZiEWM2L1wzA8NvJbg0Hbo/s72-c/MODULO+DE+ELASTICIDAD.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3761864862166097595.post-6554298835658464084</id><published>2011-11-10T16:26:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-11T15:27:16.602-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="construcción en madera"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="zapatas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="zapatas en concreto"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="zapatas en concreto para cabañas en madera"/><title type='text'>ZAPATAS PARA CONDUCIR LAS CARGAS AL SUELO</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;La capacidad de carga de un suelo depende, principalmente,
de la resistencia al esfuerzo cortante T.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;En el siguiente ejemplo, tendremos en cuenta esfuerzos
sencillos como los esfuerzos principales en un suelo. Ver dibujo siguiente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhye4VyNdZuz13MUU_il0ul-IofNvvL-e_yooe8jEukqUwO5SIbtE42zGNIXEZjieAOFVf6w-PBF34r9rHqbV9EUcA0hw3PaBEfVX2d8e5lLeG1RMO2so0ORVEae14OsaF8Ssqb7XugbcQ/s1600/ZAPATAS.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhye4VyNdZuz13MUU_il0ul-IofNvvL-e_yooe8jEukqUwO5SIbtE42zGNIXEZjieAOFVf6w-PBF34r9rHqbV9EUcA0hw3PaBEfVX2d8e5lLeG1RMO2so0ORVEae14OsaF8Ssqb7XugbcQ/s640/ZAPATAS.jpg&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Se utiliza para el concreto una resistencia ultima de 2500
libras/pulgada2. F= 2500 lb/pulg2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Área de terreno de la habitación = 36 M2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Fc = del concreto = 2500 lb/pulg2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;T = 0,217
kg/cm2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;2500 &lt;u&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;lb&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;x&lt;u&gt;&amp;nbsp;
1kg &lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;x &lt;u&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;1pulg2 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Pulg2&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 2lb&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
2,54cm2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Fc = 492,12
kg/cm2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;C.V. = carga viva&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
C.M. = carga muerta&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; C.T. =
carga total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;C.V. = 200kg/M2&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
C.M. = 250kg/M2&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; C.T. =
450KG/M2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;P = C.T. x
A&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;P =
450KG/M2 x 36M2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;P = 16200kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Son 6 las zapatas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;16200kg&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 6Z&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Carga (peso)
por zapata = 2700kg.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Área por
zapata:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;A = &lt;u&gt;C.T
(carga total) de cada zapata&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 35.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; T&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;A =&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;2700kg&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 0,2170kg/cm2&lt;u&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;A = 12442,39cm2 por zapata.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Como la zapata es cuadrada se supone el lado b = 111,54cm
por la razón de a que 111,54cm x 111,54cm es igual a 12,454.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;En este caso no tenemos que calcular a Df que es la
profundidad de la zapata pues se trata de un caso sencillo y de poca carga pero
si debemos averiguar el espesor o la altura de la zapata.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Como una zapata es similar a una viga simplemente apoyada.
Tenemos:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;M = W.L/8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;La carga total sobre una zapata de 111,54cm x 111,54cm es = 0,2170kg/cm2
porque&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;f = P (peso o
carga)/área&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;2700kg&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 
&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;111,54cm x 111,54cm&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 0,2170kg/cm2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;W =
0,2170kg/cm2 x 111,54cm = 24,204kg/cm.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;W,
es la carga lineal de la zapata, es decir por cada centímetro lineal en cada
lado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Utilizando la fórmula del momento :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;M = W.L/8&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;M = &lt;u&gt;24,204kg/cm x 111,54cm&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;M = 337,5
kg-cm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Para la
siguiente formula se requiere el coeficiente R para el concreto que puede ser
consultado en uno de los libros de resistencia de materiales que proporciona
dicho coeficiente; R = 16,59 y el lado de la zapata b = 111,54. Utilizando la
siguiente fórmula para hallar el espesor de la zapata:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;d = altura o
espesor de la zapata&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;d(al
cuadrado) = M/R.b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;d(al
cuadrado) = 337,5 kg-cm/16,59 x 111,54cm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;d(al
cuadrado) = 337,5/1850,45&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;d= 0,1829cm
(raíz)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;d = 0,4270
cm.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Como
observamos la altura resultante es mínima por lo tanto se puede aumentar a 5
centímetros de altura. Ver en la figura anterior el tercer dibujo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Otra forma
de expresar el resultado es dimensionando la zapata de 40cm de ancho y entonces
en este caso la altura podría ser 20cm.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/feeds/6554298835658464084/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/11/zapatas-para-conducir-las-cargas-al.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/6554298835658464084'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/6554298835658464084'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/11/zapatas-para-conducir-las-cargas-al.html' title='ZAPATAS PARA CONDUCIR LAS CARGAS AL SUELO'/><author><name>Adalberto Salazar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02127885897572227379</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiNigV8IIc9EHXiSHBr2nOUlJGBCOnJFmCJYnJGknNnmuUsIdGP0tuLugLnC_cnPHrUnwZ4IlyI7UbXhtdlGKwXgNF6ZtciPRK0vlFmRazANgGrd0-qHRqroUWh9SwNAw/s220/Adalberto.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhye4VyNdZuz13MUU_il0ul-IofNvvL-e_yooe8jEukqUwO5SIbtE42zGNIXEZjieAOFVf6w-PBF34r9rHqbV9EUcA0hw3PaBEfVX2d8e5lLeG1RMO2so0ORVEae14OsaF8Ssqb7XugbcQ/s72-c/ZAPATAS.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3761864862166097595.post-4284984837676227837</id><published>2011-11-04T14:22:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-11-04T14:22:51.200-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cabañas con estructura de madera"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="muros portantes en madera"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="paredes de tabla o de chapa en madera"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="paredes en madera"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="paredes entramadas en madera"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="viviendas con estructura en madera"/><title type='text'>CONSTRUCCIÓN DE MUROS PORTANTES EN MADERA</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Estas construcciones se emplean para cabañas, casas en el
área rural, casetas, en parques y sitios determinados para el comercio o
también en partes interiores de una vivienda normal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;La madera la madera más utilizada es en rollo el estilo
americano de blocados. Estos rollizos se colocan echados y a tope formando las
paredes exteriores y para verificar su asiento hay que ejecutar muescas a fin
de asentarlos de forma guadralpada. Estas muescas corresponden a la cuarta
parte del diámetro del rollizo, de manera que las juntas de una pared quedan a
la altura del eje de los rollizos que están colocados perpendicularmente en la
pared con la cual se traslapa y tienen que presentar un buen cogote, es decir
un buen saliente, que alcance unos 30 centímetros. Ver siguiente dibujo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy4eXTSM-qgd-10-rKc1DXs-AtQ6pRHX67wqnS8T2p7lTEQGrm5aIfMvXFWpN6n2OB9by_40hwk_WhBUhqL4KsHZmw9RsQFVjKUR-bbrqMgB_prwNsYRBH66CM4zACqdhPMTHDiwSsB34/s1600/DIBUJO+PARA+EL+BLOG.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;232&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy4eXTSM-qgd-10-rKc1DXs-AtQ6pRHX67wqnS8T2p7lTEQGrm5aIfMvXFWpN6n2OB9by_40hwk_WhBUhqL4KsHZmw9RsQFVjKUR-bbrqMgB_prwNsYRBH66CM4zACqdhPMTHDiwSsB34/s320/DIBUJO+PARA+EL+BLOG.JPG&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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﻿&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Si se emplea madera de sierra los salientes o cogotes pueden
suprimirse y la unión en la esquina se hace a media madera con corte recto,
dibujo siguiente A, o a media madera con corte oblicuo, dibujo B.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgar2no9meGE5TdY8JRUFRyt3WM2UO_FQ17I09A4oinXRHLjjU3aC5XKuCeIVTkv5G7DFfPv7CbEa0VopfPgsmT-Gu4b-JRl1MmjMuVHUiHy6ajaKrPqxYaNS_bttFtfwPe4X2cUwc7-fw/s1600/UNION+A+MEDIA+MADERA.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;220&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgar2no9meGE5TdY8JRUFRyt3WM2UO_FQ17I09A4oinXRHLjjU3aC5XKuCeIVTkv5G7DFfPv7CbEa0VopfPgsmT-Gu4b-JRl1MmjMuVHUiHy6ajaKrPqxYaNS_bttFtfwPe4X2cUwc7-fw/s400/UNION+A+MEDIA+MADERA.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Dibujo A&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXLeVpP7fkosVnwZ9K7NUdchOxb_axc9EtdmNT_PnkXHmMDJf4g-d8HDQD62_O1g0BIix-HGrR4ByhwGlahzA8d27peXNh97ImfghWkSPM1JNf6OhK4BbIppshqwlsJOeXbopHiCM1I50/s1600/MEDIA+MADERA+CON+CORTE+OBLICUO.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;195&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXLeVpP7fkosVnwZ9K7NUdchOxb_axc9EtdmNT_PnkXHmMDJf4g-d8HDQD62_O1g0BIix-HGrR4ByhwGlahzA8d27peXNh97ImfghWkSPM1JNf6OhK4BbIppshqwlsJOeXbopHiCM1I50/s400/MEDIA+MADERA+CON+CORTE+OBLICUO.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;


Dibujo B&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Estos blocaos (fortines) se asientan sobre un citaron de 50
centímetros, para que queden bien protegidos de la humedad, si están
construidos con rollizos y van destinados a vivienda, es recomendable si el
presupuesto lo permite revestir sus partes interiores por medio de tablillas o
tabla machihembrada. Este tipo de edificación resulta recomendable para lugares
donde abundan los bosques y siguiendo las indicaciones de la explotación
racional de la madera que consiste en explotar pero también utilizar métodos
efectivos de siembra.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;PAREDES ENTRAMADAS:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Para la construcción de estas paredes se ejecuta primero el
citaron o zócalo de fabrica, sobre el cual se apoya la solera S. Encajados en
esta solera se colocan los pies derechos P, los cuales vienen rematados por la
carrera R en donde termina la pared y tienen apoyo las vigas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Los pies derechos que forman las esquinas se denominan
cornijales; los intermedios que forman los largueros de los vanos y los otros
intermedios almas. Siguiente dibujo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


﻿&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY0GZM7Jn1-czwCCoWQCPLLPVT7ZL6b3JCxqKWXnx25GBs9mUJuskQVCktNhtR-ElFE0KSUCqGKdWTZkwuEAzBx5xnH7-L6bPFQRtu1uwCZqI92zFv9xkvec7eoSYAbD7F_YREG50OeH8/s1600/ENTRAMADO+DE+PAREDES.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;202&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY0GZM7Jn1-czwCCoWQCPLLPVT7ZL6b3JCxqKWXnx25GBs9mUJuskQVCktNhtR-ElFE0KSUCqGKdWTZkwuEAzBx5xnH7-L6bPFQRtu1uwCZqI92zFv9xkvec7eoSYAbD7F_YREG50OeH8/s400/ENTRAMADO+DE+PAREDES.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;




&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Para formar las puertas se encajan sobre los pies derechos
de cerco los traveseros C, llamados cabeceros o dinteles y para traveseros de
la parte inferior de las ventanas se colocan los designados por D, llamados
peanas. Para la subdivisión de los recuadros se colocan los llamados
contrafuertes L.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;A fin de reforzar los tramos extremos se colocan las
llamadas riostras T, que cruzan diagonalmente a dicho tramo. Dibujo anterior y
siguiente dibujo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhciRanN7yttaLMrQ3uFY9QHfX4kDHgXZ_1GuZdcoPXzsHoEZ7O7cAnp5P4hen9TxUeQIsK_J4E5zK-oiUOFDSI3x9ciwOx0HwppIoJshWZ_uVeDIwfDDv82DbRTR8_nE4XJyomM03X7Tc/s1600/AJUSTES+CONVENIENTES+EN+EMPALMES.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;230&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhciRanN7yttaLMrQ3uFY9QHfX4kDHgXZ_1GuZdcoPXzsHoEZ7O7cAnp5P4hen9TxUeQIsK_J4E5zK-oiUOFDSI3x9ciwOx0HwppIoJshWZ_uVeDIwfDDv82DbRTR8_nE4XJyomM03X7Tc/s400/AJUSTES+CONVENIENTES+EN+EMPALMES.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;El citaron de asiento puede tener unos 0,50 metros como
altura mínima, enrasándose con un sardinel o verdugo de ladrillo pegado con
mortero de cemento.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Después del verdugo
de ladrillo viene el&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;zócalo o citaron
donde se ensamblan los pies derechos y los traveseros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;

Para que a las paredes en madera no llegue la humedad del
suelo es recomendable intercalar entre el citaron (sobre el sardinel o
ladrillo) y la solera una tira de cartón o tela asfaltada u otro
impermeabilizante.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;
Teniendo en cuenta que la carrera R debe sostener el
envigado del piso superior, o bien la cubierta, deberá ser calculada por
flexión.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;PAREDES DE TABLAS O DE CHAPAS:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Las tablas de chapa puede servir para formar divisorias en
madera, para formar paredes entramadas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Cuando se trata de construir paredes divisorias de madera se
utilizan preferentemente tablas machihembradas de 3 centímetros de canto, las
cuales se colocan verticalmente y se sujetan tanto en la parte superior&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;como en la parte inferior por medio de latas
sujetas al techo y a la losa del suelo respectivamente. Ver dibujo siguiente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH2D-JrZRKoWf9jtMRBUkQMydTOgWF1s2R0Q_j50X6t3OLTVn9hzwvES8LX9lEWoV2f78LyEXv3SzkGdcsXlGHaemP8d6CZGblHnRnur1P748mVyYVT2XbvH-hGNKsNwoV1qTJGXipJsI/s1600/TABLAS+VERTICALES.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;151&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH2D-JrZRKoWf9jtMRBUkQMydTOgWF1s2R0Q_j50X6t3OLTVn9hzwvES8LX9lEWoV2f78LyEXv3SzkGdcsXlGHaemP8d6CZGblHnRnur1P748mVyYVT2XbvH-hGNKsNwoV1qTJGXipJsI/s400/TABLAS+VERTICALES.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Cuando se trata de tabiques de gran altura, que conviene
tengan gran resistencia y estabilidad, se disponen en un armadura o armazón
sobre cuyos elementos de madera se colocan las tablas machihembradas, que en
este caso tienen de 2 a 2,5 centímetros de canto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;

El figurado de paredes entramadas puede hacerse con tablas o
chapas ligeras, las cuales se fijan a ambos lados, logrando por este medio una
gran protección contra temperaturas extremas ya que la madera es un elemento
térmico que funciona de acuerdo al ambiente si hace mucho calor lo apacigua y
se hace mucho frio abriga el interior y también es un aislante acústico por lo
tanto reduce ruidos exteriores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Cuando se trata de un parámetro exterior, este forjado puede
ser hecho de tablas verticales cuyas juntan se cubren por medio de listones de
media caña de unos tres centímetros&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;de
ancho. Ver dibujo&amp;nbsp;A y B.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQloDvUa6EV5S4sbrRiROEfyz_ln_-bYvkDx3NmypN4WtIfRKougQGHwlm4XHDtrBCNYQqN7XOljCfFAfOtunsrD1lD9Fbmdry91azhWNyuiDPCTcG-5jVPYwlOTl7wEUGgjjhid41SNw/s1600/PARAMENTO+EXTERIOR+VISTO+DE+LADO.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;261&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQloDvUa6EV5S4sbrRiROEfyz_ln_-bYvkDx3NmypN4WtIfRKougQGHwlm4XHDtrBCNYQqN7XOljCfFAfOtunsrD1lD9Fbmdry91azhWNyuiDPCTcG-5jVPYwlOTl7wEUGgjjhid41SNw/s400/PARAMENTO+EXTERIOR+VISTO+DE+LADO.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Dibujo A&lt;/div&gt;
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Dibujo B&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Igualmente se pueden hacer con tablas solapadas que dan un
atractivo aspecto a la fachada. Ver siguiente dibujo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;También se emplean recubrimientos en placa de madera ligera
fabricadas a base de material leñoso como son los contrachapados. Así mismo se
utilizan placas de yeso, de hormigón ligero y de asbesto cemento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Como ventajas importantes de estas placas sobre las tablas
de madera figuran su durabilidad, resistencia atmosférica y la menos facilidad
de corromperse ó afearse aparte de que admiten fácilmente cualquier revestido.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;También pueden guarnecerse ambas caras del entramado por
medio de tablas inclinadas, la inclinación favorece la estabilidad por cuanto dichas
tablas actúan como armadura o jabalconado y descargan el envigado que llevan
sobre el citarón o base de ladrillo o piedra. Ver siguiente&amp;nbsp;dibujo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/feeds/4284984837676227837/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/11/construccion-de-muros-portantes-en.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/4284984837676227837'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/4284984837676227837'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/11/construccion-de-muros-portantes-en.html' title='CONSTRUCCIÓN DE MUROS PORTANTES EN MADERA'/><author><name>Adalberto Salazar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02127885897572227379</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiNigV8IIc9EHXiSHBr2nOUlJGBCOnJFmCJYnJGknNnmuUsIdGP0tuLugLnC_cnPHrUnwZ4IlyI7UbXhtdlGKwXgNF6ZtciPRK0vlFmRazANgGrd0-qHRqroUWh9SwNAw/s220/Adalberto.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy4eXTSM-qgd-10-rKc1DXs-AtQ6pRHX67wqnS8T2p7lTEQGrm5aIfMvXFWpN6n2OB9by_40hwk_WhBUhqL4KsHZmw9RsQFVjKUR-bbrqMgB_prwNsYRBH66CM4zACqdhPMTHDiwSsB34/s72-c/DIBUJO+PARA+EL+BLOG.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3761864862166097595.post-2963177796356595668</id><published>2011-10-31T16:43:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-31T16:43:29.548-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="madera liviana"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="madera pesada"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="maderas para construcción"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="árboles maderables"/><title type='text'>MADERAS MÁS UTILIZADAS EN CONSTRUCCIÓN</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;Entre los arboles maderables cuyas maderas
son utilizadas en construcción figuran las coníferas y así mismo árboles de
hoja caduca.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;Se utilizan principalmente la madera de
coníferas como el pino. El pino es de fibra gruesa, muy resistente a la humedad
y a la sequedad. Como existen diferentes variedades de pinos es conveniente
probar por medio de ensayos de resistencia las cualidades estructurales que
poseen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;Como madera más dura, tenaz y resistente
que la de las coníferas está la de las cupulíferas. De entre ellas la más
conocida y aplicada en construcción es el roble.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;Existen otras variedades de especie que más
se utilizan en el medio para construcción como tales se citan las siguientes:
la ceiba, el abarco, Tolua, Cedro, Eucalipto, Almendro, Avichuri, Achapo,
Cuimito, Comino, Laurel, Guayacan y Guayabo, sin embargo cualquier tipo de
madera que se desee utilizar como medio estructural como ya se dijo, debe ser
sometida a ensayo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;Especies
de madera pesada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;:&lt;/b&gt; Aceite María, Aceituno, Balato, Bálsamo,
Casaco, Cagui, Caimo, Canime, Caño Bravo, Carreto, Coco Blanco, Coco Cristal,
Coco Guasco, Coco Manteco, Coco Muerto, Coco Mono, Comino, Guayacan Hobo, Guayacan,
Trébol, Guáimaro, Maquí, Marfil, Puente Candado, Sapan, Sajino Blanco, Sande Lechoso,
Soto Rojo, Tamarindo, Yago Cedro, Yago Sangre.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;Especies
de madera liviana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;:&lt;/b&gt; Abarco, Amarillo, Anime, Arenillo,
Azuceno, Balso, Brazil, Canelo, Caraacoli, Carreto (Manchador), Cariaño,
Carbonero, Carra, Campanillo, Cedro Macho, Cedro Amargo, Ceiba Amarilla, Coco
de Cabuyo, Cirpo, Curabobo, Chacho, Chingale, Dormilón, Escobillo, Fresno
(Guacharaco), Guamo, Churimo, Guamo Rosado, Guayacan Polvillo, Gualanday,
Masabalo, Hobo, Lengua de Venado, Noro, Perillo, Perillo Blanco, Pino Chaquiro,
Sangre de Gallina, Sangre Toro, Sajino, Tarranco, Tachuelo, Teñidor, Trompillo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;


&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/feeds/2963177796356595668/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/10/maderas-mas-utilizadas-en-construccion.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/2963177796356595668'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/2963177796356595668'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/10/maderas-mas-utilizadas-en-construccion.html' title='MADERAS MÁS UTILIZADAS EN CONSTRUCCIÓN'/><author><name>Adalberto Salazar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02127885897572227379</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiNigV8IIc9EHXiSHBr2nOUlJGBCOnJFmCJYnJGknNnmuUsIdGP0tuLugLnC_cnPHrUnwZ4IlyI7UbXhtdlGKwXgNF6ZtciPRK0vlFmRazANgGrd0-qHRqroUWh9SwNAw/s220/Adalberto.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3761864862166097595.post-7338096851137932028</id><published>2011-10-11T17:18:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-11T17:23:29.664-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="carpintería de armar"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="enfermedades de la madera"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="formas comerciales de la madera"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="maderas para construcción"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="protección contra el fuego"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="tratamiento de la madera"/><title type='text'>CARACTERISTICAS ESPECIALES DE LA MADERA:</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;El peso específico de la madera depende de su clase y del
grado de desecación. La madera recién bajada del árbol tiene un 45% de agua y
como es natural, pesa mucho más que la misma completamente seca.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;En el siguiente texto se indican los pesos específicos para
algunas maderas, recién apeadas, secadas al aire y secadas artificialmente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Nombre&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Recién
Apeada&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Secada al aire&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Secada artificialmente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Abeto&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 890 kg/m3&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;580 kg/m3&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;440 kg/m3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Alarce&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;795 kg/m3&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;575 kg/m3&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; 395 kg/m3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Haya&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;980
kg/m3&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;685 kg/m3&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;590 kg/m3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Pino&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 880 kg/m3&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;590 kg/m3&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;445 kg/m3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Pinabete&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; 840 kg/m3&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;575 kg/m3&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 495
kg/m3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Roble&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;1180 kg/m3&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 970 kg/m3&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;630 kg/m3&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;En el troceamiento de troncos se tiene en cuenta el empleo
que se va a dar a la pieza obtenida, a la par que se estudia en cada caso el
máximo aprovechamiento del tronco. Al utilizar una especie de madera se puede
comprobar la resistencia llevando una muestra para ensayo en el laboratorio de
suelos y pavimentos &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;FUNDACIONES PARA VIVIENDAS EN MADERA:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Por ser los cimientos los que trasmiten la carga al terreno,
los factores que más influyen en su elaboración son: el suelo y su contenido de
agua, el perfil del terreno, la distribución del peso de la vivienda y la
resistencia de soporte establecida del terreno.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Aunque los sistemas de cimentación son muy variados lo más
importante es que el sistema escogido brinde una solución sencilla. Por ejemplo
una solución sencilla para viviendas en madera es la distribución de zapatas
que transmitan toda la carga de la casa al suelo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Para este ejemplo suponemos que las zapatas se introducirán
en el terreno a profundidades pequeñas. La resistencia de la madera depende del
grado de sequedad y varia con su estructura. La resistencia de la madera a la
fuerza o carga por extensión en la dirección de sus fibras es superior a la
resistencia a la compresión.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;En general ésta resistencia a la extensión es el doble y
hasta el triple de la resistencia a la compresión. En cuanto su resistencia a
la flexión, está comprendida entre dichos valores y es de una y media a dos
veces la resistencia a la compresión.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;En el siguiente cuadro se indica la resistencia de algunas
maderas utilizadas en construcción:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Nombre&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Resistencia&amp;nbsp; a la extensión&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Resistencia a la compresión&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;R/tencia a la flexión&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Abeto&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 775 Kgm/cm2&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;380 kg/cm2&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;490
kg/cm2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Pino&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 870 kg/cm2&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;340
kg/cm2&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;590
kg/cm2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Pinabete&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; 670 kg/cm2&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;345 kg/cm2&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;485
kg/cm2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Haya&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;680
kg/cm2&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;380
kg/cm2&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;665
kg/cm2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Roble&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;740 kg/cm2&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;360
kg/cm2&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; 670
kg/cm2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Estas resistencias se han tomado paralelamente a la fibra Y
en estado relativamente seco, digo relativo porque la madera siempre retiene
del ambiente un cierto porcentaje de humedad. La madera no tiene una textura
uniforme y cuenta con un margen de seguridad que ha de preverse al utilizarla
en construcción, en las coníferas por ejemplo se considera como coeficiente de
seguridad de 50 a 60 kilogramos por centímetro cuadrado cuando trabaja a
compresión y de 60 a 100 kilogramos por centímetro cuadrado cuando trabaja por
extensión.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;DEFECTOS Y ENFERMEDADES DE LA MADERA:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Pueden considerarse los siguientes casos:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;CONTORCIÓN:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;resulta porque las fibras al crecer se retuercen
y se disponen en espiral de manera que los círculos anuales forman capas
helicoidales. Si la torsión es muy grande, esta madera no sirve y es utilizada
para pilotes o traviesas. La siguiente figura muestra este caso.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGmNMiwNAhS6u_7fmQ6rRl6CSFqxRq5oFWC7aN9z0PMUpQ8Pp4MoAHsM1vEj0LHHxoI3JS83jXch8bOlnqTa73AGVJYiZrXdPr3fim6Srz3J2Dv4iUkZvLONHtZlaOLkvyixavwy4tT3g/s1600/ENFERMEDAD+DEFECTO+DE+CONTORSI%25C3%2593N.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;160&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGmNMiwNAhS6u_7fmQ6rRl6CSFqxRq5oFWC7aN9z0PMUpQ8Pp4MoAHsM1vEj0LHHxoI3JS83jXch8bOlnqTa73AGVJYiZrXdPr3fim6Srz3J2Dv4iUkZvLONHtZlaOLkvyixavwy4tT3g/s400/ENFERMEDAD+DEFECTO+DE+CONTORSI%25C3%2593N.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;CRECIMIENTO CURVO:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Esta madera es también denominada madera
de vuelta y no tiene otra aplicación que la mencionada en el caso anterior. Es
decir para pilotes y traviesas. Ver el siguiente dibujo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEittIrYiM5LInC_-xB9RWOxKWHeO7e-lQQ4XDhs88SKgZMEErEjLqcAt8aJkqX5XgGvtHB6QR-vznvYVBcoJUWd421rMc1c1tTqG7_cPGZu9n-qKQ8emHQ592kNDc7DMzwmFgQ8GwmrDac/s1600/ENFERMEDAD+CRECIMIENTO+CURVO.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEittIrYiM5LInC_-xB9RWOxKWHeO7e-lQQ4XDhs88SKgZMEErEjLqcAt8aJkqX5XgGvtHB6QR-vznvYVBcoJUWd421rMc1c1tTqG7_cPGZu9n-qKQ8emHQ592kNDc7DMzwmFgQ8GwmrDac/s200/ENFERMEDAD+CRECIMIENTO+CURVO.jpg&quot; width=&quot;187&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;ACEBOLLADURA O COLAINA:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Es debida a la desigualdad en el
desarrollo de los círculos anuales, apareciendo en forma de arcos de circulo
que tienden a despegar unos de otros a dichos círculos anuales, al apear los
troncos se separan trozos en forma de conos más o menos gruesos como si
estuvieran enchufados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6r-3rIXNin0BPs22SobAYAHeMvjBWAqPcgBiudVsvbuQmhhZ_kEEz4A54jmDBXByZNtO_pPSxCpDj63TN1JiUQq3u1bWO2phtc76KIRBKrwlqQ4DSSQ5xaWI4P0YYtLZvDW9PZz8m3Q4/s1600/ENFERMEDAD+LLAMADA+COLAINA.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;208&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6r-3rIXNin0BPs22SobAYAHeMvjBWAqPcgBiudVsvbuQmhhZ_kEEz4A54jmDBXByZNtO_pPSxCpDj63TN1JiUQq3u1bWO2phtc76KIRBKrwlqQ4DSSQ5xaWI4P0YYtLZvDW9PZz8m3Q4/s320/ENFERMEDAD+LLAMADA+COLAINA.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;GRIETAS MODULARES:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Aparecen en los árboles sujetos a fuertes
vendavales y toman la dirección de los radios medulares llegando hasta el
corazón. También por la fuerte presión del viento en arboles que tienen muchas
ramas, presión que se presenta por un solo lado, se producen grietas de
torsión, casi siempre en los planos de los radios medulares.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwfH11xNgu6ycVsHbRrdQU9lknra_PCRxnL4y8zsELYXlBVYzVOjE0Yx2oOlLIiftlFaCDYZK8mqlC-D7tx_SAh2OnZrAHZeZwF1SnvCRT2CHtKoUQskcSpd_JJaftrsZuFt9WFu78jdA/s1600/ENFERMEDAD+LLAMADA+GRIETAS+MODULARES.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;245&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwfH11xNgu6ycVsHbRrdQU9lknra_PCRxnL4y8zsELYXlBVYzVOjE0Yx2oOlLIiftlFaCDYZK8mqlC-D7tx_SAh2OnZrAHZeZwF1SnvCRT2CHtKoUQskcSpd_JJaftrsZuFt9WFu78jdA/s320/ENFERMEDAD+LLAMADA+GRIETAS+MODULARES.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;TRATAMIENTO DE LA MADERA Y PROTECCIÓN CONTRA EL FUEGO:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Por medio del secado se puede preservar la madera contra la
podredumbre. Para lograr este secado se coloca la madera en sitios aireados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Inmediatamente de cortada y apeada la madera se descorteza,
así, ya en el bosque, pierde la mitad del agua. Si se desea acelerar la
desecación se trocean los troncos y se colocan sobre travesaños, de manera que
el aire pueda circular libremente por entre las aberturas. Las capas de trozos
de madera que se colocan para su secamiento van separados por medio de tablones
o listones, de manera que el aire puede circular con libertad por entre el
entramado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Por este método la madera blanda podría tardar algo así como
tres años y la dura en unos cinco años, más sin embargo se tiene que tener la
precaución de cambiarla de sitio con regularidad y separar la que se encuentre
enferma.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Si se desea una desecación rápida, se acondicionan estufas
apropiadas para el caso de manera que calienten el aire del lugar o también se
puede utilizar energía solar, a este procedimiento se le llama desecación
artificial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;La madera es introducida en recintos con estufas calentadas
con vapor de energía eléctrica, combustible o con energía solar, expulsándose
el aire húmeda por medio de ventiladores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Si las tozas de madera tienen mayor escuadría menor debe ser
la temperatura de las estufas, para evitar el resquebrajamiento; en tanto que
la permanencia dentro de la estufa deberá ser mayor que cuando se trata de maderas
de escuadría más pequeñas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Otro tratamiento a que se somete la madera es el de la impregnación
por medio de antisépticos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;El cloruro de mercurio, llamado subliminado corrosivo, es
uno de los más usados. La madera es sumergida en un recipiente apropiado con
una solución de 300 partes de agua por 2 de cloruro de mercurio, permaneciendo
dentro de esta solución de ocho a diez días si es de coníferas y si es de otras
especies de doce a catorce días.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;También se utiliza el cloruro de zinc, en una operación que
resulta más tecnificada; se introduce la madera en un espacio volumétrico
serrado donde se caldea primero por medio de vapor; a continuación se extrae el
aire y se inyecta la solución de cloruro de zinc a una presión de 7
atmosferas&amp;nbsp; y a una temperatura de 65
grados centígrados durante 30 minutos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;La madera tratada de esta forma permite perfectamente la
pintura al oleo ó a base de aceites.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Otro tratamiento conocido es el que se efectúa por medio de
creosota o aceites pesados de alquitrán. Se aplica encerrando los troncos en
autoclaves (espacios volumétricos serrados herméticamente) apropiados en las
que se introduce el aire comprimido, inyectando seguidamente la solución de
creosota.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;El tratamiento con pinturas antisépticas tiene una eficacia
temporal ya que la protección es solo superficial y por consiguiente resulta
necesario renovarlas de vez en cuando.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Uno de los preservantes más utilizados es la pintura con
carbolíneo, la que se obtiene por la acción del cloro sobre el alquitrán de
huya. Este producto se calienta antes y se esparce sobre la madera dos o tres
veces. Una mano de esta pintura en 5 metros cuadrados de superficie requiere
alrededor de un kilogramo de este material. Como este producto segrega mucho
olor, se prefiere muchas veces el uso de la antinonina, que es la misma sal
potásica del dinitroortocresol, debido a que esta pintura no tiene olor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;La conocida pintura al aceite es otro de los métodos de
protección de la madera. Se emplea para la madera trabajada, es decir, la
cepillada. Las juntas y los nudos se alisan por medio de masilla , que es
aceite de linaza y yeso, dando una capa con aceite , luego se da una capa de
linaza y algo de color y sobre esta se dan dos capas más. La protección de la
madera contra el fuego, su enemigo letal, no es hacerla incombustible, sino
mitigar su predisposición a la inflamabilidad. En el caso de ser atacada por el
fuego, la conflagración de la madera se produce inmediatamente en la
superficie, debido a que la carbonización periférica salvaguarda a las fibras
interiores; por esto es conveniente aplanar las aristas vivas, las hendiduras y
los nudos para evitar en lo posible el contacto de la madera con el oxigeno que
se deposita alrededor de estos sitios y provoca una combustión más rápida; se
aplica una pintura al aceite bastante espesa la cual se debe renovar&amp;nbsp; con frecuencia. Igualmente es conveniente la
impregnación de sales, las que, a elevadas temperaturas forma una coraza vítrea
en torno a las fibras. También se emplea para proteger&amp;nbsp; la madera del fuego el revestimiento de la
superficie&amp;nbsp; leñosa por medio de planchas
de hierro, de tela metálica enlucida con mortero, planchas de yeso, de
fibrocemento ó placas de corcho. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;FORMAS COMERCIALES DE LA MADERA:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Según el destino o aplicación que se da a la madera recibe
las denominaciones correspondientes, como son: maderas para construcción,
postes para minas, postes para cercas, para muebles, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;De acuerdo a la forma que se le va a dar, recibe el nombre
de madera en rollo, enterizas o de sierra.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;La madera en rollo se utiliza en construcciones
provisionales como encofrados de losas y otros, andamios, apeos etc. En estos
casos es propicio el empleo de la madera en rollo debido a que en ella los
círculos anuales actúan en forma de tubo aprovechándose de esta manera su
resistencia mejor que en las llamadas tozas o en la madera enteriza, en la cual
quedan cortados los círculos próximos a las esquinas vivas, de manera que para
una carga determinada será más delgado el rollo que la toza que sería capaz de
soportarla. Si se trata de troncos ligeramente curvos, pueden descortezarse
siguiendo su curvatura y se colocan en obras de manera que los esfuerzos que
deben actuar sobre ellos tiendan a deformarlos con curvatura contraria. En
estos casos, si estas piezas se cortan rectas, pocos círculos anuales quedaran
enteros, con lo que se debilitarían&amp;nbsp; y
sería fácil que al ponerlos en obra se combasen más fácilmente. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;MADERAS USADAS EN CARPINTERÍA DE ARMAR: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Las maderas más usadas en carpintería de armar son: la
madera enteriza o toza, que son piezas escuadradas a esquina viva en el
aserradero y que toman la forma siguiente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;La primera figura tiene aristas vivas y la segunda las
tiene romas, cuando el diámetro del tronco en la punta no es suficiente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxVPmZtWatD6Aa47YCs9v68_kMBZKuSS9Y0nO6e25CM1th3wdqBlnBKz8DPYf6cjRNwl9S83PJqSQjZJBKj7N-hrtmuySc28UhNr21iRpwON6hLzoHrBKhds_Jymy-MM9urDg6CVEorbk/s1600/TOZAS+CON+ARISTAS+VIVAS+Y+ROMAS.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;188&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxVPmZtWatD6Aa47YCs9v68_kMBZKuSS9Y0nO6e25CM1th3wdqBlnBKz8DPYf6cjRNwl9S83PJqSQjZJBKj7N-hrtmuySc28UhNr21iRpwON6hLzoHrBKhds_Jymy-MM9urDg6CVEorbk/s400/TOZAS+CON+ARISTAS+VIVAS+Y+ROMAS.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Esta última clase de madera es más barata pues es posible
sacarla de troncos más delgados, esta madera será empleada únicamente para
vigas que deban quedar ocultas y con la condición de que la extensión de la
arista natural no sea superior al quinto de la longitud y su anchura no exceda
de la sección. Ver siguiente dibujo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggLwH_ACpQXpmqm8AkZZ7GvNqTKbuLHnwCZdE93iCcSMPsHjwoCc-t6Bp6fksRa-b-IG4TjliMEgn6-OZYSk-dNCQcnof3rhNsN6ChMFCAoU0T0VZ_l2YKosVRsp0EOah-z5FMKFbCdBs/s1600/ARISTA+NATURAL+Y+ARISTA+ROMA.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;162&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggLwH_ACpQXpmqm8AkZZ7GvNqTKbuLHnwCZdE93iCcSMPsHjwoCc-t6Bp6fksRa-b-IG4TjliMEgn6-OZYSk-dNCQcnof3rhNsN6ChMFCAoU0T0VZ_l2YKosVRsp0EOah-z5FMKFbCdBs/s400/ARISTA+NATURAL+Y+ARISTA+ROMA.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Arista natural:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Perímetro: .20 cm + .20 cm + .10 cm + .10 cm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;P = .60 cm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;.60 cm = 1/5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Arista = 0,12 cm.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Teniendo en cuenta las aplicaciones a que se destina la
madera las figuras anteriores se subdividen en medias tozas y en cuartones. La
llamada media toza primer dibujo y los cuartones llamados también cuartizos o
tabiques, segundo dibujo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJrV-UBArmYyjSkPA3fCLH17k2a0sq01onzgfMZZqw2xbO2PAIfTcgc_Dg5RLWCfz_qZ2GeQysCNeNzzKTH0NcmJlb3swXyqkGbdfOJBPkxij5Gxz6WdhycMgiibqJyG2eUVURq6XmPkU/s1600/CUARTONES+O+TABIQUES.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJrV-UBArmYyjSkPA3fCLH17k2a0sq01onzgfMZZqw2xbO2PAIfTcgc_Dg5RLWCfz_qZ2GeQysCNeNzzKTH0NcmJlb3swXyqkGbdfOJBPkxij5Gxz6WdhycMgiibqJyG2eUVURq6XmPkU/s1600/CUARTONES+O+TABIQUES.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrqzMe4a4ymhenADN6v2mVV4RoOKtR3w38msFOFEvBKZxP0ImyGxlg2aytjc2H0n8BH-jmkRuM81SGERMGkEolDGFy-t-DoWC4N1piedtQXGrW0U5kr97uGyU3q3vOV5GaMBomJNb03c8/s1600/MEDIAS+TOZAS.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrqzMe4a4ymhenADN6v2mVV4RoOKtR3w38msFOFEvBKZxP0ImyGxlg2aytjc2H0n8BH-jmkRuM81SGERMGkEolDGFy-t-DoWC4N1piedtQXGrW0U5kr97uGyU3q3vOV5GaMBomJNb03c8/s1600/MEDIAS+TOZAS.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Algunas veces las medias tozas se dividen en tres partes,
siguiente dibujo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-O5zzIWRynW1z8kXrX3CYJ7CqY98giK4iSW3uVDp77YjdP8gJ9iobFNNDXqXGhbXSRu11I6ztuSYBojcan_OE2ymY99_aNxAIzHDSQ0zhYnyqvFtU0Qxz_Qp6aXMTcpiPklCYQCbXI6c/s1600/TAZAS+DIVIDIDAS+EN+3+PARTES.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-O5zzIWRynW1z8kXrX3CYJ7CqY98giK4iSW3uVDp77YjdP8gJ9iobFNNDXqXGhbXSRu11I6ztuSYBojcan_OE2ymY99_aNxAIzHDSQ0zhYnyqvFtU0Qxz_Qp6aXMTcpiPklCYQCbXI6c/s1600/TAZAS+DIVIDIDAS+EN+3+PARTES.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Las dimensiones, el marco de las tozas es variable según el
país o la región; se expresa por caña la longitud, por tabla el ancho y por
canto, el grueso o espesor. Ver el siguiente dibujo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8oihuzrJKtrEQ5SRNkvHHzYg-PB0XS1ZPWpnd_3Ed6wELwfKGqtRGlFdvqLIe35Ec4NxXKNlBjiadnDIsFwDKCD__9I5Xh8BRMZVZSXPqZx651oIBu6BNoUat4eRKu3o203CW3dsv9W8/s1600/DENOMINACIONES+COMUNES+PARA+DIM.+PERFILES.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8oihuzrJKtrEQ5SRNkvHHzYg-PB0XS1ZPWpnd_3Ed6wELwfKGqtRGlFdvqLIe35Ec4NxXKNlBjiadnDIsFwDKCD__9I5Xh8BRMZVZSXPqZx651oIBu6BNoUat4eRKu3o203CW3dsv9W8/s1600/DENOMINACIONES+COMUNES+PARA+DIM.+PERFILES.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;La madera sobrante una vez sacada la toza del tronco, se
denomina levadura o madera de sierra ordinaria y de ella salen las alfarjas,
tablillas rastrales y costeros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Esta madera de sierra ordinaria está formada casi
exclusivamente de albura, por lo tanto es menos apreciada, debido a la
facilidad con que se alabea y es muy expuesta a la putrefacción y al ataque de
gusanos y hongos. En general, las tozas se emplean para vigas y columnas y su
resistencia aumenta proporcionalmente a su anchura o canto es decir a la
sección y crece según el cuadro de su altura o tabla.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;De acuerdo con lo anterior se desprende que una viga de
doble ancho resiste el doble que otra determinada de la mitad de su ancho. Por
otro lado una viga de doble altura que otra resistirá el cuádruplo de carga. De
aquí se explica la conveniencia de trocear el tronco de manera que todas las
piezas sean de sección alta y estrecha.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;En las vigas, su máxima resistencia se obtiene cuando los
lados de su sección están en relación 5:7. Para ello se divide el diámetro del
tronco en tres partes iguales y se trazan las perpendiculares en los puntos de
división hasta encontrar la circunferencia exterior en los puntos A y B, los
cuales serán los vértices opuestos de la sección de la pieza acerrada. Véase el
siguiente dibujo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx1VC1hxDXrE7yZqXOSbrXox1mnwI_xHME_be_VISGXDFYEf6sx5kQ3tFRt2W1HRLtS-m_UiPxxDUQAGwZ6vnONQKBC-JYeEqTNvxxiXarn9NgFzKW4psTNB2YweNPEGI_igqJCUhm5_c/s1600/METODO+PARA+CORTAR+TOZAS+PARA+VIGAS.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx1VC1hxDXrE7yZqXOSbrXox1mnwI_xHME_be_VISGXDFYEf6sx5kQ3tFRt2W1HRLtS-m_UiPxxDUQAGwZ6vnONQKBC-JYeEqTNvxxiXarn9NgFzKW4psTNB2YweNPEGI_igqJCUhm5_c/s1600/METODO+PARA+CORTAR+TOZAS+PARA+VIGAS.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;En cuanto a los pies derechos, puntales, columnas y toda
pieza sometida a compresión axial, con esfuerzos normales a la sección transversal,
se preferirá siempre la sección cuadrada. Como lo muestra el siguiente dibujo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh98sbIaprth4w7phAHnD9g2Z-5wyzO6qRRFgoLwP8ej2oNX0rAFxJZTg6rt35w2q7zM6DbkhN1JYDO1wwPp5JSh0-kklY3dKzJL283NRAr2xVdu9Yv-NWativzo7wSJ2iuyKi1E5bBg3Q/s1600/TOZAS+PARA+COLUMNAS.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh98sbIaprth4w7phAHnD9g2Z-5wyzO6qRRFgoLwP8ej2oNX0rAFxJZTg6rt35w2q7zM6DbkhN1JYDO1wwPp5JSh0-kklY3dKzJL283NRAr2xVdu9Yv-NWativzo7wSJ2iuyKi1E5bBg3Q/s1600/TOZAS+PARA+COLUMNAS.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;La madera enteriza es, entre todas las de sierra, la más
resistente, debido a que contiene mayor número de círculos anuales&amp;nbsp; que intervienen en la resistencia y como el
corazón de la misma ha quedado en su centro, hace que se alabee menos.
Paradójicamente tiene gran facilidad en rajarse, debido a que en la periferia
ha quedado la madera más floja y llena de savia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;En cuanto a las medias tozas y también los cuartones, se
abarquillan (encorvan) con facilidad por la irregular repartición de la albura
y el duramen; pero en la parte correspondiente a este último no aparecen
grietas ni hendiduras, por lo que son preferidos cuando es necesario
cepillarlos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Cuando las medias tozas y cuartones se sacan de troncos más
gruesos y adultos se obtienen piezas más resistentes que las tozas o madera
enteriza que se ha sacado de los arboles jóvenes. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Si se trocea el tronco en piezas perpendiculares a los
radios medulares se combara la madera como se indica en los siguientes dibujos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuEWzdZS8H4v-iHvD0UyXOibG0GmOR6DMCgI2j_oLuL1AbjG_HCHO-U4_dwhGlK7-_osjnuamdv330CTqnrkb4zPQVw3Yo3ODA1hN5iw8V-RF81p5kndao1oxlyVxaQWZ4zyXEt0-Nsd4/s1600/TROCEADO+EN+PIEZAS+PERPENDICULARES.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuEWzdZS8H4v-iHvD0UyXOibG0GmOR6DMCgI2j_oLuL1AbjG_HCHO-U4_dwhGlK7-_osjnuamdv330CTqnrkb4zPQVw3Yo3ODA1hN5iw8V-RF81p5kndao1oxlyVxaQWZ4zyXEt0-Nsd4/s1600/TROCEADO+EN+PIEZAS+PERPENDICULARES.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrbPHdrZPAJIyNi__4d9CblMXzH28Y0OzQcYpA13tqn30XyyYc_UyUSHIMQTehnWU_8OXiX7FNMdGKiKKGJQm9oZqXyiOd-P7V9B4MC_GB5NapRzaNEd41iGzcVtJPpjh2AM68__LDxIU/s1600/MADERA+ENCOMBADA.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrbPHdrZPAJIyNi__4d9CblMXzH28Y0OzQcYpA13tqn30XyyYc_UyUSHIMQTehnWU_8OXiX7FNMdGKiKKGJQm9oZqXyiOd-P7V9B4MC_GB5NapRzaNEd41iGzcVtJPpjh2AM68__LDxIU/s1600/MADERA+ENCOMBADA.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Las siguientes son otras maneras de trocear las tozas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;En el siguiente dibujo se muestra una toza central y una
serie de piezas pequeñas a los lados con la que se aprovecha al máximo el
tronco.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmMIaGpw7Lj-YMI8EIr1w1tsrCft8aTZ02K5bzPSj17CdGygV6fe79LCLzgCHS86keENZmXk17aCSGZyuUYlUZ1B9FoHUub3wW8LO7O0PZdbCyrxlOA3IUYLPwIF7d9fQIQYzkqRQvKRA/s1600/FORMA+DE+SUBDIVICION+DE+TOZA.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmMIaGpw7Lj-YMI8EIr1w1tsrCft8aTZ02K5bzPSj17CdGygV6fe79LCLzgCHS86keENZmXk17aCSGZyuUYlUZ1B9FoHUub3wW8LO7O0PZdbCyrxlOA3IUYLPwIF7d9fQIQYzkqRQvKRA/s1600/FORMA+DE+SUBDIVICION+DE+TOZA.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Otra forma de cortar piezas es hacerlo perpendicular a los
radios medulares, sin embargo en este caso se trocean unas piezas en uno de los
lados para acortar las tablas más anchas y evitar que se comben. Así lo muestra
el siguiente dibujo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLVbxD6INrSqR7spe0Dm5k9qSjNVzi0GQZwZYHdx4Y7ngO7hYSsaErbd9GPg6OjBuiYfgv1aoolxlP4gdCMVOVPKMMoGZKj3Zkc2g2iwYewUkUHKD6XGFn0pRWVeiEuR2HS3ZBMfYXSls/s1600/FORMA+DE+ESCUADRIA+DE+TOZAS.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLVbxD6INrSqR7spe0Dm5k9qSjNVzi0GQZwZYHdx4Y7ngO7hYSsaErbd9GPg6OjBuiYfgv1aoolxlP4gdCMVOVPKMMoGZKj3Zkc2g2iwYewUkUHKD6XGFn0pRWVeiEuR2HS3ZBMfYXSls/s1600/FORMA+DE+ESCUADRIA+DE+TOZAS.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;El último caso de corte de tozas es el que muestra el
siguiente dibujo, en el que se cortan diferentes escuadrías tratando de
aprovechar al máximo la sección del tronco.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikSXxglm3erHUvTM7YkCxvO-XvQAjopgoaxj4oGgxa_beMJUXP0LqeH580q4v1eW1m6fxPDt-xDGd3qd9gbuN56_hWMu1eNASqW8Doun1WRM6ImgCbdIIdMjGThAhI4dkmHyBEmSeBPIk/s1600/OTRA+FORMA+DE+ESCUADRIA+DE+TOZAS.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikSXxglm3erHUvTM7YkCxvO-XvQAjopgoaxj4oGgxa_beMJUXP0LqeH580q4v1eW1m6fxPDt-xDGd3qd9gbuN56_hWMu1eNASqW8Doun1WRM6ImgCbdIIdMjGThAhI4dkmHyBEmSeBPIk/s1600/OTRA+FORMA+DE+ESCUADRIA+DE+TOZAS.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/feeds/7338096851137932028/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/10/caracteristicas-especiales-de-la-madera.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/7338096851137932028'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/7338096851137932028'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/10/caracteristicas-especiales-de-la-madera.html' title='CARACTERISTICAS ESPECIALES DE LA MADERA:'/><author><name>Adalberto Salazar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02127885897572227379</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiNigV8IIc9EHXiSHBr2nOUlJGBCOnJFmCJYnJGknNnmuUsIdGP0tuLugLnC_cnPHrUnwZ4IlyI7UbXhtdlGKwXgNF6ZtciPRK0vlFmRazANgGrd0-qHRqroUWh9SwNAw/s220/Adalberto.JPG'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGmNMiwNAhS6u_7fmQ6rRl6CSFqxRq5oFWC7aN9z0PMUpQ8Pp4MoAHsM1vEj0LHHxoI3JS83jXch8bOlnqTa73AGVJYiZrXdPr3fim6Srz3J2Dv4iUkZvLONHtZlaOLkvyixavwy4tT3g/s72-c/ENFERMEDAD+DEFECTO+DE+CONTORSI%25C3%2593N.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3761864862166097595.post-171294462510381688</id><published>2011-06-01T08:53:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-06-01T08:53:41.261-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="caña"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Cubiertas rusticas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="palma"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="techos en paja"/><title type='text'>CUBIERTAS RUSTICAS:</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.youtube.com/embed/pjVpvl0V1mQ?feature=player_embedded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Se califican de este modo a las cubiertas en que se utilizan como material, pajas de diversos orígenes, cañas, troncos y ripia de palmas, entre otros., de producción generalmente local o regional y que se prepara, elabora y confecciona con carácter de industria casera.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Estos tipos de cubierta tienen aplicaciones bastante amplia en los predios rurales y su empleo podría llegar a ser enteramente racional si se alcanzara a subsanar las diferencias de la técnica usual de manipulación de los materiales la organización y ejecución de la estructura de cubierta correspondiente, desde un punto de vista higiénico, de conservación del material, durabilidad de la cubierta y de la impermeabilidad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;CUBIERTAS DE PAJA: Son excelentes para la aislación térmica, de poco peso y bajo costo inicial, pero exigen gran pendiente en sus extendidos para alcanzar la impermeabilidad necesaria; por esta razón estas soluciones están más expuestas a una muy intensa acción del viento, son muy combustibles, exigen vigilancia y pronta reparación en caso de deterioro, pues están propensas a descomponerse transformándose en refugio de insectos y roedores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Impregnando el material con sustancias ignifugas, como ejemplo, con una solución de fosfato o fosfato de amonio al 4,50 por 100; de borato de sodio o de acido bórico al 10 por 100, adicionadas de un adhesivo a base de cafeína o gelatina, se consigue mejorar eficazmente su resistencia al fuego. Si también se le impregna con sustancias antisépticas conservadoras, como, por ejemplo, solución de sulfato de cobre al 5 por 100, con insecticida a base de DDT, gamexana, insecticidas preparados naturalmente, etc., y se repite periódicamente estos tratamientos, se conseguirá mantener un nivel higiénico satisfactorio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;En los aprovechamientos rurales normales, las pulverizaciones con anticriptogámicos, insecticidas y soluciones de cualquier índole no constituyen una dificultad o un problema.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;En las regiones muy lluviosas y sobre todo en las que se producen regularmente nevadas, este tipo de cubierta no es recomendable.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;La pendiente de las cubiertas de paja debe tener un mínimo de inclinación de 40 grados ó 1:1,2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Las pajas utilizadas varían según las regiones; muchas de ellas pertenecen a gramíneas de los géneros (Stipaichu), la paja vizcachera o flechilla (Stipabrachychaeta) las cortaderas (cortaderia dioica y cortaderia araucana), llamadas “cortaderas”; Pennisetum, como el “sibol” (pennisetum frutescens), la paja de los cereales y sorgos cultivados, etc., incluyendo, bajo el título de pajas, para esta finalidad, a los tallos de la totora, de juncos y falsos juncos, y otras especies de la vegetación local. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Con los materiales vegetales se preparan haces de 20 a 30 centímetros de espesor, que previamente se hacen secar al aire seco, evitando fermentaciones en los elementos confeccionados que se utilizarán para techar. Los haces o rollos de paja deberán ser lo más iguales y parejos posible y antes de colocarlos sobre la estructura sustentante, se les hace el tratamiento de impregnación de ignífugos y conservadores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Estos haces se aseguran sobre un entramado de listones horizontales, los cuales se atan generalmente con alambre dulce. La distancia entre listones es variable y depende de la longitud de los haces, debe cubrir los dos tercios del largo de la faja de la hilera inferior. Las formas de ejecución de esta labor que se comienza siempre desde el alero y se termina en la cumbrera pueden ser diferentes, de acuerdo a las técnicas de cada región y las especies de paja empleadas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;La figura 70 ilustra sobre los detalles de realización de las formas más usuales de “quinchados”. Una forma más racional de confeccionar el techado de paja es la de prefabricar de antemano, en taller paneles de las mismas pajas con soportes o bastidores de cañas o listoncillos para darles rigidez, fuertemente prensados y arriostrados o atados con alambre galvanizado fino, para luego colocarlos como si fueran pizarras o grandes tejas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Paneles de este tipo tienen un espesor aproximado de siete u ocho centímetros y de 1,2 metros por 0,50 metros. Dichos paneles se colocan sobre el entramado con su lado más largo perpendicularmente a la cumbrera o al alero, formando fajas horizontales bien&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;ajustadas y se atan con alambre a los listones que han sido dispuestos en sentido horizontal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Comúnmente cada faja horizontal de paneles cubre a la faja inferior unos dos tercios de su longitud de manera que el espesor final de la cubierta puede ser hasta tres veces el espesor del panel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;La cumbrera se termina con un panel doblado en ángulo dotado por su lado inverso con una hoja de fieltro asfaltado, geotextil grueso o una capa gruesa de tela impermeable, prevención que permite asegurar el aislamiento de agua de lluvia de la cumbrera.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;CUBIERTAS DE CAÑAS: Son cubiertas rusticas que se montan en determinadas regiones, donde este material es abundante y económico. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Como es el caso de las regiones tropicales húmedas, en las orillas de los grandes ríos y en las zonas lluviosas y boscosas de las zonas templado frías.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;El material de producción local o regional que comúnmente se usa, son tallos de cañas de los géneros guadua, como la caña “tacuara” (Guadua augustifolia), la tacuaruzu (Guadua trinii), la “picanilla” (Guadua paraguayana) , etc., género Chusquea, como, la caña “tacuarambo” (Chusquea ramosissima), la “caña cruz” (Chusquea horentziana), la “caña colihue” (Chusquea coleana), la “quilan” (Chusquea argentina), etc., género Arundo, como la “caña de castilla” (Arundo donax), extensamente cultivada y otras más.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;En algunos casos en que se dispone de cañas suficientemente largas suelen disponerse estas directamente desde la cumbrera hasta la solera atándolas a las correas intermedias en una primera capa de base para después superponer paneles prefabricados de longitud variada, de acuerdo con las características de las cañas de 0,60 a 1,0 metro de ancho y 6 a 10 centímetros de espesor, que se colocan formando fajas paralelas a la solera y que se superponen cubriendo los dos tercios de la inferior tal como se coloca en los paneles de paja. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;En otros las técnicas y dispositivos son muy variados, cuando las cañas son gruesas como en el caso de las tacuaras, estas se rajan longitudinalmente por la mitad, obteniéndose medias cañas que pueden ser un remedo de la teja colonial, organizando la cubierta en forma similar. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Al material de la cubierta de caña se le impregna con ignífugos, anticriptogámicos e insecticidas, es totalmente mejor que la cubierta de paja, dado que es mecánicamente más resistente.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Puede mejorarse su impermeabilidad y consecuentemente reducir la pendiente del techo pues permite intercalar en ella una hoja de cartón asfaltico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;CUBIERTAS DE PALMA: El área de expansión de este tipo de cubierta es aún más restringida, pues se reduce a la zona donde abunda naturalmente este material.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Las especies más usadas son la Copernicia alba, llamada también popularmente” palma negra”, “palma blanca”, “palma colorada”; la Arecastrum romanzoffianum, llamada “pindó”, y la Tritinax campestris, llamada “palma carandá”. Siendo la más utilizada la mencionada en primer lugar. Con ella se forman tejas más o menos troncónicas de longitudes variables entre 0,60 a 2 metros y ancho de 15&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;30 centímetros. Para su fabricación se corta el estípite ó tallo en trozos más o menos rectos, se los raja longitudinalmente por el centro y se retira la parte central del vegetal que es un material esponjoso, hasta obtener una cara interna limpia, lisa y cóncava. Estas tejas naturales se impregnan con las soluciones mencionadas anteriormente, ignífuga, anticriptogámica e insecticida. Podemos añadirle un cubrimiento superficial con una solución de creosota o pentaclorofenol y aplicarlas en la cubierta como si fuera teja colonial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Trabajadas con dedicación, las palmas proporcionan techados durables, resistentes y aislantes, que pueden ser utilizadas en cualquier estructura rural.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/feeds/171294462510381688/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/06/cubiertas-rusticas.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/171294462510381688'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/171294462510381688'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/06/cubiertas-rusticas.html' title='CUBIERTAS RUSTICAS:'/><author><name>Adalberto Salazar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02127885897572227379</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiNigV8IIc9EHXiSHBr2nOUlJGBCOnJFmCJYnJGknNnmuUsIdGP0tuLugLnC_cnPHrUnwZ4IlyI7UbXhtdlGKwXgNF6ZtciPRK0vlFmRazANgGrd0-qHRqroUWh9SwNAw/s220/Adalberto.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3761864862166097595.post-7061426646706715424</id><published>2011-04-04T07:52:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-04T07:52:42.434-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="construcíon sostenible con maderas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="explotación sostenible de madera"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="maderas para construcción"/><title type='text'>LOS BOSQUES CREADOS POR EL HOMBRE</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Los viveros las plantaciones y los bosques creados por el hombre pueden responder eficazmente a la creciente demanda de madera y productos derivados que ejerce la civilización, sin poner en peligro los ecosistemas naturales que actualmente siguen corriendo el riesgo de ser arrasados por el hombre por la ambición y el crecimiento económico de las regiones donde existen potenciales reservas de madera. El siglo diecinueve fue una época ejemplar de explotación desenfrenada, particularmente en ciertas regiones del Hemisferio Norte, en donde las reservas parecían ilimitadas. Al parecer aquellos explotadores llegaron a pensar que la naturaleza había creado los bosques sin ninguna razón; la humanidad podía utilizar todo lo que viera a su alrededor para su provecho; pero posteriormente hubo de reconsiderarlo seriamente. Durante las últimas décadas de aquel mismo siglo y las primeras del siguiente hubo un movimiento conservadurista dirigido por Gifford Pinchot, y el presidente Theodore Roosvelt declaró que aquel tipo de explotación únicamente podía conducir a un desastre económico y ecológico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;El concepto de RENDIMIENTO SOSTENIDO es fundamental en el planteamiento de los bosques creados por el hombre.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Se debe tener muy presente que el mercado que existe, los aserraderos, las fabricas de papel o la demanda general de las industrias, puede ser constante o uniformemente creciente. Las extracciones forestales siempre están encaminadas a satisfacer la demanda, tanto la actual como la futura, dentro de los límites del ciclo natural de producción de madera. En términos generales esto significa que si los árboles necesitan cincuenta años para llegar a su plena madurez, cada año puede talarse una cincuentena parte del bosque y debe ser repoblado el mismo en igual proporción. El trabajador encargado de la tala puede seleccionar un gran grupo de arboles, o varios grupos pequeños dispersos, o también cortar de manera aislada una cincuentena parte de los arboles del bosque, pero por ningún motivo se debe sobrepasar los límites de LA TALA PERMITIDA, dicha tala permitida, correspondiente al incremento anual medio del crecimiento del bosque se establece mediante la valoración de muestras tomadas durante un periodo de varios años y es corregida regularmente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Los selvicultores responsables están aplicando las últimas técnicas científicas para obtener un rápido crecimiento a un mínimo costo. La mecanización sustituyo a la mayor parte de los métodos tradicionales, especialmente en lo que respecta a la obtención de los semilleros, la reserva necesaria de pequeños arboles para la repoblación.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-CO; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;La experiencia en la práctica ha demostrado a los investigadores del tema que lo más rentable es plantar en principio un numero de plantas mayor que el requerido, aproximadamente deben sembrarse diez arboles por cada uno de los previstos, ya que una parte no establecida con exactitud no sobrevivirán al ser sofocados por malas hierbas, comidos por animales, atacados por insectos o derrotados por las enfermedades. Otra gran parte, los más débiles, deberán ser arrancados para dejar espacio libre para el buen desarrollo de los más fuertes, los menos vigorosos, aunque sean de tronco delgado, serán también utilizados como maderas para la construcción de cercas, como puntales para cabañas pequeñas o minas, mientras que la pulpa y los trozos pequeños serán utilizados como combustible&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/feeds/7061426646706715424/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/04/los-bosques-creados-por-el-hombre.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/7061426646706715424'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/7061426646706715424'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/04/los-bosques-creados-por-el-hombre.html' title='LOS BOSQUES CREADOS POR EL HOMBRE'/><author><name>Adalberto Salazar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02127885897572227379</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiNigV8IIc9EHXiSHBr2nOUlJGBCOnJFmCJYnJGknNnmuUsIdGP0tuLugLnC_cnPHrUnwZ4IlyI7UbXhtdlGKwXgNF6ZtciPRK0vlFmRazANgGrd0-qHRqroUWh9SwNAw/s220/Adalberto.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3761864862166097595.post-5844560927973058473</id><published>2011-02-25T07:59:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-25T07:59:59.201-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="construcción en tierra"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="construcción y medio ambiental"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="La madera en la construcción"/><title type='text'>UN SISTEMA EN EQUILIBRIO</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Cada uno de los bosques formados desde hace millones de años proporcionan al hombre un gran número de mamíferos, aves e insectos que viven un sutil estado de equilibrio entre sí y con el ambiente que les rodea. En teoría, los animales que se alimentan de semillas pueden llegar a destruir el bosque al devorar todos los frutos destinados a dar origen a nuevos árboles; pero en la práctica esto ocurre rara vez o cuando la mano del hombre interviene desmedidamente. Cuando la mano del hombre no interviene los animales predadores, los búhos, los halcones, las zorras y otros limitan la población de insectos granívoros, de ratones y de ardillas, logrando que sobrevivan suficientes semillas para asegurar el reemplazamiento de los árboles viejos y enfermos. Si los predadores fueran demasiado voraces y destruyeran a todas sus presas serian victimas de sí mismos pues inducirían a la disminución de su propio alimento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;LOS BOSQUES CREADOS POR EL HOMBRE:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Los viveros las plantaciones y los bosques creados por el hombre pueden responder eficazmente a la creciente demanda de madera y productos derivados que ejerce la civilización, sin poner en peligro los ecosistemas naturales que actualmente siguen corriendo el riesgo de ser arrasados por el hombre por la ambición y el crecimiento económico de las regiones donde existen potenciales reservas de madera. El siglo diecinueve fue una época ejemplar de explotación desenfrenada, particularmente en ciertas regiones del Hemisferio Norte, en donde las reservas parecían ilimitadas. Al parecer aquellos explotadores llegaron a pensar que la naturaleza había creado los bosques sin ninguna razón; la humanidad podía utilizar todo lo que viera a su alrededor para su provecho; pero posteriormente hubo de reconsiderarlo seriamente. Durante las últimas décadas de aquel mismo siglo y las primeras del siguiente hubo un movimiento conservadurista dirigido por Gifford Pinchot, y el presidente Theodore Roosvelt declaró que aquel tipo de explotación únicamente podía conducir a un desastre económico y ecológico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;El concepto de RENDIMIENTO SOSTENIDO es fundamental en el planteamiento de los bosques creados por el hombre.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Se debe tener muy presente que el mercado que existe, los aserraderos, las fabricas de papel o la demanda general de las industrias, puede ser constante o uniformemente creciente. Las extracciones forestales siempre están encaminadas a satisfacer la demanda, tanto la actual como la futura, dentro de los límites del ciclo natural de producción de madera. En términos generales esto significa que si los árboles necesitan cincuenta años para llegar a su plena madurez, cada año puede talarse una cincuentena parte del bosque y debe ser repoblado el mismo en igual proporción. El trabajador encargado de la tala puede seleccionar un gran grupo de arboles, o varios grupos pequeños dispersos, o también cortar de manera aislada una cincuentena parte de los arboles del bosque, pero por ningún motivo se debe sobrepasar los límites de LA TALA PERMITIDA, dicha tala permitida, correspondiente al incremento anual medio del crecimiento del bosque se establece mediante la valoración de muestras tomadas durante un periodo de varios años y es corregida regularmente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Los selvicultores responsables están aplicando las últimas técnicas científicas para obtener un rápido crecimiento a un mínimo costo. La mecanización sustituyo a la mayor parte de los métodos tradicionales, especialmente en lo que respecta a la obtención de los semilleros, la reserva necesaria de pequeños arboles para la repoblación.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;La experiencia en la práctica ha demostrado a los investigadores del tema que lo más rentable es plantar en principio un numero de plantas mayor que el requerido, aproximadamente deben sembrarse diez arboles por cada uno de los previstos, ya que una parte no establecida con exactitud no sobrevivirán al ser sofocados por malas hierbas, comidos por animales, atacados por insectos o derrotados por las enfermedades. Otra gran parte, los más débiles, deberán ser arrancados para dejar espacio libre para el buen desarrollo de los más fuertes, los menos vigorosos, aunque sean de tronco delgado, serán también utilizados como maderas para la construcción de cercas, como puntales para cabañas pequeñas o minas, mientras que la pulpa y los trozos pequeños serán utilizados como combustible.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/feeds/5844560927973058473/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/02/un-sistema-en-equilibrio.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/5844560927973058473'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/5844560927973058473'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2011/02/un-sistema-en-equilibrio.html' title='UN SISTEMA EN EQUILIBRIO'/><author><name>Adalberto Salazar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02127885897572227379</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiNigV8IIc9EHXiSHBr2nOUlJGBCOnJFmCJYnJGknNnmuUsIdGP0tuLugLnC_cnPHrUnwZ4IlyI7UbXhtdlGKwXgNF6ZtciPRK0vlFmRazANgGrd0-qHRqroUWh9SwNAw/s220/Adalberto.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3761864862166097595.post-2625553361199272731</id><published>2010-09-18T07:53:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-12-30T15:39:32.785-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="arquitectura verde"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="construcción en tierra"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="techos de grama"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="techos en materiales naturales"/><title type='text'>TECHOS DE VIVIENDAS UTILIZANDO MATERIALES NATURALES</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Para la construcción de techos se utiliza madera de la región que no esté involucrada en programas de protección del medio ambiente, dicha madera debe ser apta para construcción como el pino de abarco, la tolua comino, guadua, &amp;nbsp;etc. La madera puede ser de sección cuadrada o en rollizos puestos de forma natural; los trozos de madera más gruesos se aplican como vigas principales y vigas caballete o de cumbrera si se desea saber la resistencia del material a los esfuerzos de tensión o de tracción se hacen varias pruebas a probetas o piezas de madera de la misma área y longitud, como mínimo 5 probetas se deben ensayar en laboratorio especializado en ingeniería civil, las demás piezas pequeñas se pueden utilizar como listones o alfardas elementos que se colocan perpendiculares a las vigas cumbreras y principales haciendo ensambles con estas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-MX&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Cuando el techo es en paja se colocan de manera perpendicular varas de caña brava o bambú u otro rollizo de pequeña sección sobre las alfardas; las distancias entre correas o varas&amp;nbsp; varía dependiendo del material con que vamos a cubrir, si el material que vamos a utilizar son ramas frágiles se pueden colocar una después de la otra a 30 centímetros de distancia y si es un material fuerte a 40 centímetros. &amp;nbsp;Con material natural se hacen pequeños rollos que se pueden amarrar usando la misma esterilla o fibra que surge de las ramas del material o con fique que es un hilo de fibra natural. &amp;nbsp;Los rollos de paja se van amarrando o bordando en los rollizos o varas seguidos uno de manera horizontal y colocando una parte de uno &amp;nbsp;sobre otro; siempre se empieza a bordar los juncos de abajo hacia arriba y en la cumbrera se remata con una lamina de zinc a manera de teja caballete amarrada a la viga y sobre esta se colocan tejas de barro cocido. También se puede rematar el techo en la cumbrera colocando una fibra plástica que no se note y sobre esta se coloca el material de ramas secas bordadas de manera circular para lado y lado sobre el caballete y tratando que queden tupidas para que se vea bien a la vista.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;Los techos de grama son una excelente opción ecológica. El proceso de construcción es parecido a otro techo, sin embargo después de colocar todo el entramado de madera contando los listones, alfardas, tablas y varas de caña o cualquier otro material que se use, se tupen muy bien de manera que no permitan luz entre ellos, sobre estas se colocan tablas delgadas de manera horizontal cada 40 centímetros de extremo a extremo del techo perpendiculares a la pendiente para evitar que la tierra que viene con la grama y que la nutre sea removida cuando llueve; sobre estas camas se coloca un impermeabilizante de muy buena calidad un geotextil rugoso y flexible para que no se resbale con la pendiente del techo que no debe ser muy pronunciada máximo 15%, sobre ésta superficie rugosa se esparce arcilla a manera de capa natural refrescante y luego otra capa superficial impermeable en este caso fibrosa y motosa para que retenga en la superficie cierta humedad en beneficio de la tierra abonada de la grama esta doble protección se justifica pues en tanto que una al tiempo que aísla el agua, guarda humedad e impide que la tierra ruede hacia la pendiente, la otra evita cualquier filtración que venga de la capa impermeable más próxima; después se esparce arena fina para que sirva de filtro en tiempo de lluvia, después sobre ésta se coloca tierra especial con sustrato. Después de estar todo acondicionado se coloca la grama expandiéndola sobre el área del techo colocando los cuadros de grama muy juntos en orden de abajo hacia arriba y en la parte superior, en la cumbrera o caballete se coloca zinc o un montante de asbesto fijado hacia dentro con cuerdas de alambre. En el extremo inicial del techo o parte baja de La pendiente se coloca un último listón de remate con poca altura, poco antes de terminar el techo de barrera evitando que la tierra sea desplazada hacia el exterior del techo. por debajo de la superficie de la cubierta no se coloca canoa, a cambio se construye un cortagoteras alargado apoyado sobre el muro para que reciba el agua y la expulse fuera de la casa, sobre éste se hace un tendido de graba que comience un poco dentro de la grama para filtrar el agua y evite la evacuación de tierra; en la superficie de dicho cortagoteras se hacen pequeños huecos verticales en los extremos para que ayuden a evacuar el agua estos huecos no deben sobrepasar el diámetro de la piedra o graba (el siguiente es un enlace con el video titulado &lt;b&gt;Arquitectura Verde&lt;/b&gt; de&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;&quot;&gt;jpmtzce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt; en youtube)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;. Una leve inclinación de 1% en el techo hacia un costado perpendicular a la pendiente, ayuda a evacuar el agua de la cubierta. Otra forma de construir techos de grama es sobre pendientes fabricadas de hormigón, una placa delgada que se acondiciona y se aísla con arenilla primero, después una capa de tierra con sustrato de 3 a 6 pulgadas, para después colocarle los cuadros de grama. Los techos de grama construidos con losas en concreto u hormigón tienen pequeños caminos y escalas para permitir que las personas encargadas del mantenimiento se puedan desplazar fácilmente. En estos techos además de tener lo normal que es la grama se suelen diseñar verdaderos jardines que adornan el exterior de las casas haciendo del paisaje un cuadro agradable a la vista. Las cubiertas de grama son una forma de reconciliación del hombre con la naturaleza. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Los techos ecológicos tienen una larga tradición en la historia, el rey Nabucodonosor II, construyo los jardines colgantes de Babilonia, una de las 7 maravillas del mundo antiguo hacia el año 600 A.C., otros ejemplos son los techos verdes como los techos de grama de la antigua Escandinavia, los tejados con vegetación de los indígenas americanos. A la república alemana se le da el crédito de haber desarrollado la tecnología moderna de los techos ecológicos hace más de 30 años. Actualmente cerca de un 12% de sus tejados son ecológicos con un crecimiento en la industria de un 10 al 15% anual.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-CO&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/feeds/2625553361199272731/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2010/09/techos-de-viviendas-utilizando.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/2625553361199272731'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/2625553361199272731'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2010/09/techos-de-viviendas-utilizando.html' title='TECHOS DE VIVIENDAS UTILIZANDO MATERIALES NATURALES'/><author><name>Adalberto Salazar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02127885897572227379</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiNigV8IIc9EHXiSHBr2nOUlJGBCOnJFmCJYnJGknNnmuUsIdGP0tuLugLnC_cnPHrUnwZ4IlyI7UbXhtdlGKwXgNF6ZtciPRK0vlFmRazANgGrd0-qHRqroUWh9SwNAw/s220/Adalberto.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3761864862166097595.post-6061337381687533513</id><published>2010-09-08T12:17:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-09-08T12:17:33.275-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="casas en tierra"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="construcción biodegradable"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="construcción en armonia con la naturaleza"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="construcción sostenible"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="viviendas en tierra"/><title type='text'>LOS RECURSOS ECONÓMICOS Y SU INCIDENCIA EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN EN TIERRA</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Un tercio de la población mundial vive en viviendas construidas con tierra. Las comunidades de recursos bajos lo hace por economía y por la facilidad de su proceso constructivo; existen diferentes sistemas tales como: la tapia pisada, el bahareque y el adobe crudo. La calidad de la gran mayoría de las viviendas en tierra no es lo suficientemente buena pues el uso de las técnicas no es el proceso adecuado; en muchos caseríos se construyen muros con caña, amarrando las varas con esterilla o fique y sin elementos de reforzamiento bien diseñados y ejecutados como vigas y columnas que bien pueden ser elaborados con el mismo material de caña utilizando varios rollizos para formar uno más grueso además se trabaja con arcilla embutida dentro de la canasta de caña sin ninguna clase de compactación o cohesión característica que es muy importante en este tipo de materiales; las consecuencia una construcción débil, demasiado vulnerables y con rápido deterioro. Los muros en tierra bien conformados, compactados y confinados aumentan las características resistentes, permitiendo además la adición y protección de un pañete por ambas caras que le proporciona al muro durabilidad y aislamiento ante el impacto de la humedad y los vientos fuertes. Para los pañetes suele utilizarse si son en tierra únicamente, una mezcla de tierra o arcilla con algún tipo de fibra fina natural como la lana, la fibra de ramas secas de pasto delgado, la fibra que proporcionan los equinos en su deposición etc. Dicha mezcla se esparce sobre la superficie del muro ó si se quiere para mayor sujeción sobre un entramado de esterilla o una malla natural, geotextil o metálica para que el cubrimiento tenga mayor durabilidad. El pañete también se puede elaborar en mortero de cemento utilizando el mismo procedimiento del entramado y una dosificación de 1:4 ó 1:5; pero la idea es construir una vivienda o cabaña con la mayor influencia de materiales que no sean biodegradables.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Por el contrario en comunidades de recursos económicos medios y altos, aquellas personas que son ambientalistas y que excluyen de manera total ó parcial los materiales convencionales como el concreto reforzado y la madera fina y deciden construir con materiales biodegradables realizan excelentes diseños arquitectónicos artísticos que impregnan a las viviendas o cabañas un valor estético, digno, tradicional e histórico y un hábitat agradable. La diferencia radica en que estas viviendas los materiales fueron tratados con procesos técnicos adecuados y las características nobles de los materiales fueron aprovechadas mejor que en la mayoría de los casos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Los materiales en tierra pueden ser los mismos pero en unos casos pueden prestar un mejor beneficio ó servicio, todo depende del proceso que se utilice, si se hace la ejecución de la manera apropiada se obtienen las mayores ventajas y las mejores características de los materiales; por ello se debe explorar un poco el material, saber cual es su máximo nivel de compactación; realizar pruebas con arena y con piedras medianas; hacer mezclas con diferentes arcillas y tierras; combinarlo con cal; para observar si aumentan las características de resistencia. Además estar atento siempre a los elementos de refuerzo que se coloquen tales como armazones ó canastas en madera, caña, cualquier tipo de rollizo que sirven como elementos estructurales y que deben estar muy bien ensamblados, unidos o amarrados para que actúen como un solo elemento y cumplan la misión encomendada de fortalecer la cabaña en tierra.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/feeds/6061337381687533513/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2010/09/los-recursos-economicos-y-su-incidencia.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/6061337381687533513'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/6061337381687533513'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2010/09/los-recursos-economicos-y-su-incidencia.html' title='LOS RECURSOS ECONÓMICOS Y SU INCIDENCIA EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN EN TIERRA'/><author><name>Adalberto Salazar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02127885897572227379</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiNigV8IIc9EHXiSHBr2nOUlJGBCOnJFmCJYnJGknNnmuUsIdGP0tuLugLnC_cnPHrUnwZ4IlyI7UbXhtdlGKwXgNF6ZtciPRK0vlFmRazANgGrd0-qHRqroUWh9SwNAw/s220/Adalberto.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3761864862166097595.post-6659280559623700240</id><published>2010-09-03T08:43:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-31T16:36:57.685-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cabañas en tierra"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="casas en tierra"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="construcción en armonía con la naturaleza"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="construcción sostenible"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vivienda biodegradable"/><title type='text'>MATERIALES CONSTRUCTIVOS COMUNMENTE UTILIZADOS EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN CON TIERRA</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
El material frecuentemente utilizado para la construcción en tierra es la tierra arcillosa que no contenga contenido alguno de material orgánico; las arcillas de diferente tipo y color como las arcillas anaranjadas marrones, rojas, blancas y con tipos de características diversas como tendencia a ser un material aglomerante y en otras a ser resistente en el estado seco son aptitudes de las arcillas que las hacen interesantes en la medida en que sepamos combinarlas o manejarlas para que adquieran un mejor comportamiento ante el impacto de las condiciones ambientales a que se expongan; la arena utilizada en proporciones adecuadas que dependen de la capacidad aglomerante o cohesiva del material de tierra, que no exceda un 40%, es un material que coopera en el mejoramiento de la calidad de las arcillas, dentro de este mismo porcentaje, las arenas con diferente granulometría desde el tamaño de un grano de arcilla hasta piedras pequeñas en proporciones bien distribuidas que no sobrepasen un tamaño de 3/4 de pulgada son importantes para conseguir disminuir la vulnerabilidad de los materiales de tierra. Una parte de cal en las proporciones de la mezcla puede ayudar en la estabilización del material de tierra y en el aumento de las características mecánicas del material. Una proporción de semento de acuerdo a la retracción de la arcilla en el secado también puede ser un coadyuvante para aumentar la resistencia en los adobes de tierra, sin embargo en arcillas gredosas con alto contenido de mica el cemento no es bien aceptado fracturandose al final del secado por presencia de grietas en el elemento.&lt;/div&gt;
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En las antiguas casas de bahareque se utilizó madera de sección cuadrada ó rolliza, caña, bambú ó guadua para la estructura, estos materiales reforzaban la vivienda contra situaciones adversas de cargas ó esfuerzos de flexión y de tracción mecánica; los elementos de caña ó bambú se bordaban entre los elementos sustentantes que hacían de pilares y columnas para conformar los muros; en el caso de la madera todos los listones y largueros que se conformaban en vigas y columnas se ensamblaban con diferentes tipos de uniones creadas por expertos carpinteros, aunque en muchos casos de viviendas mas humildes simplemente se unían por medio de clavos o se amarraban con sunchos metálicos, alambre o con esterilla, este último es un material sacado de tiras de de hojas secas o de tiras de caña, del bambú, guadua, palma etc.&lt;/div&gt;
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La tierra y las arcillas que se colocan en la obra tienen que ser bien comprimidas hasta que alcancen su máxima compresión esto permite una mayor estabilidad y constituye en cierto grado un aislante contra la humedad, esto acompañado por una combinación de arcillas, arena, cal, brea ó piedra en la mezcla, sobre todo en las primeras hiladas de la parte inferior del muro en donde también se hace un realce de unos 25 centímetros sobre la base o cimentación y sobre el nivel del suelo, todo lo anterior con el fin de garantizar que los muros queden aislados de la humedad. Para este tipo de construcción se requiere una buena base lo que se puede conseguir utilizando piedra grande y cemento conformando un base en concreto ciclópeo que es lo más económico y fuerte. El techo con aleros largos también es un elemento protector contra la humedad y el medio ambiente cuida las paredes de manera que estas siguen protegiendo los muros durante largos periodos de tiempo construciones en tierra.&lt;/div&gt;
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La tapia pisada está compuesta por muros anchos dependiendo de la altura de los muros, si la construcción consta de un piso y la altura es de 2,40 metros a 3,0 metros el mínimo ancho debe ser de 0,30 metros, aunque en la mayoría construcciones de tapia pisada no se usa el refuerzo de madera u otro material rollíso es conveniente utilizarlos sobre todo en las esquinas donde se intersectan varios muros, dichas ayudas estructurales se pueden fabricar como si fueran escuadras de madera dentro del muro cada 0,40 metros de altura, formando un ángulo que comience antes del intersección del muro a unos 0,60 metros, pase por la intersección y termine en el otro muro también a 0,60 centímetros, como si fuera una cruceta que agarrara todos los muros en cuestión; los espacios entre muro y muro no deben ser mayores de 5,0 metros, preferiblemente cuadrados y terminar en la parte superior del muro con una viga correa que recorra todos los muros; la tierra ó arcilla que se vaya a emplear se debe convinar con arena en un 25% y 10% de piedra menor o igual a 5,0 centímetros de diámetro. La tierra se debe apisonar al máximo, para ello se construye una formaleta de 1,50 metros de largo por 1,20 de altura, la cual se llena con tierra humedecida y cada 15 ó 20 centímetros, se apisona hasta que forme un gran bloque de tierra, luego se quita la formaleta y esta misma se arma dejando un espacio sin llenar; es decir se fabrica un bloque y otro no. Después de haber conformado varios bloques espaciados unos de otros, se formaletean los espacios que estén vacíos pero antes se debe observar si están secos de manera que la ejecución de un nuevo bloque en medio de otros no se afecte.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/feeds/6659280559623700240/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2010/09/el-material-frecuentemente-utilizado.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/6659280559623700240'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/6659280559623700240'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2010/09/el-material-frecuentemente-utilizado.html' title='MATERIALES CONSTRUCTIVOS COMUNMENTE UTILIZADOS EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN CON TIERRA'/><author><name>Adalberto Salazar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02127885897572227379</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiNigV8IIc9EHXiSHBr2nOUlJGBCOnJFmCJYnJGknNnmuUsIdGP0tuLugLnC_cnPHrUnwZ4IlyI7UbXhtdlGKwXgNF6ZtciPRK0vlFmRazANgGrd0-qHRqroUWh9SwNAw/s220/Adalberto.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3761864862166097595.post-7031688010092702070</id><published>2010-08-26T09:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-08-26T09:24:16.802-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="arquitectura en tierra"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="casas en tierra"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="construcción en tierra"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="viviendas en armonia con la naturaleza"/><title type='text'>LA OPCIÓN DE CONSTRUIR EN TIERRA</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Hace más de 40 años nuestros abuelos construían las viviendas en tierra conforme a la tradición, las técnicas utilizadas consistían en lo más mínimo y funcional que en la práctica y por el conocimiento empírico parecía que eran los más apropiado. En la actualidad podemos recrear ese pasado admirando grandes construcciones que aún se conservan en muchos pueblos de Colombia y que dan muestra de su fortaleza y del talento constructivo de sus creadores. En la mayoría de los pueblos de la geografía nacional y aún de toda América Central y del Sur del Continente se aprecian casas de tierra que nos llegan del pasado.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;En la actualidad se ha utilizado la tradición ancestral de la construcción en tierra que ha pasado de generación en generación y que en nuestros días ha perdido la calidad de los procesos técnicos que utilizaron nuestros antepasados pobladores. Algunos profesionales inquietos por el tema de las casas en tierra y la posibilidad de crear un mundo ambiental en concordancia con la naturaleza, han venido retomando dicha tradición y con la ayuda de laboratorios, técnicas, cálculos, métodos y conocimientos crean y recrean sistemas, los cuales tienen que enfrentar posibles realidades hostiles&amp;nbsp;que pueden ocurrir en el medio natural donde se instalan. Hoy&amp;nbsp;conclusiones de investigaciones da como resultado diferentes formas de construir en tierra basadas en los principios de las técnicas del adobe crudo, la tapia pisada, el bahareque, reforzadas con nuevos criterios y conceptos extraídos de estudios de campo y de laboratorio; estos estudios concluyen de manera que las normas vigentes para construcción convencional con la ejecución en tierra pueden ser acopladas en unos casos y ajustadas en otros para que cumplan los requerimientos mínimos, como también existen normas exclusivas para orientar la construcción únicamente en tierra, sin la utilización de materiales convencionales y que orientan el proceso constructivo de forma tal que no sean vulnerables a los eventos inesperados en la naturaleza; todos estos conocimientos son el resultado de años de investigación y que hoy los podemos aprovechar para colocarlos al servicio de las personas que quieran tener una opción económica.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Este tipo de construcción es sencillo pero es fundamental tener conocimiento de los materiales para saber o determinar cómo podemos obtener los mejores resultados de ellos; por ejemplo: cuál es el máximo aplastamiento que podemos obtener de un bloque de tierra, como lo podemos mejorar y si podemos aumentar sus características resistentes por medio de otros materiales como otras tierras arcillas, arenas cal etc. Este conocimiento lo podemos lograr construyendo un molde en madera o metal de 25 centímetros de ancho por 40 centímetros de largo por 20 centímetros de alto rellenarlo del material de tierra que se va a utilizar, luego sacar la pieza para ponerla a secar en la intemperie pero cubierta, esperar que seque. Podremos ensayar su resistencia colocando una tabla sobre el elemento y&amp;nbsp;sobre ella cargas de prueba como otros bloques ó piedras, cuyo peso sepamos previamente, observando en que carga el elemento comienza a resquebrajarse y agrietarse, tendremos un conocimiento aproximado de su resistencia, que no debe ser inferior&amp;nbsp;a 12 Kilogramos/centímetro cuadrado y que por norma debe instalarce en compañía de elementos reforzantes como madera o concreto simplemente reforzado; también al secarse el elemento de tierra u adobe crudo podemos averiguar que tanto se contrae la tierra en en cuanto a el ancho, en el largo y en el alto; estas contracciones en la tierra se pueden tener en cuenta para la normalización de medidas o la estabilización de los materiales en la creación de nuevos adobes y en el proceso de construcción. Todos estos ensayos que pueden ser necesarios se pueden llevar a cabo de forma más precisa en un laboratorio de suelos, si se tiene uno bien cercano.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/feeds/7031688010092702070/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2010/08/la-opcion-de-construir-en-tierra.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/7031688010092702070'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3761864862166097595/posts/default/7031688010092702070'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://artierra.blogspot.com/2010/08/la-opcion-de-construir-en-tierra.html' title='LA OPCIÓN DE CONSTRUIR EN TIERRA'/><author><name>Adalberto Salazar</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02127885897572227379</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiNigV8IIc9EHXiSHBr2nOUlJGBCOnJFmCJYnJGknNnmuUsIdGP0tuLugLnC_cnPHrUnwZ4IlyI7UbXhtdlGKwXgNF6ZtciPRK0vlFmRazANgGrd0-qHRqroUWh9SwNAw/s220/Adalberto.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>