TOP 10 IN ALL

MY Friends forever

noreply@blogger.com (Lucky) — Thu, 27 Oct 2011 20:24:00 +0000

My Friends Whom I Never Wana Miss Slideshow: Krishna’s trip to Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India was created by TripAdvisor. See another Hyderabad slideshow. Create a free slideshow with music from your travel photos.

My sweet memories

noreply@blogger.com (Lucky) — Thu, 27 Oct 2011 14:22:00 +0000

Sweet Memories of Mine Slideshow: Yerramsetty's’s trip from Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India to Shirdi was created by TripAdvisor. See another Shirdi slideshow. Create your own stunning slideshow with our free photo slideshow maker.

TOP PCB IPC Standards

noreply@blogger.com (Lucky) — Thu, 20 Oct 2011 05:58:00 +0000

PCB STANDARDS IPC STANDARDS

IPC Standards, the results of industry consensus and collaboration, are respected throughout the whole world. Using this standards it allows manufactures, customers and suppliers to speak the same language. with these standards we can get good quality products and it can help to grow your business which adds new customers while satisfying your industry products.

These standards has some sections those are:

Acceptance
Cleaning
Components
General Materials
Process Support
Rework & Repair
Solderability

Lets go and check PCB ASSEMBLY process
1. Acceptance
	IPC-A-610E Acceptability of Electronic Assemblies the most widely used acceptability document. It is the essential guide for all inspectors, operators and trainers. IPC-A-610 illustrates industry-accepted workmanship criteria for electronics assemblies.
Topics include: Component Orientation and Soldering Criteria for through-hole SMT and Discrete Wiring Assemblies Mechanical Assembly Cleaning, marking, coating and laminate requirements Lead-free
IPC-A-610 now has a companion.IPC-HDBK-610 offers explanatory and tutorial information to help with the implementation of the requirements of IPC-A-610 versions B to C. IPC J-STD-001D Requirements for Soldered Electrical and Electronic Assemblies, is the essential companion for IPC-A-610D. It contains comprehensive, critical details about processes, materials and testing methods for soldered assemblies. IPC-A-620 Requirements and Acceptance for Cable and Wire Harness Assemblies is the most comprehensive acceptability standard for cable and wire harness assembly industry. Other documents in this range include the desk reference manuals,IPC-DRM-PTH-D, Through-Hole Solder Joint Evaluation Training & Reference Guide and IPC-DRM-SMT-D, Surface Mount Joint Evaluation Training & Reference Guideare the ideal companions for even the most experienced engineer.

Advanced

Advanced assembly standards are aimed at more specific areas of manufacturing process. With in depth standards for areas such as flip chip, chip scale and BGA technology

IPC-SM-784

Guidelines for Chip-on-Board Technology Implementation, is the most popular standard from this section. It discusses chip types, board selection, design issues and thermal transfer methods for COB applications.

J-STD-032 Performance Standard for BGA's, working along side IPC-7095 ensure you have the most up to date information on BGA's.

Cleaning

Still a major issue during the manufacturing process and still an area where there is much confusion. The standards in this section offer a wide variation of processes and solutions that cover many areas of cleaning in production.

IPC-M-108, Assembly Cleaning Guides and Handbooks is the complete guide to cleaning and is an amalgamation of 6 IPC standards to include all areas of cleaning from post solder solvent (IPC-SC-60) and post-solder aqueous (IPC-AC-65A) to the cleaning of PCB & assemblies (IPC-CH-65 ) and surface insulation (IPC-9201). All guides included in IPC-M-108 are available separately.

Components
	The identification and handling of components is vital to ensure correct assembly and reliability.
IPC-DRM-18 Component Identification Training & Reference Guide is a comprehensive guide to the most commonly used through-hole, SMT components and interconnections used in electronic assembly today. Other popular standards from this area include J-STD-033 Standard for handling, packing, shipping and Use of Moisture Reflow Sensitive SMD's and J-STD-020 ,Moisture/Sensitivity Classification for Plastic Integrated Circuit SMD'sare two standards which focus directly on the safe use of SMD's. For a complete guide to handling try IPC-M-109, Components Handling Series which includes all the latest editions of IPC standards & guidelines related to packaging, handling, storing and testing.

General

This section includes the standards that are not otherwise categorised. These range from statistic process control and ISO 9000 requirements to SMT connectors and electrochemical migration.

IPC-7525 , Stencil Design Guidelines provides information for the design and fabrication of stencils for solder paste and surface mount adhesive.

IPC have created two documents that are an amalgamation of the most requested documents that relate to a particular area. These areIPC-M-103 Standards for Surface Mount Assemblies and IPC-M-104Standards for Printed Board Assembly.

Materials

Raw materials can seriously affect the quality and reliability of PCB's. IPC have produced a range of documents that enable companies to evaluate what is suitable for their requirements.

J-STD-004A Requirements for Soldering Fluxes is our most requested document and is a flux characterisation, quality control and procurement document. This is supported by IPC-TP-1090The Layman's Guide to Qualifying New Fluxes for MIL-STD-2000A or MT-0002.

J-STD-006A Requirements for Electronic Grade Solder Alloys and Fluxed and Non-Fluxed Solid Solders for Electronic Soldering Applications has just been re-released with a new amendment, the most prominent change in Revision A is a new solder alloy nomenclature system.

Others areas included are dialectic and conductive adhesives, soldering pastes and qualification & performance guides including IPC-SM-840C which focuses on Permanent Solder Mask.

Now the complete guides to conformal coating. IPC-CC-830B, Qualification and Performance of Electrical Insulating Compound for Printed Board Assemblies and IPC-HDBK-830, Guidelines for Design, Selection and Application of Conformal Coatings provide all the information required to assist designers and users of conformal coatings in making informed decisions.

Process Support

The documents in this section are there to provide technical support to enable the highest quality to be reached.

J-STD-001(see Acceptance at the top of this page) is the most common item. IPC-HDBK-001 Handbook and Guide to the Requirements of Soldered Electronic Assemblies to Supplement J-STD-001 offers explanatory and tutorial information to help with the implementation of requirements as indicated in J-STD-001C. Other documents that support J-STD-001C are IPC-TP-1114 The Layman's Guide to Qualifying a Process to J-STD-001C and IPC-TR-467 Supporting Data and Numerical Examples for J-STD-001C (Control of Fluxes).

There are standards which focus on quality and reliability of SMT such as IPC-SM-785 Guidelines for Accelerated Reliability Testing of SMT Attachments, IPC-S-816 SMT Process Guideline and Checklist and IPC-SM-780 Component Packaging and Interconnecting with Emphasis on Surface Mount.

IPC have finally put an end to the confusion when calculating defect opportunities for benchmarking with the release of IPC-7912A, Calculation of DPMO & Manufacturing Indices for Printed Board Assemblies. Working in conjunction with IPC-9261, In-Process DPMO and Estimated Yields for PWA's. A guide to defect categorisation is provided that can serve as a base for summarising and reporting in-process defects when used with J-STD-001 and IPC-A-610. It can also be used to develop process step estimated yield.

Rework and Repair
	This is one of our most popular documents. IPC-7711/72A Rework and Repair Guide This is the ultimate guide and provides: Comprehensive Guides to rework, repair and modification Clear and detailed illustrations and tables Detailed analysis of proven techniques and methods Recommendations and troubleshooting
They both run in conjunction with IPC-A-610, J-STD-001, IPC-A-600 and IPC-HDBK-001.

Solderability

	This section mainly aims at testing and evaluation of the solderability of PCB's and their components.
J-STD-002 focuses on components leads, terminations and wires where as J-STD-003 gives a more general view on tests for printed boards. Others give views on solderability and the effect of different finishes and surfaces such asIPC-TR-461 Solderability Evaluation of Thick and Thin Fused Coatingsand IPC-TR-462 Solderability Evaluation of Printed Boards with Protective Coatings over Long Term Storage.
Consistency with soldering on a mass scale can be major cause for concern. IPC-7530, The Definitive Guide for Temperature Profiling for Mass Soldering (Reflow & Wave) Processes, helps to reduce the chance of reliability failure by assuring metallurgical bonding of the solder alloy and the base metals to be soldered.

TOP INDIA GREAT YOGA TYPES

noreply@blogger.com (Lucky) — Wed, 19 Oct 2011 17:39:00 +0000

What comes into your mind when you hear the word Yoga?

Well, if you think of women in seemingly impossible poses, then you may have an inkling of what Yoga is. But that's just it - an inkling. You've got a long way to go before fully understanding Yoga.

Yoga is an ancient Indian body of knowledge that dates back more than 500" class. The word "Yoga" came from the Sanskrit word "yuj" which means "to unite or integrate." Yoga then is about the union of a person's own consciousness and the universal consciousness.

Ancient Yogis had a belief that in order for man to be in harmony with himself and his environment, he has to integrate the body, the mind, and the spirit. For these three to be integrated, emotion, action, and intelligence must be in balance. The Yogis formulated a way to achieve and maintain this balance and it is done through exercise, breathing, and Meditation - the three main Yoga structures.

In Yoga, the body is treated with care and respect for it is the primary instrument in man's work and growth. yoga exercises improve circulation, stimulate the abdominal organs, and put pressure on the glandular system of the body, which can generally result to better health.

Breathing techniques were developed based on the concept that breath is the source of life. In Yoga, students gain breathing control as they slowly increase their breathing. By focusing on their breathing, they prepare their minds for the next step - Meditation.

There is a general misconception that in Meditation, your mind has to go blank. It doesn't have to be so. In Meditation, students bring the activities of the mind into focus resulting in a 'quiet' mind. By designing physical poses and breathing techniques that develop awareness of our body yoga helps us focus and relieves us from our everyday stress.

Six Branches of Yoga

Hatha Yoga or Yoga of Postures

It perhaps the path of Yoga you are most familiar with since this is the most popular branch of Yoga in the West. This branch of Yoga uses physical poses or Asana, Breathing Techniques or Pranayama, and Meditation to achieve better health, as well as spirituality. There are many styles within this path - Iyengar, Integral, Astanga, Kripalu, and Jiva Mukti to name a few.

If what you want is a peaceful mind and a healthy body to go along with it, Hatha Yoga may just be the path for you.

Bhakti Yoga or Yoga of Devotion

Bhakti Yoga is the path most followed in India. This is the path of the heart and devotion. Yogis who practice this branch sees the "One" or the Divine in everyone and everything. Bhakti Yoga teaches a person to have devotion to the "One" or to Brahma by developing a person's love and acceptance for all things.

Raja Yoga or Yoga of Self-Control

Raja means "royal". This path is considered to be the King of Yoga and this may be due to the fact that most of its practitioners are members of religious and spiritual orders. Raja Yoga is based on the teachings of the Eight Limbs of Yoga found in the Yoga sutras. A Raja Yogi sees the self as central, and as such, respect to oneself and for all creation are vital to this path. They achieve self-respect by first learning to be masters of themselves. If you wish to learn discipline, then Raja Yoga would perfectly suit that need.

Jnana Yoga or Yoga of the Mind

Jnana Yoga is the path of Yoga that basically deals with the mind, and as such, it focuses on man's intelligence. Jnana Yogis consider wisdom and intellect as important and they aim to unify the two to surpass limitations. Since they wish to gain knowledge, they are open to other philosophies and religion for they believe that an open and rational mind is crucial in knowing the spirit.

Karma Yoga or Yoga of Service

Karma Yoga is the path of service for in this path, it is believed that your present situation is based on your past actions. So by doing selfless service now, you are choosing a future that is free from negativity and selfishness. Karma Yogis change their attitude towards the good and in the process, change their souls, which leads to a change in their destiny.

Tantra Yoga or Yoga of Rituals

Perhaps the most misunderstood of all the paths, Tantra Yoga is about using rituals to experience what is sacred. Although sex is a part of it, sex is not the whole of it since this path aims to find what is sacred in everything we do. Tantra Yogis must possess certain qualities like purity, humility, devotion, dedication to his Guru, cosmic love, and truthfulness among other things.

There are still a lot of misconceptions about Yoga, for instance, Yoga being a religion. Yoga is not a religion. It is more of a set of techniques for us to find spirituality. In fact, Yoga is being practiced by a lot of people from different religions like Christians, Jewish, Buddhists, and Muslims.

Another misconception is that Yoga is an exercise, a way for us to keep fit. It is partly true, but if you think that Yoga is just that then you are greatly mistaken. Yoga develops the body since a weak one is a hindrance to spiritual growth. It does not simply focus on the physical but on the mental and spiritual aspects as well.

Yoga in Your Life

You may ask, "Is Yoga for me?"

Definitely, yes! Yoga is for anyone who is willing to learn its ways and ideas. It does not actually require any special equipment or clothing. What it requires is your will to have a healthier, stress-free self.

You may first approach Yoga as a way to achieve a great body or to keep fit and that is perfectly alright. Yoga really does help in improving your health for stretching can tone your muscles and exercise your spine and your entire skeletal system.

Do not just take advantage of what Yoga can offer. Yoga encourages you to reflect on yourself and to find your inner peace. It exercises not just your body but your mind as well. With a healthy body and mind, you're on your way to a more fulfilling life.

TOP SHORTEST WOMEN'S IN THE WORLD

noreply@blogger.com (Lucky) — Wed, 19 Oct 2011 16:08:00 +0000

GUINNESS RECORD SHORTEST WOMEN'S IN THE WORLD

1.Pauline Musters (26 FEB 1876 -1 March 1895)

Pauline Musters is, at 23 inches (58 cm) tall, recognised by the Guinness Book of Records as the shortest woman ever recorded. Born in Ossendrecht, The Netherlands on February 26, 1876, she died in New York City at the age of 19 from a combination of pneumonia and meningitis.

2.Madge Bester (26 April 1963)

Madge Bester is believed to be the world's shortest living woman. From South Africa, she measures 2 ft 1.5 in (65 cm) in height which was measured in 1991. Bester has osteogenesis imperfecta, which is characterized by brittle bones, and uses a wheelchair. She has been a campaigner for disabled rights, holding a 1998 press conference on the issue accompanied by Lin Yih-Chih, the world's smallest man.Bester lives in a retirement village in Bloemfontein. Her mother Winnie, who died in 2001, also suffered from osteogenesis imperfecta and measured only 70 cm.

3.Lucia Zarate (1864-1890)

Lucia Zarate (1864 in San Carlos now Altamirano Mexico - 1890) is the first person to have been identified with Majewski Osteodysplastic Primordial Dwarfism Type II. She was entered into the Guinness World Records as the "lightest recorded adult", weighing 4.7 pounds (2.1 kg) at the age of 17. According to an 1894 article in Strand Magazine, Zarate achieved her full growth by the age of one year.

4.Hatice Kocaman (1989)

Saturday, July 17, 2010 Smallest woman - world record set by Hatice Kocaman KADIRLI, TURKEY -- Hatice Kocaman, 21, is just 72.5 centimeters tall and weighs only seven kilograms - setting the world record for the Smallest woman. Kocaman, who cannot grow further due to a bone disorder, said it would be great to be in World Record Books and that she wants everyone to know her and talk about her. Garrett and Emin Gorgun, the Turkey brand manager for Guinness World Records, visited Kocaman and her parents, Ibrahim and Hatun Kocaman, initiating the process of registering her claim. The “world’s smallest person” Guinness world record previously belonged to He Pingping from China, who was 74.61 centimeters tall when he died in March at the age of 21. Before his death, he appeared at events in Turkey with Sultan Köse, the Turkish man who is the tallest person in the world at two meters, 46.5 centimeters tall.

TOP SHORTEST MENS IN THE WORLD

noreply@blogger.com (Lucky) — Wed, 19 Oct 2011 16:07:00 +0000

GUINNESS RECORD SHORTEST MEN'S IN THE WORLD

1.Gul Mohammed ( 15 FEB 1957 - 1 OCT 1997 )

Gul Mohammed of New Delhi, India, according to The Guinness Book of World Records, was the shortest adult human being whose existence and height have been independently verified.On July 19, 1990, he was examined by Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India and he stood 1 foot 10.4 inches (57 cm) tall and weighed 37.5 lbs (17.0 kg). He died on October 1, 1997, from respiratory complications and after a long struggle with asthma and bronchitis, acquired due to heavy smoking.

2.Junrey Balawin ( 12 JUNE 1993 )

Junrey Balawing, of Sindangan, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines is the world's shortest living man according to the Guinness Book of World Records, measuring at 0.5993 m (1 ft 11²⁄₃ in). The declaration came during Balawing's 18th birthday celebration. Guinness World Records official said Balawing broke the record of Khagendra Thapa Magar of Nepal, who is 0.67 m (2 ft 2¹⁄₃ in) tall.Balawing, the son of a poor blacksmith, lives in Sindangan, about 865 kilometers south of the capital Manila. Although he is documented as the shortest living man, he missed the title of shortest man in history, which is held by Gul Mohammed of India, who was 0.571 m (1 ft 10²⁄₅ in) tall and died on October 1, 1997.

3.Younis Edwan ( 1971 )

Younis Edwan has claimed to be the world's shortest man at 65 cm (2 feet 1 inches), though has not been officially measured by Guinness World Records

4.Istvan Toth - Potya ( 28 JULY 1891 - 6 FEB 1945 )

István Tóth-Potya was a Hungarian amateur football (soccer) player. He was a member of the Hungarian Olympic squad at the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was an unused reserve player for the duration of the games and did not play a match in the 1912 football tournament.For the Hungarian national team he played 19 games and scored 8 goals. He became a member of the Hungarian anti-fascist resistance following Hungary's invasion by Germany, helping several hundred people escape from Nazi custody and death. He was arrested by the Gestapo in late 1944 and executed in February 1945 by Hitler's Hungarian allies, Szálasi's Arrow Cross henchmen

5.Khagendra Thapa Magar ( 14 OCT 1992 )

Khagendra Thapa Magar son of Rup Bahadur and Dhana Maya Thapa Magar, was the shortest man in the world, measuring 0.67 m (2 ft 2 in). Formerly the shortest teenager in the world, Magar took the title of shortest man from Edward Nino Hernandez when he turned 18 on October 14, 2010. Magar is a primordial dwarf. He lost the title of "World's Shortest Man" on June 12, 2011, to Junrey Balawing of the Philippines.

6.Lin Yü-chih ( 1972 )

Lin Yü-chihis the former shortest man in the world according to Guinness World Records. He resides in Taipei, Taiwan, where he works as an author and social activist. His name has sometimes been misspelled as Lin Yih-chih. In May 2008 he appeared in the British Channel 4 documentary called "The World's Smallest Man and Me" hosted by Mark Dolan.

7.Edward Niño Hernández ( 1986 )

Edward Niño Hernández was officially named as the world's shortest living man on September 4, 2010, by the Guinness World Records. At 24 years of age Hernandez was 0.7 m (2 ft 3¹⁄₂ in) tall and weighed 10 kg (22 lb). Hernandez lives in Bogotá, Colombia.

8.He Pingping ( 13 JULY 1988 - 13 MARCH 2010)

He Pingping was, according to the Guinness World Records, the world's shortest man who was able to walk.He measured 74 cm (2 ft 5 in) tall, and was the third child of a family in Huade county, in the city of Ulanqab in northern China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. He had two sisters, both of whom developed at normal rates. According to his father, He Yun, at birth He Pingping was small enough to fit in the palm of his parents' hands. When it became apparent the child was growing very slowly, doctors diagnosed the cause as the bone deformity osteogenesis imperfect, which hinders normal bone growth and body height. He was a chain smoker.

ALL TIME GREATEST SCIENTIST

noreply@blogger.com (Lucky) — Wed, 19 Oct 2011 16:05:00 +0000

Indian scientists have played a stellar role in the development of India. In the short span of its post-independence history India has achieved several great scientific achievements. Indian scientists have proved their mettle in the face of international sanctions and have made India one of the scientific powerhouses of the world. Here is a brief profile of famous Indian scientists.

C.V. Raman

C.V. Raman is one of the most renowned scientists produced by India. His full name was Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman. For his pioneering work on scattering of light, C.V. Raman won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930.

Homi Bhabha

Homi Bhabha, whose full name was Homi Jehnagir Bhabha, was a famous Indian atomic scientist. In Independent India, Homi Jehnagir Bhabha, with the support of Jawaharlal Nehru, laid the foundation of a scientific establishment and was responsible for the creation of two premier institutions, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Bhabha Atomic Research Centre.

Jagdish Chandra Bose

Jagdish Chandra Bose was born on November 30, 1858 in Mymensingh (now in Bangladesh). His father Bhagabanchandra Bose was a Deputy Magistrate. Jagadish Chandra Bose had his early education in village school in Bengal medium.

Meghnad Saha

Meghnad Saha was born on October 6, 1893 in Sheoratali, a village in the District of Dacca, now in Bangladesh. He was the fifth child of his parents, Sri Jagannath Saha and Smt. Bhubaneshwari Devi. His father was a grocer in the village. Meghnad Saha had his early schooling in the primary school of the village.

M. Visvesvaraya

Sir M. Visvesvaraya was born on September 15, 1860 in Muddenahalli village in the Kolar district of the erstwhile princely state of Mysore (present day Karnataka). His father Srinivasa Sastry was a Sanskrit scholar and Ayurvedic practitioner. His mother Venkachamma was a religious lady. He lost his father when he was only 15 years old.

Satyendra Nath Bose

Satyendra Nath Bose was an outstanding Indian physicist. He is known for his work in Quantum Physics. He is famous for "Bose-Einstein Theory" and a kind of particle in atom has been named after his name as Boson.

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was one of the greatest scientists of the 20th century. He did commendable work in astrophysics, physics and applied mathematics. Chandrasekhar was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983.

Vikram Sarabhai

Vikram Sarabhai was one of the greatest scientists of India. He is considered as the Father of the Indian space program. Apart from being a scientist, he was a rare combination of an innovator, industrialist and visionary.

Anil Kakodkar

Dr Anil Kakodkar is a very distinguished nuclear scientist of India. He is presently the chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India (AECI) as well as the Secretary to the Government of India, Department of Atomic Energy.

APJ Abdul Kalam

Apart from being a notable scientist and engineer, Dr APJ Abdul Kalam served as the 11th President of India from the period 2002 to 2007. He is a man of vision, who is always full of ideas aimed at the development of the country and is also often also referred to as the Missile Man of India.

Birbal Sahni

Birbal Sahni was a renowned paleobotanist of India, who studied the fossils of the Indian subcontinent. Also a great geologist, Sahni is credited for establishing the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany at Lucknow in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Born on 14 November in the year 1891 at Behra in the Saharanpur District of West Punjab, Birbal was the third son of Ishwar Devi and Prof.

Srinivasa Ramanujan

Srinivasa Ramanujan was a mathematician par excellence. He is widely believed to be the greatest mathematician of the 20th Century. Srinivasa Ramanujan made significant contribution to the analytical theory of numbers and worked on elliptic functions, continued fractions, and infinite series.

Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar

Dr Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar was a distinguished Indian scientist. He was born on 21 February 1894 at Shahpur, which is located in Pakistan in present times. His father passed away sometime after the birth of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar. As such, he spent his childhood days with his maternal grandfather who was an engineer and it was here that he developed an interest in science and engineering.

Har Gobind Khorana

Har Gobind Khorana is an American molecular biologist born on 9 January 1922 to an Indian Punjabi couple. For his work on the interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in the year 1968.

Raja Ramanna

Handpicked by the founder of India's nuclear program, Dr. Homi Bhabha, Dr. Raja Ramanna was a celebrated physicist and nuclear scientist that India had ever produced. A multifaceted personality, Dr. Raja Ramanna played the roles of a technologist, nuclear physicist, administrator, leader, musician, Sanskrit literature scholar, and philosophy researcher.

Ganapathi Thanikaimoni

Ganapathi Thanikaimoni, a successful botanist of his days, is remembered till date for his widespread contribution in the field of palynology. His researches and projects not only helped India to make its presence felt on the world stage of botany, it also furthered public relations between two countries.

Harish-Chandra

For those who quiver at the thought of calculations and numerical deductions, unless when counting money, mathematics can be the equivalent of hell on earth. And for such 'math atheists' a mathematician like Harish Chandra can very well seem like a mirage. Harish Chandra is one amongst those few people who often

G. N. Ramachandran

Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran, popularly referred to as G. N. Ramachandran surely must be included in the list of one of the best scientists that 20th century India had produced. The best known work of G. N. Ramachandran till date is the Ramachandran plot, which the scientist had conceived along with Viswanathan Sasisekharan, to understand the structure of peptides.

Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis

Economic census, population census, agricultural surveys and various other large scale and in depth samples and surveys that have been admired the world over for their scope and accuracy owes its popularity and worldwide acceptance to the grit, determination and genius of one man, Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis.

Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao

Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao was one of the greatest physicists of 20th century India. His work in spectroscopy led to the development of the Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance in Physics. Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao is also known for his long association with the Andhra University in which he served as professor of Physics and subsequently.

Salim Ali

Almost every one of us is interested in watching colorful and distinct birds crossing us. But very few are passionate about studying them in detail. One such man who took extreme interest and excitement in studying birds closely and categorizing them was Dr. Salim Ali. One of the greatest biologists of all times,

Yellapragada Subbarao

"You've probably never heard of Dr. Yellapragada Subba Rao, yet because he lived you may be well and alive today; because he lived you may live longer". A famous adage quoted by American author, Doron K. Antrim, Yellapragada Subbarao was one of those rare people who made several significant contributions,

ALL TIME GREATEST WARRIORS

noreply@blogger.com (Lucky) — Wed, 19 Oct 2011 16:04:00 +0000

As long as there have been civilizations, there have been unending wars for power and land. These wars have produced some of the fiercest warriors the world has ever seen. Men who are not only exceptional at hand to hand combat but who were also great leaders and brilliant strategists. There were so many brave individuals who could fit on this list but I think these represent warrior states from around the world and throughout the ages.

10. Richard I (Lionheart)

Richard I was given the nickname Lionheart (or Coeur de Leon) for his exceptional fighting ability and courage. The duke of Normandy and the Count of Anjou, he ascended to the throne of England in 1198 after defeating his father Henry II with the help of his powerful mother Eleanor of Aquitaine. Richard took the cross in 1188 when he heard of Saladin’s successful conquest of Jerusalem. He raised funds by selling official titles, rights and lands to the highest noble bidder. He left for the Holy Land in 1190 along with French King Philip II and most of the military forces of Christendom. After being waylaid first in Sicily and then in Cyprus, Richard and Philip arrived in the Holy Land in June 1191. The joint forces first took Acre and then moved onto Arsuf before fortifying Ascalon. Arguments between who was to become King of Jerusalem escalated and Philip quit the Crusade and returned to France. Richard pressed on but when he realized he had no way of securing Jerusalem even if he had managed to capture it, he signed a peace treaty with Saladin and returned to Europe. He spent his final five years reclaiming his throne from his brother John and fighting against Philip’s advances into Normandy.

9. Spartacus

Born in Thrace in 109 BC, Spartacus is most widely known as the gladiator who led the revolt against Rome during the Gladiatorial War. It is not known for sure how Spartacus became a gladiator but the leading theory is that he once fought for the Roman army but deserted and became a thief. He was arrested and sold as a gladiator due to his strength. In 73 BC he and seventy followers escaped from a gladiator school near Capua and fled to Mount Vesuvius where they were joined by local slaves. His army continued to grow until it was 90, 000 men strong and they began wreaking havoc in southern Italy, defeating two Roman armies and plundering any city they came across. From there they marched north into Gaul where he tried to free his men but they refused to leave and they marched again into Italy for more plunder. Spartacus was killed in a battle at Lucania in 71 BC and his men were crucified. He has been remembered as a legendary commander not only for his successes in battle but for his own courage strength and compassion.

8. Saladin

Known to the western world as the antihero of the Third Crusade, he is revered in the Middle East as the hero who returned Jerusalem into Muslim hands. The Kurdish Sultan was born in 1138 in Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and grew up during the First Crusade. He was trained as a soldier by his uncle Asad al-Din Shirkuh and early in his military career he worked on uniting Arab forces under his control first in Egypt then in Syria and Palestine. He then set his sights on Jerusalem and conquered King Guy de Lusignan at the Battle of Hattin. The battle was a tremendous success for Saladin as his army almost wiped out the Crusaders in the Holy Land. The city of Jerusalem fell into his hands when he came to terms with Balian of Ibelin who defended the city after the capture of Guy. His capture of Jerusalem influenced King Richard of England to join forces with King Philip of France and set out for the Third Crusade to the Holy Land. The Christian forces made their way to Ascalon when Richard fell ill and signed a peace treaty with Saladin that left Jerusalem in Muslim hands as long as Christians would be able to safely make their pilgrimage. His reign of Jerusalem was short lived however as he died of a fever on March 4, 1193. Saladin is most often recognized as much for his generosity and chivalry as he is for his impressive military accomplishments.

7. Lieutenant Audie Murphy

Born the son of a poor Texas sharecropper in 1924, Audie went on to become the most decorated American soldier of World War II. In an attempt to free himself of his hardships, he joined the army as a private in 1942. After his basic training he was shipped to Casablanca, Morocco where he continued with his training. He saw action in North Africa, Sicily, France and Germany and was distinguished by his quick thinking and bravery. He not only destroyed several of the enemy’s machine guns in minutes but also jumped onto a burning tank destroyer and turned its machine gun on the enemy as well as cutting off a German counterattack of six tanks and 250 Infantry practically by himself. For these acts of courage he has received countless decorations including the Medal of Honor, Distinguished Service Cross, two Silver Stars, the Legion of Merit, two Bronze Stars, and three Purple Hearts; as well as the French Legion of Honor and two Croix de Guerre. He returned to America as a hero and turned his wartime fame into a successful film career. With help from his friends, Audie penned an autobiography entitled To Hell and Back, which was later made into a movie in which he played himself. While on a business trip he died in a plane crash on May 28, 1971 and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery with military honors.

6. Miyamoto Musashi

The greatest sword fighter of his time, Miyamoto Musashi, also known as the Sword Saint, is one of the best-known samurai in Japanese history. Born in 1584 in Harima Province, Musashi was raised by his uncle in Shoreian temple. By the time he was 13 he had already won his first duel against Arima Kigei, a student of the Shinto Ryu school of military arts. For the next 16 years he made a name for himself, fighting in more than 60 duels (including against the Yoshioka School and his most famous duel against Sasaki Kojiro) in which he was undefeated. During this time he also enlisted in Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s army and although he was on the losing side, he escaped, crawling among corpses and drinking from muddy puddles to survive. After the war, he turned his attention to teaching swordsmanship and he is credited with creating the nitoryu technique in which you fight with two swords. Later in his life, he became a master painter and writer. His most famous written work is The Book of Five Rings, which covers the sum of his experience as a sword fighter including strategy, tactics and philosophy. At the age of 62, Musashi died of thoracic cancer in Reigando Cave (the same cave where he lived as a hermit while writing The Book of Five Rings).

5. Gaius Julius Caesar

The greatest general in Rome’s history, Caesar came to power first as a quaestor and praetor before being elected as consul and proconsul in 59 BC and organizing the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus. He distinguished himself by leading campaigns in Gaul, Britain and Germany but his growing power scared the senate and he was asked to disband his forces. Not only did he refuse this request, he marched on Rome. He started an outbreak of civil war that lasted until December 49 BC when he held a dictatorship in Rome for eleven days while he was elected as consul. He then chased Pompey to Egypt where he remained living with Cleopatra for several years. On his return to Rome he improved the living conditions of his people and drew up elaborate plans for consolidation of the empire. In 44 BC he became dictator for life, a title that was short lived because on the Ides of March (March 15th) 44 BC, he was stabbed to death by a group of his friends and protégés including Cimber, Casca, Cassius and Brutus.

4. Hannibal Barca

A Carthaginian General, Hannibal was a master strategist who developed outflanking tactics. Dubbed the father of strategy by military historian Theodore Ayrault Dodge, he grew up with a fierce hatred of the Romans. After the death of his brother-in-law Hasdrubal, he took command of the Gaulo-Cathaginian army and set his sights on Rome. He set out in the spring of 218 BC and fought his way through the Pyrenees and the Alps with a force of 46,000 soldiers and 37 war elephants. When he was in Roman territory, he ravaged hundreds of towns leaving complete destruction in his wake. Some of his greatest victories were at Trebia, Lake Trasimenus and Cannae, even turning some Roman cities against his enemies. Scipio eventually defeated him in his homeland at the Battle of Zama, after which he signed a peace treaty in 201 BC. After several years as a suffete, he was accused by his political enemies of conspiring with King Antiochus of Syria. At the threat of a Roman investigation, Hannibal fled to the court of King Prusias of Bithynia where he poisoned himself before the Romans could force him to surrender.

3. Sun Tzu

A Chinese General, Sun Tzu was the author of the first and most sophisticated book on military theory ever written, The Art of War. While not much is known about the man, it is generally accepted that he was an accomplished General who served the King of Wu in the period of the Warring States in the 4th century BC. It was at this time that he wrote The Art of War, which covers logistics, espionage, strategy and tactics with a deep reliance on philosophy. The main points it stresses are the high cost of war, the unpredictability of battle, the correlation between political and military policies and the ineffectiveness of setting hard and fast rules. Not only has it influenced Asian military thinking for centuries, but it has also formed the base of the military strategies of Napoleon, Mao Zedong, General Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. and Henry Kissinger. In more recent times, The Art of War has been adopted by business students in Tokyo, New York and London as a text on business strategy.

2. Leonidas I

Best known for his heroic last stand at the Battle of Thermopylae, Leonidas’ early years have barely been documented although legend has it that he was the descendant of Heracles. His reign began somewhere around 490 BC and he shared control with Leotychides, as was Spartan custom of the time. The Persian army, led by King Darius, had been conquering Greece for close to ten years when Leonidas became King. When Darius died in 481 BC his son Xerxes continued his father’s expansion into the Greek mainland. In an attempt to stop the advancing army in their tracks, Leonidas (despite warnings by the Oracle of Delphi that told of his death) went to meet Xerxes with 7000 troops including the famed 300 Spartans, at the Pass of Thermopylae (aptly nicknamed the Hot Gates). Xerxes sent in wave after wave of troops including his Immortals who were in turn slaughtered by the Greeks. After a few days of fighting a Greek traitor told Xerxes of a mountain trail which he could use to outflank his enemy. Leonidas learned of the betrayal and sent away most of his men keeping only the 300 Spartans that made up his personal guard. Leonidas’ 300 valiantly fought off the advancing Persians down to their last man. Leonidas was killed and his body was beheaded and crucified which only served to anger his fellow Spartans who expelled the Persians from Greece a few months later at the Battle of Plataea.

1. Alexander the Great

Arguably one of the greatest generals of antiquity, Alexander’s conquests extended the Macedonian kingdom from Greece to India, almost the entire known world at the time. Born in 356 BC his early years were spent under the tutelage of the philosopher Aristotle. His early military career was spent releasing Greece from the grasp of the Persians. From there he moved through Syria, Egypt (where he founded the city of Alexandria and visited the oracle of Ammon and claimed his divinity), and Asia Minor before his final conquest into India. He then returned to the west and began making preparations to invade Arabia but before he could achieve this conquest, he fell ill and died in June 323 BC. Throughout his reign, the casualties of his troops compared to those of his enemies were considerably less, mostly due to his quick tactical thinking and his love for the men who fought under him.

TOP 10 PCB SCHEMATIC DESIGN SOFTWARES

noreply@blogger.com (Lucky) — Wed, 19 Oct 2011 16:01:00 +0000

ZenitPCB – is an excellent pcb layout software tool to create professional printed circuit board ( PCB ). It is a flexible easy to use CAD program, which allow you to realize your projects in a short time. With ZenitPCB Layout is possible to create the project starting both from the schematic capture or by the layout itself.

FreePCB – is a free, open-source PCB editor for Microsoft Windows. It was designed to be easy to learn and easy to use, yet capable of professional-quality work. Some of its features are: 1 to 16 copper layers, board size up to 60 inches by 60 inches, imports and exports PADS-PCB netlists and more

TinyCAD – is a program to help you draw circuit diagrams. It comes complete with symbol libraries to get you started straight away. As well as being able to simply print your designs, you can use TinyCAD to publish your drawings by copying and pasting into a Word document or saving as a PNG bitmap for the web.

Osmond PCB – is a flexible tool for designing printed circuit boards. It runs on Macintosh. Its many features include: virtually unlimited board sizes, number of board layers, number of parts, support for both through-hole and surface mount parts and more.

BSch3V – is a schematic capture program for Windows. The name “BSch” is an abbreviation of “Basic Schematic”. It has only basic functions, in order to simplify operation.

ExpressPCB – is a snap to learn and use. Laying out PCBs is easy, even for the first time user.

Kicad – is an open source (GPL) software for the creation of electronic schematic diagrams and printed circuit board artwork. It is useful for everybody working in electronic design (schematic diagrams and Printed Board up to 16 layers).

gEDA – runs on Linux and has produced tools which are used for electrical circuit design, schematic capture, simulation, prototyping, and production. Currently, the gEDA project offers a mature suite of free software applications for electronics design, including schematic capture, attribute management, bill of materials (BOM) generation, netlisting into over 20 netlist formats, analog and digital simulation, and printed circuit board (PCB) layout.

Score – free schematic capture software for Windows. Features: Features: ability to import OrCAD SDT and OrCAD Release IV schematics, can use directly either .LIB or .SRC libraries, no design size limitations, export EDIF netlist.

Eagle – is a powerful and affordable schematic capture and printed circuit board design package. CadSoft offers user friendly, powerful and affordable solutions for PCB design, including Schematic Capture, Board Layout, and Autorouter.

TOP 10 ANTIVIRUS

noreply@blogger.com (Lucky) — Wed, 19 Oct 2011 16:00:00 +0000

Antivirus research is our core competence and we specialize in reviewing the top ten antivirus software for you. We read thousands of reviews on antivirus and security software and hence publish articles that can help you keep your computer safe against viruses and other malicious software. you can find the best 10 antivirus reviews and computer security related information that becomes handy when you need security for your computer. We do all the research so that you can save your time and find out which is the best antivirus software for your computer or notebook. This list of top ten antivirus is compiled after deep study of the best 10 antivirus programs that are capable of protecting your computer from dangerous virus, spyware, trojans and other forms of malware. These antivirus software are fully compatible with Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7. Some of these antivirus software are also compatible with MAC operating system and mobile devices.

#1 Microsoft Security Essentials

You're too busy to spend a lot of time worrying about protecting your PC. With Microsoft Security Essentials, you get high-quality protection against viruses and spyware, including Trojans, worms and other malicious software. And best of all, there are no costs or annoying subscriptions to keep track of.

Security Essentials is easy to install and easy to use. Updates and upgrades are automatic, so there's no need to worry about having the latest protection. It's easy to tell if you're protected – when the Security Essentials icon is green, your status is good. It's as simple as that.
When you're busy using your PC, you don't want to be bothered by needless alerts. Security Essentials runs quietly in the background, only alerting you if there's something you need to do. And it doesn't use a lot of system resources, so it won't get in the way of your work or fun.
*This beta is available only to customers in the United States, Israel (English only), People's Republic of China (Simplified Chinese only) and Brazil (Brazilian Portuguese only).Please visit the more information page to learn more about system requirements, our End User License Agreement and other important information.*

Price: FREE.
NOTE: OPERATING SYSTEM MUST BE GENUINE

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#1 BitDefender Antivirus

BitDefender offers top of the line antivirus software for desktop computers, notebooks, MAC computers and mobile devices and that's why it is the #3 antivirus in our top ten antivirus list. BitDefender Antivirus 2011 is one among the most recommended software for home and small business computers. The antivirus uses advanced technology algorithms and methods to identify security risks and blocks threats even before they try to harm your computer. It is used by millions of computer users worldwide and also, the price of the antivirus software is quite affordable. The BitDefender Antivirus offers these advanced proactive protection features:

Antivirus software protects against known and new viruses and other malware using industry-leading technology.
The real-time scanning feature constantly scans web, email and instant messenger activity to keep your computer safe.
Protects against harmful spyware by blocking spyware software that try to track your surfing habits.
Guard your instant messaging conversations by providing real-time scanning while you are chating with your friends.
The new version has improved speed and shorter scans, without affecting system performance.

Price: $19.95

#2 McAfee Antivirus Plus

McAfee is one among the oldest and most experienced company in the computer security industry. McAfee offers an award winning antivirus software, power packed with advanced features and technology that's nothing less than a pioneer in the antivirus world. McAfee's Antivirus 2011 is an improved version and much faster as compared to it's predecessors. With thousands of new viruses created every day, relying on traditional security updates isn't enough anymore. That's where the McAfee Active Protection technology plays a vital role. Although McAfee antivirus is a little slow as compared to other antivirus software.

The McAfee Antivirus offers:

McAfee Active Protection technology analyzes and blocks new and emerging threats in milliseconds.
Completely re-engineered fast antivirus software that does not slow down your computer system.
Remarkable growth in performance, the new 2011 version is 8 times faster than its older versions.
Easier installation, configuration and better screens to give you all the information in just a glance.
Refined alerts and shorter scans to protect your PC without any delay from harmful viruses and malicious codes on the internet.
Better protection against phishing, infected and dangerous websites that may harm your computer.

Price: $39.95

#3 Vipre Antivirus

Vipre Antivirus 2011 is the latest version of the award-winning fast Vipre antivirus. Just like ESET, Vipre offers a fast antivirus software for home computers and home office computer users. Their software provides maximum protection while staying easy on system resources, it does not slow down the computer while scanning and/or updating definitions. Also, a great feature of their antivirus software is the Malware Detection which constantly checks your computer and while you browse or navigate over the internet. If Vipre finds any harmful website links, it flags them to inform the user of the potential risks involved. Users can then avoid harmful websites and web pages to keep themselves safe.

Advanced Features:

Vipre Antivirus advanced features:

High speed scanning performance with NEW enhanced virus scanner.
Powerful Malware Detector that keeps scanning computer and web pages and informs you of the potential risks before you click a bad link.
Malware Detector applies safety ratings to your Google, Bing/MSN and Yahoo search results
Constant updates to ensure that your Vipre antivirus software is updated with latest virus definitions.
Silent, quick updates in the background, without disturbing you and without getting in your way.
VIPRE's all-new anti-rootkit technology finds and disables malicious hidden processes, threats, modules, services, files, Alternate Data Streams (ADS), or registry keys on a user's system.

Price: $39.95

#4 Norton Antivirus

Norton by Symantec, is a pioneer in the computer security industry since years. Norton Antivirus 2011 is an improved version of the award winning antivirus software. Norton is constantly working to add features to their antivirus software to help you protect your computer from harmful viruses and malicious codes. The 2011 version is an improved version of their leading antivirus software. Norton Antivirus is the best antivirus for your desktop, notebook and mobile devices. It is fully tested to work with different operating systems and also compatible with the latest Windows 7 operating system.

Advanced Features:

One year subscription of Norton Antivirus includes:

Antivirus and antispyware protection for your computer.
Protection against dangerous bots while surfing the web.
Top features like anti-rootkit, Norton pulse updates and more.
New Norton download insight to keep you safe from downloading infected files.
New Norton file insight gives you information about origination files on your computer.
New Norton threat insight tells you all about how successfully Norton controlled threats present on your computer.
New Norton system insight tells you all about whats happening on your computer.
Norton Antivirus is a power packed software to keep your computer completely safe against old and new threats
Free email and phone support. Free online antivirus guides and information about latest threats.

Price: $39.99

#5 F-Secure Antivirus

F-Secure is a well known entity in the PC security world and mobile security world. With years of experience in the security industry, F-secure offers a unique hi-tech antivirus software to protect your computer against the most harmful viruses and spyware. Like ESET and Vipre, their antivirus software is fast and does not slow down your PC while actively scanning. Their powerful DeepGuard cloud computing technology ensures the fastest protection against new threats. Also, the F-Secure antivirus 2011 can be configured in your native language easily.

Advanced Features:

F-Secure Antivirus features:

Protects your computer against viruses, worms and other malware.
Detects and removes spyware, trojans, malware and malicious codes from your computer.
DeepGuard cloud computing technology ensures that none of the new or unknown threats can harm your computer.
Easy to install and very easy to configure. You can even configure it in your own language.
Real-time scanning and monitoring of usage activity and blocking of viruses, spyware and other malware in real-time.

Price: $39.99

#6 ESET Nod32 Antivirus 4

ESET Nod32 Antivirus is popular and well known for fast performance. ESET offers the most efficient antivirus software that does not slow down your computer. ESET has won many awards for providing a security solution which is not only fast but also robust. The leading technology used in their security software makes their antivirus one of the most promising antivirus software for Windows and MAC, desktops, notebooks and mobile devices. ESET provides the world's fastest and most effective proactive antivirus and antispyware protection for your home computer . ESET has received certifications from ICSA Labs, Virus Bulletin, AV-Comparatives, West Coast Labs, OPSWAT and more.

Advanced Features:

The latest version ESET Nod32 Antivirus 4 offers:

ESET offers the world's fastest and most effective proactive antivirus and antispyware protection for your computer.
Fast, light and unobtrusive software protects your Internet experience without annoying system slowdowns.
ESET's smart scanner scans SSL-encrypted communication channels like HTTPS and POP3S and finds hidden threats.
It scans in real-time the internet activity, email and instant messaging communication, mobile device communication and provides robust removable media security.
ESET SysInspector and ESET SysRescue simplify diagnosing and cleaning of infected systems by allowing deep scans of system processes.
The most efficient antivirus, fast updates, fast scanning and best antivirus for gamers and gaming computers
Free online antivirus guides. Free email, chat and phone support.

Price: $39.99

#7 TrendMicro Titanium Antivirus

TrendMicro is a well known name in the computer security industry and offers leading antivirus software solution for home and home office users, small business computers, medium business computers and enterprises. For home and home office users, TrendMicro offers one complete security package that includes award-winning antivirus software, antispyware, protection from phishing websites, firewall and more. What makes TrendMicro software special is that apart from the advanced internet security, it also includes PC performance optimizer and data protection by offering 2GB online storage space. TrendMicro offers different packages for home users: TrendMicro Titanium Antivirus and TrendMicro Titanium Internet Security, these are the recent 2011 versions of their security.

Advanced Features:

TrendMicro Titanium Antivirus features:

Prevent unauthorized changes to your applications, helps reducing virus infections.
Stops malicious downloads from internet and mobile devices attached to your computer system.
Blocks your access to harmful, infected and phishing websites that may harm your computer.
Protect your children from accessing objectionable websites and limit internet usage time.
Protect your personal information from identity theft with encryption, shop safely over the internet without risking your sensitive information.
Complete protection from malicious links and downloads on instant messenger.
Free 2GB online storage to store your critical data on TrendMicro's secure online website.
Specialized technical support staff ready to support through email, chat and phone.

Price: $39.95

#8 Kaspersky Antivirus

Kaspersky Antivirus 2011 is well known for fast performance and amazing security capabilities. The software is said to be one among the fastest antivirus software that does not slow down the computer at all. Also, it provides maximum protection against virus and other forms of threat, online and/or offline. Fully compatible with Windows 7, Kaspersky provides security software for home computers, business computers and enterprises. Also, Kaspersky provides antivirus software for desktops, notebooks, mac computers and mobile devices. Kaspersky provides the best antivirus software for business computers and our chosen best enterprise antivirus software. If you are looking for best antivirus software for business computers or for enterprises, Kaspersky is the software for you.

Advanced Features:

Kaspersky Antivirus offers the following key technologies:

Real-time scanning of internet activity, emails, instant messaging and any other activity.
Improved identity theft protection system that protects you from spyware that can track your activities.
Constantly scanning web pages you visit and disabling links that lead to malicious websites.
Self-protection from malware and protection hijacking of your computer.
Next generation proactive protection from zero-day attacks and unknown threats
Free email, phone and chat support from Kaspersky's skilled tech team.

Price: $39.95

#9 Zonealarm Antivirus

ZoneAlarm is operated by the popular CheckPoint Software Technologies Ltd. Checkpoint is a well known entity in the business and data security world. They have constantly developed solutions for businesses and enterprises. The same technology is used in their antivirus software for home and small business users, which means, you get a business class antivirus software for your home computer. ZoneAlarm Antivirus 2011 scans, detects and removes viruses, spyware, trojans, worms, bots and other malicious codes that may be harmful to your computer. The 2011 version is an improved version which is much faster and more secure than it's previous versions. The antivirus software is equipped with Firewall, OS Antispyware and anti-phishing engine. It is a one complete security solution for your PC.

Advanced Features:

Zonealarm Antivirus features:

Advanced download protection to minimize the chances of virus infection through downloads from the internet or attached media.
Unified scan engine that offers superior detection and removes harmful viruses, spyware, trojans and more.
Two-way Firewall to monitor all the incoming and outgoing activity on your computer system.
OSFirewall to monitor changes within the system files on your computer, minimizing changes due to infection.
Anti-phishing and site status engine to block harmful and fraudulent websites that steal information.
Advanced auto-learn system that configures the antivirus software to work according to your behavior.

Price: $29.95

#10 CA Antivirus

Computer Associates Antivirus 2011 comes loaded with the popular CA Antispyware, so that's double security within the price of one. CA antivirus plus antispyware 2011 is an award-winning antivirus software for your computer that protects desktops and/or notebooks from harmful viruses, spyware, trojans, hackers and more. Computer Associates is well known for their $10,000 coverage by the internet protection plan, however, the plan is offered with the CA Internet Security 2011. Also, CA actively participates and gives donation to the "National Center For Missing and Exploited Children". They donate $1 to charity/organization for every purchase and help make the world a better place to live.

Advanced Features:

CA Antivirus features:

CA keeps your PC safe from harmful viruses and spyware that can slow down your system or damage system files.
CA antivirus actively monitors and stops spyware from tracking your activity and personal data.
Stay on top of the security with the latest virus definitions and daily, automatic updates to fortify your defenses.
Strong antivirus algorithms protect your computer in real-time from even the newest unknown virus and spyware.
Excellent phone support, email support and support forums on CA website to find answers to your questions.

Price: $49.99

These are the best antivirus of 2011. This antivirus review is helpful for those computer users who are looking for a reliable antivirus software for their computer. We research on various topics related to antivirus software and computer security. Norton Antivirus 2011 is the best antivirus software in our list because it is fast and provides maximum security without slowing down your desktop or notebook.

noreply@blogger.com (Lucky) — Wed, 19 Oct 2011 15:55:00 +0000

GREATEST INDIA FREEDOM FIGHTERS

‘Free India’ was a dream of all Indians under the British rule. Everyone during that rule fought in some way or the other with a common aim of ending British and other colonial authorities in India. After a century of revolutions, struggle, blood shedding, battles and sacrifices, India finally achieved independence on August 15, 1947.

India was free in 1947 from the British Empire but the country lost many men and women who were filled with undaunted courage and spirit of patriotism. Today, they are known as freedom fighters because they sacrificed their lives for their motherland. Indian freedom fighters with their true spirit and undaunted courage had faced various tortures, exploitations and hardships to earn us freedom.

1.Mangal Pandey ( 19 July 1827 - 8 April 1857)

Mangal Pandey was born on 19 July 1827 in the village Nagwa, of Ballia district in Uttar Pradesh of India to a saryuparin Brahmin family.He joined the East India Company's forces in 1849 at the age of 22. Pandey was part of the 6th Company of the 34th Bengal Native Infantry and is primarily known for his involvement in an attack on several of the regiment's officers. This incident marked an opening stage in what came to be known as the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 or the First War of Indian Independence. It is said that Pandey was a devout Hindu who practiced his religion diligently.

2.Ramachandra Pandurang Tope ( 1814 - 18 April 1859)

Ramachandra Pandurang Tope also known as Tatya Tope (pronounced Tohpey), was an Indian leader in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and one of its finest generals. He was a personal adherent of Nana Sahib of Kanpur. He progressed with the Gwalior contingent after the British reoccupation of Kanpur and forced General Windham to retreat from Kanpur. Later on, he came to the rescue of Rani Laxmi Bai. However he was defeated by General Napier's British Indian troops after the betrayal of his trusted friend Man Singh. He was executed by the British Government at Shivpuri on 18 April 1859.

3.Queen of Jhansi Rani Lakshmi Bai (19 Nov 1835 - 17 June 1858)

Originally named Manikarnika and nicknamed Manu, she was born on 19 November 1835 at Kashi (Varanasi) to Karhade Brahmin family, the daughter of Moropant Tambe and Bhagirathibai Tambe. She lost her mother at the age of four, and was educated at home. Her father, Moropant Tambe, worked at the court of Peshwa at Bithur, who brought her up like his own daughter, and called her "Chhabili" for her light-heartedness.Because of her father's influence at court, Rani Lakshmi Bai had more independence than most women, who were normally restricted to the zenana. She studied self defence, horsemanship, archery, and even formed her own army out of her female friends at court. Tatya Tope who was considered as a nightmare by the British during the 'Great Revolt of 1857' was Lakshmi Bai's tutor. She was married to Raja Gangadhar Rao Newalkar, the Maharaja of Jhansi in 1842, and became the queen of Jhansi. After their marriage, she was given the name Lakshmi Bai.The Raja was very affectionate to her. She gave birth to a son Damodar Rao in 1851. However, the child died when he was about four months old. After the death of their son, the Raja and Rani of Jhansi adopted Anand Rao. Anand Rao was the son of Gangadhar Rao's cousin.He was later renamed as Damodar Rao. However, it is said that the Raja of Jhansi never recovered from his son's death, and he died on 21 November 1853.Because Anand Rao was adopted, the East India Company, under Governor-General Lord Dalhousie, had an excuse to apply the Doctrine of Lapse, rejecting Rao's claim to the throne. Dalhousie then annexed Jhansi, saying that the throne had "lapsed" and claimed the right to put Jhansi under his protection. In March 1854, she was given a pension of 60,000 rupees and ordered to leave the palace and the Jhansi fort.

4.Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 Oct 1869 - 30 Jan 1948)

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was the pre-eminent political and ideological leader of India during the Indian independence movement. A pioneer of satyagraha, or resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience — a philosophy firmly founded upon ahimsa, or total nonviolence — Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Gandhi is often referred to as Mahatma ahātmā or "Great Soul," an honorific first applied to him by Rabindranath Tagore).In India, he is also called Bapu and officially honoured as the Father of the Nation. His birthday, 2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and worldwide as the International Day of Non-Violence.Gandhi first employed non-violent civil disobedience as an expatriate lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights. After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers in protesting excessive land-tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, increasing economic self-reliance, but above all for achieving Swaraj — the independence of India from foreign domination. Gandhi famously led Indians in protesting the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for many years, on many occasions, in both South Africa and India.Gandhi strove to practice non-violence and truth in all situations, and advocated that others do the same. He lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn he had hand spun on a charkha. He ate simple vegetarian food, and also undertook long fasts as means of both self-purification and social protest.

5.Annie Besant(1 Oct 1847 - 20 Sept 1933)

Annie Besant was a prominent British Theosophist, women's rights activist, writer and orator and supporter of Irish and Indian self rule.She was married at 19 to Frank Besant but separated from him over religious differences. She then became a prominent speaker for the National Secular Society (NCS) and writer and a close friend of Charles Bradlaugh. In 1877 they were prosecuted for publishing a book by birth control campaigner Charles Knowlton. The scandal made them famous and Bradlaugh was elected Member of Parliament for Northampton in 1880.She became involved with Union organisers including the Bloody Sunday demonstration and the London matchgirls strike of 1888 and was a leading speaker for the Fabian Society and the Marxist Social Democratic Federation (SDF). She was elected to the London School Board for Tower Hamlets, topping the poll even though few women were qualified to vote at that time.In 1890 Besant met Helena Blavatsky and over the next few years her interest in Theosophy grew while her interest in secular matters waned. She became a member of the Society and a highly successful lecturer in Theosophy. As part of her Theosophy-related work, she travelled to India where in 1898 she helped establish the Central Hindu College, and in 1902 she formed the International Order of Co-Freemasonry in England. Over the next few years she established lodges in many parts of the British Empire. In 1907 she became President of the Theosophical Society.She also became involved in politics in India, joining the Indian National Congress. When World War I broke out in 1914 she helped launch the Home Rule League to campaign for democracy in India and dominion status within the Empire. This lead to her election as president of the India National Congress in late 1917. After the war she continued to campaign for Indian independence and for the causes of Theosophy until her death in 1933.

6.Lala Lajpat Rai(28 Jan 1865 - 17 Nov 1928)

Lajpat Rai was born in an Agarwal family in Dhudike (now in Moga district, Punjab) on 28 January, in 1865. His grandfather was a Svetambara Jain while his father had great respect for Islam, and he even fasted and prayed like muslims, but did not embrace Islam largely due to his family's attachment to the Hindu faith.Lala Lajpat Rai had his initial education in Govt. Higher Secondary School, Rewari(now in Haryana, was earlier in Punjab), in the last 1870s and early 1880s where his father Radha Krishan was an Urdu teacher. Lala Lajpat Rai was influenced by Hinduism and Manusmriti and created a career of reforming Indian policy through politics and writing. (When studying law in Lahore, he continued to practice Hinduism. He became a large believer in the idea that Hinduism, above nationality, was the pivotal point upon which an Indian lifestyle must be based.) Hinduism, he believed, led to practices of peace to humanity, and the idea that when nationalist ideas were added to this peaceful belief system, a non-secular nation could be formed. His involvement with Hindu Mahasabhaite leaders gathered criticism from the Bharat Sabha as the Mahasabhas were anti-secularism, which did not conform with the system laid out by the Indian National Congress.This focus on Hindu practices in the subcontinent would ultimately lead him to the continuation of peaceful movements to create successful demonstrations for Indian independence.

7.Bala Gangadhar Tilak (23 July 1856 - 1 Aug 1920)

Lokmanya Tilak Born as Keshav Gangadhar Tilak was an Indian nationalist, teacher, social reformer and independence fighter who was the first popular leader of the Indian Independence Movement. The British colonial authorities derogatorily called the great leader as "Father of the Indian unrest". He was also conferred with the honorary title of Lokmanya, which literally means "Accepted by the people (as their leader)". Tilak was one of the first and strongest advocates of "Swaraj" (self-rule) in Indian consciousness. His famous quote, "swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it!" is well-remembered in India even today.

8.Dadabhai Naoroji ( 4 Sept 1825 - 30 June 1917)

Dadabhai Naoroji , known as the Grand Old Man of India, was a Parsi intellectual, educator, cotton trader, and an early Indian political leader. His book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India brought attention to the draining of India's wealth into Britain. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) in the British House of Commons between 1892 and 1895, and the first Asian to be a British MP.^[1] He is also credited with the founding of the Indian National Congress, along with A.O. Hume and Dinshaw Edulji Wacha.

9.Subash Chandra Bose ( 23 Jan 1897 - unconfirmed )

Subhas Chandra Bose known by name Netaji (Hindi: "Respected Leader") was an Indian revolutionary who led an Indian national political and military force against Britain and the Western powers during World War II. Bose was one of the most prominent leaders in the Indian independence movement and is a legendary figure in India today. Bose was born on 23 January 1897 in Cuttack, Orissa to Janakinath Bose and Prabhabati Debi.He is presumed to have died 18 August 1945. However, no actual evidence of his death on that day has been authenticated and many committees were set up by the government of India to investigate his death.

10.Sarojini Naidu ( 13 Feb 1879 - 2 March 1949 )

Sarojini Naidu (née Chattopadhyaya) also known by the sobriquet The Nightingale of India, was a child prodigy, Indian independence activist and poet. Naidu was the first Indian woman to become the President of the Indian National Congress and the first woman to become the Governor of Uttar Pradesh state.She was active in the Indian Independence Movement, joining Mahatma Gandhi in the Salt March to Dandi, and then leading the Dharasana Satyagraha after the arrests of Gandhi, Abbas Tyabji, and Kasturba Gandhi.

11.Chandra Shekhar Azad ( 23 July 1906 - 27 Feb 1931 )

Chandra Shekhar Azad (23 July 1906-27 February 1931) (popularly known as Azad, literally "The liberated") was one of the most important Indian revolutionaries who reorganised the Hindustan Republican Association under the new name of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) after the death of its founder Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil and three other prominent party leaders, Thakur Roshan Singh, Rajendra Nath Lahiri and Ashfaqulla Khan. He is considered to be the mentor of Bhagat Singh and chief strategist of the HSRA.

12.Gopal Krishna Gokhale ( 9 May 1866 - 19 Feb 1915 )

Gopal Krishna Gokhale,was one of the founding social and political leaders during the Indian Independence Movement against the British Empire in India. Gokhale was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and founder of the Servants of India Society. Through the Society as well as the Congress and other legislative bodies he served in, Gokhale promoted not only primarily independence from the British Empire but also social reform. To achieve his goals, Gokhale followed two overarching principles: inviolence and reform within existing government institutions.

13.Bhagat Singh ( 28 Sept 1907 - 23 March 1931)

Bhagat Singh was an Indian freedom fighter, considered to be one of the most influential revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement. He is often referred to as Shaheed Bhagat Singh (the word shaheed meaning "martyr").

Born to a Jat Sikh family which had earlier been involved in revolutionary activities against the British Raj, Singh, as a teenager, became an atheist and had studied European revolutionary movements. He also became attracted to anarchism and marxist ideologies. He became involved in numerous revolutionary organizations. He quickly rose through the ranks of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) and became one of its leaders, and was influencial in changing its name to the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), which emphasises his socialist outlook. Singh gained support when he underwent a 41-day^[ fast in jail, demanding equal rights for Indian and British political prisoners. He was hanged for shooting a police officer in response to a police lathi charge leading to the demise of veteran freedom fighter Lala Lajpat Rai. His legacy prompted youths in India to begin fighting for Indian independence and contributed to the rise of socialism in India.

14.Bipin Chandra Pal ( 7 Nov 1858 - 20 May 1932 )

Bipin Chandra Pal was a teacher, journalist, orator, writer and librarian, he was famous as one of the triumvirate of three militant patriots of the Congresses - the "Pal" of Lal Bal Pal. The trio was responsible for initiating the first popular upsurge against British colonial policy in the 1905 partition of Bengal, before the advent of Gandhi into Indian politics. Pal was also the founder of the journal Bande Mataram.

Even though he understood the positive aspects of Empire as a `great idea', the `Federal-idea is greater'. In both public and private life he was radical. He married a widow (he had to sever ties to his family for this). At the time of B. G. Tilak's ("Bal") arrest and government repression in 1907, he left for England, where he was briefly associated with the radical India House and founded the Swaraj journal. However, political repercussions in the wake of Curson Wyllie's assassination in 1909 by Madanlal Dhingra lead to the collapse of this publication, driving Pal to penury and mental collapse in London. In the aftermath, he totally moved away from his 'extremist' phase and even nationalism, as he contemplated an association of free nations as the great federal-idea. His plea for a transcendence to a broader entity than nation derived from the notion of the sociability of human beings, which he thought would create a common bond between nations. He was among the first to criticize Gandhi or the 'Gandhi cult' since it `sought to replace the present government by no government or by the priestly autocracy of the Mahatma.' His criticism of Gandhi was persistent beginning with Gandhi's arrival in India and open in 1921 session of the Indian National Congress he delivered in his presidential speech a severe criticism of Gandhi's ideas as based on magic rather than logic, addressing Gandhi: 'You wanted magic. I tried to give you logic. But logic is in bad odour when the popular mind is excited. You wanted mantaram, I am not a Rishi and cannot give Mantaram...I have never spoken a half-truth when I know the truth...I have never tried to lead people in faith blind-folded', for his 'priestly, pontifical tendencies', his alliance with pan-Islamism during the Khilafat movement, which led to Pal's eclipse from political life from 1922 till his death in 1932 under conditions of abject poverty. Comparing Gandhi with Leo Tolstoy during the year he died, Pal noted that Tolstoy 'was an honest philosophical anarchist' while Gandhi remained in his eyes as 'a papal autocrat' Firm and ethically grounded, not only did he perceive the 'Congress Babel' in terms of its shortsightedness in late 1920s or, Congress as an instance of repudiating debt's folly, composed of a generation 'that knows no Joseph', Pal's critical comments should be located in context, since nobody can jump out of his skin of time. An estimation of Bipin Chandra Pal's entire corpus and the depth of his published writing cannot produce a fair idea or provide due justice if that is produced with the benefit of post-independence hindsight. Though there are many articles and books written about him from India and Europe, most of which is not hagiographical, his 'pen played not an inconsiderable part in the political and social ferments that have stirred the aters of Indian life', as the Earl of Ronaldshay wrote in 1925, what Nehru said in a speech during Pal's birth centenary in 1958 surmises 'a great man who functioned on a high level on both religious and political planes'opens a gate for enquiring this high-minded yet anomalous persona.

The trio had advocated radical means to get their message across to the British, like boycotting British manufactured goods, burning Western clothes made in the mills of Manchester or Swadeshi and strikes and lockouts of British owned businesses and industrial concerns.

He came under the influence of eminent Bengali leaders,not as a hero-worshipper or somebody looking for a guru for guidance, of his time such as Keshab Chandra Sen and Sibnath Sastri, as his family were in Brahmo Samaj. He was imprisoned for six months on the grounds of his refusal to give evidence against Sri Aurobindo in the Vande Mataram sedition case.

He died on May 20, 1932.

15.Sucheta Kriplani ( 25 June 1908 - 1 Dec 1974 )

Sucheta Kriplani was an Indian freedom fighter and politician in Uttar Pradesh, India. She became the first woman to be elected Chief Minister of any Indian state.She was born in Ambala, Haryana to a Bengali family. Her father, S.N. Majumdar though a government doctor was a nationalist. Educated at Indraprastha College and St.Stephen's College, Delhi she became a lecturer at the Banaras Hindu University. In 1936, she married socialist, Acharya Kriplani and became involved with the Indian National Congress. Like her contemporaries Aruna Asaf Ali and Usha Mehta, she came to the forefront during the Quit India Movement. She later worked closely with Mahatma Gandhi during the Partition riots. She accompanied him to Noakhali in 1946. She was one of the few women who were elected to the Constituent Assembly and was part of the subcommittee that drafted the Indian Constitution. She became a part of the subcommittee that was handed over the task of laying down the charter for the constitution of India. On 15 August 1947 she sang Vande Mataram in the Independence Session of the Constituent Assembly.

16.Chakravarthi Rajagoplachari ( 10 Dec 1878 - 25 Dec 1972 )

Chakravarti Rajagopalachari informally called Rajaji or C.R., was an Indian lawyer, independence activist, politician, writer and statesman. Rajagopalachari was the last Governor-General of India. He also served as leader of the Indian National Congress, Premier of the Madras Presidency, Governor of West Bengal, Minister for Home Affairs of the Indian Union and Chief Minister of Madras state. Rajaji founded the Swatantra Party and was one of the first recipients of India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna. He vehemently opposed the use of nuclear weapons and was a proponent of world peace and disarmament. During his lifetime, he also acquired the nickname Mango of Salem. Rajaji was born in Thorapalli in the then Salem district of Tamil Nadu and educated at Central College, Bangalore and Presidency College, Madras. In 1900 he started a legal practice that in time became prosperous. On entering politics, he became a member and later President of the Salem municipality. He joined the Indian National Congress and participated in the agitations against the Rowlatt Act, the Non-Cooperation movement, the Vaikom Satyagraha and the Civil Disobedience movement. In 1930, Rajaji risked imprisonment when he led the Vedaranyam Salt Satyagraha in response to the Dandi March. In 1937, Rajaji was elected Premier of the Madras Presidency and served until 1940, when he resigned due to Britain's declaration of war on Germany. He later advocated cooperation over Britain's war effort and opposed the Quit India Movement. He favoured talks with both Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League and proposed what later came to be known as the C. R. Formula. In 1946, Rajaji was appointed Minister of Industry, Supply, Education and Finance in the Interim Government of India, and then as the Governor of West Bengal from 1947 to 1948, Governor-General of India from 1948 to 1950, Union Home Minister from 1951 to 1952 and as Chief Minister of Madras state from 1952 to 1954. In 1959, he resigned from the Indian National Congress and founded the Swatantra Party, which stood against the Congress in the 1962, 1967 and 1972 elections. Rajaji was instrumental in setting up a united Anti-Congress front in Madras state under C. N. Annadurai, which swept the 1967 elections.Rajaji was an accomplished writer who made lasting contributions to Indian English literature and is also credited with composition of the song Kurai Onrum Illai set to Carnatic music. He pioneered temperance and temple entry movements in India and advocated Dalit upliftment. He has been criticized for introducing the compulsory study of Hindi and the controversial Madras Scheme of Elementary Education in Madras State. Critics have often attributed his pre-eminence in politics to his standing as a favorite of both Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. Rajaji was described by Gandhi as the "keeper of my conscience".

17.Sukhdev Thaper ( 15 May 1907 - 23 March 1931 )

Sukhdev Thapar was involved with Shaheed Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru in the killing of a British police officer J.P. Saunders in 1928 in order to take revenge for the death of veteran leader Lala Lajpat Rai due to excessive police beating.

All three were hanged in Lahore Central Jail on March 23, 1931 in the evening at 7.33 pm . The dead bodies were secretly taken away by breaking the back walls of the jail and were seceretly burnt on the banks of River Satluj at Hussainiwala about 50 miles away from Lahore. The bodies were cut into pieces to make the burial quick.

Sukhdev was an active member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, being one of its most senior leaders. He is known to have started study circles at National College, (Lahore) in order to delve into India's past as well as to scrutinize the finer aspects of world revolutionary literature and the Russian Revolution. Along with Bhagat Singh, Comrade Ram Chandra and Bhagwati Charan Vohra, he started Naujawan Bharat Sabha at Lahore. The main aims of this organisation were to activate youth for freedom struggle, inculcate a rational scientific attitude, fight communalism and end the practice of untouchability.

Sukhdev was deeply impressed by Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil, and Chandrashekhar Azad.

Sukhdev also participated in the 1929 Prison hunger strike to protest against the inhuman treatment of inmates.

His letter to Mahatma Gandhi written just prior to his hanging, protesting against the latter's disapproval of revolutionary tactics, throws light on the disparities between the two major schools of thought among Indian freedom fighers.

Nevertheless, this relatively baseless contention does not detract from the tremendous courage, patriotism and self-sacrifice that Sukhdev Thapar embodifies, as is evident in the naming of College of Business Studies,Delhi University (Ranked 2nd in Asia for Undergraduate Management Studies) & a school after him, in his native Ludhiana (city in Punjab)