TechPark

Communications Satellite from A to Z|Techpark

2020-10-17T21:37:00.003+06:00

Communications Satellite from A to Z

Communications Satellite

Based on the type of work, satellites are divided into communication satellites, navigation satellites, weather measuring satellites, earth observation satellites, scientific satellites and military satellites.In this article, we will learn about the progress of the use of all these satellites in our lives. The satellite that we will learn about in detail today is the Communication Satellite.Communication satellites have a huge impact on our daily lives. The use of TV, telephone, internet, etc., which we think is essential for our lives today, has all been made possible by the invention of this communication satellite technology. All of these are electronic birds (satellites are often referred to as electronic birds). Rotating around the world has bound the whole world in a tight bond and turned the whole world into a Global Village.

The main areas of use of communication satellites include services such as TV broadcasting, the process of receiving and transmitting telephone conversations, and data communication. In all of these cases satellites or artificial satellites act as a repeater station that maintains communication through point-to-point, point-to-multipoint or multipoint connections. In this case, the satellite first transmits a certain quality signal from the ground station known as the up link signal, the satellite translates this signal to a lower quality frequency signal (also known as the down link frequency) and amplifies it to another ground earth station or Returns to a station located on the ground.

The difference between the up link frequency and the down link frequency is kept so that there is no difference between the signal sent from the ground and the signal returning to the ground via satellite. Normal air pressure low frequency propagation loss is much less. That is why the down link frequency (frequency) is kept lower than the up link frequency in order to keep the propagation loss low due to the power limitation of the satellite.

The equipment used in communication satellites is basically a transponder which acts as a receiver, amplifier and transmitter. Satellite communications typically use the bandwidth frequencies c, x, ku and ka. ka bandwidth has recently been set for satellites. The c bandwidth of 6 GHz up-link frequency and 4 GHz down link frequency is very popular and is commonly used for broadcasting TV shows and telephone services within the country and internationally. The x band is commonly used for government and military satellite communications.

The band with a frequency of 14/11 GHz is commonly used in domestic work. Also, when the c and ku bands are fully filled, the ka band with 30/20 GHz uplink and downlink frequency is used for multimedia and broadband.

There are a number of advantages to using satellites over terrestrial networks. One of the advantages of this is that it is possible to communicate with a wide area using satellite. Mobile wireless communication is possible anywhere, bandwidth is available in many lengths.

Satellite connection

Point-to-point satellite connections are commonly used for telephone circuits. At present, about 80 percent of international telephone connections are accessed via satellite. The main advantage of using satellite in communication is that it provides point-to-point and multipoint interactive connectivity, meaning that multiple users can communicate simultaneously with one source via satellite.

The success of satellite technology

Although the basic concept of global communication was founded in 1945 based on the Viocin Conas satellite, it took almost two decades for this concept to become a reality. On June 26, 1985, the International Telecommunication Satellite Agency sent a satellite named INTELSAT-1. Known as the Early Bird, it was the first geostationary communication satellite to be launched from Earth. It had a capacity of 240 circuits.

Then in 1993 a satellite named INTELSAT-7 with 27 channel C-band and 10 channel ku band transponder was sent. The satellite could simultaneously broadcast 16,000 telephone calls and three color TV programs, or 90,000 telephone circuit services with the help of digital circuit multiplication equipment (DCME). The latest addition to the INTELSAT series is the INTELSAT-8, which has 36 C-band and six ku-band transponders. This satellite can simultaneously broadcast 22,000 telephone calls and three color TV programs or simultaneously provide services on 112,500 telephone circuits with the help of DCME.

In addition to the INTELSAT series, several other types of communication satellites are sent under the name INSAT series. The first satellite in the series, known as INSAT-1, had only three transponders in 1983. The satellite, launched at the same time in this series, has 35 transponders that cover all bandwidth. This satellite is known as INSAT-3c which was launched in 1992.

Regional Satellite

INTELSAT series satellites typically provide services over a large area. But it is not very useful for internal communication of their respective countries. This led to the need for regional satellites for internal communication. In 1973, the European Space Agency launched a satellite known as EUTELSAT to increase regional communications. Other regional satellites include ANIK launched by Canada, Molniya launched by Russia, PALAPA launched by Indonesia, INSAT launched by India and Japan Communication Satellite (CS) launched by Japan. However, it is very sad that our country does not have its own satellite. For internal communication we are still completely dependent on microwave communication and for international communication we rely on various international satellites sent by other countries.

Non GEO Satellite

In addition to international and regional satellites, various types of non-GEO satellite systems are used for communication. The Iridium Satellite System is one of the most advanced of these non-GEO systems. Iridium is a wireless telecommunication network based on satellites. The system was designed by engineers from Motorola's Satellite Communications Group to build a global wireless telecommunications network. In this system, 60 km of the earth's surface. There are 6 satellites in the area.

The Iridium project was shut down in 2001 due to losses. But now the system is being brought back to business.

When an Iridium technology telephone is activated, the satellite user located near the telephone is informed about the legitimacy and location through the Iridium network. The telephone call then travels from one satellite to another via satellite. Satellite and ground control are usually connected in bandwidth and telephone messages are transmitted to L-band.

Navigation with GPS | Techpark

2020-10-17T21:29:00.002+06:00

Navigation with GPS

Navigation with GPS

The use of satellites for navigation or positioning purposes is as old as the history of artificial satellites. This satellite principle is based on the Doppler shift of the frequency of the signal coming from the object. That is, a signal is sent to an object via satellite to determine the position of an object on Earth, and it is possible to know the position of an object on Earth with the help of the frequency of the received signal after that signal is bound to the object. The United States launched the first navigation satellite into space in 1986, known as the "Transit System." Initially this system was usually used for defense purposes. But since 196 it has been used for all normal purposes.

Global Positioning System

In the last decade, a new type of satellite based navigation system has been invented which is known as Global Positioning System or GPS. This system allows you to accurately represent the current position of an object. GPS is a radio-based navigation system that can provide detailed information about the three-dimensional position of the earth in all types of weather, even 24 hours a day. With the help of a commercial GPS locator, a user can find out his location on the earth.GPS usually has three main parts, namely the space segment, the control segment and the user segment.

The space segment is a collection of 24 Navstar satellites orbiting the Earth in six orbits at a distance of 11,000 nautical miles from the Earth's surface. The planes of these orbits have an angle of 60 degrees with each other and at an angle of 55 degrees with the equator.Of the 26 Navstar satellites in the space segment, 21 are functional satellites and the remaining three are standby satellites. The U.S. Department of Defense controls these Navstar satellites and this system is an established and widely used system for all GPS users around the world.The control segment consists of five monitoring stations that help transmit satellite data. This sent or transmitted data includes the location of the satellite as time function, time accuracy and other broadcast message data. The monitoring station secretly monitors the activity of all GPS signals to determine satellite control and orbit.

The user segment includes receivers that are usually controlled or deployed in aircraft, ships, tanks, submarines, etc. Receivers are used to detect, de-encode and process GPS satellites and to express satellite signals in the form of position, velocity and time functions. The position of the object held by the receiver consists of the angular distance and longitude from the equator which is then changed to various data and coordinate systems to determine the position of the object.GPS creates a lot of excitement in the use of satellites and is able to bring about a revolutionary change. The idea of using satellites for navigation dates back to the launch of the first satellite, Sputnik-1, in 1985.

How GPS works

The GPS system works based on the measurement of the distance between the receiver and the satellite. A satellite emits a signal with the position and time of an object every 3 nanoseconds with the help of four perfect own clocks. The receiver can retrieve information about the location of the object sent by the transmitting satellite.

If the distance of an object from a satellite is known, then the position of the object on the surface of the imaginary sphere centered on the satellite and the radius of that imaginary sphere is equal to the distance of the satellite from the receiver. If the position of the object is known from two satellites, then the position of the object will be on the intersected line of the imaginary sphere and if any other third measurement method is readily available, it can be seen that the object can be in only two positions. Any one of these locations is virtually impossible and GPS method has been able to overcome this impossible location.

Uses or benefits of GPS

There are usually two types of GPS systems. The first is called the standard positioning system and the second is called the precise positioning system. Authorized users, such as members of the military who have high quality receivers, access this precision positioning system, where the accuracy is close to 1mm. Ordinary users, on the other hand, use a standard positioning system where the accuracy is close to 100mm.

There is also a differential GPS system that uses a permanent reference station to reduce the position error and help to keep the accuracy or error amount close to 10m.

The Kinematic GPS system is one of the most sophisticated GPS systems in use today. It usually uses carrier phase observation and reduces the amount of error to bring it closer to the centimeter level.

Russia has its own navigation system known as the Global Navigation Satellite System. The system has about 24 satellites orbiting in three orbits.

The invaluable contribution of GPS systems has been proven in the US military service. Troops or tank and aircraft users usually use GPS receivers to learn about enemy or allied locations. For example, F-16 fighters, kc-135 aerial riflers and B-2 bombers, where GPS receivers are used. All of these systems were used extensively by American troops during the Gulf War. As a result, it enables troops to successfully carry out combat tactics in the desert.

With the advent of ever-new technology and the amount of positioning error coming down to around 1cm, the horizon / range of GPS systems is constantly increasing.

The Eternal wonder Space and time | Techpark

2020-10-17T21:23:00.001+06:00

The Eternal wonder Space and time

The Eternal wonder Space and time

Let's think of a mathematical simplification, 5-5 = 0. That is, non-existence is the simplified form of two opposite values of equal existence. The opposite promise of this simplification (vice versa) is that the root of the opposite existence of two equal values is a non-existence and is possible. That is, if we ask in the natural process, ‘Is it possible to create this universe from scratch? The answer may be possible. At the same time, it also comes to our mind that if this is the case in the universe, then where is the opposite existence and what is its nature? Let's take a look at the answer to a little imagination.

Assuming that the universe we see (much of which is still left for us to know and understand) is a part of our position, detached from the opposite promise mentioned above. We have learned some of these '5's', understood and discovered information. This shows the behavior of all our science '5'. So even if we can get an idea of the position of ‘-5’ elsewhere, we do not know what its nature is. Our physics (which represents the behavior of the object of ‘5’) is completely useless in rescuing its form. However, we can only realize that the form of '5' is not like our '5', it is completely different.

The ‘5’ and ‘-5’ of the above hypotheses are the ones that physics ‘matter’ and ‘antimatter’, both of which it consolidates, have lost in recent times. In the laboratory, it is possible to create anti-hydrogen by locating this protein in the outer orbit of an electron in the nucleus of an atom, which has been destroyed by integrating with our hydrogen. This means that it is possible for the universe to originate from zero. Now let's think about time-

We have to face some confusing questions at the beginning of thinking about time. What time? Is time alignment possible? Does time mean that space or objects are neutral? In our innate thinking, time seems to be eternal, ever-flowing or space-neutral. But according to the modern outline of physics (relative physics) the speed of light alone is absolute and everything else is relative. Let's think of a model to understand the matter.

A and B are two platforms and S is a light source. Platform A is moving towards source ‘S’ at U speed and platform ‘B’ is stationary. B The speed of light in the eye of the observer from the platform C. According to the theory of relativity, the speed of light and the speed of light in the eye of the observer from platform A.

But the actual relative velocity of light and platform A is C + U.

Suppose, 1 second of platform A = t1 second of platform B. So that means t1> 1. This means that time on platform A will slow down. From this it is understood that time and space are not neutral or absolute. Different times (relative condition) are different at different times.

Now let's think of space and time together, time depends on the object. So yesterday and once began. That time has been called the Big Bang. To explain the matter, one has to imagine a four-dimensional coordinate system so that there is a dimension of time with three dimensions of space. The large explosion above is the key to using these four-dimensional coordinates. From then on, tomorrow is moving forward, objects are falling into space. The present expanding world can be presented as proof in its favor. In space, one galaxy is seen moving away from the other. In other words, as time goes on, the size of this universe is getting bigger. If you go backwards on the time axis, you will find a position where the size of the universe was now zero. This condition is called Big Bang.

The universe must be finite if this big bang theory is to be true. And a scientist has argued in favor of this infinity, showing that if the universe is infinite, light will come from an infinite number of stars anywhere in the world at any time. Whatever the position of the stars, and no matter how dim the light from a star, infinite light will come from an infinite number of stars and fall on the earth. As a result, the night will not exist at all. Thus in the argument of descent he proves to be finite in the place of the universe. But space cannot limit itself. That is, space itself is not absolute.

After a big explosion, the material is supposed to spread around. This raises the question of what is the cause of the curvature of the various regional regions of the universe (such as the solar system) (such as the motion of the earth around the sun)? Einstein showed that in the Four Dimension Co-ordinate System, all these are perpendicular motion. These seem to us to be three-dimensional perceptions. It's a lot like seeing the shadow of a plane flying along a straight line through the sky in a mountain-valley area. In the three-dimensional sky, the plane moves in a straight line, but in the two-dimensional ground, the shadow looks crooked.

Let's see what the fate of the Big Bang is. The potential energy of the expansion action, which begins with a large explosion, comes from an intense repulsive force of that time.

When this repulsive force becomes weak, the universe will continue to shrink again. This is called a large contraction that will cause the universe to collapse completely. Then if time is not limited, then the universe will expand and shrink again and this state will continue again and again which will get oscillation i.e. there will be a period of oscillation. If that happened then there would be no way to know how many cycles our position would take.

To find out the period of this phase motion, we have to rely on Hubble's formula. According to this formula, the two scattering velocities are proportional to the distance between them. If the velocity of the spread of two galaxies or galaxies at a distance from each other is v v = hr.

Here ‘h’ is a constant called Hubble’s constant. The value of ‘h’ can be used to observe the v and r of the present tense and even tell the age of the present universe.

In conclusion, even after discovering so many theories, we have not been able to establish a definitive mathematical relationship between space, time and events, to find out the value of Hubble's constant. Now the most important thing in interpreting space and time is to unify the various theories, to discover the method of gaining better approximation, to find the complete set of causes, to outline the principle of inertia. Then we will go a long way in achieving our goal.

Information source

1. The Times Magazine.

2. A brief history of time – Stephen Hawking

3. The evolution of Physics. – Albert Einstein & Leopold Infeld.

Weather measuring Satellite | Techpark

2020-10-17T21:15:00.003+06:00

Weather measuring Satellite

Weather measuring Satellite

Many types of satellites are used to collect data by checking the weather and to remedy it in adverse weather. Before the use of satellites for measuring weather, small instruments such as barometers, thermometers, rain gauges and wind measuring instruments were commonly used. But all these measurements provide information on a small area. On the other hand, with the help of modern sensor technology, satellite weather monitoring has revolutionized the benefits of monitoring facilities from space.

Significant components of the weather satellite

The captured image is processed and from it information about air temperature, sea surface temperature, relative humidity of the air, snowfall etc. is obtained. Based on the information received, necessary measures were taken to protect it from storms, hurricanes and rains. For example, cloud rotation usually indicates depression, while images of the same brightness usually indicate the position of the decorated cloud.The position of the periodically arranged clouds indicates the state of the wind velocity. Measurements of visible rays with the help of satellites are usually possible during the day. Measurements of invisible rays, on the other hand, are possible at any time of the day or night.

The United States launched the meteorological satellite Explorer-7 in 1959, the first meteorological satellite. The latter is a family of meteorological satellites that were launched in early April 1970 under the name Television and Infrared Beam Observation Satellite (TIROS). The image sent by the first satellite of the TIROS series is shown in Figure 3. Nine TIROS satellites have been launched in the last five years, each of which is much more efficient than its predecessor. Each TIROS satellite has a pair of B&W television cameras attached. In addition to the TV camera, an infrared radio meter is also attached to the TIROS series satellites currently being sent.

The TIROS series of satellites are moving towards the next generation. Which will be known as TIROS Operational System of Environmental Survey Studies TIROS ESSA Satellites. The current nine ESSA satellites will use much better television cameras and radio meters than the launched TIROS series satellites.

The ESSA satellites were followed by the launch of the TIROS Operational Satellite (ITOS) series, the TIROS-N series and the Nimbus series. ITOS satellites are equipped with radio meters that can capture images of day and night visible invisible rays at a resolution of 3.2 & 6.4 km

The TIROS-N series satellites use state-of-the-art high resolution radio meters to receive good weather messages by increasing radio-metric information.

Russia also currently has an imaging TV system and an infrared radio meter attached to the meteor series and Cosmos series satellites intended for weather messages. China also launched the first meteorological satellite, Feng Yun, in 1966.

All the meteorological satellites described are orbiting the Sun at a distance of 800,900 km from the Earth's surface. Currently meteorologists are realizing the need for a type of satellite that can provide a complete picture of the weather. In addition, satellite technology has improved so much today that it is possible to place satellites in geo-stationary orbit.

The United States is the first to launch a geo-stationary meteorological satellite, better known as the Application Technology Satellite (ATS). Later, two more satellites, called Synchronous Meterorolosical Satellite (SMS) and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES), were launched into space, capable of showing real-time detailed information about the Earth's weather. All of these satellites are equipped with high-resolution visible infrared radio meters and sounders that outline the temperature and humidity. Images or images captured by all these satellites are constantly sent to the station where the data is processed and sent to different locations.

So far, the United States has been playing a leading role in meteorological satellite technology. However, other countries are also considering sending polar and some countries GEO weather satellites. Even some countries are already launching all these satellites.

A team of five GEO satellites provides detailed information about the Global Weather. The United States has already sent GOES-8 and GOES-10 satellites into orbit, and GOES-9 and GOES-11 are ready to fill in the gaps if these two satellites fail. The figure shows the image obtained by GOES Satellite.

ESA has launched a satellite called METEOSAT to measure the weather. This satellite is currently operational.

A few days ago, India also had the good fortune to become a member of the upper class countries by launching the GEO satellite of INSAT series into space. INSAT-2B & 2E satellites carry meteorological instruments and are currently in operation. The INSAT-2E satellite has a high resolution radio meter with a resolution of about 2km in the visible band and a CCD camera capable of working in the visible and 1km resolution in the IR band.

Japan's Geostationary Meteorological Satellite is another meteorological satellite.

Some of the currently used Polar Sun Synchronous satellites that are widely used in weather measurement include TIROS-N and Advanced TIROS satellites sent by the United States. Satellite is now an established tool for weather monitoring. In the future, new types of satellites will come to measure the Earth's air pressure day and night. Contains accurate information about the weather and other factors that can help a nation to prosper economically.

Best use of technology for children | Techpark

2020-10-17T00:34:00.004+06:00

The best use of technology for children

Best use of technology

Usually we hear everyone talking about various harmful aspects of technology. Its use is quite risky, especially for children. As technology is readily available and accessible, children are becoming increasingly addicted. However, technology can be very useful to children if they want. That is why it is necessary to know its use properly. Today we will learn about 10 ways on how children can use technology better.

1. Being a responsible digital citizen:

Citizens are an important part of a particular group. When we think of ourselves as citizens, we will be part of a larger group. Then it should be kept in mind that the impact of our work falls on others as well. So children need to be taught to respect others when they use technology.

2. Maintain good relations with distant relatives

Nowadays with the help of video chat we can keep in touch with people from far and wide just like talking directly. Nowadays, children can use technology to recognize their grandparents or distant relatives. Talk to them regularly. This is undoubtedly a positive aspect of technology for children.

3. Use of smartwatches and other devices:

Nowadays kids use smartwatches which encourage them towards healthy living. Its use can also inspire others to build a healthy life. With GPS on these devices, parents can easily identify where their baby is.

4. Development of psychology

Studies have shown that children develop mental abilities when they use certain games and apps. But of course nothing excessive is good. Therefore, if used properly, technology will play a huge role in the psychological development of the child.

5. Showing creativity

There are many types of apps on smart devices through which children can showcase their creative talents through songs, pictures, poems, rhymes, coloring etc. Proper use of these apps helps children to awaken their hidden talents.

. To prepare for the future

At present almost every work involves technology in one way or another. In order for children to be able to work in the future, it is important to make them proficient in using technology from an early age. However, care must be taken so that they do not become addicted to technology.

Learning something new

We can learn something from technology every moment. So children should be encouraged to learn from this. There are many websites and YouTube channels for kids nowadays. From these sources they can learn and learn new things every day. Children need to be encouraged to use technology in these educational activities.

A to Z of Computer networking | Techpark

2020-10-17T00:27:00.001+06:00

A to Z of Computer networking

Computer networking

What is networking ?

The concept of network is very old. Because of living together, we have a network everywhere. For example, our network of social kinship, the network of roads for movement, TV, radio, mobile phone network, or the network of blood circulation inside the body are all examples of real networks. From the beginning of civilization, human beings have been trying to communicate with each other through gestures, language, etc. The modern technology of today's age has come in continuity with the attempt of creating communication with each other through today's internet technology. The invention of wireless communication technology is an unprecedented event in the history of human civilization. In the mid-eighteenth century, the American artist and inventor Samuel Morse was able to successfully transmit data in the form of Tore Tucker code with his self-invented telegraph device. Samuel Morse's Morse Key, Morse Code, Tables and Telegraph Tor Takka is quite old today, but it is still our constant telephone technology. With the help of Alexander Graham Bell, telephone technology has revolutionized information and communication around the world. From the middle of this century, computer and telephone technology has opened new horizons in data communication. Naturally, a network is needed to transfer data from one computer to another. And its name is computer network. A network is a system that allows data to be exchanged from one computer to another. Copper wire, fiber optical cable, wireless or wireless medium can be used for data exchange.

If one of the computers in the network has an internet connection, the internet can be used from other computers as well. Our cover report on various topics from the beginning to the end of this network is 'Networking'.

Networkingat a glance

Networking between multiple computers in the office or home can be used for a variety of purposes. The advantages of the network can be explained by a small example. Suppose an office has five computers and a printer. In this case, if five users of computers want to print something, the printer will be stretched. Problems and difficulties connecting the printer to the computer repeatedly. But if the network is created between the computers through the cable, then there will be no problem. In that case, the printer can be connected to any computer in the network to print from all other computers. There are many benefits to using the network. For example, if we have a network between two computers, we can easily use files, movies or programs from one computer to another. Networks are commonly used for data exchange. This data can be exchanged between multiple computers in an office, between computers on different floors of a building, between different computers in an area and even between different computers in different parts of the world.

Data here refers to electronics documents, letters, pictures, words, etc. With the help of network, it is possible to share data files from one computer to another, listen to songs, watch pictures, play games and many other things. Even if one computer has a problem, it can be solved from another computer on the network.

Let's talk about the size and type of network. Just as a building can have a network of four or five computers, it is possible to create a network of millions of computers in a city, a country, or the world. A network that consists of different computers in a building or campus is known as a local area network or LAN. The network of computers in a city is known as the Metropolitan Area Network or Man. And a whole country or intercontinental computer network is actually a wide area network or one.

The global network that is spread all over the world is known as www or world wide web. The Internet is more commonly known to us. Wireless networks are used to bring easily portable computers such as laptops, notebooks, etc. from one place to another under the network.

Protocol

Data is sent in small packets between two computers on a network at regular intervals. In this method, no data packet is lost. Much like sending a letter by post. When sending a letter, the specific address is written on the envelope of the letter. This address contains the name of the recipient, home number, post office, district, country name etc. The postman finds the person at that particular address and delivers the letter. Similarly, every computer on the network has a code address. Its name is IP address.

The rules for sending data are such that every computer can understand them properly. The language that one computer uses to communicate with another computer is called protocol in network terms. Collectively called TCPIP. TCPIPis a protocol widely used on billions of computers worldwide.

Tropology

Computers and other hardware on a network can be connected to it in a variety of ways. The method of adding this is called network trophology in networking terminology. Here are a few of these trophologies.

All computers on a very small network can be connected together with a single cable or backbone. This method is called bus tropology. In this method there are two terminators at the end of the cable. T connectors are also used to connect each computer. The network can be easily expanded in bus trophology. However, if the number of computers is more, the rate of data exchange is significantly reduced. If a computer connected to the backbone of the network is disconnected, only that computer is disconnected from the network. However, if there is a problem with the main wire or the backbone, the whole network becomes unusable. If there is a problem in any part of the network, it is not easy to solve.

Another tropology of networking is Star Tropology. It uses a networking device called a hub. And the computers on the network are connected to a central hub.

In this trophology, it is easy to add new computers to the network. Connecting a computer to a network is easy. Even if one computer of the network is out of order, the network with other computers is still active. However, if there is a problem for any reason or if the hub is broken, the network becomes ineffective.

Another tropology is created by arranging computers in the shape of a star, similar to the star tropology. In this trophology, data rings are transmitted from one computer to another in a circular manner. Hence it is known as Token Ring Tropology.

In this way, each computer in the network can use each other's files or resources equally. However, if one computer in the network is out of order, it affects the whole network. Problem solving and maintenance of this network is quite troublesome.

Only one tropology is used when setting up any network. Computers and devices of different networks are connected in a combination of multiple trophologies. For example, a combination of bus tropology and Star tropology can be used to create a Starbus, Mesh or hybrid network. Such integrated networks are quite effective and popular in practice.

Model

We can usually follow two models to network in the office or at home. The network of the first model does not exist in any central computer. Every computer works independently without relying on anyone. The method of networking is called peer to peer networking. Here the English word peer means equal status or equal.

Another popular model of networking is client-server networking. This model has a central computer. Other computers on the network work with central computers. This means that the central computer here provides various services to other computers in the network and will control the network. The name of this central computer is server. The rest of the computers that depend on the server are called clients. Both networking models have multiple advantages and disadvantages.

The peer-to-peer model is usually followed for networking between ten or less computers. This model is low cost, easy to maintain. That's why any computer user on this network can easily share files and printers with each other. This model is very useful for networking of computers in home, small office or in the same building. However, this model is not suitable if the number of computers in the network is more than ten and the security of the network is important.

Server-based networks or client-server model networks are used if the number of computers in the network and the scope of work is too large. The advantage of client-server networking is that centralized networking can easily control other computers. Computers other than server computers do not require powerful and expensive hardware. In addition, network security is much higher in this model. This is why this networking model is effectively used in large office or business trades. However, it also has some disadvantages. When the network's server computer fails, the entire network becomes inoperable. And in many cases client-server networks are expensive and cumbersome to maintain.

Hand inhand networking

So far we have learned all we need to do networking. Let's actually set up the network. We will consider several types of networks here.

1. PC-to-PC network setup without a hub between two nearby computers.

2. Peer-to-peer network setup of 5-6 computers in the same room, building or two buildings side by side.

3. More effective server based network setup in the office with more than 5-6 computers.

PC to PC networking

Suppose you want to network between just two PCs at home or office. By sharing the network between two PCs, file sharing, printer sharing, internet connection sharing, data backup, etc. can be done well. You will need to set up such a network -

1. Two 10/100 MBPS LAN card or network interface adapter (NIC) with RJ45 port.

2. 2-3 m long copper RJ11 (four conductor) telephone wire or RJ45 (eight conductor) wire as required. The price of RJ11 cable is relatively quite low.

3. Two RJ45 connectors (with eight pins).

4. A 6-pin crimping machine for attaching connector wires.

Physical setup

First open the casing on both the computers and insert the two LAN cards in the PCI slot of the motherboard.

Usually a LANCARD is a plug and play device, so the computer's BIOS configures it automatically. So even if we don't think about configuring Lancard in BIOS.

Cassover cable made

Usually the cable has to be connected to the LANCARD with RJ45 connector. The other end of this cable is similarly connected to the RJ45 port of the hub with the RJ45 connector. Thus for LANCARD to HUB connection RJ45 connector should be connected on both ends of the cable in the same manner. Since we are only using the hub to network between the two computers, the connectors on both ends of the cable need to be connected separately. The following steps can be followed for crossover cabling in the reverse order of how to install at one end and at the other end.

10 Baset CAT-3 or RJ45 (of eight conductors) of UTP cable or RJ11 telephone wire (four conductors of cable) and connect as required. Use crimping machine for this purpose.

If you look closely at the crimping machine, you will see that it has a special blade for cutting its connector. With the help of this blade, lightly press half an inch of wire to remove the upper plastic cover. Now you will see that eight (or four) thin conductors of different colors have come out. Each thin wire must be inserted into each pin of the connector as a rule.

Notice the RJ45 connector with a golden groove on one side and uneven on the other. Count the pin numbers from the left facing the golden grooved side. The color code can be followed to insert the eight thin conductors of the RJ45 wire in phases.

PINnumber color

1 white

2 oranges

3 white

4 blue

5 white

6 Green

7 White

8 Gray

Chart: Color code

Color codes can also be used in reverse if desired. For example, starting from gray in pin 1, white conductor can be inserted in pin 7.

There are four conductors in the case of telephone wires or RJ11 wires. To do this, hold the connector straight and insert the conductors into pins 1, 2, 3, 6 from the left side. The condition for making a crossover cable is to select the color for pin 1 on the first connector and insert it in pin 3 on the second connector. Similarly, the color of the 2nd pin of the 1st connector will enter the 7th pin of the 2nd connector. And the color hub of pins 1 and 2 of the second connector is the connector of pins 3 and 6 of the 1st connector.

After attaching the connectors to both ends of the cable, gently press the connector with your finger to insert it into the RJ45 port of the LANCARD and release it into the port.

Now if you give power to both the computers, if the yellow LED light is on behind the two LAN cards, it will be understood that the physical connection setup of LAN card to LAN card is correct.

However, special types of digital testers are available to test the cable. If you wish, you can also use such tester.

This time you have to configure the network in the operating system of the computers. Linux, Windows, etc. are commonly used as operating systems. How to set up a network on these operating systems will be discussed later.

Network data transmission-access method

A Lancard on the network follows a variety of procedures for data transmission.

CSMA / CD method

Data is transmitted over the Ethernet network using this Carrier Service Multiple access with collision detection or CSMA / CD method. Here all the computers check the network traffic before transmitting the data. Collisions or collisions occur if the computer tries to transmit two at the same time. So the computer tries to re-transmit by waiting for two random or any amount of time.

CSMA / CA Method Carrier Service Multiple access with collision avoidance method Before sending a data packet to a computer network, the desire to send data to other computers in the network is first expressed. In the language of the network which is called broadcast. Although this type of broadcast reduces data collection, it unnecessarily increases the amount of traffic on the network.

Token passing

Data is transmitted or accessed in IBM's token ring network in such a manner. In this method, a data packet or token is released from a computer into the network. If another computer on the network wants to transmit data, it has to wait for the computer to receive the token. The token to him actually sends his data to another computer through the token. The job of a token is to take data from one person and bring it to the right recipient.

Networking device

What is common in a network is-

At least two computers

Each computer has one or more network interface cards or LAN adapters that allow computers to recognize and exchange data with each other.

Connection mediums such as cable or wire, wireless network can be made.

Network operating systems such as Windows 98, NT Server, Linux, Unix, Sansolaris Novell Network, etc.

Computers on each network are connected from a central location via a network hub or switch.

Network interface card

Usually the network interface card or LAN card is placed on the computer's motherboard. LAN cards make serial connections with RJ45 or BNC coaxial connector ports for data exchange over the network. On the other hand, it communicates with the computer through parallel connection. There are a few things to keep in mind when buying a LAN card.

Media type

Whether the network has the required connector port for the type of cable to use. For example - RTP45 connector for UTP cable and RJ45 port in LAN card is required. Again co-axial cable needs to have BNC connector. If you use fiber optic cable, you will need another type of port. Many LAN cards have both RJ45 and BNC ports.

Network type

Find out first what kind of network you will use the card on. Such as - Ethernet, (with a maximum speed of 10 mbps), Fast Ethernet (maximum speed 100 mbps) Tokening fiber distributed data interface FDDI (maximum speed 1 gbps) etc. Different networks use different LAN cards etc.

System bus type

The Lan card must be of the type in which the motherboard will fit (such as PCI or ISA). LAN cards are currently installed in PCI slots on most motherboards.

Hub

A special type of device for connecting a large number of computers to a hub or repeater network. The hub has a certain number of ports. LAN cards and hubs are connected by cable to similar ports. Suppose, for example, that the UTP cable is connected to the RJ45 port of the LANCARD by means of an RJ45 connector on one side. On the other hand with another RJ45 connector the other end of the cable will be stuck to the RJ45 port of the hub. The hub has different types of LED lights which show how many hub connections are on and how many are off.

Hub is a broadcast type device. It refuses to accept any data on any of its ports except for the specific port for which the data has been sent to other ports without actually judging it. In this way, during data exchange, strong data collation is created which reduces the speed of the right network.

A few advantages of the hub

The hub can be connected to another hub to provide additional connections to its port number. For example, one port of an 8-port hub can be connected to another 16-port hub cable to make connections to 8 and 15 ports, respectively, for a total of 22 ports.

Hub is well managed with SNMP or Simple network management protocol and its data transmission and receiving statistics can be seen.

Hub is a relatively inexpensive and affordable device.

Switch

The switch is a much smarter and more bandwidth device than the hub. The hub sends data packets from one Lan card to another port after receiving the data packet. Switch but it doesn't. Instead, when the switch receives a data packet at any of its ports, it checks the header of the data packet or the first few bytes (which can be compared to a letter envelope) to see who is the sender and recipient of the data packet and which data is sent through which port. The switch then sends the data packet to the recipient land card only through that particular port. This is why the switch temporarily creates a connection between the sender and the recipient LAN card. This connection automatically becomes invalid after data exchange.

So with the help of the switch, the traffic of data packet movement in the network can be facilitated by making multiple connections between different LAN cards in the same way. The switch is therefore a much more intelligent and effective device than the hub. Another good feature of the switch is full duplex support through which two computers can receive some data packets and send some data packets at the same time. Much like talking on a telephone line between two people. A person can hear and speak at the same time. On the other hand, in the case of half duplex communication, if one side does not finish speaking, the other side will not be able to speak. As in many wireless sets, when one speaks, the other listens. It is not possible to speak and listen at the same time.

There is a huge difference between the data transfer capabilities of hubs and switches. A single eight-port Ethernet hub supports a maximum of 10 megabytes per second of data transmission capacity that shares all of the hub's land cards. On the other hand, a full duplex, eight-port Ethernet switch supports a maximum of 160 megabits per second data transmission capacity.

There are different types of switches. E.g.

Crossbar switch

Sell backplane switch

Store forward switch

Repeater

If the distance from one computer in the network to another is too great, then the data is not transmitted properly from one computer to another. The amount of details and errors continues to increase. Maybe you want to connect two buildings to two local area networks or LANs. But the distance between the two buildings is a bit more which is tied up for data transmission. So as the data packet or signal from one computer goes to another computer, the value of the signal gradually decreases and does not reach the recipient computer properly. The device called repeater will solve such problems. When the repeater is placed in a convenient place between two separate LANs or two separate remote segments (or parts) of a LAN, the repeater amplifies or amplifies the incoming data signal through one of its ports and sends or broadcasts to other ports several times. The maximum number of repeaters that can be added to a network depends on the different capabilities of the network. For example, a maximum of 30 repeaters can be installed in a network of thin coaxial cable. Some of the notable features of the repeater are-

They only amplify the data signal. Does not filter data packets. However, if the data is not transmitted properly through any port of the repeater, the repeater can close that port or segment separately. Using a repeater can overcome the distance constraint on data transmission in the network, that is, data can be transmitted over long distances. This does not mean that data transmission speeds are high or that bandwidth is not available. It is possible to use a repeater even if two types of cables (such as coaxial and UTP) are used in a network. But it is not possible to use repeaters on networks of two different technologies (such as Ethernet and token rings).

Bridge

The bridge works much like a repeater. But Brick offers some more benefits than repeaters. Using a bridge on a network, the network can be divided into several smaller parts. This can significantly reduce network data traffic. Just as a data packet is actually tested first by a bridge near a bridge, the data packet will not be in the incoming network segment but will go to an external segment. Another good feature of the bridge is that it can simultaneously segment different networks (e.g. Ethernet and token rings) that repeaters cannot.

Router

Routers are used in any complex network. The router does more than just switch and bridge tasks. A network may have multiple paths or routes to send data from one computer to another. In that case, after receiving the data packet from the computer, the router will calculate (based on the network address from the source address of the data packet and the router's own road map or routing table) to see which way the best data can be sent in the shortest time. Multiple ways of sending data packets to the destination can cause the router to do another job. After sending the data in one of the paths, it was seen that if the link is cut in the middle of that path or the data can no longer go, then the router will send the data packet properly using the alternative path. This means that the router can immediately or dynamically decide which way the data will go.

Anothergreat advantage of a router is that it can work seamlessly across different types of networks such as IP (Internet Protocol), or Appletalk Protocol. The router can also be used as a wide area network interface or socket.

Another useful thing can be done with a router. That is to ensure network security. The router can identify the data packet at its protocol level, which way to go or which way not to go. So at the entrance of any network, the router can be placed in the role of doorman or firewall. This means that with the router it can be done whether the data packets of other computers in the network outside your network can be inserted. This special feature of the router can be used to significantly increase network security. However, increasing data filtering reduces network performance.

The router can be remotely administered using SNMP. Broadcast Storm can also be isolated with a router.

Berauter

The router bridge and its good features are integrated into the broader. It filters data packets like a router just as it exchanges data between two different networks like a bridge.

Gateway

The presence of gateway devices is seen in networks of two different protocols where different data types or environments work. For example, suppose your PC is connected to an Internet service provider or ISP's network via a modem. The point-to-point dialup (PPP) protocol is used here. Again, if you connect that machine to Ethernet LAN with the help of LAN card, turn on the internet connection sharing option, then other LAN machines will use your machine as a gateway. When a data packet from the Internet goes to the computer next to you on the LAN, your gateway machine will change the data packet as needed.

Modem: Dialup networking

A device called a modem is used to transmit data from one computer to another via a telephone line. The function of the transmitter modem is to transmit digital data (which is in binary format) from one computer to analog through a telephone line to the customer modem on the other end of the computer. The modem on the other end can present this analog data in digital format. The whole work is divided into modulation and demodulation. And the word modem comes from both modulation and demodulation.

The main part of the modem is four power supply, subscriber interface, CPU, other circuits. The modem's CPU or central processing unit's own ROM is turned on from the chip and the temporary ROM is used for data storage. The function of this unit is to perform data compression and error detection.

The modem has a subscriber interface port for connecting the telephone cable. Data is transmitted through the telephone line through this port. There are two types of modems used in computers, internal and external. The internal modem can be inserted into the PCI or any other slot of the motherboard inside the computer. And the external modem can be connected to the computer's COM1 or COM2 port with the help of cable. The most important modem chip in the modem is for data modulation and demodulation. And the job of the power supply unit is to provide the required DC power supply to the modem at all times.

Most of the current modems transmit data at a speed of 56 kbps. Due to the limitations of the telephone line, it is not possible to get higher speeds with the help of the current V.90 standard modem.

Networkcabling

Network cable or wire is required for data transmission from computer through LAN card. There are three main types of cables used in networks.

First is the coaxial cable which looks like cable TV or dish line cable.

Second, twisted pair cable.

And thirdly fiber optic cable.

Twisted pair wires work well on small networks. These are also quite cheap and easy to get. These two types of twisted pair are also available in the market in Shield and Unshield. These are known as STP and UTP respectively. They have different categories due to the difference in data transfer speed. E.g.

The 3rd, 4th and 5th categories of UTP cable are used for 10Base TX network cards. They have four conductors and are also known as RJ11 in the market.

Only the fifth category of UTP cable is used for other 100Base TX LAN cards.

Configuring Windows Network

Let's talk about network configuration in Microsoft Windows 98 / XP.

Driver installation

Start the Control Panel by clicking Settings> Control Panel on the Start menu on the Windows 98 desktop.

Click on the Add / Remove Hardware icon to bring up the Ed Hardware Windows.

Windows will first try to find the plug and play driver on its own. To do this, auto-detect by clicking the Next button once or twice. If auto detect is successful, show the location of your driver file. Usually the location of the floppy drive is specified as A:. And if auto detect is not successful, you have to choose the device type directly. Choose a network adapter for this. In the manufacturer list, select the name of the manufacturer of your LAN card (for example, Thricom, Realtech, Siorcom, etc.) or click on the Have Disk button and select the Windows 98 folder on the floppy drive. If the driver information file (* .inf) is found, Windows will install the driver automatically.

Finally restart the computer and install the driver will be complete. Now notice if Windows has got it right. To do this, right-click on the My Computer icon on the desktop and click Properties. Now click on Device Manager to see if there are network adapters between different devices in the device list. Click the + sign on the left to see if your LAN card is visible. If it does not come at this time, then you need to turn off the computer and put the LAN card in the PCI slot and reconfigure the LAN card as before. And if it seems that the LAN card has not been detected even after inserting it properly, then click on the refresh button.

Finally select your LAN card and click on the Properties button to see if the LAN card configuration is correct. If the configuration is correct, the message "This device is working property" will appear. If for some reason there is ‘Device Conflict’ then troubleshooting is required by changing the setting from BIOS.

NetworkProperties Setup

If the network card is installed properly, the network neighborhood icon will appear on the desktop after restarting the computer. Clicking on it will display the names of all the computers in the network. But before that you have to configure it. Right-click on Network Neighborhood and select Properties. This will display the following windows.

Click on the Identification tab.

Enter any one name in the computer name. Enter a network name in the Work Group. The same name will be used on both computers. Let's say it's called Friend.

Now click on the Configure tab. If you select TCP / IP from the list and click Properties, the following window will appear.

Select Specify an IP address. Here you can see two cells of IP address and Subnet mask.

Enter 192.168.1.55 in the IP address field and Subnet mask 255.255.255.0. In case of second computer everything will remain the same only IP address 192.168.1.56 days. The IP address here is a familiar computer in a network that will never be the same on two computers, much like a roll number / ID number.

Now select Ok and return to the Configer tab.

Share files and printers by clicking on File & Printer Sharing here. Now restart the computer by Ok.

Configure the network in the same way on the second computer.

Server based networking in Linux

If you are familiar with the Linux operating system, let us know the basics of network setup in Linux.

Install and detect LAN card

If you install Linux while the machine has a Lan card attached, you will be given the option to detect and configure the Lan card at the time of installation. After installing Linux again, if you turn on the machine, it can be configured by auto-detecting the LAN card. However, if your Lan card is not auto detected to Linux, check with the floppy (or manufacturer's website) that comes with the LAN card to see if it has Linux support or what to do to get Linux support.

Ethernet 1st Lan card interface in Linux is known as eth0. Similar 2nd, 3rd lan card will be eth1, eth2 etc. Basically some information has to be given while configuring eth0.

Hostname - The computer name of the machine (eg My PC)

IP address - The network IP address of the machine

More on DNS, Gateway, Broadcast, etc. You should talk to your network administrator before providing such information.

Finish the cabling by inserting the RJ45 connector into the Lan card and Hub while the computer and hub are in power off.

Now you can use the previously discussed (Windows 98 method) for configuring Two Peer or Workshop Network.

This time both computers came under each other's network. Let's see how we can share files this time. Right-click on any folder in Windows Explorer and select Sharing. The following window will appear. From here select Shared as and click Ok in the share folder with a name. This time, when you go to Network Neighborhood and click on your computer, you will see your shared folders. Your folder can be viewed in this way from another computer.

Linux Networking Server

Linux is a unique and popular operating system for networking. The popularity of Linux is largely dependent on the availability of low-configuration hardware usage, open source, and the entire operating system, including open source code, so why not use Linux if you have full control of your system? Highly reliable Linux is used in large government or non-government organizations, hospitals or service organizations, ISPs (Internet Service Providers), banks, insurance companies, etc. Linux can also be used to get a variety of services on your office or network network. Let's see how such services are available from Linux.

Domain Name Service (DNS)

Any Linux machine can be easily configured and used as a network domain name server. The domain name server acts as a translator on any network. Domain name server is required for effective use of various services including network mail, database, web. [Let us give a small example to understand the work of the domain name server. For example, the IP (or introductory) addresses of the two machines in the network are 192.18.1.1 and 132.18.1.20 respectively and the two machines are named Machine 1 and Machine 2 respectively. If you do not have a DNS service on your network, you will need to use these four numbers repeatedly to send a message from the first machine to the second machine. For example- Ping command should be given in this way- Ping 192.18.1.2 now. If you want to identify a second machine by typing a name without typing the number repeatedly, you can do so with the help of DNS server. For example, with the Ping Machine 2 command, you can do the same thing if your machine has a DNS server or translator IP configured. This means that it must be configured on your machine. If you type any name, it will be converted to the appropriate IP with the help of a machine. It may be possible to remember the IP addresses of five to ten computers in the network, but it is impossible to work with IP addresses if the number of computers is large or the network is complex. In that case a DNS server will be able to do the job of converting you name to IP or IP to name. Information from around the world There are thousands of DNS servers on the World Wide Network or the Internet, so we can view the webpage of any machine without typing in the IP address.

Any network can have three types of DNS servers. Such as primary DNS server or master DNS server, secondary or slave DNS server and caching on DNS server. If the primary DNS server does not work for any reason, the DNS service works properly with the help of an alternative secondary DNS server. A third type of caching server can also be used to facilitate the work.

If there are 10-50 PCs in the network, there may be one or two or if there are more than 50, there may be two or more DNS servers. Again, even if a DNS server is primary for your network, it can act as a secondary for another network (e.g., ISP's network).

Each machine in Linux has a special file called / etc / hosts where the IP addresses and names of all the machines in the network are recorded. For this reason, you can get DNS service with the help of this Hosts file without making any machine a special DNS server.

Normally, if the number of computers in the network is more, it will not be convenient to write or edit the entry in the hosts file. So you need to configure a self-contained DNS server that will keep track of your network domain information and help you get information from other domains. This service is easily available by installing and configuring the Bind Berkel Internet Name Domain software on a Linux machine. Bind is a widely used tool. Which is able to give DNS service very reliably.

Mail service

Many of us are familiar with the Internet e-mail service. To get an e-mail account, we login to an ISP or website with a login name and password, which means you are then connected to a network. In order to provide e-mail or messaging services to the users of any network, a mail server is required. Its job is to keep the mail or messages sent by the users to its own and to deliver it to the recipient users when the machine is running or the path is clear. The whole system is compatible with the postal delivery system of the postal department. The Send mail tool has long been widely used to provide mail services in Linux. This tool has many configuration features. In addition to send mail, there are many other small mailing tools available on Linux. Any low configuration machine can be used as a mail server. Even a 48 model Pentium machine can act as a mail server in your network.

Web and database services

All the webpages we see on the internet are for the benefit of the web server. For example, if you enter www.yahoo.com into any browser software on your computer such as Netscape or Navigator or Internet Explorer, then the web page you will see will come from yahoo.com company's web server. The browser will find the web server and process the request for the desired page and send it to your browser. So you can put your company's website on a web server and present it to the world through the internet.

You can use the Apache web server software to configure a mission as a web server in Linux. Apache is a very popular web server tool. Currently, two-thirds of the world's web servers run on Apache. The reason behind this is that Apache is a web server developed by the combined efforts of many programmers which is able to support all types of web services well. Apache can be downloaded for free from the Internet (www. Apache.org). PHP and MySQL can be used effectively for web programming and database support in Apache, respectively. These will need to be used if you want to keep your webpage in a database form or something interactive.

Proxy and firewall services

It may be that the Internet connection is taken with the help of a modem in a single machine in a network. Now if you want to browse the internet from every machine in the network, you can configure this one connection for every user in the network. You can use a proxy server to do this. Again, you want to ensure that no machine on your network can access the Internet. In that case your network can't. In that case you can install a gatekeeper or gatekeeper machine in your network whose work is to check the data coming from outside before entering the network and filter out the harmful data. This doorman machine is called a firewall in terms of networking.

Firewalls act as the network's security guard to protect the network from harmful intrusions. If you wish, you can use the network's firewall machine as well as a proxy. Again, using a separate proxy server is quite effective.

Linux has built-in firewall and proxy support. In case of firewall, the machine can be configured as low, high or medium firewall.

Configuration server

Manually configuring many machines on your network at once can be a hassle. For example, you can use a configuration server to configure each machine with a lot more information, starting with the IP address. For example, if your network uses a Dhcp protocol, it will collect the IP address from the server and configure the network. This is how ISPs provide automatic IP addresses to your machine through dial-up networks or phone lines. If you have a large number of computers in your network, you may want to consider using such a server.

Another similar protocol similar to Dhcp can be used to configure a Bootp server using Bootp to do almost the same thing.

NIS is one of the configuration servers in Linux. With NIS or Network Information System, it is possible to configure different types of information including the required name, IP of each machine of your company. In this case one or two NIS servers are enough. The use of NIS in Linux is quite old and it is still used effectively.

File print and news server

There are different types of servers used for file sharing between two machines in the network. For example, if both machines run on Linux, files can be shared using the NFS file server. NFS or network file system is a system of file sharing in Unix or Linux. In this way, if you share a directory or drive of the server machine, it can be accessed from the client machine just like the local hard disk.

SAMBA Server is used for file and print sharing between Linux and Windows machines on a network. If this tool is installed and configured on a Linux machine, you can easily read and write files from a Windows machine to a Linux machine.

Configuring a machine as a print server means that the task of that mission will be to print from a machine on the network using a printer attached to it. Even if there is only one printer in a network, it can be connected to a print server and printed smoothly from all the machines.

The job of a news server is to download news from the Internet and make it accessible to other machines on the network. For example, if the e-mail or data that comes in the name news group is downloaded to your news server, it can be easily accessed from other machines in the network.

One or more servers can be configured as desired on any Linux machine. However, if the network load is high, it is better to install the servers on separate machines. In this case, you can download the source code of the servers from the Internet, compile and install it on a Linux machine, and also use the RPM package that comes with various Linux distributions. If the first method is a little difficult in the workplace, it is hassle-free and more reliable.

Last word

For those who want to know and understand real networking, this is our cover article. In addition to explaining the different terminology of professional networking, this year's cover essay we have tried to discuss the different steps of networking directly. How to do networking on operating systems like Windows and even Linux has come up in this report.

Hopefully technically this cover essay will benefit those interested in the network world. Interested parties are requested to keep an eye on our networking department in the future. If you have any other information about networking, you can contact us by letter or email.

Submarines Unknown Information | Techpark

2020-10-17T00:05:00.002+06:00

Some unknown information about submarines


Submarines Unknown Information

We've all heard of submarines. The English word submarine in Bengali means submarine. A ship is not just a huge vessel floating on water. A submarine is a type of vessel that can carry many passengers underwater effortlessly.The financial value of each submarine is much higher. At first it was made to fight. However, submarines are now used to search for ships or other objects that have sunk at sea, to repair underwater pipes or cables, for underwater research, and even to navigate underwater.There are many different types of submarines in the world. Such as: Hyper-Sub, Yellow Sub, Easy and Compact Semi-Submarine, Sibricher-X, Nautilus, Nuclear Submarine etc. One of these is one of a kind and each submarine is used for a variety of purposes.

Currently, there are only 36 countries with submarines. North Korea, China, South Korea, Russia, Iran, Japan, India, Greece, Turkey have significant number of submarines. Of these, North Korea has 72 submarines.

The name of the largest submarine in the world is "Akula". It ruled the seas in the 80s and 90s. The pseudonym of this submarine was "Project 941". This submarine is 564 feet long and weighs 23,500 tons. It had a speed of 22 knots per hour, which was one of the fastest submarines of that time. They could run at a speed of 28 knots while sinking under water.There are currently two submarines in Bangladesh. On 12 March 2016, two submarines "Navayatra" and "Jayayatra" were added to the Bangladesh Navy. With the addition of these submarines, the Bangladesh Navy became a three-dimensional navy. Both submarines are 6 meters long and 7.8 meters wide. Both contain torpedoes and mines that can attack enemy ships and other submarines.

Some interesting facts about submarines:

· When the submarine needs to be sunk, water is pumped into the ballast tanker. If it needs to be floated again, the water from the ballast tanker is taken out and the air is quickly injected with the help of the device. As a result, the submarine floated on the water.

· There is no change in pressure inside or outside the submarine. Because it uses high quality steel, metals like titanium.

· Small sized submarines can only stay underwater for a few hours. However, large sized Typhoon class submarines can stay underwater for about 6 months.

· The U.S. Navy's Tri-Estate submarine went to the world's deepest place, the Mariana Trench, in 1980 at a depth of 36,000 feet.

· Instruments are used to deliver oxygen inside the submarine.

· How long the submarine will stay under water depends on the fuel stored and the food of the crew.

· The diesel submarine came up to take fuel shortly after. However, nuclear submarines can stay underwater for more than 25 consecutive years.

· The current U.S. nuclear submarine is capable of taking the most pressure.

· Currently notable military submarines include cruise missiles, nuclear warheads, ballistic missile submarines.

The geometry of the universe | Techpark

2020-10-16T23:57:00.001+06:00

The geometry of the universe

The geometry of the fractal universe. Geometry that lives in the midst of nature's own diversity. What does a fractal look like with a map of a continent or an explanation of a river? I repeatedly break the black triangle in the figure into numerous small triangles. I keep breaking. Fractal can be found. Its special name is Sier-pinski Gasket. Fractal is nothing more than a repetitive reflection of a basic single structure. When a fractal is formed by the exact replacement of the basic structure, this feature is called Linear Self-Similarity. However, the fractals that work behind the phenomena of nature have never been so Self-Similar. For example, the foliage of a plant or the bank of a river. So what is the reason behind this diversity of natural fractals?

As we know, the relationship between two or more signs can be expressed by an equation. We also know from Descartes that each equation points to a specific path of transmission and can be expressed in graphs. For example, y ^ 2 = 4ax expresses the equation of the hyperbola. If one rides a bicycle in an elliptical path, then this phenomenon i.e. the motion of the bicycle can be expressed by the equation y ^ 2 = 4ax. Similarly, behind every phenomenon of nature there is a work of more complex equations.

The matter can be shown in a slightly broader background. Kepler's equation indicates the motion of the planets around the Sun. Kepler's formula is able to make accurate predictions over a long period of time about the orbits of a planet in a solar system made up of one star and one planet. But what will be the course of the planet after 50 million years? If an extra star were added to the structure of the solar system, what would be the orbit of the planets in the solar system of twin stars after only five million years? It is then extremely difficult to make accurate predictions. Almost impossible.

Assuming, x = ky explains a natural phenomenon. Here x and y are related to each other proportional constant ‘k’. As the value of x increases or decreases, the value of y increases or decreases in proportion to k. But if the value of constant k from time to time is affected by another quantity c then the relationship between x and y cannot be said to be simple proportional. Then it is difficult to make precise inferences about the graphs of x and y. Can this be imagined with the population growth-equation of a region!

Diversity on the canvas of nature is here. The fractals of the phenomena of nature are therefore unequal, irregular, random. And this indeterminacy is the basis of Chaos theory. Chaos is the uncertainty that changes over time in the course of nature. So there is an asymmetry in the restoration of the basic structure. Again, some rhythms can be observed in the case of transition from symmetry to asymmetry or return to symmetry. And its overall manifestation occurs in the variegation of the fractal. In a word, fractal comes from Euclid's simple linear world to explain nature in its own way.

So guess where the chaos is? There is action on the leaves floating in the current of water, constantly changing its direction. There may be some specific uncertainties in the growth and decline of insects, animals or human populations. But after a certain period of time it is often possible to know the amount of total uncertainty. Then the accuracy of future predictions increases, so the Chaos theory is being applied to weather forecasting. He is also being sought behind a "whirlwind" of liquid or gas flows. Chaotic Unpredictability is also found in Number Theory, a branch of pure mathematics. So does this theory work in human society? Regular irregularities! How much of this irregularity in the universe at God's will?

11 richest people in the tech world 2021| Techpark

2020-10-16T23:51:00.004+06:00

11 richest people in the tech world

More or less all people have a kind of interest in the richest personalities in the world. Wealthy personalities in the tech world are no exception. People also have many questions about them. They may have questions about Mark Zuckerberg, Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos and others who are ahead and who are behind in terms of wealth. By December 2019, let's find out who are the 11 richest personalities in the tech world.

1. Jeff Bezos: Jeff Bezos, the king of the so-called "Amazon" online marketplace, is one of the richest people in the world. On July 5, 1994, he founded Amazon as an online bookstore. As of December 2019, his net worth is 110 billion.

2. Bill Gates: Bill Gates, the co-founder of "Microsoft Corporation", was the first on the list of rich people. But now Jeff Bezos is in the first place behind him in this competition of rich people. Bill Gates' current net worth is ৯ 109 billion.

3. Mark Zuckerberg: Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg is currently at number three on the rich list. In 2004, he started using Facebook from his university dormitory. His current net worth is. 85.9 billion.

4. Larry Page: Larry Page is a co-founder of Google. At age 21, Larry Page and Sergey Brin created Google as a school project. Larry Page was the CEO of Alphabet, a subsidiary of Google. His net worth currently stands at ৭ 72.6 billion.

5. Sergey Brin: Sergey Brin is another founder of Google. He was the President of Alphabet, a subsidiary of Google. As of December 2019, he had a net worth of 60.9 billion.

. Larry Ellison: Larry Ellison, co-founder, executive chairman and chief technology officer of Oracle Corporation, a computer technology corporation. In 1986, he co-founded Oracle Corporation with another founder. His current net worth is ৭ 59.6 billion.

. Steve Ballmer: Steve Ballmer studied at Harvard University at the same time as Bill Gates. He joined Microsoft in 1970 as the 30th employee. He was the Chief Executive Officer of Microsoft from 2000 to 2004. His current net worth is. 55.1 billion.

. Jack Ma: Jack Ma is the co-founder and executive chairman of Alibaba Group. He founded the Alibaba Group in April 1999. As of December 2019, its total assets amounted to. 44.1 billion.

9. Mackenzie Bezos: Mackenzie Bezos was the ex-wife of Jeff Bezos. The couple together owns about 7.8 million shares, equivalent to 18% of the company. McKenzie currently has assets of about ৬ 35.6 billion.

10. Polly Ma: Polly Ma is the founder of Tencent, one of the largest tech companies in the world. Chairman and CEO. In 1996, he started Tencent with four of his classmates. Its total assets amount to ২ 34.2 billion.

11. Michael Dell: Michael Dell is the founder and CEO of Dell Technology. In 1984, he founded the multinational computer technology company Dell. His current net worth is. 29.0 billion.

When to upgrade your laptop? | Techpark

2020-10-16T23:46:00.000+06:00

When to upgrade your laptop?


Update laptop

Almost all of us who use laptops regularly update our laptops several times a year. Manufacturers are constantly bringing new feature laptops to the market. To keep up with this, regular users need to upgrade their laptops. Here are some reasons why you should upgrade your laptop regularly:

First of all you need to upgrade your laptop when it gets old. It is said that if your laptop is 4 years old then it is about 200 percent less effective than the current hardware in the market. As you use, you will notice that your laptop is slowly slowing down. The most important reason to upgrade a laptop is to keep up with the updated hardware. So in this case, even if you do not buy a new laptop, you can upgrade it.Over time, laptop battery performance decreases. Upgrading the laptop will give you a brand new battery that will multiply the performance of your laptop. At present many laptops can work for up to 20 hours with a single charge.

Newer SSDs are offering a lot more storage than traditional laptops. At first they were quite expensive but now they are very affordable. This will result in faster program loading, less boot time, less power storage.

Many people also upgrade laptops for slim and modern design. High-performance laptops have become much smaller and smaller these days. So upgrade your laptop today for ease of work and ease of carrying.

Depending on the age of your laptop, Microsoft launches newer versions of the operating system. Brings new features and updates with each new version. If you use an older version of the laptop, you will be deprived of using these features.

There is no option to upgrade the laptop to enjoy new games and software. If you are not interested in playing games, you will find it very difficult to work with the old software. To avoid all these problems, upgrade your laptop now.

Laptops also need to be upgraded to increase work reliability. You can get into a lot of trouble between opening a program and rebooting. A new laptop comes with the highest assurance of your work. The laptop upgrade is very much needed for this.

Above all, your laptop may need to change as your needs change. A new laptop will greatly affect the speed and quality of your work before you start any new work.

The technology of the future is cloud computing | Techpark

2020-10-06T22:00:00.002+06:00

The technology of the future is cloud computing

cloud computing

Nowadays the world is a technology very much in discussion. Technology companies are putting a lot of emphasis on this technology. And that is cloud computing. The idea is that cloud computing can make a huge contribution to the technology of the future. The use of cloud computing-based software i.e. operating systems and applications is on the rise. Various big companies like Microsoft, Amazon, IBM, Dell, Google, Yahoo, etc. are continuing their activities in this regard.

What is cloud computing?

What exactly is cloud computing? Internet-based computing is cloud computing. Cloud computing is a computing technology capable of controlling and maintaining data and applications through the use of the Internet and central remote servers. Internet-based applications can easily access your own files from any computer using the Internet without installing applications. It will be possible to conduct all kinds of activities on the web. In this case, each user can be considered as a client.

History of Cloud Computing

The history behind cloud computing is very important. An idea that was found in 1970. At the time, John McCarthy commented on John McCarthy, "Computing will one day be organized as a public utility." However, in fact, the idea was founded in the 1990s. At that time, cloud computing was introduced by telecommunication companies as a result of the announcement of the launch of a VPN (Virtual Private Network) service. However, in recent years, the foundation of cloud computing has become very strong.

Expansion of cloud computing

Amazon launched the service in 2005 on the basis of utility computing through its web service. In 2006, Google and IBM jointly launched a cloud computing research project with a number of universities, and by mid-2006 it had reached a milestone. Since the beginning of 2009, the world's largest IT companies have been accelerating their activities with cloud computing. According to a study, any organization can reduce their IT budget by about 16 percent by using this technology. Moreover, data centers are able to reduce their costs by 18 percent with the spread of this technology.

What kind of service will be available

The general condition of cloud computing is to provide hosted service through the internet. This means that all information, including the operating system, will be stored on a server computer. This will enable the client computer to get this service through high-speed internet. These services are divided into three parts, one. Infrastructure Edge A Service (IaaS) or Infrastructural Services, two. Platform Edge A Service (PaaS) or Platform, three. Software Edge Services (SaaS) or applications. Users will continue to receive these services if they have a personal computer and internet connection. No need to use any software or program.

The idea is that cloud computing is divided into three parts

Infrastructure Services - The Infrastructure Age Service (IaaS) is an infrastructural service.

Platform - Platform Edge A Service (PaaS) is a platform. It can be used to manage an online operating system. Applications - Software Age A Service (SaaS) is a variety of applications. Various programs or applications can be launched online.

The infrastructural development of cloud computing was completed in 2009. The data center can be a good example in this regard. From any point, the client can access his computing needs.

The advantages of this technology

Cloud computing has considerable advantages. This technology accomplishes much more efficiency by centralizing storage, memory, processing, and bandwidth. It can share or exchange software, resources, and information as per demand.

This technology greatly reduces the time it takes for clients or users to launch applications and the server responds faster. It is possible to reduce the infrastructural risk. A client or user does not have to invest much in this technology.

Types of cloud computing

There are two types of cloud computing. One is private and the other is public. Private cloud computing data center which means providing hosted service to a limited number of clients. And public cloud computing is basically based on sales service, anyone can get this service on the internet. For example, Amazon's web service is the largest public cloud computing in the world. Another type of cloud computing can also be implemented. And that is hybrid cloud computing which is a combination of public and private models.

Affordable technology

Cloud computing is undoubtedly an affordable technology. This allows the user to run applications using the data center to drive space instead of their computer drive. As a result, there is no separate cost for computer software or programs. Moreover, the maintenance of the data center is done by them and the client or user does not have to spend time behind it and does not have to incur additional costs. For this reason, many people are considering cloud computing as a very affordable technology.

Microsoft's focus is on cloud computing

Software giant Microsoft is now focusing on cloud computing. In fact cloud computing is a concept where software, files and services will not be limited to a particular computer. Rather, it will be open, accessible from anywhere on the Internet, from any computer. Eighty percent of Microsoft executives and employees are busy with this cloud-related project, and within a year it will be 90 percent. Note that Microsoft basically earns more than computer software. With the rapid use of the Internet, technology companies are increasingly focusing on these types of software and services. Online versions of popular programs such as Word, PowerPoint, etc. have been created. According to Steve Ballmer, chief executive of Microsoft, cloud technology is what smart devices want. He said the new Windows 8 series mobile operating system is based on this concept.

Cloud computing-based operating system launched in India

Recently, a cloud computing-based operating system has been launched in India. And the initiative has been taken by Microsoft itself. This allows computer users to turn on their computer using a web-based operating system. Microsoft has named this operating system "Windows Azure". In this context, Rajan Anand, Managing Director of Microsoft India, said, "We are making all our popular products based on cloud computing. As a result, computer users can run all kinds of applications from any end.

Cloud computing is going to spread widely in the coming days. Various technology institutes have continued their activities in this regard. Basically, it is an affordable technology and many organizations are showing interest in it. Moreover, applications respond quickly. It has an automated system that allows the user to perform tasks in a relatively short time. Technicians are still doing enough research on this technology. The development of this technology continues to make it simply user-friendly. Technologists are hoping that cloud-based computing will gain popularity in the future.

How Microprocessors Work | Techpark

2020-10-06T21:51:00.001+06:00

How Microprocessors Work

Microprocessors Work

The biggest role behind the computer is the processor. Due to the role of the processor, one computer is faster than another computer. The amount of progress that has been made in the processor world in the last few years is unbelievable. New generation processors are now taking place in the history of computers. In a very short time, Intel, AMD is moving forward by crossing the GHz milestones. In terms of processor speed, 1 GHz seemed like a huge achievement at one time, but now for 3 GHz processors, that success is just history. The new generation processors now mean the Pentium 4 from Intel and the Athlon XP from AMD. In the competition of speed, these two rivals are moving forward with great speed. Let's find out the technology behind the processor.

The biggest role behind the way a computer works is the processor. Any microprocessor performs extremely delicate but sensitive operations using a set of set machine instructions. Based on the instructions, the work of the microprocessor is divided into three parts.

1. Using ALU (Artimetic Logic Unit), the microprocessor performs mathematical operations such as addition-subtraction-multiplication-division. Modern microprocessors have automatic floating point processors through which extremely complex and long decimal number operations are performed.

2. The microprocessor works to move data from one memory location to another.

3. The microprocessor can make decisions. And completes the next instruction based on this decision.

Let us now try to explain the following parts of the microprocessor from the side diagram.

6.16 or 32 bit wide Address bus works to send Address in memory.

6.16 and 32 bit wide data bus sends data to memory and receives data from memory.

RD (Read) and WR (Write) lines of memory to determine the address or address the location of the address.

The clock line provides the clock pulse to the processor.

The reset line resets the program counter to zero and performs the instructions again as usual.

Let's assume that both the address bus and the data bus are 8 bits wide. Then the parts might be interpreted this way in a very simple microprocessor.

Address latch works similar to register A, B, C.

Program counter is a type of latch that can manually increase the value of its counter 1 or reset the counter value to '0'.

ALU can add-subtract-multiply-divide only 6-bit numbers like a normal 8-bit address.

The test register is an exceptional latch that contains different values compared to the ALU. ALUs usually compare two numbers to determine whether the bong numbers are equal, or whether one is bigger or smaller than the other. The test register also contains the Carry bit generated in the last step of the Adder operation. The test register stores these values on the flipflop and the instruction decoder decides using these values.

In the picture above, 6 boxes (3-State) are marked. These boxes are tri-test buffers. A tri-state buffer can flow ‘one’ or ‘zero’ or it can disconnect from the output if necessary. A tri-state buffer connects multiple outputs to a single wire. But ‘one’ or ‘zero’ flows in only one connection.

The instruction register and instruction decoder control all parts of the microprocessor.

The instruction decoder has several control lines. Below is a brief introduction to the work of the control lines-

The program indicates to increase the value of the counter to '1'.

Specifies that the program counter value should be set to 'zero'.

Activates any one of the six tri-state buffers.

Instructs ALU for the next operation.

Activates the RD line.

Activates the WR line.

Microprocessor Instruction Set

Even a simple microprocessor that is impossible can have a huge set of instructions. The instructions are applied in the form of a number of bit patterns. When it is loaded into the instruction register of the instruction microprocessor, the bit pattern of an instruction carries a certain meaning. These instructions in different bit patterns are expressed by different types of words. Below are some notable and very simple instructions in words:

· LOADA mem loads the value of the memory address into the A register.

· LOADA mem loads the value of the memory address into the B register.

· ConB loads a constant number in the Con-B register.

· SAVEC saves values in the memory location in the mem-B register.

· SAVEC saves the value of the mem-C register in the memory location.

· ADD adds the values of registers A and B and puts the sum in C register.

· MUL compares the values of registers A and B and puts the sum in register C.

· Jump addr freezes at an address.

· Stop Exhibition.

History

Do you know the ancestor of today's personal computer, i.e. IBM personal computer first how much processor speed? The speed of the first IBM PCT was 4.6 MHz. It uses Intel 808 microprocessor. 16 kilobytes of memory, 160 kilobytes floppy, and a black and white monitor, this was everything on that computer. If you talk about the price, you will feel dizzy. The personal PC was priced at 1,575 in 1981, which is equivalent to 4,000 today. Calculated in rupees, the price of the first IBM PC today is two lakh sixty thousand rupees. Terminology Clock speed another name is the clock rate. This is the speed at which the microprocessor executes instructions. Each computer has an internal clock inside which executes different instructions and causes synchronization between different components. Clock speeds are usually expressed in megahertz or gigahertz. One megahertz means 1 million cycles per second. Computer expansion buses like CPUs also have their own clock speeds.

Flip-flop

A Flip-flop is a type of memory circuit that can store either 0 or 1 of these two logical states. That is why it is known as Du Stable or Bistable. It can be made with transistors or electronics tubes.

Latch

This is an initial flip-flop circuit The two states of the discharge mouth of this circuit are called set and reset. The latch is an English word. This means a latch on the door. When the door is closed and latched, the door remains closed. It is possible to keep the door open by opening the latch again. Similarly, the latch preserves 1 argument in the set state of the circuit and 0 in the reset state. Hence this circuit is known as a latch.

Benchmark

Benchmark refers to certain tests or tests used to compare computer hardware (or software) performance. This can be processor benchmarking so that certain instructions are run on the processor and how fast it is performed. These results are compared to the results of some standard processors in a graph or similar benchmark result.

Computer Algorithm Tree Data Structure | Techpark

2020-10-06T21:43:00.001+06:00

Computer Algorithm - Tree Data Structure

Computer Algorithm - Tree Data Structure

One of the most important data storage and organizing methods of computer algorithms is the tree, which is one of the non-linear data structures. In general, a tree structure refers to the "branched" relationship between different parts or nodes of a tree, as seen in the case of a natural tree.

In the language of the book it can be defined as a finite set of one or more nodes. Suppose such a set or tree is T, then

A) This tree should have a special node which will be identified as the root of the tree and it will be called root (T).

B) The nodes other than this root are divided into n≥0 number of disjoint sets, respectively T_1… .T_n, etc., each of which reappears one by one with the characteristics of a new tree. These T_1… .T_n trees are called root sub-trees.

Mathematically: T = {r 〖〖UT _1 〖UT〗 _2U…. 〖UT〗 _n

It is expressed as T = {r, 〖T〗 _1, T_2,…, T_n for easy understanding.

Notice that this recently given definition of a tree is just a recursive or repetitive ঃ a tree is defined as the sum of many trees. Fortunately, we do not have to read in infinite repetition or recursion, because each tree has zero number of sub-trees and a single tree can have zero number of sub-trees (h = 0) as a basis. Although it is possible to give a non-recursive definition of a tree, this definition is quite self-contained. Even the trees that can be seen in nature can be thought of in this way. From the buds of new trees, but also the sub-trees that have their own buds sprouted.

By definition, the smallest tree is a tree that has only root nodes. For example, a tree like Ta = A. When it comes to multiple nodes, the rest of the nodes are split into subtree. For example, Tb = {B, {C}} is a tree consisting of a root node E and a subtree {C. Finally, the following set and a tree

Tc = {D, {E, {F}}, {G, {H, {I}}, {J, {K}, {L}}, {M}}

But looking at this strange thing, it doesn't seem to be anything like a tree at all. In fact, it is expressed in pictures like the picture below

Only in the palm of the hand can one find harmony with the tree. Using this recursive method to express such a tree j = {r, T_1, T_2,…, T_n ঃ graphically: First we draw the root node r. Then draw the sub-trees T_1, T_2,…, T_n one by one below the root. Finally we draw a line from the root to the sub tree.

However, exposing the tree in this way gives the opposite image of a real tree. But this is how the tree is expressed in the data structure. And in the discussion of trees, the words "up" and the actual "down" are considered subject to this figure. For example, when we go from the root of a tree to a sub-tree, we say we are going down a tree.

Some definitions

Consider T = {r, 〖T〗 _1, T_2,…, T_n} where n≥0 is given as the definition of a tree.

>> The degree of the node (fabmatbab) is the number of sub-trees connected to this node. Example The degree of the tree above is n.

>> The node that has no sub tree has zero degree and it is called Leaf.

>> The root ri of the i-th sub tree 〖T〗 _i is the child of the root r of the tree. Grandchild can be defined in the same way.

>> Again, the root node of tree T is called the parent of all sub-trees. Similarly, grandparents can be defined.

>> The two separate sub-trees i-th and j-th of tree T 〖T〗 _i and 〖T〗 _j are called siblings respectively.

What is clear from these definitions is that they are a curious combination of mathematical, humanistic, and plant words. There are other terms that are important to know before discussing them. Path and path length: If a tree with a set of nodes R is given, its ear is a path P is the combination of how many nodes P = {,…, k}! Where ri for every i-th (1 d ”id” k) node is a component of the set R (riXR), and the i-th node ri is (i + 1) - the father of the node (ri + 1) ). The path -0 length of this path P is k + 1.

Notice for example a tree Tc in the picture above. This tree has many different paths. In fact, if you listen properly, you will see that this tree has 29 different paths. These include zero path-length path {D}, one path-length path {E, F}, and three path-length paths {D, G, J, K.

Some more definitions

Consider a tree with one set of nodes R according to the above definition:

>> The level or depth of a node ri (riXR) is the length of a path unique from the root r of tree T to ri. For example, the root of tree T is at level zero, and the roots of its sub-tree are at level one.

>> The height of a node ri (riXR) is the maximum distance from a node ri to a leaf. So the leaves are all at zero height.

>> The height of a tree is the height of its root node r.

>> Consider two nodes ri and rj. ri is said to be an antecedent of rj if a path from ri to rj is present. Notice that ri and rj can be but the same node. That is, a node is its own predecessor. However, a suitable pre-male is said to be present when a path is present up to ri and rj whose path-length is one or more.

>> In the same way, node ri is called the north male of rj if a path from ri to rj is present. Since ri and rj can be the same node, a node is its own answer male. A suitable answer is called a male when there is a path from ri to rj whose path-length is one or more.

Different types of trees

There are different types of tree data structures. Among them

> N-ary Tree

> Binary Tree

> Binomial Tree

> General Tree

> M-way search Tree

> Binary search Tree

> AVL search Tree> B-Tree

Considering the scarcity and importance of space in the magazine, only Binary Tree is discussed in detail here.

Binary Tree:

A binary or binary tree is a tree that has only two branches or sub trees.

Definition:

Binary tree is a finite set of nodes which have the following characteristics:

1. Either set is an empty set, T = 0

2. Otherwise the set contains a root r and two separate binary trees TL and TR, T = {r, TL, TR.

Here tree TL is called the right subtree of tree T.

The binary tree is considered as an ornamental tree in almost all cases. Consider the two binary trees in the figure below. Each tree has a root and a single non-empty tree. In one case the left-subdivision is not empty, in another case the right-subdivision is not empty. Since decoration or order is important, these trees are two but separate trees.

From some tree-related sources, it is evident that a tree with ne ”0 number of E. Turnal nodes has n + 1 number of external nodes.

It can also be proved that a binary tree of he ”0 height can have a maximum of 2h + 1-1 number of E. Turnal nodes. In reverse, it is also possible to prove that the number of E. Turnal nodes characteristic of a tree is at least EMBED Equation.3.

Finally, a binary tree of he ”0 height can have a maximum of 2h leaves. Conversely, the height of a tree with a number of leaves is at least EMBED Equation.3.

Evidence of all these sources could not be given here as it is beyond the scope of this article. If necessary, you can see in the following book.

Tree traversal:

The tree has different applications. Thus different types of algorithms are used for tree use. However, a common feature of different types of tree algorithms is to visit each node of the tree in a certain way. That is, the algorithm continues to navigate the tree data structure and perform a single computation on each node. The whole business of this journey is called tree traversal.

There are two types of tree navigation - single-distance-first-traversal and deep-first-traversal. Notable among the several types of depth-first traversal are: preorder traversal, inorder traversal, and postorder traversal.

The following tricks will be used in the next discussion: T = {A, B, 0, C, 0,0}}, {D, {E, {F, 0,0}, {G.0,0}, H, {1,0,0}, {0}}}

Pre-order Traversal:

We will consider pre-order traversal as the first depth-first traversal method. For binary trees:

1. The first route must be visited; Then

2. The left sub-tree must travel; And

3. Finally you have to travel to the right sub tree.

For example, the pre-order traversal in the image above yields the following output: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I

Post-Order Traversal:

We will consider post-order traversal as the second deepest-first traversal method. For binary trees:

1. Must travel left sub tree first; Then

2. Must travel to the right sub tree; And

3. Finally you have to visit the route.

For example, the post-order traversal in the image above yields the following output:

C, B, F, G, E, I, D, A

In-Order Traversal (Regular Decoration Tour):

We will consider in-order traversal as the third depth-first traversal method. For binary trees:

1. Must travel left sub tree first; Then

2. Route must visit; And

3. Finally have to travel to the right sub tree;

For example, the in-order traversal in the figure above results in the following output:

B, C, A, F, E, G, D, I, H

Breadth-first traversal

Although it was appropriate to use the recursive definition in the case of deepest-first traversal, the non-recursive definition is more appropriate in the case of breadth-first traversal. Broadth First Traversal first visits all nodes of zero path-length, then visits all nodes of a single path-length, thus moving forward. At every depth it moves from left to right.

For example, the breadth first traversal in the image above gives the following output:

A, B, D, C, E, H, F, G, I.

Apply the tree:

In different ways, the tree can be expressed using different features of different programming languages. Personally I use Tree as part of a much larger design pattern created in C ++, Java and C Sharp. This type of pattern is not at all suitable for programming contests. It is better to try to solve the problem without applying the original tree. Here I will give the implementation of a tree in C plus plus. But I will try to tell you how to use the original tree concept while discussing various issues. The source code given here is a part of my main object oriented library which is slightly different for publication in magazines. Although the original library was tested on Visual C Plus Plus, Borland C Plus Plus and GNU C Plus Plus, the version published here has only been tested on Visual C Plus Plus and Borland C Plus Plus.

Visitor Class:

The job of this class is to visit different nodes and do some computing. The visit function of this clock is used during different tree traversing. Again, since there are three types of depth-first traversal, this class has been extended to pre-post visitors, and inherited three classes called pre-order, post-order, in-order. . The printing-visitor class prints it as an output during the node visit.

Save this code in a file called Visitor.

/ * Visitor.h file * /

template

class Visitor

{

public:

virtual void Visit (T &) = 0;

virtual bool IsDone () const

{return false; }

};

template

class BinaryTree;

template

class PrePostVisitor: public Visitor

{

public:

virtual void PreVisit (BinaryTree &)

virtual void Visit (T &) {

virtual void Visit (BinaryTree &)

virtual void PostVisit (BinaryTree &)

};

template

class PreOrder: public PrePostVisitor

{

Visitor & visitor;

public:

PreOrder (Visitor & v): visitor (v)

{}

void PreVisit (BinaryTree & object)

visitor.Visit (object.Key ()); }

};

template

class InOrder: public PrePostVisitor

{

Visitor & visitor;

public:

InOrder (Visitor & v): visitor (v)

{}

void Visit (BinaryTree & object)

visitor.Visit (object.Key ()); }

};

template

class PostOrder: public PrePostVisitor

{

Visitor & visitor;

public:

PostOrder (Visitor & v): visitor (v)

{}

void PostVisit (BinaryTree & object)

visitor.Visit (object.Key ()); }

};

template

class PrintingVisitor: public Visitor

{

ostream & stream;

bool comma;

string seperator;

public:

PrintingVisitor (ostream & s): stream (s), comma (false), seperator (",")

{}

PrintingVisitor (ostream & s, string & sep): stream (s), comma (false), seperator (sep)

{}

void Visit (T & object)

{

if (comma)

stream << seperator;

stream << object;

comma = true;

}

void Reset (string str = ",")

{

comma = false;

seperator = str;

}

};

Binary Tree Class:

This is the original binary tree class. See how the root and left and right subtree are used. Various tri-traversals have also been implemented. Additionally, if a binary-tree is given inorder and postorder traversal or inorder and pre-order traversal, there are two functions for preparing a tree using them.

/* BinaryTree.h / template class BinaryTree { protected: T key;

BinaryTree* left;

BinaryTree* right;

public:

BinaryTree ();

BinaryTree (T&);

~BinaryTree ();

void Purge ();

T& Key () const;

BinaryTree& Subtree

(unsigned int) const;

bool IsEmpty () const;

bool IsLeaf () const ;

unsigned int Degree () const ;

int Height () const;

virtual void AttachKey (T&);

virtual T& DetachKey ();

virtual BinaryTree& Left () const;

virtual BinaryTree& Right () const;

virtual void AttachLeft (BinaryTree&);

virtual void AttachRight (BinaryTree&);

virtual BinaryTree& DetachLeft ();

virtual BinaryTree& DetachRight ();

void SetKey(T&);

void DepthFirstTraversal

(PrePostVisitor&) const;

void BreadthFirstTraversal

(Visitor&) const;

int CompareTo (

BinaryTree <T> const&) const ;

void ConstructFromInPost (

vector<T>::iterator,

vector<T>::iterator);

void ConstructFromInPre (

vector<T>::iterator,

vector<T>::iterator);

};

template

BinaryTree::BinaryTree () :

key (0),

left (0),

right (0)

{}

template

BinaryTree::BinaryTree (T& _key) :

key (&_key),

left (new BinaryTree ()),

right (new BinaryTree ())

{}

template

void BinaryTree::Purge ()

{

if (!IsEmpty ())

{

delete key;

delete left;

delete right;

key = 0;

left = 0;

right = 0;

}

template

BinaryTree::~BinaryTree ()

{ Purge (); }

template

void BinaryTree::AttachKey (T& arg)

{

if (!IsEmpty ())

return;

key = &arg;

left = new BinaryTree ();

right = new BinaryTree ();

}

template

T& BinaryTree::DetachKey ()

{

if (!IsLeaf ())

return *new T;

T& result = *key;

delete left;

delete right;

key = 0;

left = 0;

right = 0;

return result;

}

template

T& BinaryTree::Key () const

{ return *key; }

template

BinaryTree& BinaryTree::Subtree (

unsigned int i) const

{

if (IsEmpty () || i>1)

return *new BinaryTree;

return *(i==0?left:right);

}

template

bool BinaryTree::IsEmpty () const

{ return key==0; }

template

bool BinaryTree::IsLeaf () const

{ return (!IsEmpty() &&

left->IsEmpty () && right->IsEmpty ()); }

template

unsigned int BinaryTree::Degree () const

{ return IsEmpty() ? 0 : 2; }

template

int BinaryTree::Height () const

{

if(IsLeaf()) return 1;

int l = left->Height();

int r = right->Height();

return (l>r?l:r) + 1;

}

template

BinaryTree& BinaryTree::Left () const

{ return *left; }

template

BinaryTree& BinaryTree::Right () const

{ return *right; }

template

void BinaryTree::AttachLeft

(BinaryTree& arg)

{ left = &arg; }

template

void BinaryTree::AttachRight

(BinaryTree& arg)

{ right = &arg; }

template

BinaryTree& BinaryTree::DetachLeft ()

{

BinaryTree r = new BinaryTree(left);

left = 0;

return *r;

}

template

BinaryTree& BinaryTree::DetachRight ()

{

BinaryTree *r =

new BinaryTree(*right);

right = 0;

return *r;

}

template

void BinaryTree::SetKey(T& arg)

{ key = &arg; }

template

void BinaryTree::DepthFirstTraversal (

PrePostVisitor& visitor) const

{

if (visitor.IsDone ())

return;

if (!IsEmpty ())

{

BinaryTree& me =

const_cast< BinaryTree& >(this); visitor.PreVisit (me); left->DepthFirstTraversal (visitor); visitor.Visit (me); right->DepthFirstTraversal (visitor); visitor.PostVisit (me); } } template void BinaryTree::BreadthFirstTraversal ( Visitor& visitor) const { deque> que;

if (!IsEmpty ())

que.push_back(

const_cast*>(this));

while (!que.empty () && !visitor.IsDone ())

{

BinaryTree const& head = *que.front();

que.pop_front();

visitor.Visit (head.Key());

for (unsigned int i = 0;

i < head.Degree (); ++i)

{

BinaryTree<T>& child =

head.Subtree (i);

if (!child.IsEmpty ())

que.push_back(&child);

}

template

int BinaryTree::CompareTo (

BinaryTree const& arg) const

{

if (IsEmpty ())

return arg.IsEmpty () ? 0 : -1;

else if (arg.IsEmpty ())

return 1;

int result;

if (Key () == arg.Key ())

result = Left().CompareTo

(arg.Left ());

if (result == 0)

result = Right().CompareTo

(arg.Right ());

return result;

}

Constructs From

inorder and postorder traversal

NOTE: the calling object is assumed empty tree

/ template void BinaryTree::ConstructFromInPost (vector::iterator inorderstart, vector::iterator inorderend, vector::iterator postorderstart, vector::iterator postorderend) { AttachKey(new T(postorderend)); vector::iterator result; result = find(inorderstart, inorderend,postorderend);

int d1 = result – inorderstart;

int d2 = inorderend – result;

if(d1!=0)

Left().ConstructFromInPost

(inorderstart, result-1,

postorderstart,postorderstart+d1-1);

if(d2!=0)

Right().ConstructFromInPost

(result+1,inorderend,

postorderstart+d1,postorderend-1);

}

Constructs From

inorder and preorder traversal

NOTE: the calling object is assumed empty tree

/ template void BinaryTree::ConstructFromInPre (vector::iterator inorderstart, vector::iterator inorderend, vector::iterator preorderstart, vector::iterator preorderend) { AttachKey(new T(preorderstart)); vector::iterator result; result = find(inorderstart, inorderend,preorderstart);

int d1 = result – inorderstart;

int d2 = inorderend – result;

if(d1!=0)

Left().ConstructFromInPre

(inorderstart, result-1,preorderstart+1,preorderstart+d1);

if(d2!=0)

Right().ConstructFromInPre

(result+1,inorderend,

preorderstart+d1+1,preorderend);

}

A test program:

This time a test program will explain if the tree is OK and how to use it. This test program, like the example above, prepares a tree in two ways, performs different traversing tests, and finally compares the two trees to see if they are equal.

include

using namespace std;

include “Visitor.h”

include “BinaryTree.h”

int main()

{

cout << “Demostrating tree” << endl; char pre[]= {“ABCDEFGHI”}; char in[]= {“BCAFEGDIH”}; char post[]= {“CBFGEIHDA”}; vector prev;

vector inv;

vector postv;

for(int i=0;i<9;i++) { prev.push_back(pre[i]); inv.push_back(in[i]); postv.push_back(post[i]); } BinaryTree tree1;

tree1.ConstructFromInPre

(inv.begin(),inv.end()-1,

prev.begin(),prev.end()-1);

cout << “Tree1 – constructed \ from preorder and inorder traversal\n”; BinaryTree tree2;

tree2.ConstructFromInPost(

inv.begin(),inv.end()-1,

postv.begin(),postv.end()-1);

cout << “Tree2 – constructed \ from postorder and inorder traversal\n”; PrintingVisitor putv(cout);

PostOrder pv1(putv);

cout << “Postorder traversal on Tree1\n”; tree1.DepthFirstTraversal (pv1); cout << endl; PreOrder pv2(putv);

cout << “Preorder traversal on Tree2\n”; putv.Reset(); tree2.DepthFirstTraversal (pv2); cout << endl; cout << “BFS on Tree1\n”; putv.Reset(); tree1.BreadthFirstTraversal (putv); cout << endl; cout << “BFS on Tree2\n”; putv.Reset(); tree2.BreadthFirstTraversal (putv); cout << endl; int r = tree1.CompareTo(tree2); cout << “Comparing the trees\n”; if(r==0) cout << “Tree1 == Tree2” << endl; else if(r==1) cout << “Tree1 > Tree2” << endl;

else if(r==-1)

cout << “Tree1 < Tree2” << endl;

else

cout << “Error” << endl;

return 0;

}

ACM-Valladolid Binary Tree Problems:

There are a lot of problems with trees, some of which require direct tree algorithms, while others require the ability to use key concepts differently. First of all we will discuss the problems of using binary tree directly. Note that there may be many issues related to binary-tree but have escaped my notice, in which case I would request to be informed of the matter.

Problem 112: Tree Summing

The problem is that a tree is like a programming language in which each node will be given an integer, input and a number. The output should be given as the sum of the numbers of each node in the path from the root to the leaf of this tree.

Solution strategy:

The whole tree can be easily inverted recursively. Then during depth-first traversal you have to add the number of nodes per pre-visit and subtract the number of nodes per post visit. Every in-visit must see if it has reached the end of the road, if it has reached the end, we have reached the end of a path. So we have to compare H with the number to see if it is equal.

Common mistakes:

1. If the tree input is not recursive, taking wide input in multiple lines can be quite troublesome.

2. Not being able to take input just like that

3. Do not use 32 bit integers as integers

Solution:

The upper bouts featured two cutaways, for easier access to the higher frets

/* Problem : 112 — Tree Summing */

include

using namespace std;

include “Visitor.h”

include “BinaryTree.h”

class TreeSummer :

public PrePostVisitor

{

long Sum;

long desired;

bool done;

public:

TreeSummer(long des = 0) :

Sum(0), desired(des),done(false) {}

void PreVisit (BinaryTree& arg)

{ Sum+= arg.Key(); }

void Visit (BinaryTree& arg)

{

if(arg.IsLeaf())

{

if(Sum==desired) done = true;

}

void PostVisit (BinaryTree& arg)

{ Sum -= arg.Key(); }

bool IsDone () const

{ return done; }

};

void TreeInput(BinaryTree & arg)

{

char ch;

long* k = new long(0);

scanf(“\n%c”,&ch);

if(scanf(“\n%ld”,k)==1)

{

arg.AttachKey(*k);

TreeInput(arg.Left());

TreeInput(arg.Right());

}

scanf(“\n%c”,&ch);

}

int main()

{

#ifndef ONLINE_JUDGE

Fuel of the future fuel cell | Techpark

2020-10-06T21:31:00.003+06:00

Fuel of the future -fuel cell

Fuel of the future -fuel cell

There is an energy crisis going on all over the world today. And the eyes of science and technologists engaged in overcoming this energy crisis are now on the fuel cell. Although fuel cells were invented about 160 years ago, the technology was not as popular just a few years ago. But the way research is being done on fuel cells in different countries of the world nowadays, there is no doubt that fuel cells will be the future technology of energy. And the day is not far away when the fuel cell powered mobile will run on the streets of Bangladesh, the eyes will be on the monitor of the fuel cell powered laptop. Today's cover essay seeks to present to readers various aspects of the discovery, research and possibilities of this fuel cell technology.

Whatis a fuel cell?

A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell where DC current is generated directly through the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen and water and heat are produced as by-products.

The underlying technology Fuel cells, like other common electrochemical cells, contain electrolytes between the anode and the cathode. Its structure can be compared to a lot of bandwidth. Hydrogen is broken down at the anode to form protons (H +) and electrons (e-). And electricity is created in this movement of electrons.

Anode: 2H2 = 4Hˉ + 4eˉ

Cathode: O_2 + 4Hˉ + 4eˉ = 2H_2 O

Net reaction: 2H_2 + O_2 = 2H_2 O.

The voltage generated by the reaction of a normal fuel cell is 0.6 volts. To get more voltage, many fuel cells are used together which is known as fuel cell stack. However, the main problem with fuel cell use is that fuel cell fuel hydrogen storage and supply is not an easy task. However, Reformer can be used to solve this problem. Reformers can be used to convert hydrogen (such as natural gas, propane, methanol, etc.) into hydrogen gas. There is a little problem in this case too. The reformer produces hydrogen gas as well as other gases. Therefore, pure hydrogen gas cannot be supplied. As a result, the efficiency of the fuel cell is reduced. To solve this problem, however, a company called Johnson Matthey recently developed a device called catalytic fuel processor that can convert natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas into hydrogen and the hydrogen produced will not contain other gases.

Discovery and evolution

In 1839, the Swiss scientist Christian Friedrich Schonbein first came up with the idea of a fuel cell in a journal called Philosophical Magazine. In the same year, Fuel Cell was first created by British lawyer and amateur physicist William Grove. In the fuel cell he created, he used four large cells, each containing hydrogen and oxygen. The electricity generated from this cell he uses to separate hydrogen and oxygen from the water kept in another cell. Then, almost 120 years after the invention of the fuel cell, in 1970, NASA began using fuel cells as a source of electricity and water in their spacecraft. However, due to the limitations of technology and being very expensive, fuel cell technology has not gained much popularity. However, due to the growing energy problems in the world, the focus of scientists and researchers has been on fuel cells since the early 1990s.

Different types of fuel cells

So far different types of fuel cells have been discovered. Here are some brief facts about them:

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)

Scientists Willard Thomas Grubb and Leonard Niedrach discovered the proton exchange membrane fuel cell while working at General Electronics. Special types of polymer electrolyte membranes have been used in such fuel cells along with anode, cathode, catalyst (influencer). At present PEMFC is being formed by big companies like Dupund, 3S, Plug Power, Hydrogenics. PEMFC is commonly used as a source of portable energy.

Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC)

Direct methanol fuel cell was discovered in the early 1990's. Methanol has been used as fuel in these fuel cells. However, the main problem of this fuel cell is that its efficiency is a bit low. So research is still going on to increase its efficiency. Direct methanol will be used in fuel cell laptops.

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)

Research into solid oxide fuel cells began in the late 1930s. Hardened ceramics are used in the Schockham Solid Oxide Fuel Cell to work at high temperatures. This type of fuel cell is large in size so it also has a relatively high amount of electricity and heat generation. The maximum output of a solid oxide fuel cell is 100 MW.

AlkalineFuel Cell (AFC)

Alkaline fuel cells were first used in Nair spacecraft. Interestingly, in addition to meeting the electricity demand, the water produced as a by-product in this fuel cell is also able to quench the thirst of astronauts. Alkaline fuel cells can operate at a temperature of 150-200 degrees Celsius and its output is about 100 kilowatts. Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) This type of fuel cell uses liquid phosphoric acid as the electrolyte. Phosphoric acid fuel cell efficiency is about 70%. It is capable of operating at about 150-200 degrees Celsius and can generate up to 10 MW of electricity.

Fuel cell benefits

The main advantages of using fuel cell are-

>> Fuel cell weight is low

>> Fuel cell size is relatively small

>> Fuel cell efficiency is high

>> Safe to use fuel cell

>> Environmental pollution using fuel cells is low

>> The vitality or stability of the fuel cell is much higher

>> It is possible to get uninterrupted power supply from fuel cell

Fuelcell in automobiles

Although fuel cells were invented about 50 years ago, the use of fuel cells in the automobile industry was much like science fiction. But technologists believe that in the next few years, vehicles will be using fuel cells instead of internal combustion engines. And the fuel for this fuel cell powered car will be hydrogen. Hydrogen fuel stations have already been set up in different countries. And using this fuel cell will reduce environmental pollution a lot. But the problem is the same. That is the production cost of fuel cell is very high. The cost per kilowatt of an internal combustion engine is সে 30-35 and in the case of fuel cell the cost goes up to ০০ 4000-5000. Even then, competition has started among automobile companies to make fuel-powered cars. Well-known automobile companies like Volvo, Honda, Fordo, Mazda, General Motors, Toyota have already developed prototypes of fuel-powered vehicles. And General Motors Vice Chairman Harry J Pearee announced eight years ago today - The mission of our global fuel cell project center is nothing less than to make us the leader in commercially viable fuel cell powered vehicles.

Portable energy source

Fuel cells have gained widespread popularity as a source of portable energy. Fuel cells are being used in portable devices like laptops, digital cameras, mobile phones. Well known mobile companies like Motorola and Siemens have already started research on this. Due to the increase in the speed of the laptop's processor, the need for power is increasing. So laptop users are not able to use laptops for a long time with conventional batteries. The good news for them is that soon the fuel cell will be used instead of the battery in this laptop and it will be possible to run the laptop for 20 hours continuously. Meanwhile, Professor Robert Syinell of the Department of Chemical Engineering at Case Western Reserre Universit and his colleagues have created a microfuel cell. And these micro fuel cells will be used in portable sensors for members of the military.

Eco-friendlyfuel cell

No matter how expensive fuel cell technology is, environmentalists must choose fuel cell technology. This is because the use of fuel cells will reduce environmental pollution. The amount of greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone) in the atmosphere is also increasing due to the combustion of fuel in the engines of vehicles. As a result, our environment is facing a serious threat. Using fuel cells instead of internal combustion engines in vehicles will reduce the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by about 50 percent. This will reduce the amount of environmental pollution. So scientists hope that fuel cells will be the source of green power for future generations.

The future technology of energy

I have no hesitation in saying that our future generation will be fuel cells. And this fuel cell will be more efficient than the power plants of the present era. A company called General Electric has already developed a fuel cell generator for home use. It uses reformers that will produce hydrogen from natural gas or propane. And the amount of electricity generated in this fuel cell generator will be 8 kilowatts which is able to meet the electricity demand of a house in most cases. This fuel cell generator can be used as a backup of electricity in hospitals or industrial plants. Besides, the heat energy and water generated from it can be used for other purposes as well. Researchers speculate that in the next few years, fuel-fired power plants will be used instead of conventional power plants to generate electricity. Our country will also start using fuel cell technology in the next few decades. Moreover, this technology is expected to play a major role in solving the power problems of our country. We need to get acquainted with this future technology of energy. So we need to think about including fuel cell in the engineering education of our country.

Terminology

>> Cathode- Negative electric gate

>> Anode- positive electric gate

>> Electrolyte- The substances through which electricity is conducted in a state of dissolution or moltenness, the molecules of the substance break down and a chemical reaction takes place and new substances are formed and new substances are formed and electricity flows through them.

>> Hydrocarbons- Compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon. Such as methane, propane, ethylene, benzene etc. >> Reformer - A device used to produce hydrogen from hydrocarbons.

Success in power generation from limb movement | Techpark

2020-10-06T21:17:00.004+06:00

Success in power generation from limb movement

power generation from limb movement

The World Environment Conference was held in Copenhagen a few days ago. All countries in the world are now working together to prevent global warming. On the one hand, stopping the release of harmful chemicals into the environment and using alternative environmentally friendly fuels is the main duty of the people of the world. As a first step, the developed world as well as the least developed or developing countries have started working to stop the emission of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere. In addition, the people concerned are working to find alternative ways to deal with the energy crisis. They are especially interested in using solar energy. In this direction, it can be said that in the near future solar energy will be the main energy system. With the advancement of science, we are constantly getting acquainted with new technologies. Every discovery is making our life journey easier. Our current daily life cannot be imagined without electronic technology. From small electric devices to medium or large devices are our constant companions. While running these devices we are constantly suffering from power problems. I see that there is no charge in the device, then I see that there is no charge system. Scientists have been able to discover some excellent power technologies while working to solve these problems. On the one hand, they are very environmentally friendly and on the other hand, they are very important. Let's get acquainted with such technology. At the same time, let's know the benefits.

Engineers at Princeton University have discovered an energy-generating rubber film that can be used to power various devices in the human body (such as breathing, walking) through electronic devices such as pacemakers or mobile phones. The material made of ceramic nanoribbon is inserted into the silicone rubber sheet. When it is bent, electricity is generated and can efficiently convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

According to the discoverers, if this material is used in shoes, energy is generated by collecting the pressure generated during walking or running. With the help of which the electrical devices can be run. If attached to the side of the lungs, the material sheet can power the chest pacemaker with the speed of inhaling and exhaling. As a result, there is no need to replace the battery with repeated operations for the power of the pacemaker.

Silicone is biocompatible, meaning it has been used as a cosmetic implant and medical device. Michael Mac Alpin, a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at Princeton, is the developer of the project. "This device that generates electricity can be implanted in the human body in the long run," he said. Moreover, the human body will not reject them.

To produce this material, researchers first constructed lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanoribbon very finely. These are so narrow that one millimeter can be placed 100 feet side by side. PZT is a ceramic material that is ‘piezoelectric’ which means it generates an electrical voltage when pressure is applied to it. PZT is the most active of all piezoelectric materials. Eighty percent of the energy applied is converted into electrical energy.

Another piezoelectric material is quartz. PZT is 100 times more active than quartz, said McAlpine. He added, ‘The amount of power needed to produce electricity cannot be generated by anyone walking or breathing. So we will use the most active material in this work.

Electricity is generated when the rubber sheet is bent. Similarly, when electricity is applied to the material, it bends. This is opening the door to some more possibilities. For example, this formula can be used to use microsurgical devices, said Mac Alpin. ‘The best thing is that it can measure the electricity generated,’ said Iki, who is working with Mac Alpin as a postdoctoral researcher. If we can make these chips better, we will be able to make bigger sheets in the future that will generate relatively more energy.

Some surprising unknown facts about human body | Techpark

2020-10-05T21:28:00.001+06:00

Some surprising unknown facts about the human body

unknown facts about human body

Sometimes you will be surprised to think that we are not surprised to hear all the information that is spread throughout our body made of blood and flesh. Scientists are constantly researching the human body and from time to time all the unknown information is coming out which surprises the whole world. Today I will tell you some wonderful, unknown, and interesting information about our body.

Ø 1.Our body is made up of more than 100 billion nerve cells.

Ø 2.The human skull is made up of 26 different types of bones.

Ø 3. When it comes to feeling in body and mind, it takes 0.1 seconds to reach the brain.

Ø 4.There is a lot of salt in the human body. The amount of salt in the blood of the human body is equal to the amount of salt in the sea.

Ø 5.The number of immune white blood cells in the human body is 250 crore and they survive only 12 hours.

Ø 6.The amount of blood in a person's body is 1 / 13th of the total weight of his body.

Ø 7.A normal person urinates six times a day.

Ø 8.A person urinates 40,000 liters of urine throughout his life.

Ø 9.When we eat any food, the taste of that food stays in our mouth for 10 days.

Ø 10.The amount of skin in the human body is 20 square feet.

Ø 11.We have 500 hairs on our eyebrows.

Ø 12.180 liters of water enter our kidneys every day. From that, 99% of the water is purified and used again in the human body, and only one part of the water is excreted in the form of urine.

Ø 13.The human heart but very effective. Every minute it pumps 5-6 meters of blood and sends it to different parts of the body. This means that every day this device pumps about eight thousand meters of blood in our body.

Ø 14.The activity of all the organs inside our body stops completely when we sneeze. Even our hearts.

Ø 15.People can never sneeze with their eyes open.

Ø 16.The speed of the air that comes out of the nose of a person during sneezing is 100 km.

Ø 17.It takes only 6 seconds for food to go from the human mouth to the stomach.

Ø 18.People get taller than a night in the morning.

Ø 19.It is possible to make 6 big cakes with the amount of fat in the human body.

Ø 20Our brain can recognize and remember about 10,000 different smells.

Ø 21.A person's nervous system is so long that it can twist the earth 6 times. When a person is ashamed for any reason, the stomach of the body is also ashamed.

Ø 22.Bones in a human body are much harder than solid concrete.

Ø 23.Spring is very important for young children because they grow the most during spring.

Ø 24.Women lose more hair every day than men. Every day men lose about 40 hours of hair and women lose about 70 hours of hair.

We have many organs in our body. One organ works one of a kind. We have bones, skeletons, eyes, blood, muscles, brain, heart and other organs in our body. Here are some interesting facts about different parts of our body:

Ø 1.The brain uses about 1 in 4 of the amount of oxygen that our whole body uses.

Ø 2.Our heart beats about 100,000 times a day. That means 36,500,000 a year and if someone lives for more than 30 years, there are more than 100 million heartbeats.

Ø 3.Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body.

Ø 4.The color of our body depends on the presence of a substance called melamine. 5.Those who have less melamine in their body look pale and those who have more melamine look green or black.

Ø 6.Most adults have 32 teeth.

Ø 7.The smallest bone in our body is located in the middle of the ear. It is only 2.6 mm long.

Ø 8.Our noses and ears grow with age.

Ø 9.Children blink an average of 2/3 times per minute. Adults, on the other hand, blink an average of 10 times a minute.

Ø 10.The imprint of our hands and tongues is unique. That is, the imprint of one's hand or tongue does not match that of another.

Ø 11.The left part of our body is controlled by the left brain. And the right side of the body is controlled by the right brain.

Ø 12.It takes a total of 12 hours for our body to digest all the food.

Thanks for visit my website and read this Article.

Unbelievable science facts | Techpark

2020-10-05T21:13:00.003+06:00

Unbelievable science facts

Human body

1. Children have 100 more bones in their bodies than adults. Babies have about 300 bones at birth. As we age, these bones shrink to 207 and form the skeleton of an adult human.

2. During the summer, the Eiffel Tower in Paris is about 15 centimeters long. This is because when a substance is heated, its particles move further and it takes on a larger mass - which is known as thermal expansion. Conversely, when the temperature drops it causes contraction again.

3. In 2.3 billion years, the earth will heat up so much that no life will exist. After that time, the earth will turn into a huge desert-like Mars. Scientists have speculated that the sun will eventually swallow up our earth.

4. About 20% of the world's oxygen comes from the Amazon rainforest alone. Our atmosphere is made up of about 6 percent nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen. Covering an area of 5.5 million square kilometers (2.1 million square miles), the Amazon rainforest provides significant amounts of oxygen and absorbs large amounts of carbon dioxide.

5. The earth is a huge magnet. Inside the core of the earth is a sphere of liquid iron. Changes in temperature and density create currents of iron, which in turn create electric currents. These currents create a magnetic field.

6. The Hawaiian Islands are moving closer to Alaska by 7.5 inches each year. The Earth's crust is divided into giant pieces called tectonic plates. These plates are in constant motion. Hot and less dense rocks, however, rise before cooling and sinking, giving rise to circular convection currents that gradually remove tectonic plates above them. Hawaii sits in the middle of the Pacific Plate, which is slowly flowing back to the North American plate and back to Alaska.

7. A neutron star is the remnant of a massive star that has run out of fuel. When a dead star explodes in a supernova, its core collapses on its own due to gravity, creating a very dense neutron star. Surprisingly, one teaspoon of neutron star weighs 6 billion tons.

8. There are some metals on earth that are so reactive that they actually explode on contact with water. Some of these metals are potassium, sodium, lithium, rubidium and cesium.

9. Chalk is made from billions of microscopic plankton fossils. A single-celled alga called coccolithophores has lived in the world's oceans for 200 million years.

10. It takes only 8 minutes and 9 seconds for light to come from the sun to the earth. Light travels 300,000 kilometers (186,000 miles) per second in space. 8 minutes and 9 seconds is a very short time to travel 93 million miles between the earth and the sun.

The future nanobots will be made with DNA | Techpark

2020-10-05T21:07:00.003+06:00

The future nanobots will be made with DNA

DNA

When you hear about a robot, you might think that it is a device made of iron in the shape of a human, which is trying to talk, walk, or act like a human. But not human size, scientists are trying to make many tiny robots. All of these microbots are expected to play a significant role in the medical field. Suppose your foot hurts somewhere. The doctor then gave you some food medicine. After taking the medicine, the medicine reached the sore spot of your foot through the blood from your stomach and the medicine started working. But the problem is that the medicine will spread to other parts of the body as well as to the feet. Many times after the medicine reaches these unnecessary places, it causes adverse reactions, which we call side-effects. All medicines have some side effects and scientists are trying to reduce them.

In addition to reducing the side-effects of the drug, a new strategy is being considered - the drug will only reach where it is needed. This method is called drug delivery. It is being considered to deliver medicine to a specific place in different ways. There is a lot of research going on about how to reach with a nano-sized robot or nanorobot. Nano or nanometer is a unit of length measurement. One nanometer is a fraction of 100,000,000,000ths of a meter or a meter. This nanometer is so small that it cannot be seen with the naked eye.

DNA

Medication will be given with the nanorobot and it will be injected into your bloodstream. The nanorobot will swim through the bloodstream to reach the problem site and deliver the medicine. We have heard many such myths in stories and movies. But scientists are now trying to turn it into reality, not imagination.

Over the past decade, scientists have been trying to build nanorobots in a variety of ways. What can be used to make these nanorobots? Scientists have been working for a long time to find such good materials. They are trying different types of nano-sized materials such as nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, nanocrystals, etc. These materials are excellent but the process of making something nano-sized with them is very difficult. Not that it is not possible to make nano-sized objects with these materials. It is also possible to create something with our semiconductor technology, through which computer processors and small circuits are made. These technologies are called fabrication technologies. The problem is that making with nano-sized fabrication technology is time-consuming and costly.

Scientists were looking for a material that could be easily programmed, we would design and create it yourself. This process of self-assembling is called self-assembled. At that time Paul Rothemund of Caltech University came with a message of hope. In early 2006, Paul stunned the world by creating a map of the world in nanosize with our familiar DNA.

DNA is the huge information center in the cells of our body that is passed on from one generation to the next. This DNA is basically made up of four components which are A, T, C and G. The funny thing is that A is only connected to T and G is only connected to C. Paul showed that if a beautiful template like this could be created using this feature, it would be possible to create anything like a nano-sized mind. The funny thing is that it was really seen that it would be possible to combine these basic ATCGs of DNA to create things designed with the mind in mind.

Paul's discovery ushered in a new direction. Scientists began working with DNA to create nanorobots. Now to make a real nanorobot you have to make something three-dimensional with it, not just draw on something. A few years later, William Shih succeeded in creating a variety of three-dimensional objects. This proves that it will be possible to make nano-sized things with DNA. So far with DNA that could only be amplified side by side, it was a really impossible thing to bend that William's team made possible.

Mark Bathe of MIT University in the US also created fun software that can easily design nano-sized objects with DNA. The name of the software he invented is CaDNAno and it is open-source software. You can use it to design anything you want in nano size, then send that design to a company so they can make your desired thing with DNA.

In the near future, it may be possible to make these nanorobots with DNA. Scientists hope that nanorobots can be used to cure cancer in the future. Nanorobots can easily detect and destroy cancer cells with their DNA.

Not only can nano-sized objects be designed with DNA in mind, but it is also possible to use this DNA as a data center for robots. Not only DNA but also proteins are being designed to make nanorobots. It is truly amazing to create robots using all these organic substances in the natural world as materials. But it seems that the day is not far away when you go to the hospital, the doctor will no longer have the medicine, he will inject nanorobots into your blood and it will reach your affected area and solve your problem.

Human civilization on the path to immortality | Techpark

2020-10-05T21:01:00.002+06:00

Human civilization on the path to immortality

Human civilization

Destruction, annihilation or death is inevitable in every creation. Birth to death is a continuous physiological process. Although death is a normal process, various diseases accelerate death. Cancer, heart disease, tuberculosis, AIDS, etc. have been established. At the same time, at the same time, some other diseases have come to be considered as death disorders. Pharmacists and biologists are working tirelessly to cure and prevent these diseases. In some cases, the scale of their failure is no less heavy than their success. In some cases, they are on the verge of success.

At a time like this, if I say that human aging is a disease, then many people may disagree with me. Many will call it an infallible provision of nature or destiny. All life, including human beings, is born, then passes through childhood, adolescence and youth and dies one day. However, being the best creature of creation, man never accepted this death in an easy way. The pain of losing a loved one has hurt them. As a result, many in the past have tried to survive or become immortal with their influence. Many of these approaches were illegal and inhumane. Many heads of state or eminent persons have adopted various methods to make themselves immortal or immortal. Let's take a look at some of these methods.

Greek mythology mentions that when the goddess Yos appealed to her warrior lover Tethonas for immortality, Zeus granted her immortality, but the goddess Yos did not ask for immortality in her youth, or because she did not mention her age, Tethonas became obsolete and locked herself in a locked room.

The English philosopher Roger Bacon described aging as the loss of the soul or the loss of vitality. To prevent this, he suggested spending time with young girls.

French physician Charles Edward made the so-called injection of eternal youth from guinea pigs and dogs.

Robert Itinger, a physics teacher, founded a company in 1972 and encouraged everyone to save the human body. His comment was that one day science will be able to revive dead bodies, if they can preserve human bodies till that day, they will get life again. Arrangements are made to save the head or the whole human body in exchange for different amounts of money.

Besides, it is said that bathing with the blood of animals and in some cases with human blood was the way to become eternal youth or immortality. According to the eminent physician Ibn Sina, we would have lived for thousands of years if the earth's dust, sand, and chemicals had not entered our bodies. In this case it can be said that in ancient times our former men were long-lived. The holy book Al-Quran mentions many people who lived on earth for thousands of years. Aging is a disease but it is nothing new. Aging has been described as a disease in medical science since the 1950's. So let's not get into the debate of whether or not to accept old age, but let's shed some light on the relationship between commentary and activity in medical science.

The organism is a single cell of body structure and function. Depending on the structure and function of the cell, there are two types of cells, somatic cells and reproductive cells. Body cells are involved in the formation of the body and in the reproduction of germ cells. Cells contain various organs such as cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum etc. Also some other elements include free radicals. They are basically atoms, molecules or radicals, they have free electrons so they can easily join other atoms or radicals to take part in the chain reaction. All these free radicals react with the cholesterol atom present in the cell to oxidize the cholesterol atom (removing hydrogen atom from the compound or adding oxygen atom to the compound). As a result, cholesterol atoms cause atherosclerosis in the lining of the arteries, causing plaque to build up in the lining of the arteries. In addition, the DNA (de-oxy nucleic acid) in the nucleus of the cell is often forced to adapt to mutations. It can often lead to cancer. Again the normal functioning of the mitochondria known as the power house of the cell may be impaired. Basically mitochondria break down glucose molecules present in cells into energy. Which is severely affected by the increase in the number of free-radicals and the recurrence of the above events as the mitochondria age or the mitochondria are damaged. And become unable to convert glucose into energy, resulting in more free radicals. Resulting in cell death. As a result, all the systems of our body gradually move towards destruction. We can call this phenomenon outwardly old age.

For many years, the above-mentioned phenomenon has been the main cause of aging of human cells. But later telomere science has helped us to know more deeply about aging. At the same time, new doors of possibilities have opened up before us.

In 1974, biochemist Elizabeth Blackburn of the University of California and her student Carol Grader discovered the enzyme telomerase in unicellular organisms found in pond waste at the University. They won the Nobel Prize for this discovery. Since then, the science of telomeres, a combination of telomeres (cellular organelles) and telomerase enzymes, has continued to help us learn more about ourselves. The current state-of-the-art form of telomere science is Sierra Science.

Let's learn some information about telomeres. The main component of the chromosome located in the nucleus of the cell is DNA. The unit of DNA is the DNA-base. There are four types of DNA bases. These are cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A) and thymine (T). Telomeres consist of six DNA strands. Telomeres are composed of a periodic arrangement of 2 thymine, 1 adenine, and 3 guanine. Through all of this DNA, telomeres form a cap on chromosomes and inhibit the formation of cancer cells. You must have noticed a round plastic cover on the heel of your shoe that protects the heel from slipping. In the case of chromosomes, telomeres do a lot of that. Telomeres also help in cell division. It also helps in cell division every time. Each time a cell divides, a mother cell becomes two offspring or new cells. And the chromosomes of the mother cell cannot be completely copied when they divide into two offspring cells. This means that some telomeric DNA decreases during each division. The rest of the chromosomes are no longer damaged. As a result, it is understood that in this way, telomeric DNA decreases proportionately in one cell division after another. The function of the telomerase enzyme is to synthesize DNA. But as a result of DNA deficiency, this work is also gradually reduced. The telomeres of human cells contain an average of 15,000 pairs of DNA bases. Due to the lack of telomerase enzymes in the embryonic cell, the telomeres of human cells contain about 10,000 pairs of DNA bases at birth.

It can be said that the telomerase gene is largely ineffective at this time. And even during this inactive or stagnant time of the enzyme, we continue to lose DNA. Thus, in order to spend our childhood, we lose an average of 50 to 5,000 pairs of DNA bases a year. This rate gradually decreases with age and at the age of about 25 we lose our ability to divide cells. As a result, the telomerase enzyme cannot or does not do what it needs to do in the cell. However, due to the misuse of their ability to synthesize, various stimulants are released or produced in the cells. All these harmful chemicals destroy the normal functioning of the cell and push the cell towards death. Whose appearance is to fall into old age.

WhatsApp Telegram how secure your data | Techpark

2020-10-03T01:17:00.001+06:00

Find out how secure your data is on WhatsApp, how Telegram is different


whatsapp telegram

Whats App
Important news for WhatsApp and Telegram users. Although there are very few users who do not have these two apps on their phones. But have you ever wondered how secure the information you send on these platforms is? This is because the secret information of several Bollywood actresses has been leaked for these platforms, which has raised more suspicions. Find out how secure these two platforms are in terms of privacy.

The WhatsApp End-to-End Encryption Policy assures users that the platform keeps all data, messages, photos, videos, messages, messages, and messages from relatives, loved ones, and friends completely confidential and secure. But WhatsApp's leaked chat is raising questions over its privacy. And for this reason, now many users have left WhatsApp and started using the Telegram app. That's why suddenly the download number of WhatsApp was seen to be read. And since last year, there has been an increase of about 10 million users. Notably, about 1.5 million users are downloading the Rose Telegram app every day. Find out what is the difference between WhatsApp and Telegram?

Telegram
1. Telegram has a feature that allows users to set a chat timer, and the right to delete it at a specified time. Simply put, chats and pictures are automatically deleted within a certain period of time.

2. Telegram users receive a notification to take screenshots of their chats and also receive messages not to forward secret chats.

3. Unlike WhatsApp, Telegram users have a username that ensures that the user's identity is protected.

4. Telegram can be contacted without any phone number. But there is no feature in WhatsApp now.

5. You can send any file up to 1.5 GB via Telegram, but video, photo and document files can be sent on WhatsApp in a limited way.

Although these features have made Telegram an attractive chatting app, WhatsApp still has more than 1.6 billion active users. WhatsApp is still the most popular chat app based on group video call features, end-to-end encryption and much more.

Google Maps, Corona situation in your area | Techpark

2020-10-03T00:56:00.002+06:00

A new feature on Google Maps, take a look at the Corona situation in your area


Google map

Google map new feature

Growing corona infections. The number of victims is increasing day by day. In this situation, it is time to be more aware and follow the basic hygiene rules. Google took a new step towards that goal. This time a new layer feature is coming to Google Maps. Because of this, you can be careful before you go anywhere. Because through the google map app, you can know the number of corona attacks in the relevant area at the moment. Find out how safe the place is for you.

Sujoy Bandyopadhyay, product manager of Google App, says that the name of this tool is COVID 19 Info. This layer tab can be found in the right-hand corner of Google Maps. Google Maps will then show an overlay version of the area you are in. Through this, you will see the statistics of corona infection in 100,000 people in the last seven days in that area. Another label on the map will show you the coronagraph of that area. You can understand whether the corona infestation is increasing or decreasing in the area. In this case, using different colors, this app will present information about the new corona infestation in the area. If more corona is affected in an area, then that zone will be marked with red color. If the number of victims is low, the area will be shown in orange and yellow.

Sujoy added that in addition to all this, the corona infection statistics of 220 countries and provinces and regions that support the location on Google Maps will also be seen. Apart from this, the number of corona cases can also be known on the basis of the state and city of a country. According to Google, information about the corona has been gathered from multiple sources, including John Hopkins, Wikipedia, and the New York Times. Due to the fact that these organizations collect data from the World Health Organization, various government health centers, the Ministry of Health, and hospitals, there is not much chance of the information being wrong.

So, to make your journey safer in this corona situation, use the new feature of Google Map, COVID 19 Info. Take care of your body and health.

A new feature for students in Viber | Techpark

2020-10-03T00:49:00.005+06:00

A new feature for students in Viber


Viber

Viber

Rakuten Viber, the world's leading messaging app for easy and secure communication, has launched advanced individual features for teachers, parents, and students during the new academic year. The Japanese-owned communications platform has launched a survey quiz mode for group chats and communities around the world, including Bangladesh. In addition to the thematic field in the community, teachers can quickly understand how much the students have understood in the recently concluded class in terms of understanding various things through the quiz mode.

The quiz can be completed in three simple steps. First, select a community or group chat and click on the poll icon at the bottom of the screen. Next, turn on the quiz mode from the pop-up, add questions and possible answers, and add a brief explanation of why the answer is correct. Finally, select the correct answer and click Create. If the quiz is live in community and group chat, other users will see the correct answers with explanations provided by the rest of the participants. One participant will see the rest of the responses after submitting his or her own answer. The answers of everyone participating in the quiz in the community will be kept confidential, it will also apply to the person who will create the quiz. They will see the responses to each question. In the case of group chat, the quiz maker will be able to track the votes of each respondent.

It is very useful for those who are interested in understanding the limits of knowledge or knowing the opinions of community members or creating interesting quizzes on various topics. This feature will be helpful for teachers in the country who are less technically proficient and who are still trying to master certain computer software. Finally, the digitalization of the teaching process takes place overnight. Within a few days, the entire educational activity was transferred from the classroom to the homes of students and teachers. In this situation, many Viber communities have been formed to maintain communication between students, teachers, and parents to keep the whole educational process running. The number of subscribers in the Viber community has now doubled globally compared to the same period last year, which proves the effectiveness of Viber in balancing these adverse times.

Over the past few months, as a pledge to support educational activities, Viber has introduced a number of effective features that will be helpful to teachers, students, and parents alike. The list includes media gallery improvements and My Note's upcoming feature 'Reminders'. Reminders will help remind users during assignments, projects, and meetings. GIF and sticker reactions will be quite effective in making the classroom and parent community enjoyable. Instant voice and video messaging are always very effective in sending short and fast messages in a busy time.

Cyber Awareness Month starts from | Techpark

2020-10-03T00:43:00.002+06:00

Cyber Awareness Month starts from Thursday


Cyber security

Cyber Awareness Month (CAM) October 2020 is starting from next Thursday. The main theme of this year's global campaign is 'IF YOU CONNECT IT, PROTECT IT'. This theme is designed to keep devices connected to other gadgets on the Internet or offline safe and secure from external influences.The official champion of the global campaign, jointly led by the US Department of Homeland Security and the National Cyber Security Alliance, is the Cyber Crime Awareness Foundation (CCA Foundation), a voluntary organization in Bangladesh. The organization has been officially implementing this program in Bangladesh since 2016. The global campaign is a collaborative effort to create cyber security awareness at the level of businesses, government and non-government organizations, colleges, universities, associations, non-profit organizations and individuals.

More than ever, in recent years, integrated use of connected devices, both online and offline, has been observed to ensure effective communication and ensure good quality. Unfortunately, cyber criminals or hackers may use specific and vital information related to a person or business for negative purposes based on the information on the devices we use. Cyber Awareness Month (CAM) October 2020 will be celebrated with the aim of educating the general public about national security risks as well as instructing the public on how to take the minimum security measures for the common devices used.

This year the Cyber Awareness Month program will be implemented in four parts. The month-long program will cover the following: - Understanding and adhering to common security measures for connected devices and home networks

:: The importance of connected device security in the case of remote workers

:: The importance of connected devices in the future health sector

:: Future Vision of Connected Devices in User, Professional and Public Domains

The CCA Foundation believes that the practice of strong security measures, raising public awareness, and educating at-risk users and employees will increase their risk-taking ability to build a secure interconnected world. -Notification.

Merchant Bay have a digital trade week | Techpark

2020-10-03T00:36:00.003+06:00

Merchant Bay is going to have a digital trade week on the online


Merchant bay

The next major global trading system will be digital and online. In the meantime, various countries of the world including the United States, China, India have expanded in the world market with the benefit of digital trade. Merchant Bay is going to organize Digital Trade Week for the first time in Bangladesh to take Bangladesh forward in this trend of global digital trade.

Digital Trade Week is going to be held for 6 days from 15th to 21st October. This trade week, Bangladeshi suppliers and international buyers will virtually meet. In Digital Trade Week, Merchant Bay will promote the opportunities and benefits of digital trade with Bangladesh to the world. Throughout this week, countless buyers will come from all over the world to find the right suppliers from Bangladesh and explore business opportunities better. Merchant Bay will promote verified suppliers to buyers and help buyers better understand the market and suppliers in Bangladesh.

Speakers from home and abroad will take part in various sessions on the same day of Digital Trade Week. There, industry leaders will present valuable information and discussions on digital trade, leadership, and the garment industry in Bangladesh.

Regarding Digital Trade Week, Abrar Hossain Sayem, Managing Director of Merchant Bay, said, “This is the first Digital Trade Week in Bangladesh in the readymade garments sector. There is no separate registration fee to participate. By participating here, a supplier can connect with countless buyers from 50 countries around the world. A success manager will be appointed with each supplier so that suppliers can connect with buyers. The Success Manager will match and connect with buyers considering a supplier's product, factory capacity, and other factors.

However, to get a chance to participate in the Digital Trade Week, a supplier has to verify his information. Only through Merchant Bay can verified suppliers participate in the Digital Trade Week. You can apply from your own profile to verify. Based on the application, a representative from Merchant Bay will scrutinize the information provided to suppliers in accordance with the verified protocol. Then the verified badge will be given to that supplier. The products and profiles of verified suppliers will be promoted to buyers worldwide through Success Manager.

Junior Chamber International (JCI), Bangladesh has already joined Merchant Bay Digital Trade Week as a strategic partner. JCI Bangladesh will invite more than two lakh members from more than a hundred countries to visit Digital Trade Week. They will look into business opportunities with Bangladesh.

Google pixel new phone | Techpark

2020-10-03T00:30:00.003+06:00

Here are two new Google phones


Google pixel 5

Smartphones are handy mobile computing devices. They differ from feature phones in that they have comparatively more powerful hardware capabilities and a wider mobile operating system, which includes key features such as phone calls, or text messaging as well as more software, internet (via web browsing), and multimedia facilities (camera, mobile gaming). ) Etc. The smartphone has many sensors and the devices also support wireless communication. Initially, the main target of smartphones was the enterprise market, which wanted to bring the benefits of personal digital assistants to mobile phones. In 2000, BlackBerry, Nokia's Symbian platform, and Windows Phone began to gain popularity. Since the release of the iPhone in 2008, smartphones have changed, including a large touch-sensitive screen, multi-touch gestures, and the ability to download mobile applications.

Google has lengthened the series of Pixel smartphones. This time the company has unveiled two pixel phones. The names of the two new smartphones, Pixel-5 and Pixel 4-Five G. Google hosted a virtual event on Wednesday night (September 30) local time, according to tech media tech radar. Two new Pixel phones were announced at the same event. At the same time, Nest Audio and Google TV were unveiled. Among the two new smartphones from Google, the Pixel 4A Five G version is an improved version of the previous Pixel 4A. Only Five-G technology has been added to it. Pixel-5 is coming to the market as a brand new phone.

These two smartphones are not happening in all the countries of the world. The Five G smartphone will be available on Pixel 4 in Japan from October 15. The smartphone will be released in eight more countries in November. On the other hand, the Pixel-5 smartphone will be available in eight countries from October 15. It will be available in the United States from October 29.

The Pixel-5 smartphone uses a full HD Plus and LED display. It has 8 GB of RAM and 128 GB of internal storage. The device has a battery of four thousand 60 milliamperes. On the other hand, the Pixel 4A Five G smartphone has a 5.8-inch full screen display. It has 8 GB of RAM and 128 GB of internal storage.

TechPark

Communications Satellite from A to Z|Techpark

Navigation with GPS | Techpark

The Eternal wonder Space and time | Techpark

Weather measuring Satellite | Techpark

Best use of technology for children | Techpark

A to Z of Computer networking | Techpark

Submarines Unknown Information | Techpark

The geometry of the universe | Techpark

11 richest people in the tech world 2021| Techpark

When to upgrade your laptop? | Techpark

The technology of the future is cloud computing | Techpark

How Microprocessors Work | Techpark

Computer Algorithm Tree Data Structure | Techpark

Fuel of the future fuel cell | Techpark

Success in power generation from limb movement | Techpark

Some surprising unknown facts about human body | Techpark

Unbelievable science facts | Techpark

The future nanobots will be made with DNA | Techpark

Human civilization on the path to immortality | Techpark

WhatsApp Telegram how secure your data | Techpark

Google Maps, Corona situation in your area | Techpark

A new feature for students in Viber | Techpark

Cyber ​​Awareness Month starts from | Techpark

Merchant Bay have a digital trade week | Techpark

Google pixel new phone | Techpark

Cyber Awareness Month starts from | Techpark