RED HAT ENTERPRISE LINUX

Checking Free Space

2012-01-07T22:06:00.000-08:00

Checking Free Space:

In order to check the free and usage space per file system and directory and each sub directory we have two command

the ‘df’ command reports on a per file system basis. It report total disk space , disk space used , disk space free

#df –h

-h : used multipliers such as G or M for gigabytes and Megabytes

The ‘du’ command reports the number of kilobytes contained by the items within a directory

#du –s

#du –h

-s : used to request only the summary directory information

#du –s /etc

Symbolic links

2012-01-07T22:01:00.000-08:00

Symbolic links:

A symbolic link point to another file. We can display the link name and the referenced file by ‘ls –l’

#ls –l pf

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root pf->/etc/passwd

file type: l for symbolic link

the content of the symbolic link is the name of the file that is referenced

Syntax:

Ln –s filename [linkname]

Example:

Ln –s /etc/passwd password

There are seven fundamental file type

- : regular file

d : symbolic link

b : block special file

c : character special file

p : named file

s : socket

character special file are used to communicate with hardware one character at a time. Block special file is used to communicate with hardware a block of data at a time : 512 bytes, 1024 bytes, 2048 bytes

ls –l /dev |less { to check c and b files}

named pipe type of file that passes data between processes. It stores no data itself socket file are used for inter process communication.

Redirecting Input /Output

2012-01-07T22:00:00.001-08:00

Redirecting Input /Output

The standard Output of command , which normally display on the terminal can be redirected into a file. Similarly standard error, which normally display on the terminal can be redirected into a file.

Common redirection operator

> : command>file : output command to file

>> : command>>file : Append output of command to file

< : command>file : receive input from file

2> : command2>file : error from command to file

2>> : command2>>file : append

Example:

#find /etc –name passwd

this command will search for all file name passwd in /etc and its subdirectories

now we can redirtect the standard outpout

#find /etc –name passwd > output

output is a file where command output will be stored. Standard error is still displayed on the screen

#cat output

If the target file of the file redirection with > already exists, the existing file will be overwritten. To append data to an existing file use >> to redirect instead of >

#find /etc –name passwd >> output

Redirecting standard Error

We can redirect standard error with 2>

#find /etc –name passwd 2>errorfile

standard output is displayed on the screen , redirect further standard error, appending to the same file with 2>>

#find /etc/ -name passwd 2>>errorfile

#cat errorfile

User and Group Administrator

2012-01-07T21:44:00.000-08:00

User and Group Administrator

There are three type of user account in Red hat Linux

Super user or Administrative account
Regular user account
service account

Super User created automatically at the time of installation
Regular user Account;

Using command line method ‘useradd’ or ‘adduser’ command
Graphical method by using Red hat user manager utility

# adduser user_name (Recommended : minimum 6 character used in password)

# passwd user_name

Example:

#adduser rakesh

#passwd rakesh

Now open the file /etc/passwd to check the entry of user

#vi /etc/passwd

it contain 7 entry of each user

Username
Password
userid
groupid
blank (User information field ) comment
home directory
login shell

password entry for each user will be stored in /etc/shadow

# vi /etc/shadow

now in order to check the Userid, Group we use /etc/login.def

# vi /etc/login.def

when any user account is created then user will get userid, groupid automatically from /etc/login.def

5^th field is used for user information or comment

6^th field is used for home directory. When any user is created its default home directory is created inside /home

/home/rakesh

7^th field is login shell. Default shell for user is /bin/bash

different shells are used

ksh, sh, csh, tcsh,zsh

shell is an user interface between user and O.S. linux command shell is a prompt that allow us to interact with our system by executing various command.

In order to check the shell available use /etc/shells

# vi /etc/shells

in order to get the information about the group we need /etc/group

#vi /etc/group

it contain four field

Group name
password
GroupId
Member of group

# finger : this command is used to get the information about the user

Syntax:

#finger username

#finger rakesh

#id : this command is used to get userid, groupid of the user

syntax:

#id username

#id rakesh

Creating Group:

Syntax:

#groupadd groupname

#groupadd –g gid groupname

Example:

#groupadd raj

Exercise:

Create a user that should have uid=1000 shell=sh description and home directory as /data

Sol:

#useradd –u 1000 –c rakeshpundir –s /bin/sh –d /data rakesh

#passwd rakesh

Grpahically

System Setting :-> User & Group

#system-config-user

Every user have two group one is elementary group or primary group and secondary group

-g : Primary Group

-G : Secondary Group

Creating Group

#groupadd g1

#groupadd g2

Steps:

1. adding group to the user

#usermod –g g1 –G g2 rakesh

2. To change id of the user

#usermod –u 1001 rakesh

3. change comment

#usermod –c rakeshsingh

4. change home directory

#usermod –d /rakesh-home rakesh –m

5. change shell

#usermod –s /bin/bash rakesh

6. change user login name

#usermod –l newname oldname

#usermod –l rajesh rakesh

7. Change Group name

#groupmod –n newname oldname

#groupmod –n group1 g1

8. change Group id

#groupmod –g 2005 group1

Vi, vim Editor

2012-01-03T06:57:00.000-08:00

Vi, vim Editor

Vi is the standard file editor for Unix and Vim is the standard file editor for Linux

For Red hat Linux vi and Vim both are same

There are three mode of vi editor

command mode
insert mode
save and Exit Mode

Command mode is again divided into 3 mode

Cursor movement
Copy, paste, delete, undo
Text search

Cursor Movement

J : Down

K : UP

L : RIGHT

H : LEFT

Copy, paste delete, undo

dd : delete particular line

yy : copy particular line

u : Undo

p : paste

ndd : n is the number of line to be deleted

nyy : n is the number of line to be copied

Text Search

/text

example

/then

Insert Mode

Option I, insert, a ,o, O

i : insert mode start at the point where cursor is. Same is used with

insert option

a : insert mode start after one character

o : insert mode start after one line

O : insert mode start before one line

Save and Exit

:q : Quiet

:q! : forcely quiet

:wq! : save and forcely quiet

:wq : save and exit

Representation Of Media Devices

2012-01-03T06:54:00.001-08:00

Representation Of Media Devices:

All the device file are stored in /dev/

Hard disk ; /dev/hdx

Where x is

a : /dev/hda : Primary master

b : /dev/hdb : Primary slave

c : /dev/hdc : Secondary master

d : /dev/hdd : Secondary slave

In case of SCSI, Sata or USB we will use : /dev/sda

CD-rom:

/dev/cdrom

/dev/cdrom1

/dev/cdrecorder

Floppy:

/dev/fd0

/dev/fd1

to access partition of windows in linux

#mount –t vfat /dev/hdax /mnt

in order to check the label of any partition

#e2label /dev/hdax

where x is number

Mounting CD Rom

# mount –t auto /dev/hdc /media/cdrom

-t : file type

auto : file type

in order to check where cdrom is attached we can open the file fstab

#vi /etc/fstab

now in case of RHEl 3.0 we have to use command in order to unmount.

# umount /media/cdrom

and then eject the cdrom

in case of RHEL 4.0 we simply type

# eject

Mounting Floppy

#mount –t auto /dev/fd0 /media/floppy

in case of floppy we have to umount first then only we remove floppy otherwise all content of floppy may be lost or floppy may be physically damaged.

# umount /media/floppy

Mounting USB media :- directed by the kernel as SCSI device

/dev/sdax

Vi Editor:

Using vi , we can create or modify any file

Linux file system

2012-01-03T06:52:00.000-08:00

Linux file system:

Figure

Root : it is an home directory of super user (root) administrator

Etc : it is the location of all configuration file and directory used for server

configuration or system configuration

dev : it is a location of the device file

home : it is a location of home directory or regular users

proc : it is a virtual file system or directory not actually store on the disk and

contain system information

# cat /proc/meminfo

# cat /proc/cpuinfo

boot : contain kernel and boot related files

sys : it is also a virtual directory and contain system information

media : it is a mount point of removable disk like cdrom floppy usb drive etc.

tmp : it contain all temporary file

usr : it is used for software installation

lib : it contain all library files

bin : it is the location of all executable files or command or user command

/usr/bin also contain user command

sbin : it contain all system command or super user command /usr/sbin

mnt : it is a mount point for physical hard-disk or partition

opt : optional directory and used for temporary working

var : it is a variable file system or directory and contain all log and error

message

file system type:

Dos : Fat 16

95/Xp/2000 : FAT32

Xp/NT/2000 : NTFS

Linux : EXT2,EXT3

UNIX : VXFS

k� K i u �� x�� "'># chmod ugo+rwx file/directory

# chmod ugo-rwx file/directory

+ is used to add permission
- is used remove permission

chmod ugo=rw directory/file

this command will assign read/write permission to u,g,o

suppose we have one file as

test.txt

permission : -r- - r- -r- -

chmod u=w,g=wx,o=w test.txt

this command will assign write to user, write/execute to group and write to other while remove the previous permission.

The main difference between +,= are + operator simply add the new permission with previous one and = assign the new permission while removing old (new permission overwrite an old)

Numeric Method:

In this method, calculation are based on following numbers

r=4 w=2 x=1 0= no permission

Example:

#chmod 777 file/directory

in this case user get 7 means that user has permission of read/write/execute, group get 7 means read/write/execute and ame for other

# chmod 531 file/directory

in this case user get 5 means that user has permission of read/execute, group get 3 means write/execute and other get 1 means that other has permission to execute.

#chmod 742 file/directory

7 : User : rwx

4 :Group : r

2 : Other : w

File and Directory Permission

2012-01-03T06:50:00.000-08:00

File and Directory:

‘ll’ is used to display the information about the files and directory including date, time, users,group, size, name and permission.

Four symbols are used when displaying permission.

R : Read

W : Write

X : Execute

- : no permission

-rwxrwxrwx : files

drwxrwxrwx : directory

files and directory permission are symbolized by ten character.

If we want to change permission, then there are two methods:

symbolic
Numeric

Symbolic Method:

Syntax:

Chmod mode directory/filename

Mode Option:

u,g,o
w,r,x
+,-
=

# chmod u+rwx file or directory : in case of user only
# chmod ug+rwx file or directoty : in case of user and group
# chmod u+w,g+r,o+x directory/file
# chmod u+rw,g+rw directory/file
# chmod u-r, g-w,o-rw directory/file
# chmod ugo+rwx file/directory
# chmod ugo-rwx file/directory

+ is used to add permission
- is used remove permission

chmod ugo=rw directory/file

this command will assign read/write permission to u,g,o

suppose we have one file as

test.txt

permission : -r- - r- -r- -

chmod u=w,g=wx,o=w test.txt

this command will assign write to user, write/execute to group and write to other while remove the previous permission.

The main difference between +,= are + operator simply add the new permission with previous one and = assign the new permission while removing old (new permission overwrite an old)

Numeric Method:

In this method, calculation are based on following numbers

r=4 w=2 x=1 0= no permission

Example:

#chmod 777 file/directory

in this case user get 7 means that user has permission of read/write/execute, group get 7 means read/write/execute and ame for other

# chmod 531 file/directory

in this case user get 5 means that user has permission of read/execute, group get 3 means write/execute and other get 1 means that other has permission to execute.

#chmod 742 file/directory

7 : User : rwx

4 :Group : r

2 : Other : w

Getting Help

2012-01-03T06:47:00.000-08:00

Getting Help:

The command that are used to get the help are discussed as :

Whatis

Display a short description of command , it uses a database that is updated nightly. Often not available immediately after installation.

Syntax:

# Whatis cal

Help

Display usage summary and argument list

Syntax:

--help

Example:

#Date –help

Man and Info:

Both provide documentation for command. Almost every command has a “man” page. Collection of pages are called linux manual.

# man date

# info date

Viewing Text Page

Syntax:

#less [option] [filename]

Example:

# less abc.txt

scroll with arrows/PgUp /PgDown

/text : search for text

n : Next Match

Option:

-c : Clear before displaying

-s : Squeeze multiple blank lines into a single blank line

Simply we can also use “less” along with pipe | as

# ll |less

Moving and Renaming File and Directory

2012-01-03T06:46:00.001-08:00

Moving and Renaming File and Directory

Syntax:

# mv : move /rename files and directory

Example:

# mv [option] file destination

example:

# mv t.txt /home/rohan/

more than one file can be moved at a time if the destination is a directory

# mv [option] file1 file2 file3 destination

Copying File and Directory

2012-01-03T06:44:00.000-08:00

Copying File and Directory:

Copy file:

Syntax:

# cp [source]filename [destination]

Copy directory

#cp –r [source]directory [destination]

to copy a directory into another directory recursively

cp –rf [source]directory [destination]

to copy a directory forcefully

syntax used for copy file or directory:

cp [option] file destination

option:

-I : interactive : ask before overwriting file

-r : Recursive

-p : Preserve

-f : forcefully

More than one file can be copied at a time if the destination is directory

Syntax:

cp [option] file1 file2 file 3 Destination

Creating file and Directory

2012-01-03T06:39:00.000-08:00

Creating file and Directory:

Creating file:

The ‘cat’ command is used to create a file

Syntax:

# cat > filename

example:

# cat > abc.txt

(Ctrl +D) is used to save the file.

View the content of file

Syntax:

# cat filename

Example:

#cat abc.txt

#cat –b abc.txt

Creating Directory

The ‘mkdir’ command is used to create directory

Syntax:

Mkdir [directory_name]

Example:

# mkdir rohan

Option used:

cd : To change directory

cd .. : To come out from directory

cd : to jump to root directory

cd - : to jump to previous directory

Deleting Files and directory:

Syntax:

For file:

example:

rm abc.txt

for directory

syntax:

rmdir

Note: Only empty directory will be deleted)

If we want to delete the tree structure of directory then we need to use the following command

Syntax:

rm –rf

where

r = recursively

f= force

in order to remove non empty directory

Syntax:

rm –r

example;

rm –r rohan

this will remove directory step by step ,first remove sub directory and then finally main directory.

Another method of creating file :

Touch : this command is used to create a blank file with size zero.

# touch

Example:

#touch abc

Common Command

2012-01-03T06:34:00.000-08:00

Common Command

Some of the Common system command are as follow:

1. Date : to display date and time

2. Cal : to display the calendar

3. Cal 11 2006 : display the calendar of Month 11 and year 2006

4. Clear : To clear the screen

5. ls : to list directory contents

color identification

blue : Directories

White : Files

Green : Executable files

Red ; Zip files, rpm, tar file

Different switches used with “ls” command

ls –l or ll : used for long listing including file and directory permission

(-) : file

(d) : Directory

(l) : Symbolic link

ls –a : shows all hidden files and directory. Any file followed by (.) is hidden file

ls –al : show all hidden files and directory with long listing or whole description

ls –d : shows all the directory

6. pwd: Print working directory

7. who am I : display the information of current terminal

8. who : display all the terminal in a network

9. history : it shows all the command your have used.

By default history stores last 1000 command which u have run. If u want to change

# vi /etc/profile

HIST SIZE =10

Save and exit

# history –c ( to clear all the previous command reside in history)

Mode of Login

2012-01-03T06:32:00.000-08:00

Mode of Login

There are two mode of login

Text Mode (Alt+ctrl+F1)
Graphical Mode (Alt+Ctrl+F7)

In case of Text Mode

Station2 Login : root

Password : redhat

[root@station2~]#

to switch from one text mode to another

Alt+Ctrl+F1 to Alt+Ctrl+F6

In case of Graphical Mode

Ctrl+Alt+F7

Introduction to Linux

2012-01-03T06:30:00.000-08:00

Introduction:

Unix is the first Operating system in the world, developed by Kem Thompson and Dennis Ritchie in 1969 at Bell Lab by AT&T Company

IBM : AIX

SGI : IRIX

HP : HP

Sun : Solaris

FSF:

Free software foundation organization, they start a project by name GNU. The mail aim of this project is to develop such a O.S that can run on any platform.

In 1991, a student Linus Torvalds developed a kernel named Linus’s Kernel plus GNU application called Linux O.S

Linux is a open source technology.

Different companies that provide Linux in Market are Redhat, SuSe, Mandrake, Turbo, Knoppix etc.

Features and Advantage:

Features:

Linux is the fastest Operating system in the world. It runs 2 to 3 times fast than windows O.S
Linux is the very secured O.S because there is no any problem of virus.
Linux file format is text format and windows file format is binary format.
Linux is very reliable O.S because kernel of linux is very stable as compare to windows kernel not crashed easily.
Kernel of linux is very small, it can be stored in floppy
Linux uses the x-Window system which is advanced network windowing system. Using this system we can display output of any workstation monitor attached in the network

Advantages of Linux:

Virus Proof
Crash Proof
Economical
Multiuser, multi desktop and multi tasking

Convert Microsoft SQL Server databases to MySQL databases

2011-04-27T04:54:00.000-07:00

' this program converts Microsoft SQL Server databases to MySQL databases

' (c) 2001-2005 Michael Kofler
'     http://www.kofler.cc/mysql
'     mssql2mysql-at-kofler.cc

' LICENSE: GPL (Gnu Public License)
' VERSION: 0.12 (Mar 31st 2005)
'
' HISTORY:
' 0.01 (Jan. 18 2001): initial version
' 0.02 (June 23 2001): better handling of decimal numbers
'   by 
' 0.03 (August 7 2001): compatibility with Office 97
'   by 
'   (uncomment Replace function at the end of the script!)
' 0.04 (September 30 2001): slightly faster (ideas by
'    janivar-at-acos.no)
' 0.05 (April 8 2002): compatible with MyODBC 3.51
'    (set variable MyODBCVersion accordingly!)
'    thanks to Silvio Iaccarino
' 0.05a (October 17 2002): support for BIGINT
'    thanks to Ugo Gioia
' 0.06 (December 18 2002): support for adBinary (thanks to Roberto Alicata)
'    changed handling of TIMESTAMP (Michael Kofler):
'      TIMESTAMP (MSSQL) --> TINYBLOB (MySQL)
' 0.07 (Jan. 27th 2003): support no-standard ports for MySQL
' 0.08 (Apr. 30th 2003): Boolean now converts to 1/0 instead of -1/0
'      for True/False (Michael Kofler)
' 0.09 (Aug. 19th 2003): better GUID conversion (Hermann Wiesner)
' 0.10 (Nov. 12th 2003): better handling of table and field names
'      in function MySQLName (Carlo)
' 0.11 (Mar. 2nd 2005): needs MySQL 4.1 or higher!
'      new functions: - supports myisam and innodb tables
'                     - per default all text columns are now created with character
'                       set utf8and collation utf8_general_ci; you may choose another
'                       charset + collation (constants CHARSET and COLLATION)
' 0.12 (Mar. 31st 2005): ignores hypothetical indexes (thanks to Brian K. Andersen)

' USEAGE:
' 1) copy this code into a new VBA 6 module
'    (i.e. start Excel 2000 or Word 2000 or another
'     program with VBA editor, hit Alt+F11, execute
'     Insert|Module, insert code)
'    OR copy code into an empty form of a new VB6 project
'
' 2) change the constants at the beginning of the code,
' 3) hit F5 and execute Main()
'    the program now connects to Microsoft SQL Server
'    and converts the database; the resulting SQL commands
'    are either saved in an ASCII file or executed immediately

' FUNCTION:
' converts both schema (tables and indices) and
' data (numbers, strings, dates etc.)
' handles table and column names which are not legal in MySQL (see MySQLName())

' LIMITATIONS:
' no foreign keys
' no SPs, no triggers (MSSQL syntax incompatible to MySQL)
' no views
' no user defined data types (not yet supported by MySQL)
' AUTO_INCREMENTs: MySQL does not support tables with more
'   than one AUTO_INCREMENT column; the AUTO_INCREMENT column
'   must also be a key column; the converter does not check this,
'   so use MSSQL to add an index to the AUTO_INCREMENT column
'   before starting the conversion
' no privileges/access infos (the idea of logins/users in M$ SQL Server
'     is incompatible with user/group/database/table/column
'     privileges of MySQL)
' cannot handle ADO type adFileTime yet
' GUIDs not tested
' fairly slow and no visible feedback during conversion process
'   for example, it takes 80 seconds to convert Northwind (2.8 MB data)
'   with M$SQL running on PII 350 (CPU=0) and this script running in
'   Excel 2000 on PII 400 (CPU=100); unfortunately, compiling the program
'   with VB6 does not make it any faster
'   tip: test with MAX_RECORDS = 10 first to see if it works for you at all

' INTERNALS:
' method:   read database schema using DMO
'           read data using a ADO recordset

' NECESSARY LIBRARIES:
'   ADODB          (tested with 2.8, should also run with all versions >=2.1)
'   Connector/ODBC (testet with 3.51.11, should also run with older versions;
'                   if you use MySQL server >= 4.1,
'                   you MUST use Connector/ODBC >= 3.51.10!!!)
'   SQLDMO (tested with the version provided by M$ SQL Server 2000)
'   SCRIPTING

Option Explicit
Option Compare Text

' -------------- change these constants before use!

                                'M$ SQL Server
Const MSSQL_SECURE_LOGIN = True   'login type (True for NT security)
Const MSSQL_LOGIN_NAME = ""       'login name (for NT security use "" here)
Const MSSQL_PASSWORD = ""         'password   (for NT security use "" here)
Const MSSQL_HOST = "(local)"      'hostname of M$ SQL Server; if localhost: use "(local)"
Const MSSQL_DB_NAME = "Northwind" 'database name

Const OUTPUT_TO_FILE = 0          '1 --> write file (latin1 encoding);
                                '0 --> connect to MySQL, execute SQL commands directly
                              
                                'output file (only needed if OUTPUT_TO_FILE=1)
Const OUTPUT_FILENAME = "c:\export.sql"

                                'connect to MySQL (only needed if OUTPUT_TO_FILE=0)
Const MYSQL_USER_NAME = "root"    'login name
Const MYSQL_PASSWORD = "uranus"   'password
Const MYSQL_HOST = "192.168.80.128" 'if localhost: use "localhost"
Const MYSQL_PORT = 3306           'change if you use another port
Const MyODBCVersion = "MySQL ODBC 3.51 Driver"
                                'for MyODBC 2.51.* use "MySQL"

Const NEW_DB_NAME = ""            'name of new MySQL database ("" if same as M$SQL db name)
                                'conversion options
Const DROP_DATABASE = True        'begin with DROP dbname?
Const MAX_RECORDS = 0             'max. nr of records per table (0 for all records, n for testing purposes)
Const VARCHAR_MAX = 255           'max. nr of characters in VARCHAR
                                '255 for MySQL <=5.0.2
                                'ca. 32000 for MySQL >= 5.0.3 (depends on char. set, max. 65535 bytes)
Const TABLE_ENGINE = "InnoDB"     'MyISAM or InnoDB
Const CHARSET = "utf8"            'character set for all text columns
Const COLLATION = ""              'collation; leave empty if you want to use the default collation for
                                'the specified character set

' ----------------------------- don't change below here (unless you know what you are doing)

Const SQLDMOIndex_DRIPrimaryKey = 2048
Const SQLDMOIndex_Unique = 2
Const adEmpty = 0
Const adTinyInt = 16
Const adSmallInt = 2
Const adInteger = 3
Const adBigInt = 20
Const adUnsignedTinyInt = 17
Const adUnsignedSmallInt = 18
Const adUnsignedInt = 19
Const adUnsignedBigInt = 21
Const adSingle = 4
Const adDouble = 5
Const adCurrency = 6
Const adDecimal = 14
Const adNumeric = 131
Const adBoolean = 11
Const adError = 10
Const adUserDefined = 132
Const adVariant = 12
Const adIDispatch = 9
Const adIUnknown = 13
Const adGUID = 72
Const adDate = 7
Const adDBDate = 133
Const adDBTime = 134
Const adDBTimeStamp = 135
Const adBSTR = 8
Const adChar = 129
Const adVarChar = 200
Const adLongVarChar = 201
Const adWChar = 130
Const adVarWChar = 202
Const adLongVarWChar = 203
Const adBinary = 128
Const adVarBinary = 204
Const adLongVarBinary = 205
Const adChapter = 136
Const adFileTime = 64
Const adPropVariant = 138
Const adVarNumeric = 139
Const adArray = &H2000

Public dmoApplic 'As New SQLDMO.Application  'SQLDMO Application object
Public dmoSrv    'As New SQLDMO.SQLServer    'SQLDMO Server object
Public mssqlConn 'As New Connection          'ADO Connection to M$ SQL Server
Public mysqlConn 'As New Connection          'ADO Connection to MySQL
Public fso       'As Scripting.FileSystemObject
Public fileout   'AS FSO.TextStream

Public Sub Main()
Set dmoApplic = CreateObject("SQLDMO.Application")
Set dmoSrv = CreateObject("SQLDMO.SQLServer")
Set mssqlConn = CreateObject("ADODB.Connection")
Set mysqlConn = CreateObject("ADODB.Connection")
Set fso = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject")
ConnectToDatabases
ConvertDatabase
MsgBox "done"
End Sub

' connect to M$ SQL Server and MySQL
Private Sub ConnectToDatabases()
dmoSrv.LoginTimeout = 10
On Error Resume Next

' DMO connection to M$ SQL Server
If MSSQL_SECURE_LOGIN Then
  dmoSrv.LoginSecure = True
  dmoSrv.Connect MSSQL_HOST
Else
  dmoSrv.LoginSecure = False
  dmoSrv.Connect MSSQL_HOST, MSSQL_LOGIN_NAME, MSSQL_PASSWORD
End If
If Err Then
  MsgBox "Sorry, cannot connect to M$ SQL Server. " & _
    "Please edit the MSSQL constats at the beginning " & _
    "of the code." & vbCrLf & vbCrLf & Error
  End
End If

' ADO connection to M$ SQL Server
Dim tmpCStr$
tmpCStr = _
  "Provider=SQLOLEDB;" & _
  "Data Source=" & MSSQL_HOST & ";" & _
  "Initial Catalog=" & MSSQL_DB_NAME & ";"
If MSSQL_SECURE_LOGIN Then
  tmpCStr = tmpCStr & "Integrated Security=SSPI"
Else
  tmpCStr = tmpCStr & _
    "User ID=" & MSSQL_LOGIN_NAME & ";" & _
    "Password=" & MSSQL_PASSWORD
End If
mssqlConn.ConnectionString = tmpCStr
mssqlConn.Open
If Err Then
  MsgBox "Sorry, cannot connect to M$ SQL Server. " & _
    "Please edit the MSSQL constats at the beginning " & _
    "of the code." & vbCrLf & vbCrLf & Error
  End
End If

' ADO connection to MySQL or open output file
If (OUTPUT_TO_FILE = 0) Then
  mysqlConn.ConnectionString = _
    "Provider=MSDASQL;" & _
    "Driver=" & MyODBCVersion & ";" & _
    "Server=" & MYSQL_HOST & ";" & _
    "UID=" & MYSQL_USER_NAME & ";" & _
    "PWD=" & MYSQL_PASSWORD & ";" & _
    "Port=" & MYSQL_PORT
  mysqlConn.Open
  If Err Then
    MsgBox "Sorry, cannot connect to MySQL. " & _
      "Please edit the MYSQL constats at the beginning " & _
      "of the code." & vbCrLf & vbCrLf & Error
    End
  End If
Else
  Set fileout = fso.CreateTextFile(OUTPUT_FILENAME, Overwrite:=True)
End If
End Sub

Private Sub ConvertDatabase()
' copy database schema
Dim dmoDB 'As SQLDMO.Database
Set dmoDB = dmoSrv.Databases(MSSQL_DB_NAME)
DBDefinition dmoDB
' copy data
CopyDB dmoDB
End Sub

' build SQL code to define one column
' ColDefinition$(col As SQLDMO.Column)
Function ColDefinition$(col)
Dim cdef$
cdef = MySQLName(col.Name) & " " & DataType(col)
If col.Default <> "" Then
  cdef = cdef & " DEFAULT " & col.Default
End If
If col.AllowNulls Then
  cdef = cdef & " NULL"
Else
  cdef = cdef & " NOT NULL"
End If
If col.Identity Then
  cdef = cdef & " AUTO_INCREMENT"
End If
ColDefinition = cdef
End Function

' datatype transition M$ SQL Server --> MySQL
' DataType$(col As SQLDMO.Column)
Function DataType$(col)
Dim oldtype$, length&, precision&, scal&
Dim newtype$

oldtype = col.PhysicalDatatype
length = col.length
precision = col.NumericPrecision
scal = col.NumericScale
If LCase(oldtype) = "money" Then
  precision = 19
  scal = 4
ElseIf LCase(oldtype) = "smallmoney" Then
  precision = 10
  scal = 4
End If

Select Case LCase(oldtype)

' integers
Case "bit", "tinyint"
  newtype = "TINYINT"
Case "smallint"
  newtype = "SMALLINT"
Case "int"
  newtype = "INT"
Case "bigint"
  newtype = "BIGINT"

' floating points
Case "float"
  newtype = "DOUBLE"
Case "real"
  newtype = "FLOAT"
Case "decimal", "numeric", "money", "smallmoney"
  newtype = "DECIMAL(" & precision & ", " & scal & ")"

' strings
Case "char", "nchar"
  If length < 255 Then
    newtype = "CHAR(" & length & ")"
  Else
    newtype = "TEXT"
  End If
Case "varchar", "nvarchar"
  If length < VARCHAR_MAX Then
    newtype = "VARCHAR(" & length & ")"
  Else
    newtype = "TEXT"
  End If
Case "text", "ntext"
  newtype = "LONGTEXT"

' date/time
Case "datetime", "smalldatetime"
  newtype = "DATETIME"
Case "timestamp"
  newtype = "TINYBLOB"

' binary and other
Case "uniqueidentifier"
  newtype = "TINYBLOB"
Case "binary", "varbinary"
  newtype = "BLOB"
Case "image"
  newtype = "LONGBLOB"

Case Else
  ' unknown data type, not supported
  Stop
End Select

DataType = newtype
End Function

' IndexDefinition$(tbl As SQLDMO.Table, idx As SQLDMO.Index)
Function IndexDefinition$(tbl, idx)
Dim i&
Dim tmp$
Dim col 'As SQLDMO.Column
' don't deal with system indices (used i.e. to ensure ref. integr.)
If Left$(idx.Name, 1) = "_" Or Left$(idx.Name, 5) = "hind_" Then Exit Function
' index type (very incomplete !!!)
If idx.Type And SQLDMOIndex_DRIPrimaryKey Then
  tmp = tmp & "PRIMARY KEY"
ElseIf idx.Type And SQLDMOIndex_Unique Then
  tmp = tmp & "UNIQUE " & MySQLName(idx.Name)
Else
  tmp = tmp & "INDEX " & MySQLName(idx.Name)
End If
' index columns
tmp = tmp & "("
For i = 1 To idx.ListIndexedColumns.Count
  Set col = idx.ListIndexedColumns(i)
  tmp = tmp & MySQLName(col.Name)
  ' specify index length
  If Right$(DataType(col), 4) = "BLOB" Or Right$(DataType(col), 4) = "TEXT" Then
    tmp = tmp & "(" & IIf(col.length < 255, col.length, 255) & ")"
  End If
  ' seperate, if more than one index column
  If i < idx.ListIndexedColumns.Count Then tmp = tmp & ","
Next
tmp = tmp & ")"
IndexDefinition = tmp
End Function

' build SQL code to define one table
' TableDefinition$(tbl As SQLDMO.Table)
Function TableDefinition$(tbl)
Dim i&
Dim tmp$, ixdef$
' table
tmp = "CREATE TABLE " & _
      NewDBName(tbl.Parent) & "." & MySQLName(tbl.Name) & vbCrLf & "("
For i = 1 To tbl.Columns.Count
  tmp = tmp & ColDefinition(tbl.Columns(i))
  If i < tbl.Columns.Count Then
    tmp = tmp & ", " & vbCrLf
  End If
Next
' indices
For i = 1 To tbl.Indexes.Count
  ixdef = IndexDefinition(tbl, tbl.Indexes(i))
  If ixdef <> "" Then
    tmp = tmp & ", " & vbCrLf & ixdef
  End If
Next
tmp = tmp & ")"
' engine
tmp = tmp & " ENGINE " & TABLE_ENGINE
' characterset
tmp = tmp & " CHARACTER SET " & CHARSET
' collation
If COLLATION <> "" Then
  tmp = tmp & " COLLATION " & COLLATION
End If
TableDefinition = tmp
End Function

' build SQL code to define database (all tables)
' DBDefinition(db As SQLDMO.Database)
Sub DBDefinition(db)
Dim i&
Dim sql, dbname$
dbname = NewDBName(db)
If DROP_DATABASE Then
  sql = "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS " & dbname
  ExecuteSQL sql
End If
sql = "CREATE DATABASE " & dbname
ExecuteSQL sql
For i = 1 To db.Tables.Count
  If Not db.Tables(i).SystemObject Then
    sql = TableDefinition(db.Tables(i))
    ExecuteSQL sql
  End If
Next
End Sub

' copy content of all M$ SQL Server tables to new MySQL database
' CopyDB(msdb As SQLDMO.Database)
Sub CopyDB(msdb)
Dim i&
Dim tmp$
ExecuteSQL "USE " & NewDBName(msdb)
For i = 1 To msdb.Tables.Count
  If Not msdb.Tables(i).SystemObject Then
    CopyTable msdb.Tables(i)
  End If
Next
End Sub

' copy content of one table from M$ SQL Server to MySQL
' CopyTable(mstable As SQLDMO.Table)
Sub CopyTable(mstable)
Dim rec ' As Recordset
Dim sqlInsert$, sqlValues$
Dim i&, recordCounter&
Set rec = CreateObject("ADODB.Recordset")
rec.Open "SELECT * FROM [" & mstable.Name & "]", mssqlConn
' build beginning statement of SQL INSERT command
' for example: INSERT INTO tablename (column1, column2)
sqlInsert = "INSERT INTO " & MySQLName(mstable.Name) & " ("
For i = 0 To rec.Fields.Count - 1
  sqlInsert = sqlInsert & MySQLName(rec.Fields(i).Name)
  If i <> rec.Fields.Count - 1 Then
    sqlInsert = sqlInsert & ", "
  End If
Next
sqlInsert = sqlInsert & ") "
' for each recordset in M$SS table: build sql statement
Do While Not rec.EOF
  sqlValues = ""
  For i = 0 To rec.Fields.Count - 1
    sqlValues = sqlValues & DataValue(rec.Fields(i))
    If i <> rec.Fields.Count - 1 Then
      sqlValues = sqlValues & ", "
    End If
  Next
  ExecuteSQL sqlInsert & " VALUES(" & sqlValues & ")"
  rec.MoveNext
  ' counter
  recordCounter = recordCounter + 1
  If MAX_RECORDS <> 0 Then
    If recordCounter >= MAX_RECORDS Then Exit Do
  End If
Loop
End Sub

' data transition M$ SQL Server --> MySQL
' DataValue$(fld As ADO.Field)
Function DataValue$(fld)
If IsNull(fld.Value) Then
  DataValue = "NULL"
Else

  Select Case fld.Type

  ' integer numbers
  Case adBigInt, adInteger, adSmallInt, adTinyInt, adUnsignedBigInt, adUnsignedInt, adUnsignedSmallInt, adUnsignedTinyInt
    DataValue = fld.Value

  ' decimal numbers
  Case adCurrency, adDecimal, adDouble, adNumeric, adSingle, adVarNumeric
    DataValue = Str(fld.Value)
    If Not InStr(DataValue, ".") > 0 Then
      DataValue = DataValue & ".0"
    End If
  
  ' boolean
  Case adBoolean
    DataValue = IIf(fld.Value, 1, 0)
  
  ' date, time
  Case adDate, adDBDate, adDBTime
    DataValue = Format(fld.Value, "'yyyy-mm-dd Hh:Nn:Ss'")
  Case adDBTimeStamp
    DataValue = Format(fld.Value, "yyyymmddHhNnSs")
  Case adFileTime
    ' todo
    Beep
    Stop
  
  ' strings
  Case adBSTR, adChar, adLongVarChar, adVarChar, adLongVarWChar, adVarWChar, adWChar
    DataValue = "'" & Quote(fld.Value) & "'"

  ' binary and other
  Case adGUID
    DataValue = HexCodeGUID(fld.Value)
  Case adLongVarBinary, adVarBinary
    DataValue = HexCode(fld.Value)

  End Select
End If
End Function

' converts a Byte-array into a hex string
' HexCode$(bytedata() As Byte)
Function HexCode(bytedata)
Dim i&
Dim tmp$
tmp = ""
For i = LBound(bytedata) To UBound(bytedata)
  If bytedata(i) <= 15 Then
    tmp = tmp + "0" + Hex(bytedata(i))
  Else
    tmp = tmp + Hex(bytedata(i))
  End If
Next
HexCode = "0x" + tmp
End Function

' converts a String into a hex string
' HexCode$(bytedata() As Byte)
Function HexCodeStr(bytedata)
Dim i&, b&
Dim tmp$
tmp = ""
For i = 1 To LenB(bytedata)
  b = AscB(MidB(bytedata, i, 1))
  If b <= 15 Then
    tmp = tmp + "0" + Hex(b)
  Else
    tmp = tmp + Hex(b)
  End If
Next
HexCodeStr = "0x" + tmp
End Function

' returns name of new database
' NewDBName$(db As SQLDMO.Database)
Function NewDBName$(db)
If NEW_DB_NAME = "" Then
  NewDBName = db.Name
Else
  NewDBName = NEW_DB_NAME
End If
End Function

' quote ' " and \; replace chr(0) by \0
Function Quote(tmp)
tmp = Replace(tmp, "\", "\\")
tmp = Replace(tmp, """", "\""")
tmp = Replace(tmp, "'", "\'")
Quote = Replace(tmp, Chr(0), "\0")
End Function

' to translate MSSQL names to legal MySQL names
' replace blank, -, ( and ) by '_'
Function MySQLName(tmp)
tmp = Replace(tmp, " ", "_")
tmp = Replace(tmp, "-", "_")
tmp = Replace(tmp, "(", "_")
MySQLName = "`" & Replace(tmp, ")", "_") & "`"
End Function

' either execute SQL command or write it into file
Function ExecuteSQL(sql)
If OUTPUT_TO_FILE Then
  fileout.WriteLine sql & ";"
  If Left$(sql, 6) <> "INSERT" Then
    fileout.WriteLine
  End If
Else
  mysqlConn.Execute sql
End If
End Function

' this event procedures starts the converter if it is run as a VB6 programm
Private Sub Form_Load()
Main
End
End Sub

' converts a GUID string into a hex string without format
Function HexCodeGUID(bytedata)
Dim tmp$
If Len(bytedata) = 38 Then
  tmp = Mid(bytedata, 2, 8) + Mid(bytedata, 11, 4) + Mid(bytedata, 16, 4) _
      + Mid(bytedata, 21, 4) + Mid(bytedata, 26, 12)
Else
  tmp = "00"
End If
HexCodeGUID = "0x" + tmp
End Function


' uncomment the following lines if you are using Office 97,
' which does not have the Replace function include; please
' note that this Replace function is much slower than the
' built-in version in Office 2000/VB6
'
' to replace all occurrences of a string within a string
' Function Replace(tmp, fromStr, toStr)
'     Dim leftOff&
'     Dim pos&
'     leftOff = 1
'     Do While InStr$(leftOff, tmp, fromStr) > 0
'         pos = InStr$(leftOff, tmp, fromStr)
'         tmp = Left$(tmp, pos - 1) + toStr + Mid$(tmp, pos + Len(fromStr), Len(tmp))
'         leftOff = pos + Len(fromStr) + 1
'     Loop
'     Replace = tmp
' End Function

Ref: http://kofler.info/uploads/mysql/mssql2mysql.txt

Mysql Startup Tutorial

2011-04-27T04:49:00.000-07:00

Mysql Startup Tutorial

Common Required Packages

Following RPM are required to setup a normal Mysql database server.

1. mysql-server
2. mysql
3. php-mysql (if php is going to access mysql)

Use rpm command to install these packages.

Eg:

[root@tmp server]# rpm -ivh mysql-server-5.0.77-4.el5_4.2

Configuration file

/etc/my.cnf

The /etc/my.cnf file is the main MySQL configuration file. It sets the default MySQL database location and other parameters.

Port

Mysql default port is 3306

Setting up root password
First Time

mysqladmin -uroot password $MYSQLPW

MySQL stores all its username and password data in a special database named mysql. You can add users to this database and specify the databases to which they will have access with the grant command. The MySQL root or superuser account, which is used to create and delete databases, is the exception. You need to use the mysqladmin command to set your root password. Only two steps are necessary for a brand new MySQL installation.

1. Make sure MySQL is started.
2. Use the mysqladmin command to set the MySQL root password. The syntax is as follows:

[root@tmp server]# mysqladmin -u root password new-password

Reset Root Password on running Mysql

1. Stop the Mysql

[root@localhost ~]# /etc/init.d/mysqld stop

2. Start again with mysqlsafe

[root@localhost ~]# mysqld_safe --skip-grant-tables &

3. From another terminal,

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -u root

mysql> use mysql;
mysql> update user set password=PASSWORD("NEW-ROOT-PASSWORD") where User='root';
mysql> flush privileges;
mysql> quit

In the mysql database, there is one table named as "user" in that table set password for the user root.

4. Restart Mysql

[root@localhost ~]# /etc/init.d/mysqld restart

Accessing The MySQL Command Line

MySQL command line interpreter (CLI) can be accessed as follows.

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 53
Server version: 5.0.77 Source distribution

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.

mysql>

Basic mysql tasks in CLI

1. List the databases in the server.

mysql> show databases;

2. Create a database

mysql> create database mynewdatabasename;

3. Delete a databse(drop)

mysql> drop database unwanteddatabasename;

4. create a user

mysql> create user newusername;

5. List the users

mysql> select user from mysql.user;

6. Providing privilages to one user on one database

mysql> grant all privileges on database.* to username@"servername" identified by 'password';

mysql> flush privileges;

The flush privileges is used to write the privilege changes to the mysql.sql database

7. Delete a user

mysql> drop user test;

Backup a Database

We can use mysqldump for backup a mysql database.

[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -u [username] -p [password] [databasename] > [backupfile.sql]

Eg:

[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -u root -p mysecret mydatabase > mydatabasebackup.sql

Using this method, we can create a backup as sql file. If the case is a huge database, we can use the standard pipes to dump and zip.

Eg:

mysqldump -uroot -pmysecret --database mybigdatabase | gzip -c > mybigdatabase.sql.gz;

In Some time, putting the password in command will cause security problems. In such case, we can use mysqldump in the following manner.

[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -u root -p database > database.sql

in this case we will be asked for the root password when the command executed.

Restore a Database

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -u user -p 'password' db-name < db-name.sql

If the password needs to be secured,

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -u user -p db-name < db-name.sql

Ref: http://nixcraft.com

iptables configuration file

2011-04-27T02:43:00.000-07:00

/etc/iptables.up.rules

# Generated by iptables-save v1.4.4 on Tue Jul 6 19:02:33 2010
*nat
:PREROUTING DROP [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
-A PREROUTING -d 8.8.8.8 -i eth1 -j ACCEPT
-A PREROUTING -d 4.4.4.4 -i eth1 -j ACCEPT
-A PREROUTING -d w.x.y.z -i eth1 -j ACCEPT #(old mail server ip)
-A PREROUTING -d a.b.c.d -i eth1 -j ACCEPT #(mail server ip)
-A PREROUTING -d mail.uvw.in -i eth1 -j ACCEPT
-A PREROUTING -d l.m.n.o/29 -i eth1 -j ACCEPT #(old network ip)
-A PREROUTING -d r.s.t.u -i eth1 -j ACCEPT #(proxy server ip)
-A PREROUTING -d 122.c.d.146 -i eth1 -j ACCEPT #(allow ip)
-A PREROUTING -d 122.e.f.147 -i eth1 -j ACCEPT #(allow ip)
# Samba and Proxy
-A PREROUTING -p tcp -m tcp -m multiport -i eth1 -j ACCEPT --dports 139,445,3128,9000
-A POSTROUTING -s 10.1.5.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
-A PREROUTING -p tcp -m tcp --dport 11500 -j ACCEPT
-A PREROUTING -p tcp -m tcp -m multiport -i eth1 -j REDIRECT --to-ports 3128 --dports 80,8080,9000
COMMIT
# Completed on Tue Jul 6 19:02:33 2010
# Generated by iptables-save v1.4.4 on Tue Jul 6 19:02:33 2010
*mangle
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [602:341342]
:INPUT ACCEPT [568:338000]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [34:3342]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [676:370648]
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [710:373990]
COMMIT
# Completed on Tue Jul 6 19:02:33 2010
# Generated by iptables-save v1.4.4 on Tue Jul 6 19:02:33 2010
*filter
:INPUT ACCEPT [568:338000]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [34:3342]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [676:370648]
COMMIT
# Completed on Tue Jul 6 19:02:33 2010

Network/ethernet card configuration file

2011-04-27T02:40:00.000-07:00

Editing file /etc/network/interfaces

# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).

# The loopback network interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

# The primary network interface
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
address w.x.y.z
netmask 255.255.255.248
gateway w.x.y.u
dns-nameservers a.b.c.d
metric 1
post-up iptables-restore < /etc/iptables.up.rules

#Secondary network interface
auto eth1
iface eth1 inet static
address 10.1.5.1
netmask 255.255.255.0
network 10.1.5.0
broadcast 10.1.5.255
metric 2

Relational Database - Codd's Rules

2010-09-09T08:33:00.001-07:00

Relational Database - Codd's Rules !!!

A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model as introduced by E. F. Codd. Most popular commercial and open source databases currently in use are based on the relational database model.

A short definition of an RDBMS may be a DBMS in which data is stored in the form of tables and the relationship among the data is also stored in the form of tables.

Codd's Rules

All database management must take place using the relational database's innate functionality
All information in the database must be stored as values in a table
All database information must be accessible through the combination of a table name, primary key and column name.
The database must use NULL values to indicate missing or unknown information
The database schema must be described using the relational database syntax
The database may support multiple languages, but it must support at least one language that provides full database functionality (e.g. SQL)
The system must be able to update all updatable views
The database must provide single-operation insert, update and delete functionality

Changes to the physical structure of the database must be transparent to applications and users.
Changes to the logical structure of the database must be transparent to applications and users.
The database must natively support integrity constraints.
Changes to the distribution of the database (centralized vs. distributed) must be transparent to applications and users.
Any languages supported by the database must not be able to subvert integrity controls.

Tags: database, table, DBMS, RDBMS, columns, Codd, E. F. Codd, rules, oracle, data

================================================ O************************O***********************O

Apt-Get command line tool

2010-09-04T22:42:00.001-07:00

Apt-Get command line tool

(Ubuntu's Advanced Packaging Tool) !!!

The apt-get command is a powerful command-line tool used to work with Ubuntu's Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) performing such functions as installation of new software packages, upgrade of existing software packages, updating of the package list index, and even upgrading the entire Ubuntu system.

*Install package
#sudo apt-get install packagename

*Remove Package
#sudo apt-get remove packagename

*Install Multiple Packages
#sudo apt-get install packagename1 packagename2 packagename3

*Update the Package Index
#sudo apt-get update

The APT package index is essentially a database of available packages from the repositories defined in the /etc/apt/sources.list file.

*Upgrade the system
#sudo apt-get upgrade

*Read Debian APT User Manual
#sudo apt-get help

Tags: apt get apt-get advanced packaging tool install remove upgrade update help ubuntu linux unix package-management

Port Numbers - Linux

2010-09-04T22:38:00.000-07:00

PORTS NUMBERS : Just as the physical address (MAC address) and the logical address (IP address) helps to route the traffic to a particular machine on a network, it is the port that identifies which service on the machine this traffic is destined to.

List of ports : /etc/services

A port on a specific computer is called a socket. It can be open, closed, listening or have a connection established.

###Important PORT NUMBERS to remember:

20 - FTP - data transfer

21 - FTP - control (command)

22 - SSH

23 - Telnet

25 - SMTP

37 - Time

43 - WHOIS

42 - WINS

53 - DNS

67 - BOOTp

68 - DHCP

69 - TFTP

79 - FINGER

80 - HTTP (WWW)

88 - Kerberose

101 - HOSTNAME

110 - POP3

111 - rpcbind

119 - NNTP

123 - NTP (Time)

137 - NetBios (nmbd)

139 - NetBios ( Samba)

143 - IMAP/Dovecot

161 - SNMP

180 - RIS

220 - IMAP3

389 - LDAP

443 - HTTPs

500 - Internet Key Exchange (IKE), IPSec

520 - RIP

546 - DHCPV6 client

547 - DHCPV6 server

554 - rtsp(Real Time Stream Protocol, Audio/Video)

631 - Printing (ipp)

744 - Flexlm

901 - SWAT

953 - rndc

993 - IMAPSecure

995 - POPs

999 - POP over SSL/TLS

2049 - NFS

2082 - CPANEL

2083 - CPANEL Secure SSL/TLS

2086 - CPANEL WHM

2087 - CPANEL WHM Secure/SSL

2095 - CPANEL Webmail

2096 - CPANEL Webmail Secure/SSL

2222 - Direct Admin Control Panel

2401 - CVSP server

3268 - AD Global Catalog

3269 - AD Global Catalog over SSL

3306 - MySQL Server

3389 - Terminal services (rdp-remote desktop protocol)

4643 - Virtusso Power Panel

(6000 - X11

6063)

8443 - Pleask Control Panel

9999 - Urchin

10000- Webmin Control Panel

21018- Skype

TAG: port, portnumber, port-numbers, tcp, udp, network, service, services, linux, socket, communication, transmission, dataflow, rhce, ubuntu, unix, red hat, red-hat, redhat

How to install Webmin

2010-07-10T23:34:00.000-07:00

WEBMIN

Webmin is a web-based interface for system administration for Unix. Using any modern web browser, you can setup user accounts, Apache, DNS, file sharing and much more. Webmin removes the need to manually edit Unix configuration files like /etc/passwd, and lets you manage a system from the console or remotely.

Install Webmin (Successfully tested/configured on Ubuntu server 10.04)

#sudo aptitude safe-upgrade
#sudo aptitude update
#sudo mkdir downloads
#cd downloads
#sudo wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/webadmin/webmin/1.510/webmin_1.510-2_all.deb?use_mirror=cdnetworks-us-1
or
#sudo wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/webadmin/webmin/1.510/webmin_1.510-2_all.deb?use_mirror=kent
#sudo dpkg -i webmin_1.510-2_all.deb
#sudo aptitude -f install

=>>You can access the Ubuntu machine from a Windows machine via a web browser by typing the address

https://yourip:10000
or
https://core:10000 , here core is the name of my Ubuntu server.

Tags: webmin web-based interface system administration admistrator configure linux server ubuntu red hat redhat rhel rhce unix

How to break root password !!!

2010-03-14T00:20:00.000-08:00

How to break root password !!!

Method 1:

One of the advantages of single-user mode is that you do not need a boot CD-ROM; however, it does not give you the option to mount the file systems as read-only or not mount them at all.

If your system boots, but does not allow you to log in when it has completed booting, try single-user mode.

In single-user mode, your computer boots to runlevel 1. Your local file systems are mounted, but your network is not activated. You have a usable system maintenance shell. Unlike rescue mode, single-user mode automatically tries to mount your file system. Do not use single-user mode if your file system cannot be mounted successfully. You cannot use single-user mode if the runlevel 1 configuration on your system is corrupted.

1) When you reach the grub screen press 'e' on linux.

2) Go to line which contains the word 'kernel' press 'e'

3) go to the end of that line and write 'linux single' or '1'

4) then press 'esc' twice and press 'b' to reboot the system

5) now wait for the prompt and then type 'passwd root'

6) enter new passwd

Method 2:

In emergency mode, you are booted into the most minimal environment possible. The root file system is mounted read-only and almost nothing is set up. The main advantage of emergency mode over single-user mode is that the init files are not loaded. If init is corrupted or not working, you can still mount file systems to recover data that could be lost during a re-installation.

1) Boot the computer with linux installation CD

2) Enter the linux rescue mode by entering the following command in boot screen

boot:linux rescue

3) When the sh prompt is reached, enter the following commands to change root password:

#chroot /mnt/sysimage

#passwd

The above step will prompt you to enter your new password

Tags: rhel rhel5 rhce rhct hack how to break root password

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2010-02-25T04:31:00.000-08:00

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