<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394</id><updated>2024-09-01T10:29:18.201-07:00</updated><category term="Cancer News"/><category term="2) Pancreatic Cancer"/><category term="Research Policy"/><category term="Metaphysical Minds"/><category term="1) Esophageal and Stomach Cancer"/><category term="Academia"/><category term="3) Colorectal Cancer"/><category term="Educational Videos (ITA)"/><title type='text'>Onco_log, the oncology blog</title><subtitle type='html'>Notes and counter notes on cancer research and therapies (and some other stuff you don&#39;t have to be interested in...), by Gianmarco Contino, MD</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>60</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-3287191462581684177</id><published>2019-03-03T02:57:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2019-03-03T02:59:19.218-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Biological and Cultural Evolution Six Characters in Search of an Author</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: freight-sans-pro, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: freight-sans-pro, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;em&gt;From the Edge.org&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: freight-sans-pro, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;em style=&quot;font-size: 17.6px;&quot;&gt;&quot;In the near future, we will be in possession of genetic engineering technology which allows us to move genes precisely and massively from one species to another. Careless or commercially driven use of this technology could make the concept of species meaningless, mixing up populations and mating systems so that much of the individuality of species would be lost. Cultural evolution gave us the power to do this. To preserve our wildlife as nature evolved it, the machinery of biological evolution must be protected from the homogenizing effects of cultural evolution.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: freight-sans-pro, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Unfortunately, the first of our two tasks, the nurture of a brotherhood of man, has been made possible only by the dominant role of cultural evolution in recent centuries. The cultural evolution that damages and endangers natural diversity is the same force that drives human brotherhood through the mutual understanding of diverse societies. Wells&#39;s vision of human history as an accumulation of cultures, Dawkins&#39;s&amp;nbsp;vision of memes bringing us together by sharing our arts and sciences, Pääbo&#39;s vision of our cousins in the cave sharing our language and our genes, show us how cultural evolution has made us what we are. Cultural evolution will be the main force driving our future.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: freight-sans-pro, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Continue reading the full article on:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.edge.org/conversation/freeman_dyson-biological-and-cultural-evolution&quot;&gt;Biological and Cultural Evolution Six Characters in Search of an Author&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/3287191462581684177/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2019/03/biological-and-cultural-evolution-six.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/3287191462581684177'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/3287191462581684177'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2019/03/biological-and-cultural-evolution-six.html' title='Biological and Cultural Evolution Six Characters in Search of an Author'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-5746307612126898130</id><published>2018-06-09T14:15:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2018-06-09T14:15:42.947-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Richard Smith: The case for medical nihilism and “gentle medicine”</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;header class=&quot;entry-header&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 class=&quot;entry-title&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 3px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2018/06/04/richard-smith-the-case-for-medical-nihilism-and-gentle-medicine/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/header&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;entry-content&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px;&quot;&gt;
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                     {{getListItemStyle()}};
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&lt;div class=&quot;standfirst&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: interfaceregular, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 1rem;&quot;&gt;
Most practising doctors are instinctive medical nihilists, argues Richard Smith&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: interfaceregular, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;more-42270&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/files/2014/12/richard_smith_2014.jpg&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 110, 187); box-sizing: inherit; color: #2a6ebb; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;richard_smith_2014&quot; class=&quot;alignleft wp-image-33037&quot; height=&quot;128&quot; src=&quot;https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/files/2014/12/richard_smith_2014-150x150.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border-style: none; box-sizing: inherit; float: left; height: auto; margin: 0px 20px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-right: 10px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; width=&quot;128&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;Jacob Stegenga, a philosopher of science in Cambridge, has written a closely argued and empirically supported book in which he argues the case for medical nihilism by which he means that our confidence in the effectiveness of medical interventions should be low. My belief is that many doctors, particularly senior ones, are instinctively nihilists but most patients are not.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;Medical Nihilism&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;is one of the latest in a long history of arguments doubting the effectiveness of medicine. Stegenga briefly summaries that history, starting with Heraclitus (the way that doctors torture their patients is “just as bad as the diseases they claim to cure”), passing through Oliver Wendell Holmes (“If the whole materia medica, as now used, could be sunk to the bottom of the sea it would be all the better for mankind—and all the worse for the fishes”) to Ivan Illich (“modern medicine is a negation of health . . . it makes more people sick than it heals”). In the same week that Stegenga’s book was launched the doctor and journalist James Le Fanu launched&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;Too Many Pills&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;, a book in which he argues that doctors are prescribing too many pills and endangering health (more of that in another blog) and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bmj.com/content/361/bmj.k2035&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(42, 110, 187); box-sizing: inherit; color: #2a6ebb; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;&quot;&gt;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;The BMJ&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;made the case for&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;overcoming overuse of medicine.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;Something is up.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;Stegenga is not opposed to the whole enterprise of modern medicine, as Illich was, but he does like many others think that it needs to change direction. Nor is he against evidence based medicine, but much of the book is a detailed critique of what he calls “the malleability” of medical research, meaning its background theories, priorities, funding, methods, biases, dissemination, and implementation. Much of this will be familiar to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;readers of&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;The BMJ&lt;/em&gt;, and again most doctors are more sceptical about medical research than the public, although the profusion of stories in the media of “X,Y, and Z does/does not/ might cause A,B, and C” means that the public is becoming more sceptical about science, allowing some even to conclude that climate change is not happening.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;But medical nihilism means more than “a tough scepticism espousing low confidence about this or that medical intervention.” Rather medical nihilism is a “more general stance.” We should be sceptical about the evaluation of particular interventions, but beyond that we should consider “the frequency of failed medical interventions, the extent of misleading and discordant evidence in medical research, the sketchy theoretical framework on which many medical interventions are based, and the malleability of even the very best empirical methods.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;The nihilism that Stegenga advocates fits with the emerging view in the philosophy of science that “facts and values are inextricably linked.” I have long thought that we have deceived ourselves by imagining that when we are being scientists we become objective data processors uncorrupted by the human failings that we all know and share. That self-deception is why we have been so slow and poor at responding to research misconduct.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;Philosophers, including Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn, have long tried, writes Stegenga, to demarcate good from bad science but “have now given up on the attempt to develop general, context-free principles of demarcation.” That’s why he has written a book that is highly “contextualised,” examining in detail the fragile base of medical knowledge.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;As you would expect of a philosopher, Stegenga builds his case around three key arguments. The first is that the medical model or theory of targeting diseases with magic bullets is unhelpful. It emerged with the appearance of treatments like antibiotics and insulin, which in a world where there was no effective treatment for infections and people with type I diabetes would die would seem magical. But even with those treatments, we soon recognised that bacteria could develop resistance to the drugs, and that even though kept alive people with diabetes would develop complications.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;The magic bullet theory supposes that an effective treatment (the magic bullet) moves a patient from disease to health. But—as Stegenga makes clear—health, disease, and effectiveness are all disputed concepts. The theory also does not extend from antibiotics to most conditions where the cause is much less clear and much more complex. Consider the cleverly misnamed antidepressants: there is no neat target; we don’t know the cause; and we can’t agree on who is depressed and the effectiveness of the drugs. Much more of medicine is like depression than type I diabetes, particularly in a world where most patients have multiple, long term conditions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;Despite its obvious limitations, the magic bullet model seems alive and well in the age of genetics and personalised medicine. Pharmaceutical companies are merchants of magic bullets and keen to keep the concept alive. It’s also very attractive to the public, which can fantasise that a pill will fix their problems. Stegenga advocates placing less emphasis on magic bullets and more on developing other kinds of interventions for improving health.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;Stegenga’s second and third arguments will be familiar to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;readers of&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;The BMJ:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;that contemporary research methods are “malleable” and that the medicine consistently underestimates harms (partly through having a narrow concept of what constitutes a harm) and fails to deal adequately with bias and fraud.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;These arguments are tied together into a “master argument,” which uses Bayes Theorem, and says that we should start with a prior belief in the low effectiveness of medical interventions—to the point that “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;even when presented with evidence for a hypothesis regarding the effectiveness of a medical intervention, we ought to have low confidence in that hypothesis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;” (Stegenga’s italics). I think that this is what many doctors do, particularly when confronted with studies funded by the drug industry. This approach makes me think of one of my favourite sayings: “Good surgeons know how to operate. Better surgeons when to operate, and the best surgeons when not to operate.” This applies, I think, across all of medicine, and the best doctors are thus what Stegenga calls “medical nihilists.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;Throughout the book, Stegenga provides empirical evidence to support his particular arguments, but he also has three general pieces of evidence to support his argument. Firstly, many medical interventions have been rejected because they don’t work. I remember a letter from a retired surgeon to&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;BMJ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;pointing out that most of the operations he learnt as a young surgeon are no longer used. Secondly, the best evidence shows that many medical interventions are barely effective, if effective at all. Thirdly, there is conflicting evidence on the benefits of many medical interventions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;The word “nihilism” may be unfortunate. Stegenga and I spoke at a meeting chaired by the president of the Academy of Medical Sciences, where the president objected to the word nihilism, thinking that Stegenga was suggesting that medicine has achieved little and is more of a bad than a good thing. That is not Stegenga’s argument, and he ends his book with some positive ideas on how medical nihilism might lead to better medicine.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;He advocates “gentle medicine,” borrowed from the 19&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;century term&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;la médécine douce&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;. Gentle medicine “encourages a moderate form of therapeutic conservatism.” Many doctors, particularly general practitioners, already practice medicine gently, and gentle medicine clearly overlaps with realistic medicine, prudent medicine, and slow medicine, all of which have their proponents.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;The priorities of medical research should be rethought and changed. “The focus on magic bullets (‘genes, proteins, and molecular pathways’) has on the whole,” Stegenga &amp;nbsp;writes, ”been disappointing.” Yet this continues to be the main thrust of medical research, driven more by economic than human thinking and by the needs of pharmaceutical companies. Stegenga joins many others in urging more research into non-drug interventions, community action, and the human aspects of suffering and disease, “the art of medicine.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;Regulation also needs rethinking. At the moment there is pressure to make it easier for new drugs for enter the market—again perhaps more for the benefit of pharmaceutical companies than patients. But regulators face “inductive risk” in that they have to infer the benefit-risk profile from limited evidence, and the earlier they have to make a decision the greater the risk. But as few new drugs have major new benefits (and even then might still have undiscovered serious adverse risks), medical nihilism argues for tightening rather than loosening regulation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit;&quot;&gt;Most practising doctors are, I believe, instinctive medical nihilists even if they would never use that term: they know the limitations of magic bullets, are highly sceptical of claims for new drugs, and recognise the importance of the human as opposed to the technical. Some patients and politicians are also medical nihilists, but most are not. They are the group who would benefit the most from this important book but also, sadly, are perhaps the least likely to read it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Richard Smith&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;was the editor of The BMJ until 2004.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/5746307612126898130/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2018/06/richard-smith-case-for-medical-nihilism.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/5746307612126898130'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/5746307612126898130'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2018/06/richard-smith-case-for-medical-nihilism.html' title='Richard Smith: The case for medical nihilism and “gentle medicine”'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-8582313146525740217</id><published>2018-06-07T13:58:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2018-06-07T14:00:23.680-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Artificial intelligence will improve medical treatments</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;h1 class=&quot;flytitle-and-title__body&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1em; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;flytitle-and-title__flytitle&quot; style=&quot;color: #e3120b; display: block; font-family: &amp;quot;econsans&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 0.88889em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.35; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;From A&amp;amp;E to AI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;flytitle-and-title__title&quot; style=&quot;color: #121212; display: block; font-family: &amp;quot;miloserifpro&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;palatino&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 1.80204em; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 1.25; margin: 0px 0px 0.714em; transition: 0.2s;&quot;&gt;Artificial intelligence will improve medical treatments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
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It will not imminently put medical experts out of work&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;blog-post__text&quot; itemprop=&quot;description&quot; style=&quot;color: #121212; font-family: MiloSerifPro, Palatino, serif; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 1.45em; position: relative;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 20px;&quot;&gt;
FOUR years ago a woman in her early 30s was hit by a car in London. She needed emergency surgery to reduce the pressure on her brain. Her surgeon, Chris Mansi, remembers the operation going well. But she died, and Mr Mansi wanted to know why. He discovered that the problem had been a four-hour delay in getting her from the accident and emergency unit of the hospital where she was first brought, to the operating theatre in his own hospital. That, in turn, was the result of a delay in identifying, from medical scans of her head, that she had a large blood clot in her brain and was in need of immediate treatment. It is to try to avoid repetitions of this sort of delay that Mr Mansi has helped set up a firm called Viz.ai. The firm’s purpose is to use machine learning, a form of artificial intelligence (AI), to tell those patients who need urgent attention from those who may safely wait, by analysing scans of their brains made on admission.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 20px;&quot;&gt;
That idea is one among myriad projects now under way with the aim of using machine learning to transform how doctors deal with patients. Though diverse in detail, these projects have a common aim. This is to get the right patient to the right doctor at the right time.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;latest-updates-panel__container latest-updates-panel__container--blog-post&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border-color: rgb(215, 215, 215); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 2px 2px; flex-basis: 296px; float: left; font-family: EconSans; font-size: 20px; margin: 0px 29.0312px 1.5em -65.5469px; max-width: 45%; position: absolute; right: 639.656px; width: calc(28.76% + 4px);&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;latest-updates-panel__header latest-updates-panel__header--blog-post&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #d7d7d7; line-height: 1.9em; padding: calc(0.75rem - 4px); text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&quot;latest-updates-panel__label latest-updates-panel__label--blog-post&quot; style=&quot;color: #383e42; font-size: 0.79012em; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Latest stories&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul class=&quot;latest-updates-panel__body&quot; style=&quot;bottom: 0px; column-count: 1; left: 0px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.5em; position: relative; right: 0px; top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__wrapper&quot; style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;&lt;article class=&quot;latest-updates-panel__article-link&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(215, 215, 215);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card&quot; href=&quot;https://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21743825-curiouser-and-curiouser&quot; itemprop=&quot;url&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; border-bottom: none rgb(62, 81, 181); color: #3e51b5; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; margin-bottom: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 101ms ease, border-bottom-color; width: 167.953px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__body&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__title&quot; style=&quot;color: #121212; font-family: EconSans, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 0.70233em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Seasonal changes in Mars’s air are probably not signs of life. Probably&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__footer&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; -webkit-box-pack: justify; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: inherit; justify-content: space-between; letter-spacing: 0.01em; line-height: 1.4; padding-bottom: 0.35em; text-transform: uppercase; width: 167.953px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__subtitle&quot; href=&quot;https://www.economist.com/sections/science-technology&quot; itemprop=&quot;url&quot; style=&quot;align-self: flex-end; border-bottom: none rgb(62, 81, 181); color: #7a7a7a; display: block; font-size: 0.49326em; margin: 0px; max-width: 180px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-overflow: ellipsis; transition: color 101ms ease, border-bottom-color; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY&lt;/a&gt;&lt;time class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__time&quot; style=&quot;align-self: flex-end; color: #e3120b; display: block; font-size: 0.49326em; margin: 0px 0px 0px auto; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;2 HOURS AGO&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/article&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__wrapper&quot; style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;&lt;article class=&quot;latest-updates-panel__article-link&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(215, 215, 215);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card&quot; href=&quot;https://www.economist.com/blogs/gulliver/2018/06/no-girls-allowed-0&quot; itemprop=&quot;url&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; border-bottom: none rgb(62, 81, 181); color: #3e51b5; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; margin-bottom: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 101ms ease, border-bottom-color; width: 167.953px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__body&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__title&quot; style=&quot;color: #121212; font-family: EconSans, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 0.70233em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Aviation’s most outspoken boss thinks women cannot do his job&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__footer&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; -webkit-box-pack: justify; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: inherit; justify-content: space-between; letter-spacing: 0.01em; line-height: 1.4; padding-bottom: 0.35em; text-transform: uppercase; width: 167.953px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__subtitle&quot; href=&quot;https://www.economist.com/blogs/gulliver&quot; itemprop=&quot;url&quot; style=&quot;align-self: flex-end; border-bottom: none rgb(62, 81, 181); color: #7a7a7a; display: block; font-size: 0.49326em; margin: 0px; max-width: 180px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-overflow: ellipsis; transition: color 101ms ease, border-bottom-color; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;GULLIVER&lt;/a&gt;&lt;time class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__time&quot; style=&quot;align-self: flex-end; color: #e3120b; display: block; font-size: 0.49326em; margin: 0px 0px 0px auto; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;3 HOURS AGO&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/article&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__wrapper&quot; style=&quot;padding-bottom: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;&lt;article class=&quot;latest-updates-panel__article-link&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(215, 215, 215);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card&quot; href=&quot;https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2018/06/staring-down-barrel&quot; itemprop=&quot;url&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; border-bottom: none rgb(62, 81, 181); color: #3e51b5; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; margin-bottom: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 101ms ease, border-bottom-color; width: 167.953px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__body&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__title&quot; style=&quot;color: #121212; font-family: EconSans, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 0.70233em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;
#TankMen2018, a global work of protest art&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__footer&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; -webkit-box-pack: justify; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: inherit; justify-content: space-between; letter-spacing: 0.01em; line-height: 1.4; padding-bottom: 0.35em; text-transform: uppercase; width: 167.953px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__subtitle&quot; href=&quot;https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero&quot; itemprop=&quot;url&quot; style=&quot;align-self: flex-end; border-bottom: none rgb(62, 81, 181); color: #7a7a7a; display: block; font-size: 0.49326em; margin: 0px; max-width: 180px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-overflow: ellipsis; transition: color 101ms ease, border-bottom-color; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;PROSPERO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;time class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__time&quot; style=&quot;align-self: flex-end; color: #e3120b; display: block; font-size: 0.49326em; margin: 0px 0px 0px auto; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;4 HOURS AGO&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/article&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__wrapper&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding-bottom: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;&lt;article class=&quot;latest-updates-panel__article-link&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(215, 215, 215);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card&quot; href=&quot;https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2018/06/daily-chart-3&quot; itemprop=&quot;url&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; border-bottom: none rgb(62, 81, 181); color: #3e51b5; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; margin-bottom: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 101ms ease, border-bottom-color; width: 167.953px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__body&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__title&quot; style=&quot;color: #121212; font-family: EconSans, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 0.70233em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;
The stark relationship between income inequality and crime&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__footer&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; -webkit-box-pack: justify; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: inherit; justify-content: space-between; letter-spacing: 0.01em; line-height: 1.4; padding-bottom: 0.35em; text-transform: uppercase; width: 167.953px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__subtitle&quot; href=&quot;https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail&quot; itemprop=&quot;url&quot; style=&quot;align-self: flex-end; border-bottom: none rgb(62, 81, 181); color: #7a7a7a; display: block; font-size: 0.49326em; margin: 0px; max-width: 180px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-overflow: ellipsis; transition: color 101ms ease, border-bottom-color; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;GRAPHIC DETAIL&lt;/a&gt;&lt;time class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__time&quot; style=&quot;align-self: flex-end; color: #e3120b; display: block; font-size: 0.49326em; margin: 0px 0px 0px auto; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;4 HOURS AGO&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/article&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__wrapper&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding-bottom: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;&lt;article class=&quot;latest-updates-panel__article-link&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(215, 215, 215);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card&quot; href=&quot;https://www.economist.com/blogs/openfuture/2018/06/economist-asks&quot; itemprop=&quot;url&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; border-bottom: none rgb(62, 81, 181); color: #3e51b5; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; margin-bottom: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 101ms ease, border-bottom-color; width: 167.953px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__body&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__title&quot; style=&quot;color: #121212; font-family: EconSans, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 0.70233em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Has the West lost its touch?&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__footer&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; -webkit-box-pack: justify; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: inherit; justify-content: space-between; letter-spacing: 0.01em; line-height: 1.4; padding-bottom: 0.35em; text-transform: uppercase; width: 167.953px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__subtitle&quot; href=&quot;https://www.economist.com/openfuture&quot; itemprop=&quot;url&quot; style=&quot;align-self: flex-end; border-bottom: none rgb(62, 81, 181); color: #7a7a7a; display: block; font-size: 0.49326em; margin: 0px; max-width: 180px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-overflow: ellipsis; transition: color 101ms ease, border-bottom-color; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;OPEN FUTURE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;time class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__time&quot; style=&quot;align-self: flex-end; color: #e3120b; display: block; font-size: 0.49326em; margin: 0px 0px 0px auto; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;10 HOURS AGO&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/article&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__wrapper&quot; style=&quot;display: block; padding-bottom: 0.5em;&quot;&gt;&lt;article class=&quot;latest-updates-panel__article-link&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card&quot; href=&quot;https://www.economist.com/news/markets-and-data/21743714-retail-sales-producer-prices-wages-and-exchange-rates&quot; itemprop=&quot;url&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; border-bottom: none rgb(62, 81, 181); color: #3e51b5; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; margin-bottom: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 101ms ease, border-bottom-color; width: 167.953px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__body&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__title&quot; style=&quot;color: #121212; font-family: EconSans, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 0.70233em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Retail sales, producer prices, wages and exchange rates&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__footer&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; -webkit-box-pack: justify; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: inherit; justify-content: space-between; letter-spacing: 0.01em; line-height: 1.4; padding-bottom: 0.35em; text-transform: uppercase; width: 167.953px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;time class=&quot;latest-updates-panel-card__time&quot; style=&quot;align-self: flex-end; color: #e3120b; display: block; font-size: 0.49326em; margin: 0px 0px 0px auto; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;11 HOURS AGO&lt;/time&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/article&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
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In Viz.ai’s case that is now happening. In February the firm received approval from regulators in the United States to sell its software for the detection, from brain scans, of strokes caused by a blockage in a large blood vessel. The technology is being introduced into hospitals in America’s “stroke belt”—the south-eastern part, in which strokes are unusually common. Erlanger Health System, in Tennessee, will turn on its Viz.ai system next week.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://cdn.static-economist.com/sites/default/files/images/print-edition/20180609_STD001_0.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;225&quot; src=&quot;https://cdn.static-economist.com/sites/default/files/images/print-edition/20180609_STD001_0.jpg&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1em;&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The potential benefits are great. As Tom Devlin, a stroke neurologist at Erlanger, observes, “We know we lose 2m brain cells every minute the clot is there.” Yet the two therapies that can transform outcomes—clot-busting drugs and an operation called a thrombectomy—are rarely used because, by the time a stroke is diagnosed and a surgical team assembled, too much of a patient’s brain has died. Viz.ai’s technology should improve outcomes by identifying urgent cases, alerting on-call specialists and sending them the scans directly.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;xhead&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20px; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;
The AIs have it&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 20px;&quot;&gt;
Another area ripe for AI’s assistance is oncology. In February 2017 Andre Esteva of Stanford University and his colleagues used a set of almost 130,000 images to train some artificial-intelligence software to classify skin lesions. So trained, and tested against the opinions of 21 qualified dermatologists, the software could identify both the most common type of skin cancer (keratinocyte carcinoma), and the deadliest type (malignant melanoma), as successfully as the professionals. That was impressive. But now, as described last month in a paper in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;em class=&quot;Italic&quot;&gt;Annals of Oncology&lt;/em&gt;, there is an AI skin-cancer-detection system that can do better than most dermatologists. Holger Haenssle of the University of Heidelberg, in Germany, pitted an AI system against 58 dermatologists. The humans were able to identify 86.6% of skin cancers. The computer found 95%. It also misdiagnosed fewer benign moles as malignancies.&lt;/div&gt;
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There has been progress in the detection of breast cancer, too. Last month Kheiron Medical Technologies, a firm in London, received news that a study it had commissioned had concluded that its software exceeded the officially required performance standard for radiologists screening for the disease. The firm says it will submit this study for publication when it has received European approval to use the AI—which it expects to happen soon.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 20px;&quot;&gt;
This development looks important. Breast screening has saved many lives, but it leaves much to be desired. Overdiagnosis and overtreatment are common. Conversely, tumours are sometimes missed. In many countries such problems have led to scans being checked routinely by a second radiologist, which improves accuracy but adds to workloads. At a minimum Kheiron’s system looks useful for a second opinion. As it improves, it may be able to grade women according to their risks of breast cancer and decide the best time for their next mammogram.&lt;/div&gt;
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Efforts to use AI to improve diagnosis are under way in other parts of medicine, too. In eye disease, DeepMind, a London-based subsidiary of Alphabet, Google’s parent company, has an AI that screens retinal scans for conditions such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The firm is also working on mammography.&lt;/div&gt;
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Heart disease is yet another field of interest. Researchers at Oxford University have been developing AIs intended to interpret echocardiograms, which are ultrasonic scans of the heart. Cardiologists looking at these scans are searching for signs of heart disease, but can miss them 20% of the time. That means patients will be sent home and may then go on to have a heart attack. The AI, however, can detect changes invisible to the eye and improve the accuracy of diagnosis. Ultromics, a firm in Oxford, is trying to commercialise the technology and it could be rolled out later this year in Britain.&lt;/div&gt;
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There are also efforts to detect cardiac arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation, which increase the risk of heart failure and strokes. Researchers at Stanford University, led by Andrew Ng, have shown that AI software can identify arrhythmias from an electrocardiogram (ECG) better than an expert. The group has joined forces with a firm that makes portable ECG devices and is helping Apple with a study looking at whether arrhythmias can be detected in the heart-rate data picked up by its smart watches. Meanwhile, in Paris, a firm called Cardiologs is also trying to design an AI intended to read ECGs.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;xhead&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20px; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;
Seeing ahead&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 20px;&quot;&gt;
Eric Topol, a cardiologist and digital-medicine researcher at the Scripps Research Institute, in San Diego, says that doctors and algorithms are comparable in accuracy in some areas, but computers have the advantage of speed. This combination of traits, he reckons, will lead to higher accuracy and productivity in health care.&lt;/div&gt;
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Artificial intelligence might also make medicine more specific, by being able to draw distinctions that elude human observers. It may be able to grade cancers or instances of cardiac disease according to their risks—thus, for example, distinguishing those prostate cancers that will kill quickly, and therefore need treatment, from those that will not, and can probably be left untreated.&lt;/div&gt;
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What medical AI will not do—at least not for a long time—is make human experts redundant in the fields it invades. Machine-learning systems work on a narrow range of tasks and will need close supervision for years to come. They are “black boxes”, in that doctors do not know exactly how they reach their decisions. And they are inclined to become biased if insufficient care is paid to what they are learning from. They will, though, take much of the drudgery and error out of diagnosis. And they will also help make sure that patients, whether being screened for cancer or taken from the scene of a car accident, are treated in time to be saved.&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/8582313146525740217/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2018/06/artificial-intelligence-will-improve.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/8582313146525740217'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/8582313146525740217'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2018/06/artificial-intelligence-will-improve.html' title='Artificial intelligence will improve medical treatments'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-4639381684955369185</id><published>2018-06-06T03:45:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2018-06-07T13:59:38.298-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Europe’s top science funder shows high-risk research pays off</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05325-4&quot;&gt;Europe’s top science funder shows high-risk research pays off&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;article__body serif cleared&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 50px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
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A ﻿popular and unusual self-review carried out by Europe’s most prestigious science funder is back. The annual assessment, now in its third year, found that nearly one in five projects supported by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-label=&quot;https://www.nature.com/news/preserve-the-european-research-council-s-legacy-1.14326&quot; data-track-category=&quot;body text link&quot; data-track=&quot;click&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/news/preserve-the-european-research-council-s-legacy-1.14326&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: #006699; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;European Research Council (ERC)&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;led to a scientific breakthrough.&lt;/div&gt;
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The independent review, undertaken in 2017, assessed 223 completed ERC projects that had ended by mid-2015. It deemed that 79% of them achieved a major scientific advance, 19% of which were considered fundamental breakthroughs. That proportion rose to 27% for ERC Advanced Grants, which are awarded to experienced researchers. Only 1% of the total were judged to have made no appreciable scientific contribution. The review was&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-label=&quot;https://erc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/document/file/2018-qualitative-evaluation-projects.pdf&quot; data-track-category=&quot;body text link&quot; data-track=&quot;click&quot; href=&quot;https://erc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/document/file/2018-qualitative-evaluation-projects.pdf&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: #006699; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;published on 31 May.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Established in 2007&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-label=&quot;https://www.nature.com/news/boon-or-burden-what-has-the-eu-ever-done-for-science-1.20089#/excellence&quot; data-track-category=&quot;body text link&quot; data-track=&quot;click&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/news/boon-or-burden-what-has-the-eu-ever-done-for-science-1.20089#/excellence&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: #006699; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;to improve the quality of Europe’s science&lt;/a&gt;, the ERC is the European Union’s premier funder of blue-skies research and is part of Horizon 2020, the EU’s main science-funding programme. It awards generous, multiyear grants in any discipline and applications are judged solely on their quality. The council has undertaken annual reviews of the projects it funds since it ran a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-label=&quot;https://www.nature.com/news/europe-s-premier-funding-agency-measures-its-impact-1.20328&quot; data-track-category=&quot;body text link&quot; data-track=&quot;click&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/news/europe-s-premier-funding-agency-measures-its-impact-1.20328&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: #006699; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;popular pilot assessment in 2015&lt;/a&gt;. The strategy is pioneering among European funders, most of which evaluate success on a project-by-project basis, and it was praised for taking a qualitative approach rather than relying, for instance, on bibliometrics.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;mr10&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 10px;&quot;&gt;Source: ERC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Risky business&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://media.nature.com/w800/magazine-assets/d41586-018-05325-4/d41586-018-05325-4_15816168.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;figure__image&quot; height=&quot;251&quot; src=&quot;https://media.nature.com/w800/magazine-assets/d41586-018-05325-4/d41586-018-05325-4_15816168.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
The latest assessment was carried out by senior scientists convened by the ERC’s Scientific Council. Each panel member was asked a series of questions about a randomly selected set of projects. This year, evaluators were also asked to focus on a project’s risk to a greater extent than in previous years. (A spokesperson for the ERC said that the council is still refining the assessment’s methodology.)&lt;/div&gt;
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The 19% figure of scientific breakthroughs in the latest assessment is lower than in previous years; 21% and 25% of ERC projects assessed in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-label=&quot;https://erc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/qualitative_evaluation_of_completed_projects_funded_by_the_erc.pdf&quot; data-track-category=&quot;body text link&quot; data-track=&quot;click&quot; href=&quot;https://erc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/qualitative_evaluation_of_completed_projects_funded_by_the_erc.pdf&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: #006699; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2015&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-label=&quot;https://erc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/document/file/2017-qualitative-evaluation-projects.pdf&quot; data-track-category=&quot;body text link&quot; data-track=&quot;click&quot; href=&quot;https://erc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/document/file/2017-qualitative-evaluation-projects.pdf&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: #006699; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2016&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;exercises, respectively, were classed as such (see ‘Europe’s top research grants’).&lt;/div&gt;
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The reviewers deemed that most projects that made breakthroughs were high risk and high reward, and only 10% of projects were considered low risk. “The ERC has really pushed the expectation of raising the boundaries of science and taking more risks,” says Jan Palmowski, secretary-general of the Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities, a lobby group in Brussels.&lt;/div&gt;
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The assessment shows that risk-friendly funding is crucial for retaining talent in Europe, where research funders are generally risk-averse, says Martin Vechev, a computer scientist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich who received an ERC grant aimed at early-career researchers in 2015, after spending time at computing firm IBM in the United States. The grant encouraged him to stay in Europe, and he says that the funding helped his team to develop a new sub-field of artificial intelligence that focuses on machines that automatically write computer code.&lt;/div&gt;
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The reviewers also deemed that more than 50% of projects had already made an economic and societal impact. In a speech earlier this year, ERC president Jean-Pierre Bourguignon, said that council-funded research generated 29% of patents approved from EU funding in 2007–13, despite receiving less than 17% of the money.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Funding incentive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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The review comes at a crucial time for EU research funding, say observers. This week, the European Commission is expected to release a detailed budget plan for the next instalment of its main funding programme, which will include the ERC’s next funding pot. The programme, called Horizon Europe, will run from 2021 to 2027 and has a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-label=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05105-0&quot; data-track-category=&quot;body text link&quot; data-track=&quot;click&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05105-0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: #006699; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;proposed budget of nearly €100 billion&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;(US$117 billion).&lt;/div&gt;
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The latest review provides ammunition in the fight to raise the ERC’s budget, says Palmowski. His organization advocates for a doubling of the annual budget, which in 2017 was €1.8 billion (it started with €300 million in 2007).&lt;/div&gt;
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The findings should encourage policymakers around Europe to focus their national research funding on excellence, even if economic growth is their priority, says the League of European Research Universities (LERU). “The ERC clearly shows that focusing on excellence alone at application stage also leads to demonstrable impacts,” says Laura Keustermans, senior policy officer at the LERU in Leuven, Belgium. Since its creation, ERC grantees have won six Nobel prizes and four Fields Medals, considered the most prestigious prize in mathematics.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;emphasis&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Nature&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;558&lt;/span&gt;, 16-17 (2018)&lt;/div&gt;
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doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05325-4&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/4639381684955369185/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2018/06/europes-top-science-funder-shows-high.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/4639381684955369185'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/4639381684955369185'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2018/06/europes-top-science-funder-shows-high.html' title='Europe’s top science funder shows high-risk research pays off'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-8295286963942786637</id><published>2018-05-25T03:52:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2018-06-03T08:02:59.878-07:00</updated><title type='text'>How gut microbes are joining the fight against cancer</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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The intestinal microbiome seems to influence how well some cancer drugs work. But is the science ripe for clinical trials?&lt;/div&gt;
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Bertrand Routy earned a lamentable reputation with Parisian oncologists in 2015. A doctoral student at the nearby Gustave Roussy cancer centre, Routy had to go from hospital to hospital collecting stool samples from people who had undergone cancer treatments. The doctors were merciless. “They made fun of me,” Routy says. “My nickname was Mr Caca.”&lt;br /&gt;
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But the taunting stopped after Routy and his colleagues published evidence that certain gut bacteria seem to boost people’s response to treatment&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05208-8#ref-CR1&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Now, those physicians are eager to analyse faecal samples from their patients in the hope of predicting who is likely to respond to anticancer drugs. “It was an eye-opener for a lot of people who couldn’t see the clinical relevance of gut microbes,” says Routy, who is now at the University of Montreal Health Centre in Canada.&lt;/div&gt;
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Cancer has been a late bloomer in the microbiome revolution that has surged through biomedicine. Over the past few decades, scientists have linked the gut’s composition of microbes to dozens of seemingly unrelated conditions — from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/news/the-tantalizing-links-between-gut-microbes-and-the-brain-1.18557&quot;&gt;depression&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/news/gut-microbe-may-fight-obesity-and-diabetes-1.12975&quot;&gt;obesity&lt;/a&gt;. Cancer has some provocative connections as well: inflammation is a contributing factor to some tumours and a few types of cancer have infectious origins. But with the explosive growth of a new class of drug — cancer immunotherapies — scientists have been taking a closer look at how the gut microbiome might interact with treatment and how these interactions might be harnessed.&lt;/div&gt;
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After preliminary findings in mice and humans revealed that gut bacteria can sway responses to such drugs, scientists started trying to decipher the mechanisms involved. And researchers are launching a handful of clinical trials that will test whether the gut microbiome can be manipulated to improve outcomes.&lt;/div&gt;
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Some proponents say that strategies to mould the microbiome could be game-changing in cancer treatment. “It’s a smart place to be,” says Jennifer Wargo, a surgeon–scientist at MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas. But others are worried that&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/news/microbiology-microbiome-science-needs-a-healthy-dose-of-scepticism-1.15730&quot;&gt;the move to the clinic is premature&lt;/a&gt;. William Hanage, an epidemiologist at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston, Massachusetts, calls the idea “phenomenally interesting”, but adds: “I have some anxiety about the notion that only beneficial effects are possible.”&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Intriguing link&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Although the excitement about microbes and immunotherapy has emerged only in the past three years, some researchers have been exploring connections between gut bacteria and cancer for much longer. Scientists first linked the infectious bacterium&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Helicobacter&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;pylori&lt;/i&gt;to gastric cancer back in the 1990s, for example. And since then, other bacteria have been associated with cancer initiation and progression. Some of these microbes activate inflammatory responses and disrupt the mucus layers that protect the body from outside invaders, creating an environment that supports tumour growth. In other cases, they promote cancer survival by making cells resistant to anticancer drugs.&lt;/div&gt;
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But gut bacteria can&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/news/gut-microbes-can-shape-responses-to-cancer-immunotherapy-1.22938&quot;&gt;also help fight tumours&lt;/a&gt;. In 2013, a group led by Laurence Zitvogel&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05208-8#ref-CR2&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;at Gustave Roussy and one led by immunologists Romina Goldszmid and Giorgio Trinchieri&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05208-8#ref-CR3&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland, showed that some cancer treatments rely on the gut microbiome activating the immune system.&lt;/div&gt;
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Zitvogel’s team found that the chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide damages the mucus layer that lines the intestine, allowing some gut bacteria to travel into the lymph nodes and spleen, where they activate specific immune cells. For mice raised without microbes in their guts or given antibiotics, the drug largely lost its anticancer effects.&lt;/div&gt;
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Following this observation, Zitvogel decided to explore whether bacteria in the gut might influence responses to a class of immunotherapy drugs called checkpoint inhibitors. These drugs, typically antibodies to cell-surface molecules such as CTLA4 and PD1, unleash a person’s immune system against tumour cells, and are used to treat several types of cancer (see ‘A little help from their friends’). But only 20–40% of people respond to treatment&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05208-8#ref-CR4&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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In 2015, Zitvogel and her team showed that microbe-free mice failed to respond to one such drug, and mice given a particular bacterium,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Bacteroides&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;fragilis&lt;/i&gt;, responded better than did mice without it&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05208-8#ref-CR5&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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The idea started to spread. Thomas Gajewski, a cancer clinician at the University of Chicago in Illinois, reported that&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Bifidobacterium&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;microbes increased the response to cancer immunotherapy in mice&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05208-8#ref-CR6&quot;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. These gut-dwelling bacteria acted by boosting the ability of some immune cells to initiate a response against tumours.&lt;/div&gt;
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Wargo saw these results presented at a meeting in 2014, and on returning to Texas, immediately started to collect stool samples from people with skin cancer who were about to undergo immunotherapy at her institution. Last November, Wargo&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05208-8#ref-CR7&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Gajewski&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05208-8#ref-CR8&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and Zitvogel&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05208-8#ref-CR1&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;all published results in&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Science&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;linking positive immunotherapy responses in people to specific varieties of gut bacteria. The samples that Routy had collected in Paris helped Zitvogel’s team to also show that people who had taken antibiotics for unrelated infections tended to respond poorly to immunotherapy.&lt;/div&gt;
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To solidify the relationships, the researchers transferred bacteria from the human participants into the intestines of mice with comparable cancers. Rodents who got ‘beneficial’ bacteria developed smaller tumours than did mice that received microbes from people who hadn’t responded to treatment. “All of this work has been very exciting,” says Neeraj Surana, a microbiologist at Boston Children’s Hospital. “They’ve opened up the possibility for a clear therapeutic application of microbiome science.”&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Heading to the clinic&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Researchers are now running with that possibility. Hassane Zarour, an immunologist at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania, partnered with the global pharmaceutical company Merck to collect faecal bacteria from people who respond to treatment with a checkpoint inhibitor and transfer them into the intestine of non-responders, a process called faecal microbiome transplant. Merck has invested about US$900,000 into this trial, which is set to start in the next few weeks.&lt;/div&gt;
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Wargo is planning a similar trial. Together with the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy in San Francisco, California, and the biotech company Seres Therapeutics in Cambridge, Massachusetts, she expects to test whether faecal transplants can reshape the gut microbiome of non-responders in a beneficial way.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.50em;&quot;&gt;The tantalizing links between gut microbes and the brain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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These microbiome transplants are&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/news/policy-how-to-regulate-faecal-transplants-1.14720&quot;&gt;becoming a mainstream treatment&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;for some non-cancer illnesses. In February, for example, the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommended that physicians use these procedures to treat people with bowel infections caused by the bacterium&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Clostridium difficile&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;who had failed to respond to other treatments. But the approach has downsides. To avoid the risk of inadvertently infecting people with pathogenic microbes, researchers must be careful in how they select donors and screen faecal material before transferring it to recipients. That’s why, in addition to faecal transplants, Seres Therapeutics, the Parker Institute and Wargo will test a pill containing a set of spore-forming bacteria that have been purified from the faeces of responding patients.&lt;/div&gt;
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Gajewski and his partners at Evelo Biosciences, a biotech company in Cambridge, are using a similar approach. Their trial will assess the effects of two pills containing single bacterial strains in people with different types of cancer, including colon and skin cancer.&lt;/div&gt;
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Zitvogel is not planning to start clinical trials but she has co-founded the Delaware-based start-up EverImmune, which is developing a microbiome-based pill.&lt;/div&gt;
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It’s still unclear exactly how microbes might interact with immunotherapeutics. A widely accepted hypothesis is that some boost the body’s response against tumours by regulating how easy it is to activate the immune system. But the precise mechanisms, including which bacteria modulate which immune cells, remain a mystery.&lt;/div&gt;
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The researchers hope that the clinical trials will help to clarify things. Wargo, for instance, is exploring bacterial metabolites. Her team hopes to find specific metabolic signatures of a good outcome in the stools and blood of people who respond to therapy, as well as to document the numbers of immune cells in the blood and tumours of trial participants.&lt;/div&gt;
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Gajewski suggests that microbes might be unleashing the immune response by stimulating the gut cells to produce certain molecules. His team is testing whether circulating immune-cell precursors change their behaviour when specific bacteria are given to mice. At the same time, the group is trying to pin down which species might be driving the positive outcomes.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Too early, or just right?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Given the uncertainties, some scientists argue that testing these approaches in humans is risky. Some trial participants could experience side effects, Surana says. And changing the make-up of an individual’s microbiome might predispose them to other health problems.&lt;/div&gt;
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Faecal transplants come with a lot of unknowns. They have proved safe and effective in many people without cancer, Wargo says, but they have also been associated with unexpected effects, including one case in which the procedure led to weight gain and obesity&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05208-8#ref-CR9&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. “Should we look for safety signals on these trials? Absolutely.” Wargo says, “But I strongly feel that we need to go into these trials. We need to design them well. We need to really learn from these trials.”&lt;/div&gt;
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Gajewski, who plans to test the effects of just one bifidobacterial strain at a time, says there’s good reason to be confident. “People have eaten bifidobacteria for a thousand years,” he says. The bacteria are present in the gut of infants and decline in number as the people grow up, so they should at least be safe, he adds.&lt;/div&gt;
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But it’s unclear whether a single species can help people with cancer and, if so, what bacterium that is. The papers published in&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Science&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;last year all associated different bacteria with the best outcomes, even for the same cancer and therapy.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.50em;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Microbiome science needs a healthy dose of scepticism&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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The researchers looked at people with cancer from France and the United States, so diet could account for some of the differences, Wargo says. But variations in sample collection, data analysis and statistical methods could also have skewed the results, says Joël Doré, a biologist at the French National Institute for Agricultural Research in Paris who in 2011 helped to launch the International Human Microbiome Standards (IHMS) project with the aim of improving data reproducibility in microbiome research.&lt;/div&gt;
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Hanage says that even the two studies&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05208-8#ref-CR7&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05208-8#ref-CR8&quot;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;that analysed people in the United States with the same type of cancer identified only a partially overlapping set of microbes associated with positive outcomes. If researchers don’t work out the reason for these differences, they might not be able to interpret the outcomes of the trials, Hanage says.&lt;/div&gt;
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Before starting clinical trials, the three groups should try to reproduce each other’s results and converge on a set of ‘beneficial’ microorganisms, Hanage argues. “Any of these bacteria could be a useful approach.” But inconsistencies might mean that the results are not reproducible.&lt;/div&gt;
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It’s a concern common to microbiome research. “A lot of findings have proven to either not stand up or be considerably more complicated than they first appeared,” Hanage says. Standards such as those developed by the IHMS project should help, but scientists will be reluctant to take them on board, says Susan Erdman, a microbiologist and cancer biologist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge. Doing so would come at the cost of innovation, she argues — it’s by experimenting in different settings that researchers make discoveries.&lt;/div&gt;
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Wargo says that the community should standardize its approaches for collecting samples and doing analyses, as well as for validating studies in larger groups of patients. Since last year, her group has analysed stools from more than 500 people with skin cancer who had received different therapies. In parallel with the Paris-based team led by Zitvogel, the researchers are analysing patients treated with two combined immunotherapies to work out which gut bacteria mediate a response to that combination. Wargo hopes that the gut microbiome could eventually help to identify which patients will respond to which anticancer treatments. “Can we use it as a biomarker? It’s a provocative question,” she says.&lt;/div&gt;
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In the short term, there will be a whole lot more sample collection. And this time around, it’s likely that fewer oncologists will raise an eyebrow, says Routy, who is now investigating how the gut microbiome boosts immunotherapy with his own group. In cancer therapy, “gut microbes have gone from ignored to super-popular organisms”, he says. Now, they’ll just have to live up to their reputation.&lt;/div&gt;
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Nature&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;557&lt;/b&gt;, 482-484 (2018)&lt;br /&gt;
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doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05208-8&lt;br /&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/8295286963942786637/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2018/05/how-gut-microbes-are-joining-fight.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/8295286963942786637'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/8295286963942786637'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2018/05/how-gut-microbes-are-joining-fight.html' title='How gut microbes are joining the fight against cancer'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-7517876371933511752</id><published>2018-05-23T03:08:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2018-06-03T08:03:50.998-07:00</updated><title type='text'>In the spotlight May 2018: Science Festival discussion and workshop</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://mailchi.mp/ffaa90a858a5/in-the-spotlight-february-2018-dr-stephen-john-1544709&quot;&gt;In the spotlight May 2018: Science Festival discussion and workshop&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidq6WjFG-e4fHQVAe8xF80TG2IM_FopDE1qHlg0YJ54iU27ogGQfPuyStxa4eZcJzsGEkVgswB0_-Hqaa1wC4HCnopGNofYLEcRQq3YUrFZDr_q8WxxY087gjQ64T-yzeZYJSAWxJVAW8l/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-05-23+at+11.10.13.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1195&quot; data-original-width=&quot;605&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidq6WjFG-e4fHQVAe8xF80TG2IM_FopDE1qHlg0YJ54iU27ogGQfPuyStxa4eZcJzsGEkVgswB0_-Hqaa1wC4HCnopGNofYLEcRQq3YUrFZDr_q8WxxY087gjQ64T-yzeZYJSAWxJVAW8l/s640/Screen+Shot+2018-05-23+at+11.10.13.png&quot; width=&quot;323&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/7517876371933511752/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2018/05/in-spotlight-may-2018-science-festival.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/7517876371933511752'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/7517876371933511752'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2018/05/in-spotlight-may-2018-science-festival.html' title='In the spotlight May 2018: Science Festival discussion and workshop'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidq6WjFG-e4fHQVAe8xF80TG2IM_FopDE1qHlg0YJ54iU27ogGQfPuyStxa4eZcJzsGEkVgswB0_-Hqaa1wC4HCnopGNofYLEcRQq3YUrFZDr_q8WxxY087gjQ64T-yzeZYJSAWxJVAW8l/s72-c/Screen+Shot+2018-05-23+at+11.10.13.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-912145056703768440</id><published>2017-05-31T03:59:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2017-05-31T03:59:54.884-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Monument to peer review unveiled in Moscow : Nature News &amp; Comment</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.495px;&quot;&gt;A 1.5-tonne stone tribute to peer review is the latest addition to Moscow’s rich cultural heritage.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.495px;&quot;&gt;On 26 May, a good-humoured crowd of more than 100 people — including students, researchers and Russia’s deputy minister of education and science — gathered outside Moscow’s Higher School of Economics (HSE) to witness the unveiling of what is probably the world&#39;s first monument to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.495px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/news/peer-review-troubled-from-the-start-1.19763&quot; style=&quot;color: #5c7996; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.495px; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;peer review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14.495px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; height=&quot;212&quot; src=&quot;http://www.nature.com/polopoly_fs/7.44406.1495800008!/image/WEB_Monument-2_2.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_630/WEB_Monument-2_2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/912145056703768440/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2017/05/monument-to-peer-review-unveiled-in.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/912145056703768440'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/912145056703768440'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2017/05/monument-to-peer-review-unveiled-in.html' title='Monument to peer review unveiled in Moscow : Nature News &amp; Comment'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-9052347271116533794</id><published>2017-05-31T03:19:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2017-05-31T03:19:42.506-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Grant application rejected over choice of font : Nature News &amp; Comment</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/news/grant-application-rejected-over-choice-of-font-1.18686&quot;&gt;Grant application rejected over choice of font : Nature News &amp;amp; Comment&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;e of equivalent size to Arial 11”. The guidelines add: “Arial narrow and Calibri are not allowable font types and any proposal which has used either of these font types within their submission will be rejected”.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/pengoopmcjnbflcjbmoeodbmoflcgjlk&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&#39;via Blog this&#39;&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/9052347271116533794/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2017/05/grant-application-rejected-over-choice.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/9052347271116533794'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/9052347271116533794'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2017/05/grant-application-rejected-over-choice.html' title='Grant application rejected over choice of font : Nature News &amp; Comment'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-996271612799371232</id><published>2017-05-31T03:17:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2017-05-31T03:17:36.106-07:00</updated><title type='text'>The best-kept secrets to winning grants : Nature News &amp; Comment</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/news/the-best-kept-secrets-to-winning-grants-1.22038&quot;&gt;The best-kept secrets to winning grants : Nature News &amp;amp; Comment&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/pengoopmcjnbflcjbmoeodbmoflcgjlk&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&#39;via Blog this&#39;&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/996271612799371232/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2017/05/the-best-kept-secrets-to-winning-grants.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/996271612799371232'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/996271612799371232'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2017/05/the-best-kept-secrets-to-winning-grants.html' title='The best-kept secrets to winning grants : Nature News &amp; Comment'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-8423512838300749852</id><published>2017-05-30T08:01:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2017-05-30T08:01:57.420-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Sharing Clinical and Genomic Data on Cancer — The Need for Global Solutions — NEJM</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1612254?query=featured_home&quot;&gt;Sharing Clinical and Genomic Data on Cancer — The Need for Global Solutions — NEJM&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;&lt;br /&gt;
The Cancer Moonshot has captured the imagination of researchers, patients, and the public. Putting its ideas into practice will be possible only through the use of an interoperable, scalable data framework in which the quality of data is maintained. Despite the efforts outlined above, this work is still in the early stages. Even with substantial enthusiasm for data sharing and an ever-expanding volume of genomic data sets, the inability to routinely correlate longitudinal clinical information with precise genomic data within a secure and acceptable framework continues to hamper the development of innovative data-driven care pathways for patients with cancer — as does uncertainty regarding the financial sustainability of international data sharing. We believe creating a global informatics ecosystem in which precision oncology seamlessly transitions from cancer diagnosis to molecular discovery to patient recovery must be our common goal.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/pengoopmcjnbflcjbmoeodbmoflcgjlk&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&#39;via Blog this&#39;&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/8423512838300749852/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2017/05/sharing-clinical-and-genomic-data-on.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/8423512838300749852'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/8423512838300749852'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2017/05/sharing-clinical-and-genomic-data-on.html' title='Sharing Clinical and Genomic Data on Cancer — The Need for Global Solutions — NEJM'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-2972106864191516777</id><published>2017-02-22T03:03:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2017-02-22T03:03:40.141-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Davvero un test della saliva può diagnosticare il cancro in 10 minuti?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.it/gianmarco-contino-/davvero-un-test-della-saliva-puo-diagnosticare-il-cancro-in-10-minuti_b_9238628.html&quot;&gt;Davvero un test della saliva può diagnosticare il cancro in 10 minuti?&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;Gianmarco Contino&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Presto sarà possibile fare una&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.repubblica.it/salute/ricerca/2016/02/15/news/tumori_arriva_biopsia_liquida_dalla_saliva-133493387/&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;diagnosi di tumore al polmone in soli 10 minuti&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;con un semplice test della saliva per meno di 25 dollari. Questa è la promessa del Prof David Wong della University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), che da anni lavora sulla messa a punto di questo test.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;I dettagli del test non sono completamente noti, ma, dal breve annuncio fatto alla&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.aaas.org/&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;American Association for the Advancement of Science&lt;/a&gt;, una delle più solide società scientifiche americane, si tratterebbe di un test in grado di rivelare la presenza di una mutazione di un gene (&lt;a href=&quot;https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recettore_del_fattore_di_crescita_dell%27epidermide&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;EGFR&lt;/a&gt;, recettore per il fattore di crescita epitaliale), responsabile della crescita incontrollata delle cellule tumorali. Sebbene l&#39;accuratezza dichiarata sia del 100%, sono ancora necessari&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.uildm.org/scienza-e-medicina/approfondimenti-tematici/che-cose-un-trial-clinico/&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;trial clinici&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;prima che questo test divenga disponibile.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Qualsiasi sia la fortuna di questo test, è certo nei prossimi 5-10 anni disporremo di numerosi test non invasivi che vanno sotto il nome di biopsie liquide, che permetteranno di individuare il tumore o altre malattie in fasi iniziali. Aziende come Google e Amazon stanno investendo in queste tecnologie, con loro compagnie&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;ad hoc&lt;/em&gt;, e molti laboratori in giro per il mondo sono concentrati nello sviluppare le tecnologie e conoscenze necessarie alla messa a punto di questi test.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;La diagnosi precoce è, insieme alla prevenzione, una delle armi più efficaci contro il cancro. Nella maggiorparte dei casi infatti, i tumori in fase molto iniziale possono essere curati in maniera definitiva. Tuttavia, nessun test è perfetto, e bisogna evitare che risultati falsamente positivi portino a ulteriori indagini non necessarie, o, al contrario, falsi negativi finiscano per ritardare la diagnosi. Paradossalmente, alcuni di questi test rischiano di identificare il tumore prima che sia realmente identificabile, perché troppo piccolo, ponendo il problema di quale sia il comportamento più adatto in questo caso (e anche la reale utilità).&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.it/2016/02/15/biopsia-dalla-saliva_n_9236982.html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;Per questo test&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;ad esempio, Prof. Wong suggerisce che venga utilizzato per confermare un nodulo sospetto alla radiografia del torace.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Le possibilità tecniche vanno quindi guardate sotto la lente dei reali benefici clinici che se ne possono ottenere. Il rischio è infatti quello di un eccesso di diagnosi o diagnosi in fasi non suscettibili di un trattamento medico adeguato. C&#39;è quindi da augurarsi che questi test diventino presto disponibili e alla portata di tutti, ma che al contempo, medici e pazienti, imparino, sulla base delle evidenze cliniche, a soppesarne la reale utilità e fare scelte consapevoli sul loro uso.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;main-visual group embedded-image&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #222222; direction: ltr; float: left; font-family: Arial, FreeSans, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 9px; margin: 0px 20px 10px auto; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 570px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br class=&quot;Apple-interchange-newline&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;BIOPSIA&quot; data-img-path=&quot;http://i.huffpost.com/gen/4002422/images/n-BIOPSIA-Pinterest.jpg&quot; src=&quot;http://i.huffpost.com/gen/4002422/images/n-BIOPSIA-large570.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/2972106864191516777/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2017/02/davvero-un-test-della-saliva-puo.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/2972106864191516777'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/2972106864191516777'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2017/02/davvero-un-test-della-saliva-puo.html' title='Davvero un test della saliva può diagnosticare il cancro in 10 minuti?'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-4071788433674902285</id><published>2017-02-22T03:02:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2017-02-22T03:02:26.465-08:00</updated><title type='text'>So cosa pensi! La scienza dietro il sogno di leggere nella mente</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.it/gianmarco-contino-/so-cosa-pensi-la-scienza-dietro-il-sogno-di-leggere-nella-mente_b_9969462.html&quot;&gt;So cosa pensi! La scienza dietro il sogno di leggere nella mente&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;Gianmarco Contino&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Sebbene sia uno dei pochi al mondo capace di leggere la mente,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://gallantlab.org/&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;Jack Gallant&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;è un tipo molto alla mano. Colpisce il suo baffo anni &#39;70, che stona con con l&#39;aspetto da ragazzo in maglietta e felpa Northface che cammina in flip flops in un campus della west coast americana. Il suo sguardo si accende di fronte alle mappe colorate che vengono fuori da un particolare tipo di risonanza magnetica con la quale lui e il suo team studia quali aree del cervello si accendono mentre sentiamo una storia.&lt;/div&gt;
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La speranza di leggere nel pensiero ha accompagnato l&#39;uomo fin dall&#39;origine della sua storia. Al contrario di maghi, sensitivi e stregoni, gli scienziati hanno avuto poca fortuna nel decifrare cosa si nasconde tra le pieghe del nostro cervello. Chi ci ha provato, come il famoso frenologo Franz Jhoseph Gall (1758-1828), ha creato mostri pseudoscientifici le cui conseguenze si trascinano ancora oggi.&lt;br /&gt;
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La verità è che abbiamo iniziato a comprendere qualcosa di come il cervello funzioni solo recentemente. Basti pensare che la &quot;teoria del neurone&quot;, l&#39;unità di base che genera impulsi nel nostro cervello, fu proposta da Purkinye agli inizi del 1800 e solo alla fine del secolo lo spagnolo Cayal e l&#39;italiano Camillo Golgi definirono alcuni dei meccanismi di base della trasmissione sinaptica che meritarono loro il premio Nobel nel 1906. A guardarlo da fuori il cervello sembra una spugna grinzosa, composta da una sostanza molle, grigiastra e perlopiù omogenea. Nel 1800, Pier Paul Broca, un anatomista e chirurgo parigino, notò all&#39;autopsia di due suoi pazienti (Tan, dall&#39;unica parola che era capace di pronunciare, e Leborgne) che lesioni di una particolare area del cervello di sinistra, causavano afasia, ovvero l&#39;incapacità di parlare. Quell&#39;area del cervello, che ora chiamiamo area di Broca è responsabile della attivazione motoria necessaria all&#39;articolazione dei suoni ma anche alla sintassi che ne sottende il senso. Si pensa che si sia evoluta come una area super-specializzata originariamente deputata ai gesti che, come sanno bene gli italiani, sono una delle forme più consolidate di comunicazione. Altri dopo di lui definirono le aree necessarie alla comprensione dei suoni e alla loro trasformazione in linguaggio.&lt;br /&gt;
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Suoni, e gesti sono pero&#39; solo la facciata esterna del complesso universo semantico che vive nel nostro cervello. Esso è popolato di idee, concetti ed esperienze che sopravvivono all&#39;incapacità di parlare o ascoltare e trovano la loro strada anche nel cervello di chi, fin dal concepimento è&#39; stato privato di queste capacità. L&#39;organizzazione dei significati è rimasto un problema elusivo che Gallant ha esplorato osservando, con una risonanza magnetica, i piccoli cambiamenti nel consumo di ossigeno del nostro cervello mentre ascoltiamo una storia. Generalmente questo tipo di esperimenti viene condotto con una quantità limitata di stimoli a causa della nostra capacità di isolare segnali specifici dai rumori di fondo dei numerosi processi paralleli che avvengono in ogni dato momento nel cervello.&lt;/div&gt;
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La scommessa di questa ricerca è stata quella di decifrare l&#39;immensa mole di dati che deriva da una esperienza reale come quella di ascoltare una storia intera (in questo caso un episodio di un famoso podcast americano chiamato &quot;The Moth&quot;). I risultati pubblicati sulla rivista &quot;Nature&quot; hanno mostrato che i significati non siano ristretti in una area specifica del cervello. Al contrario quasi tutta la corteccia di entrambi gli emisferi contiene significati organizzati secondo affinità semantiche e funzionali. A esempio la parola &quot;madre&quot;, &quot;famiglia&quot;, &quot;donna&quot; e &quot;incinta&quot; sono rappresentate insieme in nella giunzione temporale parietale destra del cervello vicino alla parola &quot;casa&quot;, &quot;marito&quot; e &quot;affitto&quot;. La parola &quot;sopra&quot; si ritrova in prossimità di abbigliamento, ma anche nell&#39;area dei numeri e ancora in quella contente palazzi ed edifici. Così ancora le parole che contengono significati violenti si trovano in prossimità dei significati che riguardano le persone, parti del corpo e le interazioni sociali. Alcune pieghe del nostro cervello racchiudono inquietanti associazioni come quella tra madre, nascita e assassinio; amore e odio si avvinghiano nelle pieghe del nostro cervello esattamente come Freud aveva immaginato nella sua teorizzazione del complesso edipico. (Per chi si vuole divertire a trovare i significati nel cervello, gli autori di questo studio hanno messo a disposizione&lt;a href=&quot;http://gallantlab.org/huth2016/&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;una mappa interattiva&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;
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Non si tratta ovviamente di una mappa definitive, al contrario apre la strada a molte domande. A esempio, come cambia la mappa a seconda della lingua che parliamo? Come si genera variabilità interindividuale che permette a persone diverse di attribuire significati differenti ad uno stesso testo, immagine o situazione? Tra le varie domande che scaturiscono da questo studio aleggia forse una delle più intime aspirazione dell&#39;uomo: potremo leggere la mente delle persone semplicemente analizzando segnali captati dal cervello? Molti scienziati pensano che questa possibilità sia ormai a portata di mano. In particolare, la nostra capacita&#39; di decodificare l&#39;attività cerebrale ha raggiunto risultati impensabili pochi anni fa. Certamente la pensa così Ian Burkhart che in un maledetto 10 giugno di 6 anni fa, vide la sua vita infrangersi contro un&#39;onda sbagliata nelle spiagge del North Carolina che gli spezzò la schiena strappandogli via la capacita&#39; di muoversi, camminare e giocare a lacrosse costruita dal suo cervello e dai suoi muscoli in 19 anni di costante allenamento. Tuttavia, come in un hard disk, i nostri dati non vengono quasi mai cancellati. Da quel giorno la nuova sfida del cervello di Ian e dei ricercatori dell&#39;Ohio State University, è stata quella di trovare un modo di bypassare la cicatrice che impedisce alla corteccia motoria di Ian di trasmettere segnali ai muscoli. Dopo sei anni, un computer è stato finalmente in grado di decifrare selettivamente l&#39;attività motoria del cervello di Ian e&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/60fAjaRfwnU&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;stimolare i muscoli del suo braccio&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;permettendogli di afferrare oggetti, versare un bicchiere di acqua o suonare la chitarra.&lt;br /&gt;
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L&#39;accelerazione dell&#39;integrazione tra macchine e corpo rappresenta la sfida evoluzionistica più grande degli ultimi millenni per l&#39;uomo (qui, tristemente, devo precisare: per quella parte dell&#39;umanità che non deve occuparsi di morire di fame e infezioni). Il cervello dovrà sviluppare alcune capacità e probabilmente abbandonarne alcune altre come sta succedendo alla capacità di orientamento che stiamo affidando sempre di più al GPS. Arriverà il momento in cui dovremo preoccuparci di difendere la privacy dei nostri pensieri più intimi e le nostre esperienze. Ma, come risponde Gallant a chi gli chiede se saremo in grado di leggere la verità nel cervello dei criminali, la realtà è che &quot;le rappresentazioni del nostro cervello sono spesso non veritiere e foriere di errori o false percezioni&quot;, suggerendo estrema cautela nelle possibilità future di leggere nel pensiero. Per il momento, mi interessa pensare che, grazie ad una migliore conoscenza del nostro cervello, saremo in grado di liberare i pensieri e le azioni imprigionati nei cervelli colpiti da malattie e lesioni e di riconnettere alla vita lo straordinario universo che custodiamo nella nostra testa.&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/4071788433674902285/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2017/02/so-cosa-pensi-la-scienza-dietro-il.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/4071788433674902285'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/4071788433674902285'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2017/02/so-cosa-pensi-la-scienza-dietro-il.html' title='So cosa pensi! La scienza dietro il sogno di leggere nella mente'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/k61nJkx5aDQ/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-4629901095211143953</id><published>2017-02-22T02:52:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2017-02-22T02:52:18.390-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Brain-exit, la sfida della scienza per una società aperta</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.it/gianmarco-contino-/gran-bretagna-universita-brexit-_b_10668684.html&quot;&gt;Brain-exit, la sfida della scienza per una società aperta&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;Gianmarco Contino&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;BREXIT&quot; data-img-path=&quot;http://i.huffpost.com/gen/4459140/images/n-BREXIT-Pinterest.jpg&quot; src=&quot;http://i.huffpost.com/gen/4459140/images/n-BREXIT-large570.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bbc.com/news/politics/eu_referendum/results&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;A Oxford&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;il 70% dei cittadini inglesi ha votato per il &quot;remain&quot;, a Cambridge la percentuale è stata del 74%. Se fosse stato per queste due città, sedi di due delle migliori università al mondo, oggi non discuteremmo di Brexit, ma del modo di facilitare gli scambi di persone e idee dentro e oltre gli attuali confini&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.it/2016/06/27/brexit-faz-dimissioni-juncker_n_10694888.html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;dell&#39;Unione Europea&lt;/a&gt;. L&#39;Oxfordshire è (da oggi è più appropriato dire era) una delle 10 regioni più ricche dell&#39;Unione Europea, un primato che gli deriva anche dalla forte concentrazione di start-up ad alto contenuto tecnologico.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Circa il 30% degli abitanti dell&#39;Oxfordshire è nata in paesi stranieri europei ed extracomunitari. Molti di questi sono di passaggio: studenti, ricercatori o lavoratori come me, che, in ogni caso, non hanno potuto votare il referendum per la&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.it/2016/06/27/borsa-brexit_n_10693976.html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;Brexit&lt;/a&gt;. Nonostante ciò, anche il più isolazionista degli inglesi capisce che, in posti come questi, le facilitazioni burocratiche ed economiche dell&#39;Europa Unita hanno permesso alle università e aziende di reclutare talenti formidabili provenienti da background e culture differenti. Una contaminazione che ha permesso a idee e progetti ambiziosi di fiorire e realizzarsi a beneficio della comunità locale e spesso del mondo intero.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; /&gt;Le università inglesi si sono affrettate a rassicurare i propri affiliati sulle loro intenzioni di mantenere facilitazioni e promuovere la mobilità dei ricercatori, ma la realtà è che, a parità di talento, è più facile essere assunti in quanto cittadini europei che cittadini extracomunitari. La Gran Bretagna ha scelto, male. Ha lasciato la scelta in mano di anziani con una visione limitata e pessimista della storia. Inevitabilmente, nel lungo termine la Gran Bretagna pagherà la perdita del capitale umano ed economico che gli derivava&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.it/2016/06/27/brexit-matteo-renzi_n_10694746.html?1467019723&amp;amp;utm_hp_ref=italy&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;dall&#39;Unione Europea&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.corriere.it/scuola/universita/16_giugno_24/brexit-l-allarme-royal-society-senza-fondi-ue-ricerca-rischio-232d5cbe-3a0e-11e6-b0cd-400401d1dfdf.shtml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;dai fondi di ricerca&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;comunitaria e le collaborazioni promosse dai programmi di finanziamento europei. Molte aziende si guarderanno intorno alla ricerca di nuovi hub della scienza in giro per il mondo. La Brexit sarà una anche Brain-exit.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Karl Popper, un filosofo austro-britannico, scrisse che &quot;la nostra civilizzazione non si è ancora ripresa dal trauma della propria nascita, ovvero dalla transizione da una &quot;società chiusa&quot; e tribale, soggetta a forze magiche, a una &quot;società aperta&quot; che libera le forze fondamentali dell&#39;uomo&quot;. Le forze regressive e tribali sono sempre presenti e si fanno sentire maggiormente in tempi di crisi. Nel passato abbiamo osservato e velocemente dimenticato i cicli di isolazionismo, guerra e espansione che la visione dell&#39;Unione Europea ha scardinato, offrendo 70 anni di pace, crescita e benessere.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;La comunità scientifica ha contribuito al contenimento di queste forze irrazionali che nutrono le spinte isolazioniste di questa Europa un po&#39; ammaccata e oggi è chiamata a giocare un ruolo politico per disegnare l&#39;orizzonte di una Europa culla della razionalità e innovazione. Dobbiamo premere per la promozione della libera circolazione di uomini e idee, per la creazione di centri culturali con masse critiche tali da modificare l&#39;economia di una intera regione, per riconvertire le attività economiche tradizionali in imprese ad alto contenuto tecnologico. In Italia penso a città come Milano e Pisa, già pronte a creare la spina dorsale del rinascimento europeo. Arti e scienze sono i soli alleati della società aperte e i numeri contro tendenza di Oxford e Cambridge lo hanno, con rabbia, gridato al mondo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/4629901095211143953/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2017/02/brain-exit-la-sfida-della-scienza-per.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/4629901095211143953'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/4629901095211143953'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2017/02/brain-exit-la-sfida-della-scienza-per.html' title='Brain-exit, la sfida della scienza per una società aperta'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-5118566236190542396</id><published>2017-02-22T02:50:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2017-02-22T02:50:29.201-08:00</updated><title type='text'>L&#39;eredità di Umberto Veronesi: la scienza, l&#39;etica, la dignità della persona umana</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.it/gianmarco-contino-/leredita-di-umberto-veronesi-la-scienza-letica-la-dignita-della-persona-umana_b_12887998.html&quot;&gt;Gianmarco Contino&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;header style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, FreeSans, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;main-visual group embedded-image&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; direction: ltr; float: left; line-height: 9px; margin: 0px 20px 10px auto; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 570px;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;VERONESI&quot; data-img-path=&quot;http://i.huffpost.com/gen/4845948/images/n-VERONESI-Pinterest.jpg&quot; src=&quot;http://i.huffpost.com/gen/4845948/images/n-VERONESI-large570.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;entry_image_caption large-image-caption&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.701961); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;AGF&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: initial; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;print_btn print_common&quot; href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot; style=&quot;border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(195, 195, 195); box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; display: inline-block; float: right; line-height: inherit; margin: -37px 0px 0px; padding: 3px 10px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;Stampa&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Stampa&quot; height=&quot;17&quot; src=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.com/images/v/print_icon.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; width=&quot;20&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/header&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;float_right padding_left_10&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; float: right; font-family: Arial, FreeSans, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;content&quot; id=&quot;mainentrycontent&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, Century, Times, serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 21px; margin: 20px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;float_left&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;ad_share_box&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Il Prof.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.it/2016/11/08/umberto-veronesi-morto_n_12867908.html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;Umberto Veronesi&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;è stato medico, filantropo, innovatore e intellettuale. È stato tutto questo insieme, in tutti gli istanti della sua vita. Come medico, negli anni &#39;70, ha dimostrato attraverso uno dei primi trial randomizzati in Italia che, in molti casi, fosse possibile curare il&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ansa.it/canale_saluteebenessere/notizie/medicina/2016/11/08/veronesi-rivoluzione-chirurgica-contro-cancro-seno-_99504b9f-c672-4415-8a71-21d3e48e6a8d.html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;tumore al seno&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;attraverso una resezione limitata e senza ricorrere ad un intervento radicale e demolitivo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Quella scoperta segnò un prima e un dopo dell&#39;oncologia mondiale: dalla massima terapia tollerabile alla minima terapia necessaria. Sarebbe tuttavia riduttivo, limitare il significato di quello studio all&#39;avanzamento di una tecnica chirurgica. Già in quello studio fondamentale, si delineano le direttrici del suo agire che, negli anni, lo vedrà impegnato su temi sociali ed etici, nella promozione della cultura della prevenzione e della ricerca scientifica.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Se, infatti, a segnare le sue ricerche sono il rigore scientifico e la razionalità, a guidare le sue intuizioni vi è un profondo rispetto per la dignità umana e per l&#39;integrità fisica e morale dell&#39;individuo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Negli anni ha declinato questi principi nella promozione di una medicina costruita intorno al&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://la.repubblica.it/saluteseno/news/e-morto-umberto-veronesi-una-vita-per-loncologia-e-le-pazienti/5607/&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;paziente&lt;/a&gt;: ha reso le terapie sempre meno invasive nel corpo e nella vita dei pazienti, ha ripensato orari e spazi degli ospedali, ha promosso la cura di sé intesa come approccio olistico alla salute che inizi dalla prevenzione e l&#39;informazione prima ancora che dalle terapie.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Con coerenza ha sostenuto che l&#39;integrità psicofisica dell&#39;individuo dovesse essere onorata fino alla fine, rispettando le volontà espresse da ciascuno attraverso un&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fondazioneveronesi.it/articoli/altre-news/testamento-biologico-che-cosa-ne-pensa-la-gente/&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;testamento biologico&lt;/a&gt;. Nel senso più ampio possibile ha saputo interpretare il ruolo dello scienziato nella società civile infondendo il suo pensiero di fiducia nel progresso. Questa fiducia gli derivava dalla certezza che la ricerca della verità e il miglioramento della conoscenza siano intrinsecamente etiche e debbano essere messe al servizio di una società più giusta.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Ci lascia una eredità imponente e la responsabilità di continuare il suo lavoro come medici, scienziati e cittadini, nella lotta contro i tumori, nell&#39;avanzamento della conoscenza e nella costruzione di una società più rispettosa della dignità della persona a partire dai più fragili.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/5118566236190542396/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2017/02/leredita-di-umberto-veronesi-la-scienza.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/5118566236190542396'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/5118566236190542396'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2017/02/leredita-di-umberto-veronesi-la-scienza.html' title='L&#39;eredità di Umberto Veronesi: la scienza, l&#39;etica, la dignità della persona umana'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-4395903900189482956</id><published>2015-10-19T02:17:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2015-10-19T02:17:08.400-07:00</updated><title type='text'>&quot;Medici umani, pazienti guerrieri. La cura è questa&quot;. In memoria di Gianni Bonadonna</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.it/gianmarco-contino-/medici-umani-pazienti-gue_b_8100932.html&quot;&gt;Published on the Huffington Post on 08/08/2015&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ansa.it/lombardia/notizie/2015/09/08/tumorifunerali-bonadonna-oggi-a-segrate_865ead46-3a65-4ed6-901a-3bb1900911d6.html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;Gianni Bonadonna, medico oncologo milanese ci ha tristemente lasciato&lt;/a&gt;. Per il grande pubblico questo nome potrebbe non evocare molto, eppure sono in molti, donne e uomini in giro per il mondo, che devono a lui anni preziosi di vita.&lt;/div&gt;
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Nato nel 1934 si laureò in medicina e chirurgia nel &#39;59 a Milano. Dopo un periodo allo Sloan Kettering di New York tornò all&#39;Istituto Tumori di Milano. Fu qui che, negli anni &#39;70, condusse studi che rivoluzionarono le terapie del tumore al seno e il linfoma di Hodgkin e resero l&#39;Italia un faro dell&#39;oncologia Mondiale.&lt;/div&gt;
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Furono anni gloriosi anche grazie alla collaborazione con Umberto Veronesi che nello stesso Istituto dimostrava come fosse possibile risparmiare a molte donne con il tumore al seno un intervento demolitivo e radicale come la mastectomia in favore di una quadrantectomia.&lt;/div&gt;
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È proprio in quegli anni che le neoplasie del sangue e il tumore al seno diventarono il modello pionieristico che ci ha permesso di ripensare profondamente le terapia e le prospettive di cura e controllo del cancro a lungo termine. Ancora oggi, quel vantaggio non si è esaurito e i risultati ottenuti in questi campi ci rassicurano su quanto vedremo presto per altri, oggi meno curabili, tipi di tumore.&lt;/div&gt;
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Gianni Bonadonna seppe dimostrare la sua grandezza anche quando, da paziente, si trovò a lottare con gli esiti di un Ictus. Le pagine della sua vita e dei suoi scritti ci consegnano molte lezioni; tra tutte la più importante è quella dell&#39;unità inestricabile di umanesimo e medicina che il titolo di uno dei suoi ultimi libri riassume molto bene: &quot;Medici umani, pazienti guerrieri. La cura è questa&quot;.&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/4395903900189482956/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2015/10/medici-umani-pazienti-guerrieri-la-cura.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/4395903900189482956'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/4395903900189482956'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2015/10/medici-umani-pazienti-guerrieri-la-cura.html' title='&quot;Medici umani, pazienti guerrieri. La cura è questa&quot;. In memoria di Gianni Bonadonna'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-6820884738411333442</id><published>2015-03-15T02:18:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2015-03-15T02:18:53.786-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Il sesto senso del medico del futuro? Questione di chimica</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.it/gianmarco-contino-/sesto-senso-medico-futuro-questione-chimica_b_6770744.html&quot;&gt;pubblicato sull&#39;Huffington Post il 2/3/15&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Se volete avere un assaggio di cosa la medicina del futuro tenga in serbo per voi, fate attenzione la prossima volta che attraversate la sicurezza di un aeroporto. E non mi riferisco alle file. Ogni anno in un aeroporto internazionale transitano milioni di persone. Nei pochi secondi in cui lasciamo la nostra borsa nella macchina dei raggi-X a quando la ritiriamo, è possibile sapere esattamente se siamo stati in contatto con sostanze stupefacenti o esplosive. Per fare questo, ancora oggi, la tecnologia più raffinata in cui vi capiterà di imbattervi è probabilmente un cane.&lt;/div&gt;
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I cani sono infatti capaci di riconoscere la presenza di rare particelle dissolte nell&#39;aria e decidere con la loro intelligenza se si tratta di una determinata sostanza, oggetto, o persona. La loro capacità è così raffinata che negli anni si sono accumulate evidenze scientifiche della loro capacità di riconoscere malattie o condizioni con anticipo rispetto alle nostre migliori tecniche diagnostiche.&lt;/div&gt;
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Avrete notato anche che, accanto ai cani, è apparso da qualche anno un misterioso strumento che analizza in tempo reale un piccolo pezzo di tessuto passato sommariamente sulla vostra borsa. Quella scatola è uno spettrometro, una tecnologia in grado di rilevare parti per milione di narcotici o esplosivi emulando quello che i cani sono in grado di fare naturalmente. Molti scienziati si sono dunque chiesti se attraverso questo tipo di strumento potessimo replicare le magiche capacità diagnostiche dei cani identificando malattie ben prima che diventino clinicamente evidenti.&lt;/div&gt;
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Queste ricerche hanno acceso l&#39;interruttore su un linguaggio finora sconosciuto di composti chimici che affollano l&#39;aria che espiriamo e i nostri fluidi biologici (sudore, sangue, urine etc). Migliaia di composti che raccontano la storia molecolare di quello che succede nel nostro corpo.&lt;/div&gt;
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Recentemente una compagnia basata a Cambridge e chiamata Owlestone Nanothech Ldt, ha messo a punto&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://content-farm.it/cancro-polmoni-studiato-test-respiro-per-diagnosticarlo-precocemente/&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;un dispositivo in grado di misurare composti dissolti nel respiro di soggetti con tumore del polmone&lt;/a&gt;. Uno studio clinico è ora in corso per chiarire l&#39;impatto di questa tecnologia nel diagnosticare precocemente il tumore al polmone, quando le chance di cura sono maggiori. Altri team di medici e ricercatori in giro per il mondo stanno analizzando indagando non solo il nostro respiro, ma anche liquidi organici come sangue e urina, nelle più disparate condizioni mediche (infezioni, malattie immunitarie, tumori etc). La difficoltà di mettere il naso, è il caso di dire, per la prima volta in questo mondo invisibile è che non sappiamo dire ad esempio se un composto sia specifico di una certa malattia, a che punto della malattia si presenti e quale sia la relazione causale con essa. Per fare questo serviranno anni di rigorosi studi clinici. Tuttavia è facile predire che l&#39;evoluzione della tecnologia renderà questi dispositivi abbastanza piccoli da stare nello studio del nostro medico di famiglia o dal farmacista per un veloce check-up.&lt;/div&gt;
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In un futuro un po&#39; più lontano, è pensabile che questi sensori verranno integrati in telefoni, orologi, vestiti o toilette intelligenti e analizzeranno il nostro stato di salute senza che ce ne accorgiamo, avvisandoci se c&#39;e&#39; qualcosa che non va.&lt;/div&gt;
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La diagnostica basata su spettrometria di massa e affini cambierà significativamente altri aspetti della medicina. All&#39;Imperial College di Londra&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2013/07/18/cancro-ecco-iknife-bisturi-che-dice-al-chirurgo-se-ce-tessuto-tumorale/660225/&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;un gruppo di ricercatori ha messo a punto l&#39;i-knife&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(letteralmente i-bisturi o bisturi intelligente) che analizza istantaneamente il i composti rilasciati durante il taglio dei tessuti e ci avverte se stiamo operando su un tessuto sano o normale. Ancora, Rohit Barghava ed il suo team al Beckman Institute dell&#39;Università dell&#39;Illinois (UIUC) sta invece utilizzando l&#39;imaging spettrometrico per ricostruire biopsie virtuali senza bisogno di asportare alcun tessuto.&lt;/div&gt;
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La sfida di test diagnostici più semplici, accessibili e meno invasivi è ormai iniziata e non c&#39;è modo che non cambi il volto della medicina come la conosciamo oggi. Chiedersi se ci sia così bisogno di ipermedicalizzare le nostre è lecito e doveroso. Sottoporsi a più analisi non si tramuta automaticamente in un vantaggio clinico e può portare a trattamenti medici non necessari. Ci sarà bisogno di molta ricerca per capire quando sia utile eseguire dei test e, in base a quali risultati, prendere provvedimenti.&lt;/div&gt;
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Altrettanto doveroso è però chiedersi se nel lungo termine non sia questa la strada per una &quot;de-medicalizzazione felice&quot;. Per quanto tempo ci sarà ancora bisogno di affollare ospedali e ambulatori per sottoporsi a fastidiosi prelievi di sangue, esami radiologici o endoscopici? Quante persone, oggi, rimandano gli esami per paura o mancanza di tempo? E quanti di questi ritardi portano a diagnosi tardive con trattamenti lunghi e costosi? Spesso ci dimentichiamo che il compito della medicina è svuotare gli ospedali piuttosto che riempirli.&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/6820884738411333442/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2015/03/il-sesto-senso-del-medico-del-futuro.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/6820884738411333442'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/6820884738411333442'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2015/03/il-sesto-senso-del-medico-del-futuro.html' title='Il sesto senso del medico del futuro? Questione di chimica'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/As3wPObeb6s/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-447886908603701076</id><published>2015-03-15T02:17:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2015-03-15T02:17:00.920-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Cancro, la sfortuna è non saperlo</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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Pubblicato su Huffington Post il 6/2/15&lt;/div&gt;
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Appena un mese fa&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.it/2015/01/02/due-tumori-su-tre-dipendono-dalla-sfortuna-_n_6405958.html&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;ci veniva raccontato che il cancro è tutto questione di sfortuna&lt;/a&gt;. Con ancora i sensi di colpa per la non propriamente esemplare dieta natalizia, in molti non sono sfuggiti alla tentazione di leggere nel lavoro pubblicato su&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Science&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;che una sorta di liberazione collettiva. Mangiare sano, muoversi o farsi controllare non serve a niente, se deve succedere, succede.&lt;/div&gt;
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Il 4 febbraio abbiamo celebrato la giornata mondiale contro il cancro e senza troppe spiegazioni abbiamo ricevuto i rituali inviti alla prevenzione e a migliori stili di vita. Dov&#39;è la verità?&lt;/div&gt;
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Cristian Tomasetti e Bert Vogelstein, i due ottimi autori della ricerca pubblicata su&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Scienc&lt;/em&gt;e a inizio dicembre, ci avevano raccontato una storia differente che è partita da una osservazione molto semplice: perché più facile avere un tumore del polmone o del colon rispetto, ad esempio, di un tumore del cervello?&lt;/div&gt;
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Semplificando, possiamo considerare il cancro come una malattia del DNA. Il DNA e&#39; una lunga elica di zucchero e azoto che che contiene le informazioni di base per costituire le nostre cellule. Una macchina quasi perfetta fa in modo che il DNA venga copiato con una quantita&#39; minima di errori (circa 1 su miliardo). Negli ultimi anni abbiamo imparato che le cellule tumorali accumulano un numero straordinario di errori (mutazioni) ed evolvono acquisendo caratteristiche di maggiore malignita&#39; e di resistenza ai trattamenti disponibili.&lt;/div&gt;
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Come e&#39; possibile quindi accumulare tanti errori tutti insieme? Alla base ci sono due meccanismi principali. Il primo e&#39; costituito da fattori ambientali: stile di vita, fumo, obesita&#39;, raggi ultravioletti, virus, batteri possono indurre mutazioni o interferire con i meccanismi di controllo e riparo del DNA, contribuendo allo sviluppo di specifici tumori. Il secondo meccanismo e&#39; legato ai geni: ognuno di noi eredita&#39; un diferente patrimonio genetico che puo&#39; predisporre o meno ad alcuni tipi di tumore.&lt;/div&gt;
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Tuttavia ambiente e predisposizione genetica non sono sufficienti a spiegare perche&#39; sviluppiamo tumori. A giocare un ruolo significativo sarebbe, secondo questa ricerca, principalmente il caso, ovvero l&#39;accidentale accumulo di mutazioni che si verifica ad ogni ciclo di replicazione cellulare. Per testare questa ipotesi gli autori hanno stimato il numero di divisioni cellulari delle cellule staminali per ogni tipo di tessuto e osservato che li&#39; dove le cellule si replicano piu&#39;velocemente (come nel colon o nel polmone) sia piu&#39; facile avere tumori dei tessuti dove le cellule si dividono piu&#39; raramente (come appunto il cervello)&lt;/div&gt;
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Quali conseguenze ha questo studio sulla prevenzione e cura dei tumori? Cosa possiamo fare contro la sfortuna di accumulare le mutazioni sbagliate con il passare degli anni?&lt;/div&gt;
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Ci sono almeno due lezioni che possiamo imparare. La prima è che&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;avere &quot;buoni geni&quot; non ci mette al riparo dai tumori&lt;/strong&gt;. Se ad esempio i nostri genitori non hanno avuto tumori nonostante stili di vita sbagliati, questo non ci rende immuni da questa malattia e maggior ragione è necessario fare in modo di ridurre il più possibile il peso della &quot;cattiva fortuna&quot; attraverso prevenzione e stili di vita adeguati.&lt;/div&gt;
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La seconda e&#39; che, invecchiando, e&#39; necessario rimanere vigili attraverso i programmi di screening e semplici controlli suggeriti per la fascia d&#39;eta&#39; perche&#39;, se la &quot;sfortuna&quot; capita proprio a noi, possiamo giocare d&#39;anticipo e fare in modo di eliminarla all&#39;inizio quando le possibilita&#39; di cura sono maggiori. Non stupisce infatti che, negli anni 80, fu proprio Vogelstein il primo a definire una precisa progressione genetica da adenoma (un polipo benigno) a carcinoma (il tumore vero e proprio) e che e&#39; alla base del razionale degli screening del tumore del colon.&lt;/div&gt;
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Gli ultimi dati ci dicono che&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.corriere.it/salute/sportello_cancro/14_aprile_11/veronesi-in-futuro-1-2-si-ammalera-tumore-7920befc-c17c-11e3-9f36-c28ea30209b6.shtml&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #015e50; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;una persona su due si ammalerà di tumore nel corso della propria vita&lt;/a&gt;. Allo stesso tempo la diffusione dei programmi di screening e il miglioramento delle terapie fanno del tumore una malattia dalla quale sempre più si guarisce o sopravvive per molti anni. Secondo il&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;British Medical Journal&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;il 42% dei tumori è attribuibile a fattori ambientali. Il fumo da solo sarebbe responsabile del 19% dei tumori (circa 60.000 nuovi casi ogni anno solo nel Regno Unito).&lt;/div&gt;
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Le conseguenze di questo studio supportano quindi l&#39;importanza di una attitudine positiva verso migliori stili di vita e una equilibrata cura del proprio corpo che vale in particolare per quei tumori in cui il caso sembra pesare di piu&#39;.&lt;/div&gt;
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Infine, aggiungo, c&#39;e&#39; un quarto fattore sul quale possiamo agire: e&#39; la conoscenza dei meccanismi che contribuiscono allo sviluppo e progressione dei tumori. La &quot;sfortuna&quot; in fondo e&#39; spesso solo il nome che diamo alla nostra ignoranza.&lt;/div&gt;
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Il lavoro originale pubblicato su Science lo trovate su:&lt;br style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; /&gt;Variation in cancer risk among tissues can be explained by the number of stem cell divisions&lt;br style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; /&gt;http://www.sciencemag.org/content/347/6217/78.abstract&lt;/div&gt;
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Questo articolo e&#39; stato commentato sulle pagine di Science da altri team di ricercatori:&lt;br style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; /&gt;Cancer risk: Prevention is crucial&lt;br style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; /&gt;http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2015/02/04/science.aaa6462.full&lt;/div&gt;
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Cancer risk: Tumors excluded&lt;br style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; /&gt;http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2015/02/04/science.aaa6507.full&lt;/div&gt;
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Cancer risk: Role of chance overstated&lt;br style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot; /&gt;http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2015/02/04/science.aaa6799.full?sid=f988c539-8c70-415d-b232-1cc3e89ddc32&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/447886908603701076/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2015/03/cancro-la-sfortuna-e-non-saperlo.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/447886908603701076'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/447886908603701076'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2015/03/cancro-la-sfortuna-e-non-saperlo.html' title='Cancro, la sfortuna è non saperlo'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-836286834385307177</id><published>2014-10-13T13:55:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2014-10-13T13:55:56.423-07:00</updated><title type='text'>CERIMONIA CONSEGNA TITOLI DI DOTTORE DI RICERCA AREA SCIENTIFICA 2014 - ...</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;344&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/NOuhzWx4Sbw&quot; width=&quot;459&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/836286834385307177/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2014/10/cerimonia-consegna-titoli-di-dottore-di.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/836286834385307177'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/836286834385307177'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2014/10/cerimonia-consegna-titoli-di-dottore-di.html' title='CERIMONIA CONSEGNA TITOLI DI DOTTORE DI RICERCA AREA SCIENTIFICA 2014 - ...'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/NOuhzWx4Sbw/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-6893115418108739964</id><published>2014-05-06T10:26:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2014-05-06T10:26:00.640-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Cancer Doctor Peter Bach on Losing His Wife to Cancer -- New York Magazine</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://nymag.com/news/features/cancer-peter-bach-2014-5/&quot;&gt;Cancer Doctor Peter Bach on Losing His Wife to Cancer -- New York Magazine&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/pengoopmcjnbflcjbmoeodbmoflcgjlk&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&#39;via Blog this&#39;&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/6893115418108739964/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2014/05/cancer-doctor-peter-bach-on-losing-his.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/6893115418108739964'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/6893115418108739964'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2014/05/cancer-doctor-peter-bach-on-losing-his.html' title='Cancer Doctor Peter Bach on Losing His Wife to Cancer -- New York Magazine'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-3061009761079399174</id><published>2014-03-03T02:37:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2014-03-03T07:40:07.036-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Discorso per la Cerimonia di Consegna dei Dottorati per l&#39;area scientifica.Università di Roma Tor Vergata 27 Febbraio 2014</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhogFoBRHJeobhQkWXGqG1DXiyXnd5jFsDg2aHEaMvHSDAv6G9qydMPXcVZou5Znj3CvqNK7_sluGZXAZgIbZnEsauZv6r6qPVu3-CNjvi7bRH8lWYKgkLTY3AxNyGn3NCfFYTSruAoQ6XR/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-03-03+at+15.20.28.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhogFoBRHJeobhQkWXGqG1DXiyXnd5jFsDg2aHEaMvHSDAv6G9qydMPXcVZou5Znj3CvqNK7_sluGZXAZgIbZnEsauZv6r6qPVu3-CNjvi7bRH8lWYKgkLTY3AxNyGn3NCfFYTSruAoQ6XR/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-03-03+at+15.20.28.png&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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di Gianmarco Contino&lt;/div&gt;
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Sono onorato di essere qui oggi. Per me ha un significato speciale poter tornare qui dopo qualche anno, rincontrare amici e colleghi cui sono sinceramente affezionato. E certo sono molto onorato di poter paralare a voi, che siete la punta di diamante della preparazione universitaria.&lt;/div&gt;
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Se fossimo dall’altra parte dell’oceano quello di oggi si chiamerebbe “commencement speech”, discorso di inizio e non di fine. Cosi’ io voglio iniziare dalla fine e vorrei che i dottorati classe 2011 si alzino in piedi per un nostro applauso.&lt;br /&gt;
Congratulazioni.&lt;/div&gt;
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E ora?&lt;br /&gt;
Cosa farete ora? Ora che l’universita’ vi ha insegnato tutto quello che poteva. Ora che avete mostrato di sapere come condurre una ricerca in modo rigoroso, presentarla, difenderla. Cosa farete ora?&lt;/div&gt;
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Questo e’ davvero l’inizio. L’inizio del viaggio della conoscenza che avete intrapreso scegliendo di dedicarvi alla ricerca. Dove vi portera’? Chi e cosa sara’ la vostra stella polare, ora che non di una quida non avete piu’ bisogno?&lt;/div&gt;
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La mia risposta e’ la seguente, e non e’ propriamente una risposta:&lt;/div&gt;
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A quale problema volete dare una risposta? Qual e’la nuova pagina della conoscenza che avete deciso di scrivere? In definitiva la mia risposta e’ una domanda. LA DOMANDA. Ma non e’ poco, anzi e la cosa piu’ preziosa che avete. Perche’ ancor piu’della risposta che saprete dare, vi definira’ come scienziati e inevitabilmente come persone. Le vostre scelte professionali, e quelle personali saranno codizionate da quella domanda. Sara’ il filo rosso della vostra vita, il viaggio all’interno del quale intrecciare le complesse narrazioni che formano la trama unica di ogni esistenza umana. &lt;/div&gt;
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Quindi fate in modo che sia la domanda giusta!&lt;/div&gt;
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Che io non avessi una domanda su quale problema della biologia del carcinoma pancreatico volessi lavorare mi fu chiaro durante il primo meeting con il mio capo di Boston. Fu un disastro su tutta la linea. Non ero assolutamente preparato. Per uno strano retaggio enciclopedista, abbastanza diffuso per il mondo accademico, nessuno si pone il problema di insegnarci il capitolo piu’ sostanzioso della conoscenza umana, che non e’ cio’ che sappiamo ma e’ appunto quello che non sappiamo. &lt;br /&gt;
Alla fine di quel meeting, lui mi diede alcuni consigli e ci lasciammo con un appuntamento per la settimana successiva.&lt;/div&gt;
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Solo che la settimana successiva, se possibile, ando’ anche peggio.&lt;br /&gt;
Mi chiese infatti cosa avessi fatto in quella settimana. E io, che avevo seguito pedissequamente tutti i suoi consigli, gli mostro i risultati. &lt;br /&gt;
Lui mi chiede, perche’ l’hai fatto? &lt;br /&gt;
E io, beh perche’ me l’ha detto lei! &lt;br /&gt;
e Lui : e che vuol dire?.&lt;/div&gt;
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Ecco se imparare dall’errore serve a qualcosa a me e’ servito a comprendere che avevo bisogno di una domanda e avrei dovuto cercare la mia risposta in maniera indipendente.&lt;/div&gt;
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Le domande sono i motori della conoscenza. E questo mi porta al cuore di quello che in questa sala ci accomuna di piu’ in questa sala e piu’ trasversalmente. Ed e’ l’ignoranza.&lt;/div&gt;
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Ebbene si’ io sono ignorante. Ma non vi preoccupate. Lo siete anche voi. Direi che siamo appassionatamente ignoranti. Quello che ci accomuna e’ la non conoscenza, e la passione per l’ignoto. &lt;/div&gt;
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Ci sono due domande che ogni ricercatore dovrebbe sempre tenere a mente.&lt;br /&gt;
La prima domanda e’ perche’ conosciamo? Ovvero perche’ facciamo quello che facciamo.&lt;br /&gt;
Sono sicuro abbiate in mente la cartina delle migrazioni dei nostri antenati.&lt;br /&gt;
200,000 anni fa (questo e’ a quando risale il primo fossile di H Sapiens), eravamo ai tropici, natura lussureggiante, acqua, mare, spiagge eppure qualcuno circa 60,000 anni fa ha deciso di partire per andare a vedere come si stava...in siberia. &lt;br /&gt;
Io la chiamo mutazione del gene esploratore, e onestamente non so cosa fosse nella testa del nostro antenato che si e’ imbarcato in quella spedizione. Ma se c’e’ un senso universale della storia che ci accomuna come generere umano, questo e’ quello del viaggio della conoscenza. &lt;/div&gt;
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E certo questo programma genetico, evolutivamente vantaggioso per il genere umano, un po’ come il parto (lo sanno bene le donne in sala), non viene senza qualche mal di pancia. Ci sono stati giorni in cui mi sono sentito molto, molto vicino al mio antenato arrivato in siberia, lontano dalle proprie radici a dai miei personali tropici che sono alla latitudine del Gianicolo. Eppure, anche in quei giorni, non ho mai veramente dubitato delle ragioni della mia spedizione. Sebbene anche le persone che ci conoscono meglio possano a volte dubitare della bonta’ dell’impresa. Mi ricordo ancora di un giorno in laboratorio a Boston. Mia madre mi chiama un po’ preoccupata e mi dice, sai ho sentito il TG: ma tu esattamente cos’e’ che stai facendo? perche’ qui a Roma hanno scoperto la cura per il cancro.&lt;br /&gt;
Ma attenzione, la solitudine ha proprieta’ non locali come le particelle subatomiche, e ci si puo’ sentire ugualmente soli anche a 1o minuti da casa se non si ha la possibilita’ di realizzare le proprie idee e il proprio potenziale. &lt;/div&gt;
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Ma dovunque sarete e deciderete di andare o rimanere, ricordate, siete cervelli alla ricerca, non in fuga. &lt;br /&gt;
Ho sempre evitato la definizione di cervello in fuga. Non per negare i gravi problemi culturali e ed economici che affliggono il sistema della ricerca in Italia e contro i quali vi invito ad essere in prima linea. Ma perche’ e’ un modo mistificante di guardarsi indietro a cio che si lascia e non vedere il vero motore che muove i ricercatori di tutto il mondo. Il segreto e’ infatti non nel trattenere ricercatori, ma nell’attrarne.&lt;/div&gt;
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Voi siete l’ultima generazione di questa storia universale di cervelli alla ricerca. Siete l’ homo sapiens 3.0. E siete i piu’ privilegiati, perche’ dall’altra parte del mondo ci arrivate in 8 ore, o in tempo reale stando seduti davanti a un pc. Ma anche la generazione sulla quale gravano di piu’ le consequenze della rivoluzione digitale della conoscenza ed il nuovo umanesimo che dentro e fuori dalle universtita’di tutto il mondo vede una amplificazione esponenziale non solo della nostra conoscenza ma della nostra potenzialita’ di conoscere.&lt;/div&gt;
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Dall’inizio della civilizzazione (5000 anni fa) al 2003 l’umanita’ a creato un totale di 5 exabyte (miliardi di gigabyte) di informazione. Dal 2003 al 2010 abbiamo creato la stessa quantita’ di dati ogni due giorni. E oggi, mentre vi leggo il mio discorso di 40 kbyte stiamo creando questa stessa quantita’ ogni 10 minuti. Per cui le notizie sono due: una e’ alla fine di questa mattinata avrete accumulato un centinaio di migliaia di anni di arretrato, l’altra e’ che vi aspetta il difficile compito di guardare oltre i fatti e di fare in modo che questa quantita’ di dati non ostacoli la vostra creativita’. Il successo di un ricercatore e’ spesso racchiuso nel vedere modelli e regole universali oltre i fatti.&lt;/div&gt;
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E questo mi porta alla seconda domanda: come possiamo conoscere quello che non conosciamo?&lt;br /&gt;
Durante una delirante conferenza stampa nel 2002 Rumshfield per giustificare la missione in Iraq enuncio’ un concetto episemologico che e’ passato alla storia. Direi un superamento della epistemiologia socratica. Disse che ci sono cose cose note note, ovvero che sappiamo di conoscere, cose ignote note, ovver cose che sappiamo di non conoscere, e cose ignote non note, ovvero cose che non sappiamo di non conoscere.&lt;/div&gt;
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Ma allora come conosciamo cio’ che non sappiamo di non conoscere? ovvero cio di cui oggi ignoriamo completamente l’esistenza.&lt;br /&gt;
A voi infatti, in particolare a chi si dedichera’ alle scienze sperimentali (ma non solo, visto che molto di quello che abbiamo scoperto sperimentalmente e’ una verifica di modelli matematici) e’ riservato questo privilegio. Quello di accendere la luce su mondi che non sapevamo di non conoscere. &lt;/div&gt;
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Vi sono piu’ cose nel mondo naturale di quante immaginiamo. Cosi’ come fino a relativamente poco tempo fa nessuno immaginava l’esistenza di particelle subatomiche, certamente non Democrito che in fatti chiamo’ l’atomo, atomo, appunto indivisibile, e fino ad Einstein che in un bicchiere di acqua potesse essere racchiusa abbastanza energia per alimentare i fabbisogni energetici di una citta’ americana per un anno, e che l’universo, forse uno di molti multiversi, sia composto per la maggiorparte della materia invisibile a noi (la materia oscura). &lt;/div&gt;
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E cosi’ quando guardo all’oncologia, ci sono oggi aspetti che ignoravamo completamente fino a pochi anni fa: l’interazione del sistema immunitario, l’epigenetica,la presenza di quantita’ massive di trascritti non codificanti, un sofisticato sistema di regolazione digitale che iniziamo ora a comprendere non attraverso la biologia ma utlizzando quello che le reti ci hanno insegnato. Ovvero che nei sistemi complessi esiste una sorta di intelligenzia distribuita dove i singoli elementi si organizzano in un maniera ordinata pur non sapendo quale sia l’ordine finale. E l’evoluzione tecnologica ha avuto un ruolo cruciale in questo. Quando ho iniziato allineavamo a mano sequenze di poche centinaia di basi, oggi possiamo avere l’intera sequenza di una singola cellula in 24 ore e per mille dollari. Ma ancora possiamo identificare composti organici con una precisione di una parte per il milione e identificare singole cellule tumorali in tempo reale attraverso bisturi intelligenti. E ogni previsione di cio’ che scopriremo impallidisce di fronte a quello che la natura tiene in serbo per noi. &lt;/div&gt;
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Heisemberg defini’ la scienza come lotta contro il mistero, e quale arma abbiamo contro il mistero se non la verita’. Aderite alla verita’ sperimentale, come alla verita’ dei numeri, delle formule in cui, come aveve notato Galileo e Pitagora prima di lui, l’universo straordinariamente sembra essere scritto.&amp;nbsp; Al punto che una particella elementare come il bosone di Higgs fu scritto su una lavagana decenni prima che un esperimento da 7.5 miliardi di euro ne provasse l’esistenza. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
C’e quindi una cosa a cui come ricercatori dovete credere, forse l’unica cosa per la quale la scienza vi chiede di fare un atto di fede: la verita’. Il fatto che esista una realta’, per le quali valgano leggi universali, che per quanto a certi livelli indecidibile e indeterminata e probabilistica, e’ vera ed esiste. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
La fiducia nella verita’ deve accompagnarvi come scienziati, perche’ e’ l’unico strumento che avete per conoscere anche quello che ignoriamo addirittura di non conoscere. &lt;br /&gt;
Personalmente penso che uno scienziato debba declinare l’idea di verita’ in tre modi:&lt;br /&gt;
1) Verso voi stessi; conoscetevi. Siate coscienti del vostro potenziale. E’ la cosa piu’ preziosa che avete. Ancor piu’ di quello che avete fatto, conta quello che farete. E se confidate nelle vostre idee troverete la strada, fosse pure lunga e passasse per la siberia. Non scendete a compromessi sulle opportunita’. Fatelo sui soldi, sulla distanza, a volte, se serve, dovrete farlo sugli affetti. Ma non cedete al ricatto della mediocrita’. &lt;br /&gt;
Allo stesso tempo, conoscete i vostri limiti e lavorateci su, se non volete fare la fine di Einstein che poco prima di morire disse: “ah se solo avessi saputo piu’ matematica”. e penso che questa domanda faccia ancora passare notti insonni a parecchi fisici.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
2) Verso gli altri, siate collaboratori onesti. Nelle fase cruciali della vostra vita, nei risultati migliori che raggiungerete, quello che contera’ saranno, piu’ che le pubblicazioni e il vostro potere personale, le persone a voi vicine e il supporto dei vostri collaboratori.&lt;br /&gt;
Ma siate anche i miglior coltivatori di talenti che conoscete. Il lavoro, ricordatelo, e’ il luogo della realizzazione umana. In particolare in una attivita’ cosi’ alta come la ricerca, nessuno puo’ tirarsi fuori da questa sfida. Perche’ e’ la sfida di una societa’ migliore. Questa sfida da oggi e’ sulle vostre spalle. Perche’ da oggi siete voi a dover sviluppare il potenziale degli studenti vicino a voi. Cercate di essere mentor eccellenti ed ispirati e in pochi anni avrete i collaboratori brillanti di cui avete bisogno.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
3) Verso i vostri dati: rispettate la verita’ delle vostre osservazioni, mettetela in dubbio ma non approssimatela, non piegatela ai vostri bisogni e ai vostri modelli. Al contrario siate capaci di cambiare modelli. La realta’ e’ una fonte insauribile di conoscenza ed e’ il vostro unico capo. Siate indipendenti da tutto il resto, dalle gerarchie, e dalle contingenze. Siate rivoluzionari, se mettete solo l’esperienza di chi vi a preceduto a servizio di nuovi problemi, avrete solo vecchie soluzioni. C’e’ bisogno di un certa dose di incoscienza, direi di dilettantismo.&lt;br /&gt;
Pretendete il diritto di sbagliare. Perche’ e’ l’unico modo che avete di innovare. E la scienza non e’ solo un ordinato procedere di ipotesi, verifica e riformulazioni di ipotesi. Ma e’ una storia di errori, di procedere a tentoni ed incontri con interruttori nascosti che accendono la luce su mondi inesplorati. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
Credere nelle vostre idee come ricercatori indipendenti, vuoldire anche cercare le vostre fonti di finanziamento, fuori e dentro l’universta’. Lamentatevi della mancanza di fondi, ma fatelo alla trentesima application. E ricordatevi che le opportunita’migliori per un medico sono probabilmente oggi in un laboratorio di ingegneria e per un ingegnere in una sala operatoria. Fate come Folkman, chirurgo scopritore dell’angiogenesi che nei sui primi anni da medico attraverso’ il Charles river che divide il Mass General di Boston dall’MIT. Ne torno’ indietro con un pacemaker in mano. Anche voi attraversate queste strade che dividono le varie facolta’, so per esperienza che e’ un po pericoloso, ma potrebbe valerne la pena. (E siete avvantagiati perche’il pronto soccorso e’ a portata di mano). E, a giudicare dai risultati, non ci sono soldi meglio sprecati di quelli nella ricerca. Nel 2012 le universita’ americane hanno guadagnato 2.6 miliardi di dollari dalle royalties delle companies create dai loro studenti, e questo e’ piu’ o meno il 5% di quanto guadagnato da quelle start up.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
E ora, ora che l’universita’ vi ha insegnato tutto quello che aveva da insegnarvi, fate in modo di avere in mano la domanda giusta. E, personalmente, non vedo l’ora di conoscere&amp;nbsp; quale sara’ la vostra risposta. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
Congratulazioni e buona fortuna.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
Link sul sito di Tor Vergata&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
http://web.uniroma2.it/modules.php?navpath=HOM&amp;amp;name=Content&amp;amp;action=showpage&amp;amp;content_id=16888&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/3061009761079399174/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2014/03/discorso-per-la-cerimonia-di-consegna.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/3061009761079399174'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/3061009761079399174'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2014/03/discorso-per-la-cerimonia-di-consegna.html' title='Discorso per la Cerimonia di Consegna dei Dottorati per l&#39;area scientifica.Università di Roma Tor Vergata 27 Febbraio 2014'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhogFoBRHJeobhQkWXGqG1DXiyXnd5jFsDg2aHEaMvHSDAv6G9qydMPXcVZou5Znj3CvqNK7_sluGZXAZgIbZnEsauZv6r6qPVu3-CNjvi7bRH8lWYKgkLTY3AxNyGn3NCfFYTSruAoQ6XR/s72-c/Screen+Shot+2014-03-03+at+15.20.28.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-6694163462185143161</id><published>2012-06-04T09:25:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2012-06-04T09:25:22.111-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Metaphysical Minds"/><title type='text'>FAILURE AND RESCUE</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;From the New Yorker, June 4, 2012&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2012/06/atul-gawande-failure-and-rescue.html&quot;&gt;http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2012/06/atul-gawande-failure-and-rescue.html&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;FAILURE
AND RESCUE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Posted by&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/bios/atul_gawande/search?contributorName=Atul%20Gawande&quot; title=&quot;search site for content by Atul Gawande&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Atul Gawande&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;The following was delivered as the commencement
address at Williams College on Sunday, June 3rd.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;We had a patient at my hospital this winter whose story has stuck
with me. Mrs. C. was eighty-seven years old, a Holocaust survivor from Germany,
and she’d come to the emergency room because she’d suddenly lost the vision in
her left eye. It tells you something about her that she was at work when it
happened—in the finance department at Sears.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;She’d worked her entire life. When her family left Nazi Germany,
they narrowly avoided the concentration camps but ended up among twenty
thousand Jewish refugees relocated to the Shanghai ghetto in Japanese-occupied
China. She was a teen-age girl and spent eight years there, helping her family
just to live and survive, until liberation in September, 1945. Denied a formal
education, she worked as a seamstress upon admission to the United States. She
rose to head seamstress at Bloomingdale&#39;s in Chestnut Hill, outside Boston. She
married at twenty-three, had two sons, and was widowed at forty-four. She
herself remained in remarkably good health.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;At eighty-seven, she still lived independently in a second-floor
apartment in Norwood, Massachusetts. She drove a Honda Civic. She did all her
own shopping and cooking. And she still worked—three and a half days a week at
Sears, doing office work, and her other weekdays volunteering at New England
Sinai Rehabilitation Hospital.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;She was sitting at her desk at Sears when the vision in her left
eye went completely black. It came back after three minutes. She dismissed the
episode, but the next day the same thing happened again, only this time the
vision didn’t come back. Her doctor sent her to our emergency room, where she
was suspected to have had a stroke caused by a severe atherosclerotic blockage
of the carotid artery in her neck. She needed urgent surgery to open the
blockage. She thought hard before agreeing to it. She had great fear of the
risks and what they could take away from her life. But she had greater fear of
what her condition might take away. Being able to remain independent, work, and
contribute in some way was most important to her, and her best chance of
preserving this was to act.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;The operation went remarkably well. There were no problems at all.
She was weak afterward, but the next day she ate, got out of bed, felt fine.
The day after that, she seemed ready to leave the hospital. But she complained
that constipation was making her nauseated and uncomfortable. The team tried
laxatives, but they did nothing, and her belly only became more painful.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;A young resident was the one who, looking at her, felt that
something wasn’t right. In fact, this wasn’t constipation at all, but a
disaster from a strange complication. Her stomach had twisted on itself, pulled
up into her chest, and become trapped—a condition known as a gastric volvulus.
Worse, an ulcer seemed to have formed in the lining of her stomach and ruptured
into her chest. This is catastrophic for anyone, let alone an
eighty-seven-year-old woman. The textbooks describe an up to eighty-per-cent
fatality rate.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Yet she did survive. In fact, she left the hospital with her son
within a week. And the more I reflect on the story of how that was made
possible, the more I think that the story is relevant to all of us, whatever
our walks of life.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;When I was nearing the end of medical school, I decided to go into
surgery. I had become enthralled by surgeons, especially by their competence.
The source of their success, I believed, was their physical skill—their
hand-eye coördination and fine-motor control. But it wasn’t, I learned in
residency training. Getting the physical skills is important, and they take
some time to practice and master, but they turn out to be no more difficult to
learn than those that Mrs. C. mastered as a seamstress. Instead, the critical
skills of the best surgeons I saw involved the ability to handle complexity and
uncertainty. They had developed judgment, mastery of teamwork, and willingness
to accept responsibility for the consequences of their choices. In this
respect, I realized, surgery turns out to be no different than a life in
teaching, public service, business, or almost anything you may decide to
pursue. We all face complexity and uncertainty no matter where our path takes
us. That means we all face the risk of failure. So along the way, we all are
forced to develop these critical capacities—of judgment, teamwork, and
acceptance of responsibility.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;In commencement addresses like this, people admonish us: take
risks; be willing to fail. But this has always puzzled me. Do you want a
surgeon whose motto is “I like taking risks”? We do in fact want people to take
risks, to strive for difficult goals even when the possibility of failure
looms. Progress cannot happen otherwise. But how they do it is what seems to
matter. The key to reducing death after surgery was the introduction of ways to
reduce the risk of things going wrong—through specialization, better planning,
and technology. They have produced a remarkable transformation in the field.
Not that long ago, surgery was so inherently dangerous that you would only
consider it as a last resort. Large numbers of patients developed serious
infections afterward, bleeding, and other deadly problems we euphemistically
called “complications.” Now surgery has become so safe and routine that most is
day surgery—you go home right afterward.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;But there continue to be huge differences between hospitals in the
outcomes of their care. Some places still have far higher death rates than
others. And an interesting line of research has opened up asking why.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Researchers at the University of Michigan discovered the answer
recently, and it has a twist I didn’t expect. I thought that the best places
simply did a better job at controlling and minimizing risks—that they did a
better job of preventing things from going wrong. But, to my surprise,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa0903048&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;they didn’t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Their
complication rates after surgery were almost the same as others. Instead, what
they proved to be really great at was&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;rescuing&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;people when
they had a complication, preventing failures from becoming a catastrophe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Scientists have given a new name to the deaths that occur in
surgery after something goes wrong—whether it is an infection or some bizarre
twist of the stomach. They call them a “failure to rescue.” More than anything,
this is what distinguished the great from the mediocre. They didn’t fail less.
They rescued more.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;This may in fact be the real story of human and societal
improvement. We talk a lot about “risk management”—a nice hygienic phrase. But
in the end, risk is necessary. Things can and will go wrong. Yet some have a
better capacity to prepare for the possibility, to limit the damage, and to
sometimes even retrieve success from failure.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;When things go wrong, there seem to be three main pitfalls to
avoid, three ways to fail to rescue. You could choose a wrong plan, an
inadequate plan, or no plan at all. Say you’re cooking and you inadvertently
set a grease pan on fire. Throwing gasoline on the fire would be a completely
wrong plan. Trying to blow the fire out would be inadequate. And ignoring it—“Fire?
What fire?”—would be no plan at all.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;In the BP oil disaster in the Gulf of Mexico two years ago, all of
these elements came into play, leading to the death of eleven men and the
spillage of five million barrels of oil over three months. According to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2012/06/www.boemre.gov/pdfs/maps/dwhfinal.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;official investigation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
there had been early signs that the drill pipe was having problems and was
improperly designed, but the companies involved did nothing. Then, on the
evening of April 20, 2010, during a routine test of the well, the rig crew
detected a serious abnormality in the pressure in the drill pipe. They watched
it and took more measurements, which revealed a number of other abnormalities
that signal a “kick”—an undetected pressure buildup. But it was two hours
before they recognized the seriousness of the situation—two hours without a
plan of action.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Then, when they did recognize the trouble, they sent the flow
through a piece of equipment that can’t handle such pressures. The kick
escalated to a blowout, and the mud-gas mix exploded. At that point, emergency
crews went into action. But for twelve minutes, no one sounded a general alarm
to abandon the rig, leading directly to the loss of eleven lives in a second
explosion.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;There was, as I said, every type of error. But the key one was the
delay in accepting that something serious was wrong. We see this in national
policy, too. All policies court failure—our war in Iraq, for instance, or the
effort to stimulate our struggling economy. But when you refuse to even
acknowledge that things aren’t going as expected, failure can become a
humanitarian disaster. The sooner you’re able to see clearly that your best
hopes and intentions have gone awry, the better. You have more room to pivot
and adjust. You have more of a chance to rescue.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;But recognizing that your expectations are proving wrong—accepting
that you need a new plan—is commonly the hardest thing to do. We have this
problem called confidence. To take a risk, you must have confidence in
yourself. In surgery, you learn early how essential that is. You are imperfect.
Your knowledge is never complete. The science is never certain. Your skills are
never infallible. Yet you must act. You cannot let yourself become paralyzed by
fear.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Yet you cannot blind yourself to failure, either. Indeed, you must
prepare for it. For, strangely enough, only then is success possible. When Mrs.
C.’s abdominal pain turned to catastrophe, for instance, my colleagues were
prepared. Now, they weren’t prepared for anything so odd as the idea that her
stomach would have wound on itself like a balloon twisted too tight. In fact,
when the surgical resident told Mrs. C.’s surgeon that he was concerned about
the way her abdomen felt on his exam, the surgeon thought he was being
alarmist. She’d been doing great just the day before. And what could go wrong
in someone’s belly after neck surgery? He’d never seen a serious belly problem
in such circumstances.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;But the surgeon was humble enough to understand that he could. You
never really know what way trouble can strike. So he listened. He allowed the
resident to order a scan. The team made sure it was expedited. When it showed
the queer twist, no one dismissed it. They got help from another surgeon
immediately. They had her on an operating table within two hours.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Nothing went exactly perfectly. There was still a good deal of
fumbling around as they tried to sort out what was really going on and what
would need to be done. For a time, they hoped for a small, short procedure,
using just a scope and avoiding a big operation. It would have been an
inadequate plan—perhaps even the completely wrong one. But they avoided the
worst mistake—which was to have no plan at all. They’d acted early enough to
buy themselves time for trial and error, to figure out all the steps required
to get her through this calamity. They gave her and themselves the chance to
rescue success from failure.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;I spoke to Mrs. C. a couple days ago, and she gave me permission
to tell you her story. She’s living with her son now. She turned eighty-eight
this past April. With her vision gone in her left eye, she can no longer work
or drive, and she misses both greatly. “I’m not the same person I used to be,”
she told me. She doesn’t like being dependent on others, even for just a ride.
But she has otherwise returned to leading a life of her own. She enjoys her
family, especially her grandchildren. She’s even looking for ways to volunteer
again. “Life is not perfect, but it is good,” she said.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;As you embark on your path from here, you are going to take
chances—on a relationship, a job, a new line of study. You will have great
hopes. But things won’t always go right.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;When I graduated from college, I went abroad to study philosophy.
I hoped to become a philosopher, but I proved to be profoundly mediocre in the
field. I tried starting a rock band. You don’t want to know how awful the songs
I wrote were. I wrote one song, for example, comparing my love for a girl to
the decline of Marxism. After this, I worked in government on health-care
legislation that not only went nowhere, it set the prospect of health reform
back almost two decades.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;But the only failure is the failure to rescue something. I took
away ideas and experiences and relationships with people that profoundly
changed what I was able to do when I finally found the place that was for me,
which was in medicine.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;So you will take risks, and you will have failures. But it’s what
happens afterward that is defining. A failure often does not have to be a
failure at all. However, you have to be ready for it—will you admit when things
go wrong? Will you take steps to set them right?—because the difference between
triumph and defeat, you’ll find, isn’t about willingness to take risks. It’s
about mastery of rescue.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Photograph courtesy Hulton Archive/Getty.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Read more&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2012/06/atul-gawande-failure-and-rescue.html#ixzz1wqH38SBr&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #003399; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2012/06/atul-gawande-failure-and-rescue.html#ixzz1wqH38SBr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/6694163462185143161/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2012/06/failure-and-rescue.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/6694163462185143161'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/6694163462185143161'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2012/06/failure-and-rescue.html' title='FAILURE AND RESCUE'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-8804108860668948453</id><published>2012-05-18T07:16:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-05-18T07:16:35.658-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Research Policy"/><title type='text'>one of the most interesting Science issues</title><content type='html'>&lt;img alt=&quot;Cover image expansion&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6083/F1.medium.gif&quot; width=&quot;156&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #ebeced; color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Lucida Grande&#39;, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.1; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #ebeced; color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Lucida Grande&#39;, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.1; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;18 MAY 2012&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;issue-meta&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #ebeced; border: 0px; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: &#39;Lucida Grande&#39;, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;VOL 336, ISSUE 6083, PAGES 761-948&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;issue-meta&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #ebeced; border: 0px; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: &#39;Lucida Grande&#39;, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6083.toc&quot;&gt;http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6083.toc&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/8804108860668948453/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2012/05/one-of-most-interesting-science-issues.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/8804108860668948453'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/8804108860668948453'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2012/05/one-of-most-interesting-science-issues.html' title='one of the most interesting Science issues'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-7007134953008030296</id><published>2012-04-18T07:17:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2012-04-18T07:17:02.428-07:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;span class=&quot;openQuote&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: url(https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/G/01/reading/images/dailyRev_leftQuote._V195626296_.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #333333; font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; padding-left: 18px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;“three&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;‘E’s” in immune therapy: elimination, equilibrium, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;closeQuote&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: url(https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/G/01/reading/images/dailyRev_rightQuote._V195626296_.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #333333; font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px; padding-right: 18px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;escape.&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/7007134953008030296/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-in-immune-therapy-elimination.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/7007134953008030296'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/7007134953008030296'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-in-immune-therapy-elimination.html' title=''/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-419151955295667791</id><published>2012-04-17T06:40:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2012-04-17T06:41:07.394-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Cancer News"/><title type='text'>Immunologic Correlates of the Abscopal Effect in a Patient with Melanoma</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h1 style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: &#39;times new roman&#39;; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.05em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Make sure to keep in mind this report from the NEJM next time you think of rational design of cancer therapies.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h1 style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: &#39;times new roman&#39;; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.05em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;

&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1112824&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium; line-height: 1.05em;&quot;&gt;http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1112824&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: &#39;times new roman&#39;; font-size: 1.45em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.05em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;

Immunologic Correlates of the Abscopal Effect in a Patient with Melanoma&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;authors&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.7em; line-height: 16px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Michael A. Postow, M.D., Margaret K. Callahan, M.D., Ph.D., Christopher A. Barker, M.D., Yoshiya Yamada, M.D., Jianda Yuan, M.D., Ph.D., Shigehisa Kitano, M.D., Ph.D., Zhenyu Mu, M.D., Teresa Rasalan, B.S., Matthew Adamow, B.S., Erika Ritter, B.S., Christine Sedrak, B.S., Achim A. Jungbluth, M.D., Ramon Chua, B.S., Arvin S. Yang, M.D., Ph.D., Ruth-Ann Roman, R.N., Samuel Rosner, Brenna Benson, James P. Allison, Ph.D., Alexander M. Lesokhin, M.D., Sacha Gnjatic, Ph.D., and Jedd D. Wolchok, M.D., Ph.D.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;citationLine&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #666666; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.7em; line-height: 16px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;N Engl J Med 2012; 366:925-931&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nejm.org/toc/nejm/366/10/&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #006892; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;March 8, 2012&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;The abscopal effect is a phenomenon in which local radiotherapy is associated with the regression of metastatic cancer at a distance from the irradiated site. The abscopal effect may be mediated by activation of the immune system. Ipilimumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits an immunologic checkpoint on T cells, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4). We report a case of the abscopal effect in a patient with melanoma treated with ipilimumab and radiotherapy. Temporal associations were noted: tumor shrinkage with antibody responses to the cancer–testis antigen NY-ESO-1, changes in peripheral-blood immune cells, and increases in antibody responses to other antigens after radiotherapy. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.)&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/419151955295667791/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2012/04/immunologic-correlates-of-abscopal.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/419151955295667791'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/419151955295667791'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2012/04/immunologic-correlates-of-abscopal.html' title='Immunologic Correlates of the Abscopal Effect in a Patient with Melanoma'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6375771621475629394.post-7604003268891567354</id><published>2012-04-17T06:36:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2012-04-17T06:37:09.757-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Cancer News"/><title type='text'>T-CELL ARMY</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;For those of you who have accesso to the New Yorker, please have a look to this article. A nice commentary of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: &#39;times new roman&#39;; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.05em; text-align: -webkit-auto;&quot;&gt;Immunologic Correlates of the Abscopal Effect in a Patient with Melanoma on the New England Jorunal of Medicine of March 8 and latest reports of advances in Immunotherapy of Cancer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h1 class=&quot;header&quot; id=&quot;articlehed&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: both; float: left; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;

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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Read more&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;at&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/04/23/120423fa_fact_groopman#ixzz1sIutyBzV&quot; style=&quot;color: #003399; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/04/23/120423fa_fact_groopman#ixzz1sIutyBzV&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 class=&quot;header&quot; id=&quot;articlehed&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: both; float: left; font-family: ny-irvin-em-101104-h01-1, ny-irvin-em-101104-h01-2, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 26px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;

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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: ny-irvin-em-101104-h01-1, ny-irvin-em-101104-h01-2, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 26px; text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;T-CELL ARMY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;articleintro&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; float: left; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; line-height: 14px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;

Can the body’s immune response help treat cancer?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h4 id=&quot;articleauthor&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: left; float: left; font-family: ny-irvin-em-101104-h01-1, ny-irvin-em-101104-h01-2, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 6px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;c cs&quot; style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/bios/jerome_groopman/search?contributorName=jerome%20groopman&quot; rel=&quot;author&quot; style=&quot;color: black; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Jerome Groopman&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/feeds/7604003268891567354/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2012/04/t-cell-army.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/7604003268891567354'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6375771621475629394/posts/default/7604003268891567354'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gcontino.blogspot.com/2012/04/t-cell-army.html' title='T-CELL ARMY'/><author><name>Gianmarco Contino</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05941182615583576665</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRNmGLVXONfgnbU_bOmke5GngjTuRt8ygsk4zFzMtmpYszTl5HFPkzKacHRyRv1uTm5gCNAYNMXfifHyzyeTYRNQWMlAJvrLBhC7dxdN7BkbUijcVjJnAQedSGnNoT1k/s220/aicf-1.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>