Learn Turkish Language

(ı/i/u/ü)m *part 2

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Sat, 30 Oct 2010 16:24:00 +0000

the same rules (except for 1d) apply to (ı/i/u/ü)n, meaning your/you're or the 2nd person singular.
1. (y)ken is the suffix form of iken, meaning as, (the time) when, while. it doesn't follow the vowel harmony rules, that is, it's always (y)kenno matter what the last vowel of the word is.
başlar ay doğarken saltanatı sultaniyegahın
the majesty of sultaniyegah starts as the moon rises
2. it can be added to nouns or verbs in the 3rd person singular (not all tenses).
2a. since the grammatical person is missing, a noun or pronoun as the subject of the sentence is generally necessary, otherwise the meaning would be ambiguous:
sen o yolları giderken biz dönüyorduk: we were coming back while you were going those roads (*). here sen (=you singular) can't be excluded.
sometimes the meaning is inherently ambiguous and can't be fixed if there's no clue from the context and the sentence should then be restructured or rephrased:
seni arabaya binerken gördüm: i saw you while i was/you were getting on the car. here it's not clear who was getting on the car: i or you? it can only be understood through the physical or verbal context.
2b. if the last letter of the word is a vowel a y is put (for no apparent reason), dropped if it's a consonant:
ben evde-y-ken: while i (am/was) at home.
ben işte-y-ken: when i (am/was) at work.
ben çocukken: when i was a child
kapı açıkken: when the door (is/was) open
as it can be seen, sometimes the tense of the sentence is also ambiguous. it's highly dependent on the physical or verbal context.
2c. tenses that accept the suffix:
remember that (1) the tense of the sentence may be different from that of the verb, and (2) the grammatical person is understood from the context since the verb is always in the 3rd person singular.
i. the present tense
ben doğarken ölmüşüm: i died when i was born (literally, i died when i am born)
ii. the present continuous tense
sen elinin tersiyle ittin ben ağlıyorken: you pushed (me) with the back of your hand while i was crying
iii. the future tense
hani kahramanlar gibi sevecekken seni
masal bitti ...
you know, when i was going to love you like heroes,
the story was over
iv. the past tense with -miş/-mış:
daha çatal kaşık bıçak icat edilmemişken: the time when the fork, spoon and knife weren't yet invented
note:
the past tense with -di/-dı accepts a different suffix -ğinde/ğında or -ği/ğı zaman along with the personal suffix:
when i/you etc came:
geldiğimde = geldiğim zaman (i)
geldiğinde = geldiğin zaman (you, singular)
geldiğinde = geldiği zaman (he/she/it)
geldiğimizde = geldiğimiz zaman (we)
geldiğinizde = geldiğiniz zaman (you, plural)
geldiklerinde = geldikleri zaman (they)
---
(*) ie, i'm more experienced or learned than you. here the speaker uses we instead of i to imply and stress his/her superiority in knowledge or experience over the person addressed.

(ı/i/u/ü)m * part 1

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Sat, 30 Oct 2010 16:23:00 +0000

1. ı/i/u/ü are used as auxiliary letters to separate two consonants.
1a. means my when added to a noun:
baş-ı-m = başım: my head
1b. indicates 1st person singular when added to a verb:
geldi-m: i came
1c. indicates 1st person singular when added to a noun/adjective if it's the predicate of the sentence (which is called a noun sentence):
(ben) uzun-u-m = uzunum: i'm tall
(ben) öğretmen-i-m = öğretmenim: i'm a teacher
1d. makes nouns from verbs:
seçmek: to choose, to elect -> seçim: choice, election
bakmak: to look -> bakım: maintenance
yazmak: to write -> yazım: orthography, spelling (also, my writing)
2. an ı, i, u or ü is put if the last letter of the word is a consonant, dropped if it's a vowel:
put:
ev-i-m = evim: my house;
duvar-ı-m = duvarım: my wall;
yol-u-m = yolum: my way
drop:
araba-m = arabam: my car;
kapı-m = kapım: my door
keçi-m = keçim: my goat
exceptions:
su-y-u-m = suyum: my water (the original form of the word in the far distant past was SUW but it's been long lost, so don't say sum)
ne-y-i-m = neyim: my what? (regular forms nem, nen etc. are also used, as in the folk song de get bayburt de get sende nem kaldı)
2a. -ı- is used when the last vowel in the word is a or ı:
hayAt -> hayatım: my life
krAl -> kralım: my king (also, i'm the king)
katIr -> katırım: my mule (also, i'm a mule)
yakIn -> yakınım: my close (ie, my relative, also, i'm close)
exceptions:
words ending in -al sometimes take -i- as in meralim: my meral (female name), kemalim: my kemal (male name).
saat -> saatim: my watch or clock
2b. -i- is used when the last vowel in the word is e or i:
kedEr -> kederim: my sorrow
kemEr -> kemerim: my belt
sinİr -> sinirim: my nerve
vezİr -> vezirim: my queen (in chess), my vizier (also, i'm a vizier)
2c. -u- is used when the last vowel in the word is o or u:
tampOn -> tamponum: my bumper (meaning the bumper of my car)
kupOn -> kuponum: my coupon
gurUr -> gururum: my pride
okUr -> okurum: my reader (also, i read)
2d. -ü- is used when the last vowel in the word is ö or ü:
şofÖr -> şoförüm: my driver (also, i'm a driver)
planÖr -> planörüm: my glider
dönÜş -> dönüşüm: my return (also, transformation, from dönüşmek: to transform, to turn into)
görÜş -> görüşüm: my view, my opinion (also, that i see/saw, as in bu onu son görüşümdü: that was the last time that i saw her)

Gidemeyeceklerdensin

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Sat, 30 Oct 2010 16:23:00 +0000

the root: git - go
gidecek - he'll go (t softens to d)
gitMEyecek - he'll NOT go (t restores because of m. ME for negation, y for separating two vowels)
gidEmeyecek - he won't BE ABLE TO go (t again softens. E signals ability)
gidemeyecekLER - THEY won't be able to go (LER for plural)
so far it's a verb, now it switches to a noun:
gidemeyeceklerDEN - FROM those who won't be able to go (DEN is a noun suffix and makes the word a noun)
gidemeyeceklerdenSİN - YOU (are) from those who won't be able to go (finally, the pronoun)
as for the rule, aksios clarifies it for nouns, but i don't know all the rules, do you (for your own language, i mean)? there is a rule or rules, of course, but i don't know them, and i don't encourage you to learn rules. i only encourage you to read or listen without even thinking about how we add the suffixes. trust in your brain, it'll do most of the job by discerning the underlying pattern even without your being aware of it. on the contrary, the more you push it consciously the longer it'll take to realize the pattern.
... and this is just my opinion and i don't think it's a scientific one, but i know it from own experiences

THE LETTER “Ğ”

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Sat, 30 Oct 2010 16:22:00 +0000

The letter “Ğ” represents different sounds in different positions, and there is a good deal of dialectical difference within Turkey and even a difference between styles of speech by the same person, in the use of this group of sounds. The following explanation will help with the standard pronunciation:
1- When “ğ” occurs in a syllable with front unrounded vowels /i/ and /e/, the sound represented is /y/ (as in “Year”)
iğne /iyne/ needle
eğlenmek /eylenmek/ to have fun
diğer /diyer/ other
değil /deyil, diyil/ not equivalent
2- When it occurs in a syllable with front rounded or with back vowels, the sound differs in the final syllable and initial syllable positions:
a) In the final syllable position, the sound represented is merely a lengthening of the previous vowel: (I put a colon “ : ”next to the vowel that has lengthened)
düğme /dü:me/ button
öğrenmek /ö:renmek/ to learn
öğle /ö:le/ noon
b) In the initial syllable position, what is represented is simply a hiatus between the vowels (but pronunciated in a combined way like “aır, yourt, saa”) :
ağır /a-ır/ heavy, serious
yoğurt /yo-urt/ yoghurt
sağa /sa-a/ to the right

QUESTION WORDS “NE” (WHAT) and “KİM” (WHO)

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Sat, 30 Oct 2010 16:21:00 +0000

Ben ne-y*-im? What am I?
Sen ne-s*-in? What are you?
O ne(dir)? What is it?
Biz ne-y*-iz? What are we?
Siz nesiniz) What are you?
Onlar nelerdir? What are they?
*These letters are put between the vowels when the word takes a suffix. Because two vowels cannot come together in a word in Turkish, so these letters “y,ş,s,n” prevent this when the words take suffixes.
Ben kimim? Who am I?
Sen kimsin? Who are you?
O kim? Who is he/she?
Biz kimiz? Who are we?
Siz kimsiniz? Who are you?
Onlar kimler(dir)? Who are they?

Genitive suffix

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Sat, 30 Oct 2010 16:21:00 +0000

Genitive suffix: “-(n)In” (-nın, -nin, -nun, -nün, -ın, -in, -un, -ün)
>> suffix is “-In” in the words ending in consonants:
adam-ın (of the man)
>>suffix is “-nIn” in the words ending in vowels:
oda-nın (of the room)
Possessive suffix: “-(s)I” (-sı,-si, -su, -sü, -ı, -i, -u, -ü)
**Words ending in consonants => “-I”
Kalem-i (his/her pencil)
**Words ending in vowels => “-sI”
Kapı-sı (its door)
ó e.g oda-nın kapı-sı (the door of the room)
o-nun anne-si (his/her mother)
As you see, above examples are compounds.

Affirmative Form (positive)

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Sat, 30 Oct 2010 16:20:00 +0000

Ben-im I am
Sen-sin you are
O- (dur) he/she/it is
Biz-iz we are
Siz-siniz you are
Onlar-(dır) they are
• Ben (öğretmen) im. (I’m a teacher.)
• Sen (öğretmen) sin. (You’re a teacher.)
• O (öğretmen) dir. (He/she is a teacher. )
• Biz (öğretmen) iz. (We’re teachers.)
• Siz (öğretmen) siniz. (you’re teachers.)
• Onlar (öğretmen) dir(ler). (they’re teachers.)
***As you see, the noun comes between the pronoun and the personal suffix.
"-DIr” (to be) <=>according to the vowel harmony rule, the vowel is changed and appears as “-dır, -dir, -dur, -dür”.
1. If the preceeding syllable is “e” or “i”, the vowel in the verb “to be” will be “i”:
ev-dir (house)
iyi-dir (fine)
2. If the vowel in the preceeding syllable is “ö” or “ü”, the vowel will be “ü”:
Müdür-dür(director)
Otobüs-tür* (bus)
3. If the vowel in the preceeding syllable is “o” or “u”, the vowel will be “u”:
doktor-dur (doctor)
kuru-dur (dry)
4. If the vowel in the preceeding syllable is “a” or “ı”, the vowel will be “ı”:
Para-dır (Money)
Amerikalı-dır (american)
*The consonant “D” changes in some situations due to consonant harmony. If the noun’s ending consonant is a voiced consonant, the suffix will be “-dır”; but if the words ends with a voiceless consonant, it will be “-tIr”.
Voiced consonants: b, c, d, g, j, l, m, n, r, v, y and all the vowels
Voiceless consonants: ç, f, h, k, p, s, ş, t, z
Negative form
Ben (öğrenci) değilim. I’m not a student.
Sen (öğrenci) değilsin. You’re not a student.
O (öğrenci) değil(dir). He/she is not a student.
Biz (öğrenci) değiliz. We are not students.
Siz (öğrenci) değilsiniz. You’re not students.
Onlar (öğrenci) değil(dir)ler. They’re not students.
***In order to form negative, the word “değil” is placed just before the verb-ending. In this case, the verb-ending is attached to “değil”.
Bu temiz bir lokanta değildir. (This is not a clean restaurant.)
Interrogative Form
Ben (öğretmen) miyim? Am I a teacher?
Sen (öğretmen) misin? Are you a teacher?
O (öğretmen) mi(dir)? Is she/he a teacher?
Biz (öğretmen) miyiz? Are we teachers?
Siz (öğretmen) misiniz? Are you teachers?
Onlar (öğretmen(ler) ) mi(dir)? Are they teachers?
Onlar (öğretmen) midir(ler)? Are they teachers?

ADJECTİVES

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Sat, 30 Oct 2010 16:20:00 +0000

>>In Turkish, adjectives come before the nouns:
güzel ev (pretty house)
çirkin kız (ugly girl)
>>Comparative form: The comparative degree of an adj. Or an adv. is formed by placing “DAHA”(more) in front of the adj and the adv.
İyi (good) => daha iyi (better) ; daha iyi kız (better girl)
Büyük (big) => daha büyük (bigger)
>>Superlative form: The superlative degree of an adj. Or adv. is formed by placing “EN”(most) in front of the adj. or the adv.
Küçük (small) => en küçük
Yavaş (slow) => en yavaş
>>Interrogative Form of Adj.s: (Subj.)+adj.+-mI*?
Güzel mi? (Is it pretty?)
*”-mI” is question suffix; it’s always written seperately, like an individual word. The vowel in “-mI” changes depending on the vowel in the last syllable of the word:
>after “a,ı” => -mı
>after “e,i” => -mi
>after “o,u” => -mu
>after “ö,ü” => -mü
The Negative Form of Adjectives (adj.+değil)
>> güzel değil ( (It’s) not pretty)
****Special usage; not applicable to all adjectives=> adj.+-lI(-lı, -li, -lu, -lü) (for positive) ; adj.+-sIz(-sız, -siz, -suz, -süz) (for negative)
akıl-lı (clever) ó akıl-sız (stupid)
güç-lü (strong) ó güç-süz (weak)
Demonstrative Adjectives
Bu (this) => bu kız (this girl)
Şu (that) => şu ev (that house)
O (that) => o çocuk (that child)
# All these are also used in plural forms like “bu çocuklar” (these children). As you see, while forming adj.s in Turkish, we don’t touch the adj.s themselves (I mean, their plurality or singularity), but we change the nouns by adding suffixes.

DECLENSİON OF NOUNS

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Sat, 30 Oct 2010 16:19:00 +0000

# There are mainly 6 cases in Turkish: nominative, dative, accusative (objective), locative, ablative, genitive. Here are the pronouns in these different 6 cases:
Nominative Case (subject)
Above six sentences are examples of nominative case of the pronouns.
Dative Case (to)
Bana to me Kitabı bana verir. (she gives the book to me.)
Sana to you Kitabı sana verir. (she gives the book to you.)
Ona to him/her/it Kitabı ona verir. (she gives the book to him/her/it.)
Bize to us Kitabı bize verir. (she gives the book to us.)
Size to you Kitabı size verir. (she gives the book to you.)
Onlara to them Kitabı onlara verir. (she gives the book to them.)
Accusative Case
Beni me Beni görüyor mu? (Does he see me?)
Seni you Seni görüyor mu? (does he see you?)
Onu him/her/it Onu görüyor mu? (does he see him/her/it?)
Bizi us Bizi görüyor mu? (does he see us?)
Sizi you Sizi görüyor mu? (does he see you?)
Onları them Onları görüyor mu? (does he see them?)
Locative Case (at, on, in)
Bende at me Kitap bende. (The book is at me.)
Sende at you Kitap sende. (the book is at you.)
Onda at him/her/it Kitap onda. (the book is at him/her/it.)
Bizde at us Kitap bizde. (the book is at us.)
Sizde at you Kitap sizde. (the book is at you.)
Onlarda at them Kitap ınlarda. (the book is at them.)
*”at” is a literal translation, whereasual meaning is “with me”.
Ablative Case (from)
Benden from me Kitabı benden istiyor. (he wants the book from me.)
Senden from you Kitabı senden istiyor. (he wants the book from you.)
Ondan from him/her/it Kitabı ondan istiyor. (he wants the book from him/her/it.)
Bizden from us Kitabı bizden istiyor. (he wants the book from us.)
Sizden from you Kitabı sizden istiyor. (he wants the book from you.)
Onlardan from them Kitabı onlardan istiyor. (he wants the book from them.)
Genitive (possessive) Case (of)
Benim mine Bu benim . (this is mine.)
Senin yours Bu senin. (this is yours.)
Onun his/hers/its Bu onun. (this is his/hers/its.)
Bizim ours Bu bizim. (this is ours.)
Sizin yours Bu sizin. (this is yours.)
Onların theirs Bu onların. (this is theirs.)
IMPORTANT: possessive prononuns when used in the following manner, become possessive adjectives:
Benim aşk-ım (my love)
Senin aşk-ın (your love)
Onun aşk-ı (his/her love)
Bizim aşk-ımız (our love)
Sizin aşk-ınız (your love)
Onların aşk-ı (their love)

VAR, YOK

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Sat, 30 Oct 2010 16:18:00 +0000

VAR, YOK [ there is(n’t) / are(n’t), not to have (got) ]
The words ‘var’ and ‘yok’ are always followed by the verb ‘to be’ which may be omitted in the present tense.
Var: extant, in the existence.
Yok: non-ectant, not existence.
# These words have two principle uses:
1. There first function is to express possession.
· (benim) bir arabam var(dır).
I have (got) a car.
· (onun) bir kız arkadaşı vardı.
He had a girl-friend.
· Hiç paran(ız) var mı(dır)?
Have you got any money?
2. Their second function is to express the English ‘there is / are (not)’
· Masanın üstünde bir kitap var(dır).
There is a book on the table.
· Orada hiç okul yok(tur).
There aren’t any schools there.
· Başka seçenek(ler) var mı(dır)?
Are there any alternatives.

A BASİC PATTERN TO MAKE A PHRASE

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Sat, 30 Oct 2010 16:18:00 +0000

# The article in Turkish is “bir” (a, an)
bir ev (a house)
bir kız (a girl)
bir çocuk (a child)
*HOW(Nasıl) +Article+noun
Questions:
Nasıl bir ev(dir*)? = (What kind of a house?)
Nasıl bir kızdır? = (What kind of a girl?)
Nasıl bir çocuktur? = (What kind of a child?)
*This suffix is the auxiliary verb (like “am/is/are” in english) for the third person singular.

Answers (Adjective+article+noun)
Güzel bir ev = ( a pretty house)
Çirkin bir kız = ( an ugly girl)
İyi bir çocuk = ( a good child)

The verb Olmak “TO BE” # positive Interrogation

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Sat, 30 Oct 2010 16:17:00 +0000

*Ps: mı-mi-mu-mü : is the interrogative particle. It is written as an independent word.
im (-ım,-um,-üm) = I'm
Ben bir işçşi miyim? = am I a worker?
-sin (-sın,-sun,-sün) = you're
Sen bir işçşi misin?= are you a worker?
-O --- = s/he 's - it's
O bir işçşi mi(dir)?= is he/she a worker?
-iz (-ız,-uz,-üz) = we're
Biz işçşi miyiz?= are we (the) workers?
-siniz (-sınız,-sunuz,-sünüz) = you're
Siz işçşi misiniz?= are you (the) workers?
-ler/-lar = they're
Onlar işçşi midirler?= are they (the) workers?
# Negative Interrogation

değilim= i’m not
ben bir işçşi değil miyim?= am I not a driver?
değilsin= you’ re not
sen bir işçşi değil misin?= are you not a driver?
değil(dir)= he,she,it is not
o bir işçşi değil mi(dir)?= is he/she not a driver?
değiliz= we’re not
biz bir işçşi değil miyiz?= are we not drivers?
değilsiniz= you’re not
siz bir işçşi değil misiniz?= are you not drivers?
değiller= they’re not
onlar bir işçşi değil midir(ler)?= are they not drivers?

The verb Olmak “TO BE”

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Sat, 30 Oct 2010 16:16:00 +0000

# Negative form
değil = not
the personal pronouns suffixes are added to değil:
değilim= i’m not
ben dalgıç değilim= i’m not a driver
değilsin= you’ re not
sen dalgıç değilsin= you are not a driver
değil(dir)= he,she,it is not
o dalgıç değil= she/he is not a driver
değiliz= we’re not
biz dalgıç değiliz= we are not drivers
değilsiniz= you’re not
siz dalgıç değilsiniz= you are not drivers
değiller= they’re not
onlar dalgıç değiller= they aren’t drivers

The verb Olmak “TO BE”

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Mon, 12 Apr 2010 22:04:00 +0000

# Positive form
im (-ım,-um,-üm) = I'm
Ben bir öğretmenim = I’m a teacher
-sin (-sın,-sun,-sün) = you're
Sen bir öğretmensin = you are a teacher
-O --- = s/he 's - it's
O bir öğretmendir = he/she is a teacher
-iz (-ız,-uz,-üz) = we're
Biz öğretmeniz = we are (the) teachers
-siniz (-sınız,-sunuz,-sünüz) = you're
Siz öğretmensiniz = you are (the) teachers
-ler/-lar = they're
Onlar öğretmendirler = they are (the) teachers
ps: usually we omit the pronoun since each pronoun has its own suffix which indicates to that pronoun ( except for the pronoun O)
örnek:
güzelim = I'm beautiful
öğretmensin = u r a teacher
o öğretmen = he is a teacher
now try to write urselves, sizin mesleklerin ne? (what's ur jobs)

VERB SUFFIXES

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Sun, 11 Apr 2010 22:36:00 +0000

Infinitive: -mak, -mek
bakmak, to look, looking.
gelmek, to come, coming.
Simple present: -ar, -er, -ır, -ir, -ur, -ür (-Ar/-Ir)
Alır, he/she/it takes or buys
Gider, he/she/it goes
Future: -acak, -ecek, -acağ-, -eceğ (-AcAK)
Alacak, he/she/it will take, buy
Gidecek, he/she/it will go
Simple past: -dı, -di, -du, -dü, -tı, -ti, -tu, -tü (-DI)
Al-dı, he/she/it took, bought
Git-ti, he/she/it went
Continuous: -ıyor-, -iyor, - uyor, -üyor ( -(I)yor ) (like English '-ing')
Al-ıyor, he/she/it is taking, buying
gel-iyor , she/he is coming
Question: -mı, -mi, -mu, -mü (-mI)
Alıyor mu? Is he/she/it taking (it)?
Gidecek mi? Will he/she/it go?
First Person Singular (I):-ım, -im, -um, -üm (-Im)
Alır-ım, I take
Second Person Singular (you-informal): -sın, -sin, -sun, -sün ( -(s)I(n) )
Alırsın, You take
Third Person Singular (he/she/it): (no suffix)
Alır, he/she/it takes
First Person Plural (we): -ız, -iz, -uz,-üz (-Iz)
Alır-ız, we take
Second Person Plural (you-formal): -sınız, -siniz, -sunuz,-sünüz ( -(sI)nIz )
Alır-sınız, You (plural) take; or You (singular-formal) take
geldi-niz , you came
Third Person Plural (they): -lar, -ler (-lAr)
Alır-lar, They take.

Suffixes:

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 12:40:00 +0000

The suffix “ .. lik/lık/ luk/lük” is used to form abstract nouns or the name of the profession. it usually means ‘-ness’.

güzel	beautiful	güzellik	beauty
bankacı	banker	bankacılık	banking
parasız	moneyless	parasızlık	poverty
akıllı	clover	akıllılık	wisdom
büyük	large	büyüklük	greatness
gazeteci	journalist	gazetecilik	journalism
suçlu	guilty	suçluluk	guiltiness
suçsuz	innocent	suçsuzluk	innocence
ucuz	cheap	ucuzluk	cheapness

Lesson 11: Suffixes

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Sat, 31 Oct 2009 20:29:00 +0000

The Most essential characteristic of Turkish is its use of suffixes. where English uses separate words and prefixes, Turkish expresses the sense by means of suffixes. Turkish does not use prefixes except for a few words borrowed from other languages. A suffix is often added to a Turkish word in order to convey the meaning.

The Suffixes “ .. li/lı/ lu/lü “ and “ .. siz/sız/suz/süz”
* The suffix “ .. li/lı/ lu/lü” is used to form adjectives meaning ‘possessed of’, “having” .
* The suffix “ .. siz/sız/suz/süz” is used to form adjectives meaning ‘wıthout’, “-less” .

akıl	Intelligence	akıllı	Intelligent	akılsız	stupid
dikkat	care	dikkatli	careful	dikkatsiz	careless
tuz	salt	tuzlu	salty	tuzsuz	saltless
örtü	cover	örtülü	covered	örtüsüz	coverless
umut	hope	umutlu	hopeful	umutsuz	hopless
renk	color	renkli	colorful	renksiz	colorless
mut	joy	mutlu	happy	mutsuz	unhappy
başarı	success	başarılı	successful	başarısız	unsuccessful
güç	power	güçlü	powerful	güçsüz	powerless

Lesson 10, Vowel Harmony

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Fri, 28 Aug 2009 13:42:00 +0000

Vowel Harmony
Vowel harmony in Turkish can be defined as the tendency for vowels in a word to be similar to the first vowel in that word.
A vowel may be classified according to the shape and position of the organs of speech when making that particular sound. Turkish vowels are classified as follows:
Unrounded
rounded
low
     a
      ı
       o
       u
high
     e
      i
       ö
       ü
Front vowels are pronounced with the middle of the tongue raised towards the highest part of the palate.
Back vowels are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised towards the soft back part of the palate.
Rounded vowels are produced with rounded, protruded lips.
Unrounded vowels are produced with spread lips touching the front teeth.
High vowels are produced with the tongue closer to the palate, and the opening of the mouth is narrower than for low vowels
Low vowels are produced with the tongue in a lower position and the chin dropped lower than for high vowels.
Vowel harmony results from the natural tendency towards minimizing the effort required to pronounce a word. Since to change from, say, an “a” sound to an “ı” sound requires less movement from the organs of speech than to change from “a” to “ü”, it is common for “a” to be followed by “ı” but rare for “a” to be followed by “ü”
If the first vowel in a word is high the following vowels will also be high. If it is low the rest of the vowels in the same word will also be low. That is, all the vowels in a word agree. Some borrowed words break this rule.
Suffixes are also based on vowel harmony rule. Usually the last vowel in the word determines the vowel in the suffix. That is, if the last vowel in a word is high the vowel in the suffix will also be high. If the last vowel in a word is low the vowel in the suffix will also be low.
High vowels ( e – i – ö –ü ) harmony: if the first vowel in a word is one of these high vowels the following vowels will also be one of these high vowels as in examples below:
                E                                                                   İ
evet                   -   yes                                                                      isim                  - name
gece                 -   night                                                                    serin                 - serine
kedi                   -   cat                                                                       ince                  - thin
pencere            -   window                                                              merdiven         - ladder
ekmek              -   bread                                                                  bilgi                   - information
defter                -   notebook                                                            iki                     - two
            Ö                                                                   Ü
kötü             - bad                                                                           ütü                 - iron
köpek          - dog                                                                          çünkü            - because
köprü           - bridge                                                                      küçük           - small
gözlük         - eye-glasses                                                            ülke               - country
öğrenci        - student                                                                    ümit              - hope
Low vowels ( a – ı – o – u ) harmony:
if the first vowel in a word is one of these low vowels the following vowels will also be one of these low vowels as in examples below:
            A                                                                     I
masa         - table                                                                           kırmızı            - red
kadın        - woman                                                                        kısa               - short
hava         - weather                                                                      ıslak               - wet
kapı          - door                                                                             kalın              - thick
banyo       - bathroom / bath                                                        hafıza            - memory
            O                                                                                  U
çorba           - soup                                                                            uzak         - far
okul              - school                                                                         dokuz       - nine
çocuk           - child                                                                            uçak         - plane
oda              - room                                                                           duvar        - wall
oyuncak      - toy                                                                               armut       - pear

Lesson 9,House and furniture

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Thu, 20 Aug 2009 09:21:00 +0000

English	Turkish
House --- Ev
door	kapı
room	oda
front door	ön kapı
back door	arka kapı
window	pencere
kitchen	mutfak
bedroom	yatak odası
dining room	yemek odası
living room	oturma odası
chıldren's room	çocuk odası
bathroom	banyo
toilet	tuvalet
balcony	balkon
corridor	koridor
garden	bahçe
basement	bodrum
ground floor	zemin kat
garage	garaj
terrace	teras
yard	avlu
upper floor/story	üst kat
loft	tavan arası
cellar	kiler
stairs	merdiven
step	basamak
lift, elevator	asansör
wall	duvar
roof	çatı
fireplace	şömine
Furniture --- Eşyalar
table	masa
bookcase	kitaplık
chair	sandalye
wardrobe	gardrop
shelf	raf
armchair	koltuk
sofa	koltuk - kanepe
shower	duş
trash bin	çöp kutusu
ashtray	kül tablası
bathtub	küvet
door mat	paspas
tap	musluk
heating	kalorifer
candle	mum
key	anahtar
lamp	lamba
frame	çerçeve
socket	priz
plug	fiş
mirror	ayna
door bell	kapı zili
radio	radyo
television	televizyon
computer	bilgisayar
pan	tava
glass	bardak
bottle	şişe
plate	tabak
spoon	kaşık
fork	çatal

Lesson 8, Colors

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Mon, 17 Aug 2009 21:29:00 +0000

These are some basic Turkish words for colors

Black	kara
Black as can be	kapkara
White	beyaz
white as can be	bembeyaz
Red	kırmızı
red as can be	kıpkırmızı
Blue	mavi
blue as can be	masmavi
pink	pembe
pink as can be	pespembe
purple	mor
purple as can be	mosmor
green	yeşil
green as can be	yemyeşil
brown	kahverengi
grey	gri
yellow	sarı
orange	turuncu
color	renk
dark	koyu
light	açık
naked	çıplak
stark naked	çırılçıplak

The question for asking colors is constructed similar to the way it's done in English:
    Eng: What color is XXX?
    Tr: XXX ne renk? (Here, ne is what and renk is color)
The answer is also simple:
    Eng: XXX is red.
    Tr: XXX kırmızı.
However, note the difference in word ordering when you want to add a color (or any adjective) to an indefinite noun.
    Eng: A red XXX.
    Tr: Kırmızı bir XXX. (Not 'Bir kırmızı XXX')
Now, try to understand the following sentences.
    - Bu araba açık mavi.
    - Evim koyu kırmızı.
    - Gözlerin ne renk?
    - Beyaz bir gömlek aldım.

Lesson 7, Asking??

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Sun, 16 Aug 2009 08:28:00 +0000

NE? / KİM? (what / who)

- BU / ŞU / O NE? (What is this hat (nearby) hat(further away)?)

- Bu bir kitap.>> This is a Book.

- Şu bisiklet. >> This is a bicycle.

- Elma. >> Apple.

- BU / ŞU / O KİM? (Who is this?)

- Bu Susan. >> This is Susan.

- Şu bir doktor. >> that is a Doctor.

- Ahmet.

AD-SIFAT MI/Mi/MU/MÜ?

- BU/ŞU/O ............... MI?

- EVET, ................. .

- HAYIR, ............... DEĞİL.

A-I: I O-U: U E-i:i Ö-Ü: Ü

* This 4 group of vowels** are one of the main harmony rule groups which we will seeing future many times. You should remember this 4 groups.

So our question ending "MI" changes up to our harmony rule above:

a-ı: MI o-u: MU e-i: Mİ ö-ü:MÜ

This means you need to check your noun´s or adjective ´s last vowel and find out which group it belongs, then choose your question ending according to this vowel.

Örnek (example):

- Bu kitAp mI? - İstanbul güzel mi?

- Evet (kitap).

- Hayır, kitap değil.

- Şu doktOr mU? - Film kötü mÜ

* BE AWARE! Question ending "mi, mı, mu, mü" always written seperately from the word!

Türkçe´de 8 sesli harf vardır ve 2 temel gruba ayrılırlar:

- Kalın sesli harfler: a, ı, o, u

- ince sesli harfler: e, i, ö, ü

Note for students: Turkish language is a phonetic language and therefore vowels become very important and you should remember this 8 vowels and their different classifications which we will study in due course. Because in future lessons you will see that all the turkish ´endings´ will work together always following the vowel harmony rules.

Lesson 6, Family And Relateds

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Fri, 14 Aug 2009 22:40:00 +0000

father	baba
mother	anne
brother	(erkek) kardeş
sister	(kız) kardeş
elder brother	abi
elder sister	abla
son	oğul - erkek çocuk
daughter	kız - kız çocuk
aunt (mother side)	teyze
aunt (father side)	hala
grandmother (father side)	babaanne
grandmother (mother side)	anneanne
grandmother	nine -büyükanne
grandfather	dede - büyükbaba
grandmother (father side)	babaanne
grandmother (mother side)	anneanne
grandmother	nine -büyükanne
grandfather	dede - büyükbaba
nephew, niece	yeğen
uncle (father side)	amca
uncle (mother side)	dayı
cousin	kuzen
father-in-law	kayınbaba - kayınpeder
mother-in-law	kaynana - kayınvalide
sister-in-law	baldız
sister-in-law's husband	bacanak
son-in-law	damat
daughter-in-law	gelin
sister's husband	enişte
grandson, granddaughter, grandchild	torun
twin	ikiz
twin brother, twin sister	ikiz kardeş
wife	eş, hanım, karı
husband	koca
step mother	üvey anne
step father	üvey baba

Lesson 5, Time And Date

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Wed, 12 Aug 2009 21:59:00 +0000

click here to download the audio lesson

When Asking: What’s the Day?

In Turkish: Bugün günlerden ne?

When Answering: Today is Monday.

In Turkish: Bugün günlerden pazartesi.

Or Just Saying: Monday

In Turkish Pazartesi

Days of the week

Sunday	Pazar
Monday	Pazartesi
Tuesday	Salı
Wednesday	Çarşamba
Thursday	Perşembe
Friday	Cuma
Saturday	Cumartesi

Months

January	Ocak
February	Şubat
March	Mart
April	Nisan
May	Mayıs
June	Haziran
July	Temmuz
August	Ağustos
September	Eylül
October	Ekim
November	Kasım
December	Aralık

Seasons

spring	bahar “or” ilkbahar
summer	yaz
fall, autumn	sonbahar or güz
winter	kış

lesson 4, love words and expressions

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Wed, 12 Aug 2009 08:32:00 +0000

I love you.	Seni seviyorum.
I love you very much.	Seni çok seviyorum.
I like you very much.	Senden çok hoşlanıyorum.
Would you like to go out with me?	Benimle çıkar mısın?
Would you like to dance with me?	Benimle dans eder misin?
Will you marry me?	Benimle evlenir misin?
Fiancee	Nişanlı
You are the man/woman of my dreams.	Rüyalarımın erkeğisin/kadınısın.
I want to be with you.	Seninle olmak istiyorum.
I want to stay with you.	Seninle kalmak istiyorum.
I am missing you very much.	Seni çok özlüyorum.
I missed you very much.	Seni çok özledim.
Can you stay a little longer?	Biraz daha kalabilir misin?
When will I see you next?	Seni bir daha ne zaman göreceğim?
Let's meet somewhere.	Bir yerlerde buluşalım.
I want to see you.	Seni görmek istiyorum.
You are very beautiful.	Çok güzelsin.
my love	aşkım
my life	hayatım
my beautiful	güzelim

Lesson 3, Saying Hello, Basic Expressions

noreply@blogger.com (Al Shaysaban) — Tue, 11 Aug 2009 09:43:00 +0000

click here to download the audio lesson

Hello	Merhaba
Good Morning	Günaydın
Good Day	iyi Günler
Good Evening	iyi Akşamlar
How are you	nasılsınız
Fine, thanks	iyiyim sağolun
very well	çok iyem sağolun
So So..	Fena Değıl
what’s your name	Adınız Ne
My name is	Adım …..
It’s nice to meet you	Memnun Oldum
Goodbye	Hoşça kalın
See You Later	Sonra Görüşürüz
See You Soon	Yakında Görüşürüz
Good Nıght	İyi Geceler

Hello	Selam
Goodbye	Allahaısmarladık (by the one who leaves)
Goodbye	Güle güle (by the one who stays behind)
Good Night	Allah rahatlık versin (nformal expression)
Welcome	Hoş geldiniz
Good Luck	İyi Şanslar
Have a nice time	İyi Eğlenceler
Bon Appetite	Afiyet Olsun
I am sorry	Özür Dilerim
Well-done!	Aferin / Bravo
Yes	Evet
O.K	Tamam
No	Hayır (yes/No Question)
No	Yok (informal saying of No)
Get well soon	Geçmiş olsun
I’m sorry to hear that	Çok Üzüldüm