Pet Medicine Alberta

What is Kennel Cough

2011-06-10T17:59:00.003-06:00

Kennel Cough is characterized by a dry, hacking cough that sounds as if something is lodged in the dog's throat and can be quite forceful that it leads to retching or heaving.

Healthy dogs can easily acquire the disease in vaccination clinics, animal shelters, veterinary hospitals, local parks, kennels, dog shows, grooming parlors or animal boarding places with infected dogs. Crowded situations where the air is very warm and ventilation is poor are a potential source of kennel cough.

Kennel cough can be caused by one or a combination of the following airborne agents (either as the causative or secondary agent): canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus 2, canine parainfluenza virus, the bordetella bronchiseptica or other gram negative bacteria. The condition is triggered when two or more of these pathogens attack the dog at the same time, leading to bronchial and tracheal inflammation. Other signs of kennel cough include thick yellow or green nasal discharge, rhinitis and conjunctivitis in some dogs.

Kidney Disease in Cats Part 1

2011-04-17T22:29:00.005-06:00

Know the signs
of kidney failure

One of the most common diseases that affect senior cats is Chronic Renal Failure (CRF), or also known as kidney disease. This condition is progressive though the advancement varies between cats. The life can be prolonged and the quality of life increased by slowing down the disease's progression through right treatment and support.

Cats as young as 4 years of age can have this condition, although it is much common in senior cats. This disease is responsible for most of the deaths in old cats. Around 1 in 5 cats over the age of 15 years has kidney failure. CRF is thrice more common in cats than in dog.

SIGNS OF RENAL FAILURE

Polydipsia or increased thirst is the first symptom to show in cats with kidney disease. They tend to drink a lot and urinate often (Polyuria). Blood must be drawn for testing once you notice these symptoms for there are various conditions that can cause this. The kidney's loss of ability to concentrate urine causes increase in drinking and urination in CRF. Though kidneys have a big reserve capacity, the signs of kidney disease are only seen when the kidney tissue is already 75% non-functional.

DIAGNOSING CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE

Urine Specific Gravity

Lab tests are necessary to properly diagnose CRF. Urinalysis and blood test must be taken at the same time. When the urine of the cat is not concentrated enough and has Azotemia, the cat likely has kidney disease. Azotemia means there is an increase in blood urea nitrogen or BUN and creatinine in the urine. Urine Specific Gravity or USG is the measurement of urine concentration. If a cat has USG of below 1.035 [1.030 in dogs] and is azotemic, then there is abnormality in the kidney function. If a pet is dehydrated, his BUN and creatinine may be high. This is not uncommon in cats who eat lots of dry foods or protein rich diet and during hot weather. A slight increase in BUN and creatinine should not cause for alarm as long as the cat's kidneys are capable of concentrating the urine.

CAUSES

Dry diet is BAD for
your cat

There is a possible link between vaccines for feline distemper and immune-mediated infammation of kidneys which may be one of the causes of CRF. Discuss all the required vaccines with your veterinarian. A cat with kidney failure should not be vaccinated. Another cause of CRF is long-term feeding of all dry foods which eventually cause stress to kidneys. Dry diets also increase the risk of cats of having FLUTD because they make urine much concentrated. Read more about this diet. Another cause of CRF is recurrent bladder disease.

TREATMENT

There is no cure for kidney failure. It is progressive and there is no treatment that could reverse it. Kidney cells are replaced with scar tissue. In advanced cases, the kidneys become small and lumpy with very limited amount of functional tissue. Anemia and built up blood toxins are the most suggestive problems caused by the loss of its function. These result to loss of appetite, vomiting, lethargy, weakness, and weight loss among others.

Some cats maintain their weight and for months to years they live comfortable lives, while others give in quickly to the disease. There are medications available for anemia and phosphate binders to hinder phosphorus precipitates from damaging the kidneys further. However, this may cause adverse reactions. It is imperative that the cat is on a restricted protein and low phosphorus diet, otherwise medications is of no value. Potassium supplement in food may also be necessary.

Epilepsy in Dogs Part 2

2011-04-13T22:38:00.014-06:00

Epilepsy usually occurs at play

What type of facts about your dog can you hand to your vet to help make the diagnosis?

It is useful if you, the pet owner, can provide your vet answers to the following questions:

How does your pet look like when he is having convulsions?
How frequently do convulsions happen? What is duration of each convulsion?
Observe both sides of your dog if there are symptoms that appear on one side only. Does one side appear much worse?
Does your pet dog has hyperthermia?
Has he been exposed to poisonous substance?
Has your pet undergone any traumatic experience lately or many years ago?
Is your pet updated on vaccinations?
Has your pet been boarded lately or with other dogs?
Has your pet been sick?
In the past weeks, has he been running loose?
When and what does he eat?
Has he been acting strange lately or did you notice any changes in behavior?
Do the convulsions happen in related pattern to certain activities such as eating, sleeping, or exercise?
Does your pet exhibit unalike signs right before or right after convulsions?

Do some dogs have more tendency of having epilepsy?

Usually, epilepsy begins to show at 6 months to 5 years of age, typically at 2-3 years. It happens in all dog breeds, that includes the mixed breeds. Epilepsy can be familial, it can be passed on through generations. The Golden Retrievers, Labrador, Cockers, Dachshunds, German Shepherd, Collies, Poodles, Irish Setters, St. Bernards, Beagles, Malamutes and Huskies, Springers are some of the dog breeds with high tendency to have epilepsy. Since epilepsy can be inherited, the dogs which has it should not be used to breed.

Treatment

Treatment begins when convulsions are patterned, multiple and severe. You should know your pet dog's pattern so your vet can judge if the treatment helps.

There is no known cure for epilepsy. The aim is to reduce the prevalence, duration, and severity of the convulsions. Oral medications are given to treat epilepsy. Dogs show nonidentical responses to the medicines. The vet may try various combinations of medications to see which is right for your pet. On the start of the medication, most dogs will feel sleepy, but eventually this wears off in a matter of weeks.

The usual drugs used to restrain epilepsy are Phenobarbital and Potassium bromide. They may be used as a single drug or in combination. They should be administered daily. Before putting the dog on phenobarbital medication, he should have his lab test. Blood levels are also regularly taken. Do not skip or discontinue the medication once it has been introduced, otherwise severe convulsions could result. Almost all dogs taking anticonvulsant will have to continue taking it for life. Some other drugs used for the treatment of epilepsy are carbamazepine, felbamate, primidone, valporic acid, chlorazepate, gabapentine, and clonazepam. Intravenous drugs like valium for fast effect are given to dogs with prolonged convulsions or also known as Status.

Anti-epileptic drugs like phenobarbital may have side effects on liver if high dosage is required. Prior to increasing dosage, liver function test must be taken just to be sure you are on the safe side. Although liver damage is rarely seen even at high levels. It is usual for a dosage level to be effective for a period of time and then the convulsions will multiply in frequency and duration. The dosage then may be increased. On the other hand, if the dog does not exhibit seizures, the dosage may be lowered and still control the convulsions. Keep a calendar of the convulsions with the date and their duration. This will help in determining if there are adjustments needed.

What must I do if my pet dog is having convulsions?

Stay calm.
Never put your hand in your dog's mouth. You may get bitten! And it does not help your dog.
Put away sharp objects nearby such as tables and chairs to prevent injuries.
Place the dog on the floor carefully if he is in a couch or bed to prevent falls.
Clear the area of other pets and children.
Watch your dog closely and get in touch with your vet if the convulsions last more than 3 minutes or if he has recurring seizures for this is a medical emergency and could be fatal.

One mild seizure is not considered an emergency and does not need long term medication. Although you should still report it to your vet. Be sure to record the date, time and duration of the seizure.

Epilepsy in Dogs Part 1

2011-04-10T19:44:00.003-06:00

What is epilepsy?

Know the signs of seizure

It is a condition of recurring seizures wherein uncoordinated firing of the neurons in the cerebrum takes place. In dogs, it is not fully understood but it has some similarities with the causes in human beings. Neurotransmitters are chemically imbalanced so the nerves are uncoordinated. An epileptic dog will show uncoordinated firing of the neurons within his brain. These are called seizures, also known as fits or convulsions. It usually starts in dogs at the age of 6 months to 5 years.

Two different types of Epilepsy:

1. Idiopathic Epilepsy- The cause is unknown, it may be inherited.

2. Secondary Epilepsy - Normally, a vet will run some tests to rule out possible toxic, or physiological causes before he makes his diagnosis as the dog having idiopathic version. There are many types of seizures seen in dogs and often, the owner is not aware of his pet's condition. Epileptic seizure is the abnormal brain activity manifested in the part of the brain called the cerebral cortex. These abnormalities that cause convulsions vary from petit mal to generalized, full body grand mal.

4 stages of seizure:

1. The Prodome - It lasts from minutes to hours and sometimes days before the actual convulsion. The dog will show changes in his behavior or mood.

2. The Aura - The owner will notice the initial signs during this stage. Some pet dogs will begin trembling, salivating, licking, pacing, wandering aimlessly, hiding, urinating, or whining. Some other dogs may show stranger behaviors like excessive barking and attempts to get the owner's attention.

3. The Ictus - This is the actual seizure stage, wherein the dog may lose consciousness, gnash his teeth, thrashing about his legs and head, crying, drooling, losing bladder and bowel control, and paddling his feet like he is running. Some stranger types of seizures in dogs will make the dog suddenly go blank and just stare into space, while others will frantically run in circles. The ones with partial seizures will experience twitching in one area of his body only, it could be in one leg, his face, in his hips, or in the shoulder.

4. The Ictal - It happens just after a convulsion. The dog will act like he's doped, drunk, deaf, or blind. Some dogs may endlessly pace, or drink lots of water. Others pass out and sleep.

Causes of seizures

Seizures can be caused by many conditions:

Liver disorders
Brain tumors
Congenital defects
Low sugar (hypoglycemia) or conditions like diabetes mellitus
Fever or hyperthermia
Heart problems, difficulty breathing, or anemia
Kidney disorders
Brain damage resulting from trauma or poor blood flow to the brain
Infections like canine distemper
Low calcium in females that are nursing young
Toxins such as antifreeze, chocolate, or lead
Primary / idiopathic epilepsy
Certain medications the dog is taking

What triggers a seizure?

It is unknown but a lot of dogs experience convulsions when excited. Very often, the dog seizures while playing, or when children have just returned from school. One dog had seizures after visiting the vet hospital. Other dogs have seizures while asleep. Do not confuse this with dreaming since it is not uncommon for dogs to shake or bark while asleep. You can awaken a dreaming dog, but not a dog having seizures.

How is epilepsy diagnosed?

Firstly, the vet will obtain detailed history. Neurologic, physical exams, and laboratory tests are then be performed. Sometimes x-rays are also taken. If the vet cannot identify the cause of the convulsion, the condition is then diagnosed as idiopathic. No test is yet available to diagnose epilepsy per se, the tests simply rule out the other causes of convulsions.

Raising Orphan Kittens Part 3

2011-04-06T21:15:00.016-06:00

Litter box and a bag of litter

Litter Box Training

The perfect time to introduce the baby kitten to litter box is on his 4th week of age. Place him in the litter box after every meal. Show him how to scratch in the litter by taking his paw and start digging the sand or litter. He will surely catch on quickly.

Love and Attention

The baby kitten needs emotional closeness aside from the food and warmth that you give. Let him snuggle with you and pet him more often. Experts say that hand raised kittens show greater loyalty, deeper affection to owners, and show higher intelligence. Lots of handling for kittens make them easier to train as well.

Milestones

Kittens start playing at the age
of 4 weeks

A kitten usually weighs 2-4 ounces at birth. He should double in body weight by the end of his first week. On his 8th day, he should open his eyes for the first time. For two more weeks his eyes will remain blue. The real eye color will only appear until he is about 3 months old. The ears will begin to stand up on his second week. He will try to walk on his third week. On the fourth week, the kitten will start playing with his litter mates and develop his teeth. As to the timing of the necessary vaccinations, go check it with your vet. On 8th week, the kitten should be ready for adoption and if he's in good health he can be spayed and neutered.

Health Problems

Sick baby kitten

Adopted orphan kittens are very vulnerable to diseases. Take them to the vet immediately at the first symptom of abnormal behavior or loss of appetite. Upper respiratory infections and colds are caused by viruses which claim many kittens every year. Chlamydia is one of these organisms which cause permanent eye damage to kitten's eyes. It could result to blindness if bacteria invade the infected eye. The eyeball can be badly scarred even by a lesser infection.

Worms, food changes, and even overfeeding could result to diarrhea. The result of this is dehydration if it is not managed properly and it could be fatal. Feline distemper is a chronic danger to baby kittens as well, especially those babies who did not have their mother's antibodies. It is an airborne, very contagious fatal disease.

A Final Word

Having a mother cat is still a kitten's
best chance to survive

Raising and caring for an orphan baby kitten is a hard work, even the most conscientious foster mother may lose the baby kitty. The foster mother should not blame herself should the baby kitten die, nor should she accept the credit if the kitty thrives. A baby kitten is most likely to die at birth, in his 1st week, or while weaning. But you have a good chance of raising poor orphaned kittens with accurate information and the ability to care.

Raising Orphan Kittens Part 2

2011-04-04T05:00:00.003-06:00

Stimulation

Mother cat knows best

The kitten’s biological mother takes care of her kitten in many ways than we know. She stimulates her baby kitten’s bladder and bowels by licking his abdomen. The surrogate mother cat must carefully rub the baby kitten’s tummy with a moistened cotton ball with warm water. Do not overdo it, rub only enough to stimulate the kitten to discharge waste. Watch out for chafing which is an indicator that you are rubbing too hard.

Keep the baby kitten and the area clean. Wash their fur all over as the mother would do, using short strokes with a barely damp cloth. This gives them a feeling of attention and well-being too. If the kitten has caked stool on his fur due to diarrhea, it is best to wash him in warm water. Do this quickly so as not to make the baby kitten cold. Pat him dry.

The kitten may feel frustrated by the lack of his mother’s breast and cause him to suckle his litter mate’s body parts which may result to irritations. Satisfy his oral need by caressing his mouth with a soft cloth or your finger.

Fleas


Morphology of a flea

As soon as abandoned kittens are found, they must be cleaned and get rid of fleas to avoid Flea anemia. Flea anemia can interfere with your attempt to save any abandoned kitten and fleas carry tape worm eggs. There are flea sprays at the vet which can be used on kittens. Adams flea spray has been found safe to use on kittens and effective in killing fleas. Once the kitten has rid of fleas, bathe him in warm water with gentle soap or surgical soap if there are flea sores present. Dry him immediately to avoid getting chill. You can also use hair dryer if the kitten is 1-3 weeks of age. Be careful not to blow in their face and keep the level of heat tolerable. Older kittens are usually scared of the noise of the hair dryer, you may opt to just towel dry them and then place them in a container in a warm place such as next to a refrigerator. You may also put the towel dried kitten inside a pet carrier and then use the hair dryer letting in some warm air to the bag.

Weaning

Start weaning by giving the kitten
formula in a bowl

You may begin weaning the kitten at the age of 4 weeks if necessary. You may begin by providing him formula in a bowl. Later on, gradually introduce solid foods. Some baby foods that work well are strained baby food or Hill’s brand. You can also moisten dry kitten food with water or formula because young kittens cannot chew dry kitten food. This takes time so do not expect him to be weaned right away.

Reduce the bottle feedings as he eats more often from the bowl. You can also give canned kitten food to introduce solid food to the kitten. Check the instructions on the container. Much of what is sold in supermarkets is junk food so try buying high quality food from the vet or pet food stores. Changes in foods or diet may cause diarrhea which can be life threatening to a baby kitten so it is important to keep an eye on the stools.

Raising Orphan Kittens Part 1

2011-04-01T21:59:00.003-06:00

Baby kitten

When the mother of a kitten has died or has abandoned him, the kitten may need hand raising. In feral cats, the reason for them being taken away is maybe for taming. Kittens should only be taken from their mother after 6 weeks of age if possible. For taming wild kittens, around 4 weeks because taming becomes harder as they grow older. Young kittens need their mommy’s milk for antibodies and nutrition so it is best that the mother feed her kittens as long as possible. Passive immunity normally lasts until about the kittens are 6-14 weeks. Orphans are most vulnerable to diseases since they do not have that protection.

Find a foster mother cat

Orphans need a foster feline mother to have a good chance of survival. Cats usually feed kittens other than their own so try finding one by calling vets, animal shelters, breeders or the cat people you know.

You must devote considerable amount of energy and time in taking care of a kitten if you decide to feed him yourself before weaning age. But still, that does not guarantee survival since the younger the kitten is, the more fragile he is. He may not survive no matter how good the care is without a feline mother to feed him.

Warmth and First Aid

When you find an abandoned kitten, the first thing you must do is to protect him from chill. Place him under blankets or next to your skin for warmth. Young kitten’s energy is necessary for growth and yelling for more food which is why there is not much left for heat generation. At first, the mother and siblings would give the kitten a good amount of warmth. On their first week, they should be kept at 88-92 degrees F. The following week, around 80 degrees or so would be fine. Once they reach 5 weeks and above, a lower room temperature is tolerable.

Take the kitten to a vet if possible, his general condition needs to be checked out. Without a mother, a kitten may become dehydrated very quickly and may need fluids under his skin. A sign of dehydration in a kitten is when he has very little energy and appetite. This is probably due to lack of fluids or diarrhea. Stools must also be tested for parasites or worms. The vet can have plenty of advice on hand raising kittens and the needed supplies so you better not skip this step.

Upon reaching home, provide warmth for the kitten by placing him in an isolated, draft free, warm place. You can feed him by using an eyedropper or nursing bottle which is available at the vet. Be very careful not to force feed the kitten when using an eyedropper. Let him suck the fluid at his own pace so as not to fill his lungs with milk and cause pneumonia. The bottle method is best once he is old enough to suckle. A company named Catac even designed a kitten nurser which keep air bubbles out of the baby’s tummy.

Don’t forget to sterilize all utensils before feeding the kitten. To feed the little one, place his tummy down on a towel or textured surface to which he could cling to. With the tip of your finger, carefully open his mouth, then slip the nipple in between his jaws. Keep a light pull every now and then to encourage him vigorous sucking. If the kitten suddenly aspirates milk into his lungs, immediately hold him upside down until the choking stops. Seek veterinary assistance if the kitten is not strong enough to suckle.

Baby kittens must be fed every 3 to 4 hours and the milk should be warmed to body temperature. For recommended feeding amounts and feedings per day, check the package. The number of daily feedings he should receive is determined by the kitten’s age.

Signs to look up when the baby kitten had enough formula are, his tummy will be rounded and bubbles will form around his mouth. Burp him by holding him upright against your shoulder, patting him lightly on the back. Just like humans, baby kittens must burp after each meal. Never overfeed kittens for it can result to diarrhea or other problems.

Feeding Guide
Age in Weeks	Average Weight of Kitten	Amount of Formula Per Day	Number of Feedings Per Day
1	4 ounces	32 cc	6
2	7 ounces	56 cc	4
3	10 ounces	80 cc	3
4	13 ounces	104 cc	3
5	1 pound	128 cc	3

Kittens with anemia or those lacking appetite may need vitamins and minerals supplement such as Pet-Tinic, which is available at the vet and pet food stores. This will rebuild his systems and stimulate his appetite. Just follow the directions indicated on the bottle and give it through a dropper or by adding it to his food.

To ensure your kitten is growing properly, weigh him frequently. If he is growing at an incredible rate, it’s a sign he is thriving!

Cat Flu

2011-03-30T04:01:00.003-06:00

Cat flu is a common disease in cats. It is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. Although it is not fatal in healthy cats, the same thing could not be said with kittens and immunosuppressed older cats. Feline Herpes Virus 1 or Feline calicivirus is the most common cause of this infection.The virus infects the nose, pharynx, sinuses, the throat, and the membranes of the cat's eyes.

Symptoms:

Eyes

    * reddish
    * with purulent discharge
    * swollen
    * Sometimes cats develop corneal ulcer
Nose

    * Rhinitis / runny nose / sneezing
    * discharge that begins as clear fluid then turns to thick green mucus
    * Though we're not aware of it, cats often lose their sense of smell

Other signs:

fever
loss of appetite
depression
dehydration
On pregnant cats, they oftentimes abort the kittens. Kittens born of infected mother catch the infection too.

Signs of Feline Calicivirus:

Mouth / Tongue

ulceration of mouth, tongue, lips, palate, and sometimes the tip of nose
drooling
gingivitis or gum infection

Eyes / Nose

runny nose / eyes

Joints

cat limping due to joint pain - usually affects one leg then both legs.

Paws

ulceration of paws

Fever / Depression

the cat may or may not have fever
loss of appetite due to mouth ulcers
secondary bacterial infections such as pneumonia may invade if the infection becomes serious.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is confirmed by taking a swab test of the cat's throat and sending it to the lab. Your vet will make the diagnosis based on the lab result, and the signs and symptoms your pet shows.

Treatment

Cat flu should not be ignored, so ask your vet for some advice. Viral infection has no cure, however you can keep your cat warm, comfortable, and treat the symptoms by:

administering eye drops / ointment for conjunctivitis which your vet may prescribe
bathing the discharging eyes / nose with warm salty water as needed
having your cat examined by your vet for corneal ulcers and ask for the appropriate treatment if your pet has it
preventing secondary bacterial infection by treating your cat with antibiotics which your vet may prescribe

If your cat stopped eating and drinking, it must be due to the mouth ulcers which cause him discomfort. Consult your vet, your cat probably needs to be hospitalized and forced fed. Intravenous fluid may need to be administered in dehydrated cats and this will require a day or two in the hospital. Another appetite killer is loss of sense of smell. Provide your cat with strongly smelling food such as sardines to encourage him to eat.

How is Feline Herpes Virus and Feline Calicivirus spread?

The virus can be passed from cat to cat contact and from their nose and eyes discharge that is why infected cats should be isolated from the other cats. It can also be spread from the cat sneezing just the same way a cold is spread in people. Infection can also be transmitted via anything your cat comes into contact with such as bedding, cages, and bowls because the virus can live outside your cat's body for a period of time. The Herpes virus and Calicivirus can survive outside the cat's body for 24 hours and up to 7-10 days respectively. You can also pass the virus yourself through handling of the sick cat then the other cats and via your clothes. It is important to wash your hands right after handling your sick cat. Another way of destroying the virus is by using household bleach on washable items, at a ratio of 1:32. The cat flu cannot be spread to humans.

How long can Cat Flu last?

Feline Herpes Virus symptoms usually lasts for 7 -14 days while Calicivirus symptoms usually lasts for 7 - 10 days.

Will my cat be a carrier of Cat Flu?

Cats can continue to shed the virus even after they have recovered from cat flu. Although the previously infected cat do not show signs and symptoms, he becomes a carrier of the virus. The carrier state on Feline Herpes virus can last the cat's lifetime, while the carrier state on Feline Calicivirus can last for at least a month. About 50% of the infected cats eliminate the virus 2-3 months after recovering and most cats completely eliminate it 18 months after.

Prevention

Consult your vet about vaccinations available for Feline Herpes Virus 1 and Feline Calicivirus.
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Risky Mistakes Pet Owners Make Part 2

2011-03-27T20:30:00.002-06:00

Misreading Body Language

Wagging tail may be a warning

You love your dog and you care deeply for him but do you really understand him? Most of us think a wagging tail is a good sign. He may hold his tail high and wave it stiffly back and forth. But did you know that's a sign he wants to threaten someone? You could get bitten if you mistake this for playfulness. Try to learn about pet's body language to avoid misunderstandings.

Providing Too Little Attention

Pets are like children. They will get bored if you don't play with them. Boredom may lead dogs to unlikely behaviors such as digging, chewing, whining and barking. Cats on the other hand, may resort to scratching and excessive meowing. Help your pet fight boredom by hiding some treats for your pets to find around the house. Teach your dog how to play fetch, hide and seek, or tug of war.

Making Your Cats Share a Litter Box

Making your cats share one litter box could result to elimination problems. It's as good as saying you're allowing him to poop on the floor. Cats are so picky about their litter box. They may not use it if it smells like other cats or is dirty. Vets recommend providing each cat a litter box plus one extra, spacing out each litter box around your house.

Not Socializing Young Pets

During the first seven weeks of life, kittens and puppies need to regularly experience positive human interaction. Handling and playing with them will foster trust in humans. Breeders will begin this, and you may continue the process once you take your pet home. Play with your kitten or puppy everyday to build a strong bond with him.

Leaving Young Kids Unsupervised

Children simply adore animals, though sometimes this leads to someone getting hurt. Young children oftentimes play it rough and push a cat or dog to strike out in self defense. When a new pet joins the family, ensure supervision during play time to avoid someone getting hurt. Teach your children to recognize the signs when a pet wants to be left alone. Set some rules on how they should treat the cat or dog.

Giving Milk to Cats

Some of us think cats thrive on milk, which is a myth because most cats are lactose intolerant. Lactose intolerance means the sugars in milk is not properly digested. This may result to vomiting or diarrhea, although some cats can digest milk without any problems. Most vets recommend skipping the milk since cats don't really need it.

Feeding Cats Only Dry Food

Cats may not drink enough water to stay well hydrated due to having low thirst drive by nature. Feeding them only dry food may put them at risk for urinary tract problems. Some vets recommend canned foods which contain about 78% water, to promote healthy bladder and avoid urinary tract disorders. As for a cat with a history of urinary problem, it is necessary to set him a fluid rich diet.

Risky Mistakes Pet Owners Make Part 1

2011-03-26T02:11:00.001-06:00

Letting Your Dog Walk You

When out for a walk with your dog, he can pull you over if he's not properly trained. Thousands of pet owners find themselves in the emergency room each year due to pet related falls. Most of these falls occur while walking, either they were pulled or pushed by their dog, or when a person trips over his beloved pet. The best way to ensure your pet does not take you down during walks is obedience training.

Overlooking Ticks

After walking in the woods with your pet don't forget to check yourself and your dog for ticks. Tick bites can result to Lyme disease, Rocky mountain spotted fever and some other diseases. These can also cause serious medical condition in cats. If your pet is infected with ticks, it also puts your family at risk. So if you have spotted a tick, remove it carefully using tweezers. You may also want to ask your vet about anti-tick medicine.

Ignoring Ringworm

If you see a round bald patch on your pet, he may have a ringworm. It is important to have your pet treated, otherwise you will be putting your family at risk from acquiring it too. Dogs and cats with ringworm can pass it to people by touching the pet's fur or skin. It causes reddish ring-shaped rash on the skin or bald spots if the scalp is infected. See your vet immediately if you suspect your pet has it.

Keeping the Food Bowl Full

One of the most common mistakes owners make is keeping their pets' bowls full all the time. Because of this, cats and dogs eat more than they have to. They will take in so much calories and gain much weight if food is constantly available. Ask your vet for advice or follow the pet food label suggestions to avoid overfeeding.

Forcing Cats to Be Vegetarian

Sometimes vegetarians want their pets to share their preference in food. The problem is, cats cannot depend on vegetables alone. They are obligate carnivores which means they should be fed with meat or they wont survive. They depend on amino acid taurine, a nutrient found only in animal tissue. Dogs can possibly handle a well balanced vegetarian diet but you must check with your vet first.

Providing Too Little Exercise

Pets need exercise to keep them healthy, just like us humans. If your pet is a couch potato, he has higher risk of acquiring heart disease, diabetes, joint problems and becoming obese. Vets normally recommend at least thirty minutes of exercise each day, but the perfect amount of exercise for a dog depends on his breed and size.

Mental Illness in Dogs

2011-03-24T09:00:00.001-06:00

Mentally ill dogs will show the first signs of illness by the age of 5 weeks.They show symptoms such as difficulty learning, getting along with other dogs, relating to humans and their surrounding, and difficulty learning. These mentally challenged puppies act similarly like children with Autism. Some fearful pups show exaggerated startle reflex while others show aggression and become potential biters which causes them to bark excessively. By age 3 years their condition has already peaked. In-breeding is usually one of the causes of mental illness in canines.

It is necessary to keep environmental stimuli to minimum because like humans, pets with autism need calm environment. No loud noises, touch them gently, and of course, a stable home situation. They do not interact well with children too. Their special diet should be followed and must consist of meat and no grains. Medications prescribed by the vet may also be beneficial.

Mental Illness and misbehavior both exist in human and beast. With the humans we tend to think of depression and schizophrenia, but these mental illnesses also exist in animals. A dog with mental illness may be violent even when unprovoked, or is destructive of property. These signs should not be mistaken for misbehavior.

Often, mentally ill dogs are misdiagnosed as having behavioral problems. Pet owners treating it as such are bound to fail for treating the symptom rather than the underlying cause. In mild cases, the dog startle and hide at the sound of loud noises. In severe cases, the owner of mentally ill dog may get bitten by their pet. An uneducated pet owner will leave his mentally ill pet untreated and later on he may have him euthanized when the pet is at his worst. The owner may also excessively punish his pet over something he has no control, due to his mental illness.

Depression

Depressed dogs resemble humans that are depressed, they look and act depressed. They do not want to play, go anywhere nor do anything. These dogs become couch potatoes. Changes in environment especially the family unit is typically what triggers depression in dogs.

Symptoms:

Slowed movements
Anxious, restless, aggressive behavior
No desire to play
Wants to sleep all the time
Weight loss/gain
Loss/Increase of appetite
Decreased fluid consumption
Shedding of fur at an off-season for them

You may consider getting your pet an animal companion if he is having depression due to a family member that is no longer in the home. Spending more time with your pet may also help. Walk with him, it will increase hormones secretion that is known to elevate their moods.

Separation Anxiety

Another common mental illness in dogs is separation anxiety. They become anxious and extremely upset once their owners leave. The pet cannot control his behavior. An area of the brain that controls stress and fear is causing separation anxiety, which is a panic disorder. This disorder is very common in dogs adopted from shelters. On the other hand, it is rarely seen in puppies. Separation anxiety is a fear of being abandoned by their owners. Dogs experiencing this will usually have the severe anxiety attack within the first 15 minutes their owners have left.

Signs of Separation Anxiety:

Howling - The dog will voice out distress by barking.
Havoc - He may wreak havoc in the attempt to find you.

To change their behavior, medication and desensitization training will be needed. In desensitization, the pet will have to sit and stay there as the owner gradually steps away from him and then out of the room. The dog stays and learns that the owner will return. The goal here is to take the fear of the pet out of the pet owner's departure. It takes dedication and patience since it is time consuming. Many veterinarians may refer the owners to a behaviorist.

Catch me if you can

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Tail chasing is not a healthy behavior no matter how delightful it is in our eyes. It is a common sign of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in dogs. It often manifests when the dog is stressed. Dogs with this disorder are known to pull out clumps of hair and bite themselves until they bleed. These areas become open infected sores. Some dogs lineup stuffing pulled out of pillows in geometric forms while others lick everything in concentric circles. The usual drug of choice for dogs with this disorder is Prozac. In milder cases, distraction and removal of the source of stress is beneficial.

As of yet, there is so much we don't understand or know about our pets' brain. What we know is that dogs can be mentally ill for many reasons. There are various treatment options to help mentally ill dogs. If your pet has a mental condition, take care of all his needs, physical, social and emotional. When in doubt about his condition, check it out with your vet.

Age Related Illnesses in Dogs

2011-03-20T10:39:00.068-06:00

There are certain medical issues that become more probable as dogs grow older. You should learn how to recognize these symptoms. Dogs just like human beings, may experience physical and mental changes as they grow old. Although dogs age more quickly than people because of their fast metabolism. For the dogs to maintain a good quality life, the owner must know how to recognize these changes to help their pet make the adjustments necessary.

Dog owners are in the best position to know when their pets are behaving differently. If you think there is something wrong with your pet, there probably is. Never assume it's due to old age. Early detection of age related illnesses could save your dog, so it is vital to report any unusual behavior to your vet.

Arthritis


Arthritis in senior dogs

Arthritis is common to old dogs. Elbows and vertebrate are the likely targets but the extent will vary with each dog. Certain breeds develop arthritis in designated areas. The signs to watch out for are: pain when bending to food bowls, difficulty standing from a lying position, limping and wincing, crying when pain is felt during movements, hesitancy at steps and morning stiffness.

Initially, the vet will take x-rays to know the extent of arthritis on your dog. Treatments vary in older dogs but vets usually offer non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Although these drugs have side effects no matter how effective they are. Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan has also been found effective in some cases. Other dog owners opt for accupuncture and canine massage. Before deciding what is best in any canine arthritic case, circumstances should be considered and options weighed.

Heart Disease

Just like the human beings, dogs experience serious heart disease as well. Tests like EKG are now being performed on pets. A few signs to watch out for are: shaking episodes, and diminished energy. Some owners also recognize symptoms that may link to potential heart disease such as slight cough or difference in their pet's breathing.Vets typically recommend pacemakers since treatment for canine heart disease is limited and it can only be managed and not cured.

Quality life for senior dogs

About Quality of Life

For senior dogs, the way to keep him healthy, comfortable and happy is through early recognition. There is not much we wouldn't do for our pets when it comes to their well-being and quality of life especially during their old age.

Other Remedies for Your Pet's Dry Skin and Shedding

2011-03-13T10:01:00.214-06:00

Stop itch and dry skin

With dietary changes, supplementation and other measures, any dog with excessive shedding, dry, itchy skin, and flaking can see improvement. There are many factors that could lead to dry, flaky skin and excessive shedding in dogs. When your pet does not have fungus, allergies, or parasites, his dry skin is probably because of his diet. Although make sure to have your pet examined by a qualified vet to ensure parasites, fungus, or allergies aren't to blame.

Often, some pet owners are not aware that diet has a huge effect on a dog's skin and coat. Many dog owners think all dog foods are the same. The truth is, dog foods are not made equal and cannot fulfill a dog's individual need. So what will fulfill a dog's dietary needs? A healthy diet. This will eliminate dry, flaky skin and excessive shedding. Little by little you will notice reduced amount of fur on your furniture and clothes, your dog will itch and scratch much less. It will also boost your dog's immune system and overall health.

Here are a few tips that could reduce your dog's shedding and dry skin:

Feed on Good Quality Food

Find a dog food that is balanced nutritionally, with more meat and less grain. You could check on the ingredients, the first few ingredients should be meat rather than grain.

Add Fresh Foods to Your Pet's Diet

To improve your pet's skin and coat, you should work on improving his overall health. Feed him with fresh foods like meat and vegetables which are high in vitamins and essential nutrients. Add fresh meats, vegetables such as celery, broccoli, carrots, apples to every meal. Gradually introduce new foods to avoid upset stomach.

Hydrate

Water is very important to avoid dehydration and other health problems. Some dogs don't drink what they should which makes them more prone to dry skin. Try adding fluids to your dog's dry food or serve wet wood interchangeably. When adding hot water to kibble, allow it to sit for several minutes to let it swell with water. Fresh vegetables also contain high amount of water.

Provide Oils

Another way to improve your pet's dry skin is by adding oil to his diet. You could either directly mix a teaspoon of olive oil for every 15 pounds of body weight or by simply soaking a bread or two in oil and adding it to his food once a day.

Multivitamins

Multivitamins will provide for your pet's nutritional deficiencies. This together with complete, balanced diet will make your dog's skin and coat healthy in addition to overall good health and a robust immune system.

Skin and Coat Supplement

Adding skin and coat supplements like Lanoline to your dog's diet will also provide oils and other nutrients that are important to fight dry skin and excessive shedding. Most pet supply stores like Petco and PetSmart have them available in syrup form.

Best Dog Foods Often Cause Illness in Dogs

2011-03-12T16:09:00.201-06:00

Most dog owners buy the best food for their dogs often don't realize that the food may be causing a serious health issue.Those with labels 'Natural' or 'Premium does not necessarily mean they are the best foods for your dogs. Some supposedly healthy and even natural food can oftentimes do more harm than good to your pet, especially the dry dog foods. Simply altering your dog's diet can stop persistent dog illness symptoms because your pet was actually allergic to some of the ingredients that his original dog food contains.

Treating Dog Illness

Feline Dandruff

Some signs a dog may display with regards to allergies include common occurences that a pet owner may overlook at first. And then his ear will start to smell due to infection, dog dandruff and shedding will evolve to hair loss, and excessive paw licking. Your vet may prescribe steroids like Prednisone to eradicate the symptoms rather than cure the problem itself.


Shedding

Other signs that a dog has food allergies are diarrhea and vomiting. These symptoms usually precede a barrage of tests, experimental medicines and antibiotics. He will feel awful and dehydrated too. One of many veterinarians who are now treating pets from the inside out is Dr. Greg Martinez, DVM. On Dr. Greg's website and in his book, The Dog Dish Diet, he suggests diet changes for dogs with symptoms such as hot spots, recurrent ear infections, itchy skin and digestive issues. "I have found that some ingredients in commercial dog foods can lead to chronic ear and skin problems," Dr. Greg wrote on his website.

Dry Dog Food is NOT the Answer

Dry dog food may cause allergies to pet

Most pet owners stick to one pet food and claim it's the only brand they trust and is the best. This can actually cause harm to their dog. According to Karen L. Campbell's book, The Pet Lover's Guide to Cat & Dog Skin Diseases, "A food allergy does not start until the immune system has been sensitized to the food." Many pets have eaten the same food for an average of two years before their allergies developed.

Pets should be fed variety of food as opposed to the same food day in and day out. Slowly getting their systems used to different foods and then rotating it is the key. No one food should also be fed to all pets in the household since our pets may have different allergies and metabolisms. Depending on the breed and the needs of each dog, you may give a canned or raw, a kibble, holistic, or homemade pet food with the right ingredients may be needed to prevent allergies.

Choose the right dogfood

Prescription Dog Food

Dog food analysis also shows that "scientific" formulas such as Hill's Science Diet and Iams don't always contain the best ingredients for pets either. The flavor may even has one ingredient the dog is allergic to, like chicken. Veterinarians are definitely of great help in determining the causes of illness in dogs. But that doesn't mean that when he states an opinion on what a dog should be eating, that's the only food he should be having to remain healthy. Different vets offer different experiences from which to draw and a second opinion may help you decide what's best for your pet.

Infectious Diseases Pets Can Pass to Humans

2011-03-11T16:07:00.318-06:00

You know about the benefits of the human-animal bond if you have ever owned a pet. Based on some studies, pet owners experience relief from stress when they interact with their pets.They provide more than companionship, they are family members too. However, our beloved pets can pass certain diseases (zoonotic) to us humans. To keep both you and your pet healthy, you should be aware of these diseases.

Common Parasites and Fungi

The common carriers of parasites such as roundworms are the young pets and those with diarrhea. The roundworm eggs can pass to humans through handling of an infected pet. It is rare to see the worms unless your pet was recently wormed, it will appear as strands of spaghetti in your pet's stool. These worms will also cause your pet to vomit.

Skin diseases such as ringworm which is caused by a fungus can also be transferred to humans. Indicator of ringworm infection are ring shaped skin lesions acquired through contact with animal's skin infected with fungus. Blindness is the serious human health concern stemming from the ingestion of roundworm eggs.

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease that may produce flu like symptoms in humans, it is often transmitted to humans through cat feces. Cats usually do not show signs of infection, but if you notices a loss of appetite or is lacking in energy, your pet may be infected.

Immunosuppressed individuals and pregnant women must avoid all possible contact with cat feces and litter boxes. Exposure to toxoplasmosis during their mother's pregnancy may produce birth defects in unborn children.

Preventing the Spread of Toxoplasmosis:

Wear disposable gloves when cleaning your pet's litter box.
Be sure to remove solid waste from litter box daily.
Wash hands after cleaning your pet's litter box especially after coming into contact with feces.
Cover children's sandboxes when not in use.
Wear gloves when gardening, your neighbor's cats may have left some feces in these outdoor areas.

Dog Bites

80% of all animal bites are from medium to large sized dogs. More than 50% of all human victims are under the age of 20, consisting mostly of children under 10 years old. A naturally occurring bacteria called Pasteurella multocida can be found in the mouths of dogs and cats alike which can lead to infections in human beings.

Guarding Against Animal Bites:

When dogs are around, always supervise young children.
During summertime when dogs are apt to be outside, be cautious when walking in parks, jogging, bicycling or skating.
With the elderly and those with immune compromised systems, take extra caution as bites could result to serious health problems.

To know more about dog or cat bite, visit http://familydoctor.org

Rabies: A Deadly Threat

The main source of rabies which is spread through bites from rabid animals is infected wildlife. To protect your pet from this fatal disease, make sure to get him an annual rabies vaccination.

Sudden aggression and unexplained behavior changes may be a sign that your pet has contracted rabies. Isolate your pet if you think he may have rabies and call your veterinarian immediately.

Cat-Scratch Disease

Bartonella bacterium

Also commonly known as cat scratch fever, it is caused by a bacteria called Bartonella which is carried by fleas.The infection is transmitted by cats thru bites and scratches. Most people develop only a minor fever once exposed to this infection. However, those with suppressed immune systems could develop more serious medical conditions such as heart valve problems and spleen enlargement.

Salmonella and Reptiles

The Salmonella bacteria is commonly associated with eggs and raw chicken. However, most reptiles also carries the salmonella bacteria.

Avoiding the Spread of Bacteria:

Always do proper handwashing after touching your reptilian pet.
When cleaning your reptilian pet's cage or when you bathe him, never use the bathtubs and the kitchen sink.
Keep your reptilian pet out of kitchen, the bacteria may spread to food.

Birds and Bacteria

Chlamydiosis, Parrot fever, or Psittacosis is an infection associated with birds such as parrots, hawks, and pigeons. It can result to flu-like symptoms in humans once inhaled dust from dried bird droppings. Your vet may prescribe antibiotics to treat your infected pet birds.

Common Illnesses You can Acquire from Your Pets

2011-03-10T16:07:00.099-06:00

If you are not careful, pets can definitely make you sick. It is comforting to have a pet to cuddle with that you do not necessarily think about what they have been doing and where. Our pets can easily harbor fungal, bacterial, and viral infections after being exposed to them by simply walking at the park or playing with other animals and sometimes, rooting through garbage or feces.

The best solution to prevent illness from your pet is to practice good hygiene not just for you, but for your pet as well. Wash and groom them regularly. Bring them in for regular vet appointments and trim their nails too. Despite all these precautions, it is still possible to acquire an illness. Here are the most common:

Worms

A case of worms is called larval migrans. These are eliminated through feces since they are found in the intestinal tract . Picking up feces for cleanup or touching soil contaminated by feces can cause skin infection. You can accidentally ingest worm eggs if you don't wash your hands regularly, particularly after gardening, cleaning feces, or even touching your pet. These worm eggs migrate throughout the body causing different symptoms. Damage to the eyes, brain, lungs and other internal organs are caused by serious unchecked cases of worms in humans.

Preventing the contraction of worms is very easy. Just ensure your pet is regularly dewormed at vet visits and administer maintenance medications as needed to avoid worm problems in your pet. And most especially, practice proper hand washing often, especially after cleaning up your pet's feces or even touching your pet.

Cat scratch disease

Bacteria can also harbor in your pet's claws. If they scratch you, the bacteria can possibly be transmitted to you through broken, or scratched skin. This could result to infection, causing fever, swollen lymph nodes, redness and inflammation. Since kittens are more playful and adventurous, they tend to harbor more bacteria than mature cats. It is vital to keep hello kitty's claws trimmed to prevent the bacteria from hiding underneath. Some herbal creams made from Goldenseal can help scratches heal faster due to its antimicrobial properties.

When Your Pet has Terminal Illness

2011-03-08T16:06:00.215-06:00

Your pet has just been diagnosed with a terminal illness and it is something all the advanced medicine cannot help. If there is an available treatment, it doesn't guarantee success. You feel numb as if you are in a bad dream, you couldn't believe what you just heard. Unfortunately, you know you don't have much time left with your beloved pet what can you do?

Inquire

Be informed of your pet's condition. What are the treatment options available? What are the success rates of these treatments? Do they have side effects? How long will it prolong his life? You should also consider your pet's age, quality of life, personal time with him and your financial situation.

Speak with your veterinarian and begin to understand what exactly physiologically is happening with your pet. Remember and understand the symptoms he is experiencing or will experience in the future. Inquire what to expect as the condition progresses. You may also go to another vet for second opinion if you're in doubt. Take note this is your pet and if you feel your vet does not accommodate your needs or feel is pushing you in a certain direction it is alright to seek a second opinion. Most veterinarians will respect your decision on this. Going for a second opinion will also give you a feeling you did everything you could for your pet. It also helps you confirm from multiple sources the real diagnosis and to avoid the feeling that you could have done more.

Terminal illnesses such as cancer often have various treatments that can be explored. Discuss this with your vet and decide what is best for you and your pet. It is alright to change your mind, but it is better to have fully thought of something to avoid having to make a difficult decision that was not explored during the midst of an emergency.

Quality of Life for Your Pet

It is vital you look at your pet's best interest. You do not want to lose him but you do not want him to suffer either. Define a good quality of life for him. If it is a puppy, then perhaps playing with his favorite toy or with children is quality of life for him. If it is an older dog, a good quality of life maybe is that he is able to continue to be mobile, or still has an appetite.

But if he feels any discomfort, difficulty breathing, poor appetite, incontinence, does he still look happy? You may write down a list of the things your pet loves to do. From getting all excited at dinner time, to going for walks in the park. Continue to check the list, does it seem like the things they seem to enjoy is getting shorter and shorter as the disease progresses?

Spend Extra Time with Your Pet

If he only has a limited time he will be active, take him to his favorite places like the dog park or whatever he enjoys doing. Give him his favorite toy, play with him. Give him his favorite food If it will not interfere with his medication. Some foods can make a condition such as kidney failure worse so you should consult your vet before giving him additional treats.

The anticipation and knowing your pet has a limited amount of time can be really difficult. Allow yourself to feel these emotions. You may find yourself becoming distant from your pet. Your pet will not understand this and you may later regret it because of the guilt at not making the best of the time left with your pet.

Some owners deny their pet is terminally ill, later on after the pet's passing the owner feels as if they wasted precious time with their pet. Take a lot of pictures, write about your favorite memories together, make more happy memories with your pet with the time left. Cuddle him, brush him if he likes it, talk to him.

Start Saying Goodbye

Decide how you would like the euthanasia performed. Some vets offer home services and will come to your house to perform the euthanasia. Remember when performing it at home, that spot where the euthanasia was performed may become a constant reminder of the loss of your pet. Find ways to soften the environment with your pet's picture, or a flower pot.

If you decide to have it done at your vet’s clinic and you would like to be the only one with your pet, ask a friend to drive you for you will be very emotional following euthanasia and it is not safe to drive during this time.

Decide what you want done with his remains, some vets can have your pet cremated and either give the ashes back or have them spread it somewhere. You can also have your pet remains buried in your back yard. Pet cemeteries are also an option in some areas. If you do not want the remains back your veterinarian can also dispose of the body.

While you may have been grieving at the knowledge your pet will die soon, your grief may be more profound following the loss of your pet.

Common Cat Sickness

2011-03-07T16:05:00.104-06:00

Throwing up

Cat hairballs

Have you ever seen you cat throw up it worries you? Some cats throw up all the time, while others hardly ever do. One of the reasons is because of hairballs. To avoid shedding you need to brush your cat daily. If you are not sure of the cause of vomiting you can check the discharge for grayish clumps or balls. Even the shorthaired cats can get hairballs.

Another reason why your cat might be throwing up could be that they have ingested something or are allergic to their cat food. Try switching your cats food and make sure it doesn’t contain the same ingredients as the last. Another reason for throwing up is worms. If so, you should talk to your vet and set up a deworming appointment.

On the other hand, if your cat constantly throws up they could have a kidney infection or an overactive thyroid. This is most common to older cats. Your vet may do a blood test to find out about either of these.

You know your cat’s daily routine and if they are throwing up more than usual or are acting strange, you should take them to your veterinarian. Make sure that they have lots of fluids so that they don’t get dehydrated.

Diarrhea

Changing the diet is the key if your cat constantly has diarrhea. You can try giving them boiled rice, cottage cheese, bread, plain yogurt, boiled chicken, chicken broth or even strained meat. Choose the one that your cat likes best. If these symptoms persist for more than a couple of days, you need to take them to the vet with a stool sample. Another reason for taking your cat to the vet is if your cat is weak or will not take dry foods.

Feline Urologic Syndrome

Feline urologic syndrome is a red irritation or could be an obstruction of the lower urinary track. This could be fatal if you don’t get your cat treated immediately. FUS is more common to male cats. Some signs od FUS are: blood in the urine, urinary strain or if they make more trips to the litter box more often than usual.

Diabetes

Diabetes occurs in cats who can’t properly control their blood sugar level. Older cats are more likely to get diabetes than younger ones. Cats that have diabetes should be kept inside to prevent improper eating. Some signs of diabetes are: constant drinking and urinating, or loss of weight.

FIV (Feline Immunodeficiency Virus)

Although FIV is related to HIV, it is not possible to get AIDS from a cat with FIV. It enters through open wounds and results in an impaired immune system. There is no vaccine for FIV yet so you should keep your cat inside and away from all other cats.

Kitten infected with Feline Respiratory
Tract Disease

Feline Upper Respiratory Tract Disease

Feline upper respiratory tract disease can also occur in your cat. Symptoms are: runny nose, sneezing, and red, runny eyes.

Feline Herpes Virus

There is no way that you can get FHV from your cat. This is a disease that only affects the cats.

Chlamydia Psittaci

Chlamydia is a bacteria - like organism that affects the tissue around your cat’s eye. The most common symptom is conjunctivitis. It usually just affects one eye at first, then it spreads to both.

What to do when your pet was hit by a vehicle

2011-03-05T16:02:00.103-06:00

It is more common for dogs to get hit by a vehicle than any other pets. There are some critical things to know in a situation when an animal was hit by a car to reduce the severity of the injury and perhaps save your pet's life.

1. Remain calm as you approach the injured pet with caution and do not make quick, jerky movements. This will keep the animal from becoming more agitated and scared.

2. Check to make sure your pet is breathing. If not, you'll have to perform artificial respiration by holding the muzzle closed and breathing air into the nose. You may also need to administer CPR.

3. Determine the location of any injuries by paying close attention to the animal's body movements and sounds.

4. Inspect for external wounds and stop the bleeding by applying pressure to the spot with a clean towel, cloth or bandage.

5. Immobilization is important to prevent further injury to broken bones or spine. You can restrain the pet with towels or blankets and a muzzle if necessary, but never use a muzzle if the pet is having difficulty breathing or if the injury is around the nose or mouth.

6. Cover your pet with blanket to keep warm.

7. Have someone else notify your veterinarian or an emergency clinic that you are bringing in an injured animal.

Poisonous Plants for Cats and Dogs

2011-03-04T09:38:00.015-06:00

Chinaberry tree

Did you know that there are actually over 700 plants that can be poisonous or toxic to your pet? That size of a number seems almost incomprehensible and makes you wonder if there are actually any plants left over that are NOT poisonous to animals! It is important to use your best judgment when determining whether or not these plants should remain in your home or garden. Consider your personal situation and the normal behavior of your pets. Find out exactly how toxic certain plants can be and how they can affect your animal.

The following is a list of 10 Most Common Poisonous Plants:

Marijuana - Animals who attempt to snack on this plant can suffer serious consequences such as diarrhea, vomiting, increased heart rate, drooling, in-coordination, and even possibly seizures and coma.

Sago Palm - While the seeds and nuts of this plant are most poisonous, the entire plant is toxic. Animals ingesting parts of this plant may suffer from diarrhea, vomiting, depression, seizures and liver failure.

Lilies - Plants of the lily variety are very poisonous to cats. Even very small amounts of this plant could cause serious kidney damage.

Tulips - The toxic portion of this plant is the actual bulb, which can cause drooling, central nervous system depression, gastrointestinal irritation, cardiac issues and convulsions.

Azalea - The toxins in azalea plants can be very severe and potentially cause drooling, diarrhea, vomiting, central nervous system weakening and depression, and in some cases possibly coma or death.

Oleander - All portions of this plant are poisonous and can cause gastrointestinal irritation, hypothermia, heart problems and possibly death.

Castor Bean - Poisoning as a result of this plant can cause abdominal pain, drooling, diarrhea, vomiting increased thirst, loss of appetite and weakness. More serious cases could also lead to dehydration, tremors, seizures, twitching muscles, coma and possibly death.

Cyclamen - The most poisonous portion of this plant is located in the root. Ingestion of the plant can cause severe vomiting and gastrointestinal irritation. In some cases death has been reported as a result.

Kalanchoe - Ingestion of this plant can cause gastrointestinal irritation and cardiac rhythm and rate problems.

Yew - Poisoning as a result of the yew plant can affect the nervous system and cause in-coordination, trembling and breathing difficulties. It may also result in gastrointestinal irritation, cardiac failure and could possibly lead to death.

The following is a list containing many other well-known and common plants that can be poisonous or toxic to pets.

Aconite - Is a garden flower whose roots, foliage and seeds can be poisonous.

Apple - The seeds of an apple can be poisonous to pets.

Arrowgrasses - These are marsh type plants whose leaves contain poisons.

Atropa Belladonna - This is a type of garden herb in which the entire plant can be poisonous to pets, especially its seeds and roots.

Autumn Crocus - This is a commonly found garden flower in which the entire plant can be poisonous.

Baneberry - This is a wildflower whose berries and roots are the poisonous portions.

Bird of Paradise - This is a garden flower whose pods are poisonous.

Black Locust - This is a tree in which the entire plant can be poisonous, especially the bark and shoots.

Bloodroot - Is a wildflower and herb whose stem and roots are most poisonous, however the entire plant is toxic.

Box - Is an ornamental shrub that is poisonous in its entirety, but especially the leaves.

Buckeye - This is a tree whose sprouts, nuts and seeds contain poisons.

Buttercup - This is a wildflower and garden herb that is poisonous in its entirety but mostly in the leaves.

Caladium - Is a houseplant that is poisonous in its entirety.

Carolina Jessamine - This is an ornamental plant whose flowers and leaves contain poisons.

Chinaberry Tree - Is a tree whose berries are poisonous.

Chockcherries - This is a wild shrub whose poisonous parts include the leaves, cherries and pit.

Christmas Rose - Is a garden flower that contains toxic leaves and rootstock.

Common Privet - Is an ornamental shrub whose leaves and berries can be poisonous.

Corn Cockle - Is a wildflower and weed whose seeds are particularly poisonous.

Cowbane - This is a wildflower and herb that is poisonous in its entirety, especially the roots.

Cow Cockle - Is a wildflower and weed whose seeds are poisonous.

Cowslip - Is a wildflower and herb whose entire plant is poisonous, especially the leaves and stem.

Daffodil - Is a garden flower whose bulbs are poisonous.

Daphne - This is an ornamental shrub that contains poisonous bark, berries and leaves.

Death Camas- This is a field herb whose poisonous parts include the leaves, stems, seeds and flowers.

Delphinium - Is a wildflower that is poisonous in its entirety, especially the sprouts.

Dumbcane - This is a houseplant and is poisonous in its entirety.

Dutchman's Breeches - Is a wild and garden flower whose roots and foliage are poisonous.

Elderberry - Is a tree whose poisonous parts include the leaves, bark, roots and buds.

Elephant's Ear - This is a houseplant poisonous in its entirety.

English Ivy - Is an ornamental vine that is completely poisonous but especially the leaves and berries.

European Bittersweet - This is a vine poisonous in its entirety but especially in the berries.

False Flax - Is a wild herb whose seeds are poisonous.

False Hellebore - Is an ornamental flower whose roots, leaves and seeds are toxic.

Fan Weed - This is a wildflower and herb whose seeds are poisonous.

Field Peppergrass - Is a wildflower and herb that contains poisonous seeds.

Flax - Is a wildflower and herb whose seedpods contain poisons.

Foxglove - This is a wild and garden flower whose leaves are poisonous.

Holly - Is a shrub containing poisonous berries.

Horsechestnut - Is a tree containing poisonous nuts and sprouts.

Horse Nettle - Is a wildflower and herb poisonous in its entirety, especially the berries.

Hyacinth - This is a wild and houseplant whose bulbs are poisonous.

Iris - Is a wild and garden flower whose leaves and roots are poisonous.

Jack-in-the-Pulpit - Is a wildflower that is entirely poisonous, especially the leaves and roots.

Jatropha - This is a tree and shrub whose seeds are poisonous.

Jerusalem Cherry - Is an ornamental plant whose un-ripened fruit and foliage are poisonous.

Jimsonweed - Is a field plant that is entirely poisonous, especially the seeds.

Laburum - Is an ornamental plant whose seeds, pods and flowers can be poisonous.

Lantana - Is a houseplant whose foliage is poisonous.

Larkspur - Is a wildflower that is poisonous only as a young plant.

Laurels - This is a type of shrub with poisonous leaves.

Lupines - Is a shrub whose seeds and pods are poisonous.

Manchineel Tree - A tree containing poisonous sap and fruit.

Matrimony Vine - An ornamental vine containing poisonous leaves and shoots.

Mayapple - A wildflower poisonous in the form of its un-ripened fruit as well as the foliage and roots.

Milk Vetch - A wildflower poisonous in its entirety.

Mistletoe - A houseplant with poisonous berries.

Monkshood - A wildflower poisonous in its entirety, especially the roots and seeds.

Moodseed - A vine whose fruit and roots are poisonous.

Morning Glory - Is a wildflower containing poisonous seeds and roots.

Mountain Mahogany - Is a shrub with poisonous leaves.

Mustards - These are wildflowers whose seeds can be poisonous.

Narcissus - This is a garden flower whose bulbs contain poisons.

Nicotiana - Is a garden flower whose leaves are poisonous.

Nightshade - Is a wildflower and vine with poisonous leaves and berries.

Oaks - Are trees with poisonous leaves and shoots.

Philodendrons - Are houseplants poisonous in their entirety.

Pokeweed - Is a field plant containing poisonous roots, seeds and berries.

Poinsettia - Is a houseplant with poisonous leaves, flowers and stems.

Poison Hemlock - This is a field plant containing poisonous leaves, stems and fruit.

Potato - A garden plant whose shoots and sprouts can be poisonous.

Rattle Box - Is a wildflower that is entirely poisonous.

Rhododendron - Is an ornamental shrub whose leaves are poisonous.

Rhubarb - A garden plant with poisonous leaves.

Rosary Pea - Is a houseplant whose seeds are poisonous.

Skunk Cabbage - This is a marsh plant whose entire plant is poisonous but especially the roots and leaves.

Smart Weeds - Are wildflowers containing poisonous sap.

Snow-on-the-Mountain - This is a wildflower whose sap is poisonous.

Sorghum - Is a type of grass whose leaves are poisonous.

Star of Bethlehem - Is a wildflower poisonous in its entirety.

Velvet Grass - A variety of grass whose leaves are poisonous.

Wild Black Cherry - Is a tree with poisonous leaves and pits.

Wild Radish - A wildflower with poisonous seeds.

Wisteria - Is an ornamental plant containing poisonous seeds and pods.

Woody Aster - A wildflower whose entire plant is poisonous.

Yellow Jessamine - An ornamental vine that is entirely poisonous.

Yellow Pine Flax - A wildflower poisonous in its entirety but especially in the seedpods.

If you suspect that your pet has been poisoned, contact the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) Poison Control Center at 1-888-426-4435. This is 24 hour a day hotline.

This list has been compiled using the following sources:

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
Toronto Humane Society
St. John's Poison Resource Center
Humane Society of the United States

Dental Facts About Cats

2011-03-02T12:38:00.016-06:00

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Kittens have 26 temporary teeth, 14 in the upper jaw and 12 in the lower jaw. These deciduous teeth begin to erupt at about two to four weeks of age.
Cats have 30 permanent teeth, 16 on the top and 14 on the bottom. These emerge at about three to four months of age.
Cats have 2 permanent teeth that have 3 roots each, and 10 teeth that each have 2 roots.
The hair-like structures on the rough tongue of a cat are called 'papillae' and aid in grooming.
The first symptom of a fractured upper canine tooth (the large fang) in a cat may be sneezing.
The most common oral tumor in cats is squamous cell carcinoma. These tumors often start under the tongue.
Studies show that 70 percent of cats show signs of gum disease (gingivitis) by age three. Symptoms include yellow and brown build-up of tartar along the gumline, red inflamed gums, and persistent bad breath.
Oral disease is a common finding in cats infected with feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and feline calicivirus (FCV).
Feline dental resorption lesions, commonly called cervical line lesions or neck lesions are the most common dental disease of domestic cats, and the most common cause of tooth loss. The lesions often begin below the gumline, so they may develop undetected.

Common Flea and Tick Control Products

2011-02-28T12:36:00.010-06:00

Perhaps no area of veterinary medicine has grown as rapidly as the field of flea and tick control. Fleas have become resistant to many products and with the explosion in flea numbers, there are huge efforts aimed at controlling them. Ticks can transmit a number of diseases, so tick control is also receiving more attention. Today's insecticides for pets have made great advancements and a wide array of different compounds have been formulated. This table describes the active ingredients, methods of use, and effects of various dips, sprays, powders, topical and oral preparations, foggers, etc.

Product	Active Ingredient	Species & Minimum Age	Dosage & Administration	Effects	Comments
For Use on Pets
Advantage	Imidacloprid	For dogs 7+ weeks, and cats 8+ weeks*	Topical: Once/month	Kills adult fleas and larvae. Does not kill ticks.	Consult with veterinarian before using on sick, aged, pregnant, or nursing animals.
Advantage Multi for Cats	Imidacloprid Moxidectin	For cats 9+ weeks and 2+ lbs*	Topical: Once/month	Kills adult fleas and ear mites. Does not kill ticks.	Prevents heartworm; treats and controls roundworms and hookworms. Consult with veterinarian before using on sick, aged, pregnant, or nursing animals.
Advantage Multi for Dogs	Imidacloprid Moxidectin	For dogs 7+ weeks and 3+ lbs* Do NOT use on cats.	Topical: Once/month	Kills adult fleas. Does not kill ticks.	Prevents heartworm; treats and controls roundworms, whipworms and hookworms. Consult with veterinarian before using on sick, aged, pregnant, or nursing animals. Do NOT use on cats.
K9 Advantix	Imidacloprid Permethrin	For dogs 7+ weeks Do NOT use on cats.	Topical: Once/month	Kills adult fleas and larvae. Kills and repels ticks and mosquitoes.	Consult with veterinarian before using on sick, aged, pregnant, or nursing dogs. Do NOT use on cats.
Bio Spot Flea and Tick Spray for Cats and Kittens	Pyrethrin Methoprene	For cats 12+ weeks*	Topical: Once every 2 months	Kills and repels adult fleas and ticks; stops development of flea eggs.	Consult with veterinarian before using on sick, aged, pregnant, or nursing cats.
Bio Spot Flea and Tick Spray for Dogs and Puppies	Pyrethrin Methoprene	For dogs 12+ weeks*	Topical: Once every 2 months	Kills and repels adult fleas and ticks; stops development of flea eggs.	Consult with veterinarian before using on sick, aged, pregnant, or nursing dogs. Do NOT use on cats.
Bio Spot-Spot On for Cats and Kittens	Etofenprox Methoprene	For cats 12+ weeks*	Topical: Once/month	Kills adult fleas and ticks; kills and repels mosquitoes; stops development of flea eggs.	Consult with veterinarian before using on sick, aged, pregnant, or nursing cats.
Bio Spot-Spot On for Dogs	Permethrin Methoprene	For dogs 6 months or older* Do NOT use on cats.	Topical: Once/month	Kills and repels adult fleas, ticks, mosquitoes; stops development of flea eggs.	Consult with veterinarian before using on sick, aged, pregnant, or nursing dogs. Do NOT use on cats.
Capstar	Nitenpyram	For dogs and cats 4+ weeks, and 2+ lbs	Oral: As needed (can be given daily)	Kills adult fleas. Starts to work in 30 minutes; no residual activity.	Safe to use in pregnant or nursing dogs and cats. Can be used with other flea products.
Comfortis	Spinosad	For dogs 14+ weeks	Oral: Once/month	Kills adult fleas.	Caution in breeding females and those with epilepsy.
De Flea Pet and Bedding Spray	Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, undecyclenic acid		As needed	Controls fleas, ticks, lice, and mites.	Can use on nursing animals.
Frontline Plus	Fipronil Methoprene	For dogs and cats 8+ weeks*	Topical: Once/month	Kills adult fleas and ticks. Prevents flea eggs, larvae and pupae from maturing. Treats and controls chewing lice. Aids in the control of sarcoptic mange (dogs).	Approved for use in breeding, pregnant, or nursing animals. Consult with veterinarian before using on sick or aged animals.
Frontline Top Spot	Fipronil	For dogs and cats 8+ weeks*	Topical: Once/month	Kills adult fleas, ticks, and chewing lice. Aids in the control of sarcoptic mange (dogs).	Approved for use in breeding, pregnant, or nursing animals. Consult with veterinarian before using on sick or aged animals.
Preventic Tick Collar	Amitraz	For dogs 12+ weeks Do NOT use on cats.	Collar: Once/3 months	Kills ticks.	Consult with veterinarian before using on sick, aged, pregnant, or nursing dogs. Do NOT use on cats.
Program	Lufenuron (IDI)	For dogs 4+ weeks and cats 6+ weeks*	Oral: Once/month Injectable for cats: Once/6 months. Flavored treat form for dogs and cats; liquid form for cats.	Stops the development of flea eggs. Does not kill adult fleas. Does not kill ticks.	Consult with veterinarian before using on sick, aged, pregnant, or nursing animals.
Promeris for Cats	Metaflumizone	For cats 8+ weeks*	Topical liquid: Once/4-7 weeks	Kills adult fleas.	Consult with veterinarian before using on sick, aged, pregnant, or nursing animals.
Promeris for Dogs	Metaflumizone Amitraz	For dogs 8+ weeks*	Topical liquid: Once/month	Kills adult fleas; kills ticks.	Consult with veterinarian before using on sick, aged, pregnant, or nursing animals.
Revolution	Selamectin	For dogs 6+ weeks and cats 8+ weeks*	Topical liquid: Once/month	Kills adult fleas, flea eggs, and American dog tick; treats and controls ear mites, control sarcoptic mites (dogs).	Prevents heartworms; controls roundworms and hookworms (cats). Appears to be safe to use in pregnant or nursing dogs and cats. Use with caution on sick or underweight animals.
Sentinel Flavor Tabs	Lufenuron (IDI), Milbemycin Oxime	For dogs 4+ weeks, and 2+ lbs	Oral tablet: Once/month	Stops development of flea eggs and larvae. Does not kill ticks or adult fleas.	Prevents heartworms; controls roundworms, whipworms and hookworms. Safe to use in pregnant or nursing dogs.
Vectra 3D	Permethrin Dinotefuran	For dogs 7+ weeks Do NOT use on cats	Topical liquid: Once/month	Repels and kills fleas, ticks and mosquitos.	Consult with veterinarian before using on sick, aged, pregnant, or nursing animals. Do NOT use on cats.
* This product comes in different formulations for dogs and cats.

For more information on the mode of action and safety of ingredients in flea and tick control products see Ingredients in Tick & Flea Control Products in Cats and Dogs.

source: Drs. Foster & Smith Veterinary Services Department

Common Behavior Changes in Senior Cats

2011-02-26T12:35:00.025-06:00

As cats become older, they may be more apt to change their behavior or develop certain behavioral problems. With the correct diagnosis and treatment, many of these behavioral problems can be resolved. It may take some patience on your part, but your longtime feline friend is worth it!

Inappropriate elimination

Inappropriate elimination (urinating or defecating outside of the litter box, and/or spraying) is the most common behavior problem of older cats. There are numerous causes for this behavior, many of them medical, so a cat who has inappropriate elimination should be examined by a veterinarian. Laboratory tests will need to be performed in most cases.
Medical conditions, which result in an increased frequency of urination or defecation may be the underlying cause for this behavior problem. These conditions include: colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, kidney or liver disease, and feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). Medical conditions, which cause pain urinating or defecating, or make it difficult for the cat to get in and out of the litter box, may also result in inappropriate elimination. Such conditions include arthritis, FLUTD, anal sac disease, loss of vision, and some forms of colitis. Treatment of these medical conditions may help to resolve this behavioral problem. In addition, using litter boxes with lower sides, placing the litter box in the area in which the cat spends the most time, and increasing the number of litter boxes may be helpful.
Stress can be a major cause of inappropriate elimination in cats of all ages. Older cats may not be able to handle stressors as well as younger cats. Stressors such as moving, changes in routine, or changes in the makeup of the family can result in inappropriate elimination. Reducing these stressors or decreasing their impact on the household will benefit your cat (and probably you, too). For instance, when moving, attempt to keep the cat in a quiet portion of the home when packing and during the actual moving day. At the new residence, confine your cat to a quiet room at first (probably a bedroom), placing her food, water, litter box, and favorite sleeping material (bed, sweatshirt, etc.) in the room. Spend time with her in that room and feed her and clean the litter box at the usual time. Gradually let her become accustomed to the rest of the house.
There is a product called 'Feliway,' which was designed to help reduce anxiety in cats, and thus decrease spraying or urinating inappropriately. Feliway contains pheromones from the cat's face. Pheromones are chemicals, which are used to communicate with other members of the same species. You may notice your cat rubs her face and chin on vertical surfaces. She is leaving a scent there, which contains these pheromones. The pheromones from the face have a calming effect on other cats. When Feliway is sprayed onto multiple vertical surfaces which your cat may spray, the cat receives this calming effect and in many cases spraying will be reduced.
Cats of all ages may develop an aversion to the litter box or substrate (material inside of the litter box). Trying different types of litter including clumping litter, sand, newspaper, and no litter are things that could be helpful.

Other tips on controlling inappropriate elimination and spraying include using enzyme cleaners to clean areas, which have been soiled with urine or feces, feeding the cat in the area in which she is inappropriately eliminating, and using upside down carpet runners (the ones with the spikes on the bottom), double-sided tape, motion detectors, pet repellents, or scat mats to limit her access to the area where she inappropriately eliminates.

Aggression

Cats may become aggressive toward people or toward other animals in the household. Again, this aggression may be the result of a medical problem such as one causing pain (arthritis), vision or hearing loss, which results in the cat being easily startled, or diseases having direct effects on the nervous system. As with inappropriate elimination, stresses such as moving can cause irritability and subsequent aggression in some cats. A combination of counter-conditioning (teaching the cat a different response when exposed to a certain stimuli), desensitization (gradually reintroducing the cat to the stimuli), medical therapy, and Feliway may help change the cat's behavior. Consult your veterinarian and an animal behaviorist if your older cat is becoming aggressive.

Fear/anxiety

As with the other behavioral problems discussed above, loss of hearing or vision, stress, pain, and neurologic disease can contribute to fear or anxiety in a cat. Treatment includes determining, if possible, the cause of the fear and reducing it, providing appropriate therapy for any medical condition, and prescribing various antianxiety medications.

Change in activity patterns

For their entire life, some cats tend to be active during the night, keeping us awake, and then they go into sound sleep as soon as we get up. Some older cats will develop this altered sleep-awake cycle, as well. Pain, the need to urinate or defecate more often, the loss of vision or hearing, changes in appetite, and neurologic conditions can contribute to this behavior. Playing or grooming your cat prior to bedtime may help her to sleep. Experiment with changing feeding times to see if that makes a difference. You may not be able to change the cycle, so in those cases, you may want to keep the cat out of the bedrooms.

If in addition to staying awake at night, the cat vocalizes as well, you may need to use something aversive to stop the vocalizing. 'Remote correction,' such as throwing a pop can containing a few coins or pebbles toward the cat (not at the cat!), may startle her and stop her from vocalizing. She should not associate you with the correction or she may increase her vocalization just to get your attention. In some instances, medications may be used in an attempt to change the sleep-awake cycle.

Summary

Many of the behavioral changes we see in older cats can be due to medical conditions. If your cat's behavior is changing, have your cat examined by a veterinarian. Your older cat is more easily stressed, so attempt to reduce stress by making any necessary changes in routine gradual, and decreasing the exposure of your cat to stressors. With patience, understanding, and treatments recommended by your veterinarian, you can help make your cat's older years a quality time for you and her.

Canine Orthopedic Problems

2011-02-25T16:12:00.079-06:00

Image by Douglas Brown via Flickr
Here are some orthopedic problems in dogs. They are classified into 3 for your convenience.

Deformity

Achondroplasia
Signs: Unusually short and bent limbs, abnormal gait, decreased agility, X-ray evidence.

Treatment: Weight control, properly balanced diet, anti-inflammatory medications.

Hip and Elbow Dysplasia
Signs: Limping, discomfort, swelling, joint looseness in hips, joint tension in elbow, abnormal shape of joint members, X-ray evidence.

Treatment: Weight control, properly balanced diet, anti-inflammatory medications.

Patellar Luxation
Signs: Limping, skipping, loose patellar supporting tissues, shallow patellar groove, line of tension
between tibia-patella-quadriceps muscle is off-center, X-ray evidence.

Treatment: Surgical correction in moderate to severe cases; otherwise, manage discomfort on an “as needed” basis with anti-inflammatory medications, nutraceuticals and weight control.

Disorder

Hypertrophic psteodystrophy (HOD) (Seldom seen in dogs less than 40 pounds.)
Signs: Large breed, rapidly growing older puppy, limping, pain in all four limbs, fever, lethargy, X-ray evidence of distinctive patterns at and above the growth plates of long bones.

Treatment: Evaluate the diet for imbalance of minerals and for over-supplementation, manage discomfort on an “as needed” basis with anti-inflammatory medications, rest and nutraceuticals in proper amounts. Consider antibiotic and cortisone therapy.

Infection
Signs: Swelling, fever, pain, swollen regional lymph nodes.

Treatment: Antibiotics, surgical drainage, anti-inflammatory medications.

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCP), also called aseptic necrosis of femoral head (Seldom seen in dogs more than 40 pounds.)
Signs: Small breeds about 5 to 10 months of age, gradual disuse of a rear leg, pain and stiffness of a hip joint, X-ray evidence of distinctive patterns of degeneration within the femoral head.

Treatment: Usually requires femoral head/neck resection and physical therapy; consider total hip replacement.

Panosteitis (Seldom seen in dogs less than 40 pounds.)
Signs: Mid-sized to large breed, rapidly growing older pup, shifting lameness of all four joints, X-ray
evidence of distinctive patterns within marrow cavity of long bones.

Treatment: Rest and manage discomfort on an “as needed” basis with anti-inflammatory medications and nutraceuticals.

Injury

Bone fracture
Signs: Crack or break in the shaft or end of a bone, sudden pain, swelling, X-ray evidence.

Treatment: Surgery or precise splinting.

Dislocation
Signs: Separation of two joint parts that results in tearing and trauma to joint supporting tissues, bleeding, swelling, pain, abnormal location of the anatomical part, X-ray evidence.

Treatment: Surgery or manipulation to replace separated parts, immobilization and gradual return to function. May need surgical intervention.

Epiphyseal fracture
Signs: Separation fracture near the end of a bone along a growth plate line, sudden pain, swelling, X-ray evidence.

Treatment: Surgery or precise splinting.

Osteochondritis Dissecans
Signs: Limping on a front leg, discomfort when leg is fully extended or flexed, X-ray evidence of shoulder joint.

Treatment: Surgical correction in most cases; otherwise, manage discomfort on an “as needed” basis with anti-inflammatory medications, nutraceuticals and extended forced rest.

Sprain
Signs: Stretched joint supporting tissues which leads to swelling, bruising, pain and disuse.

Treatment: Rest, anti-inflammatory medications and physical therapy.

Ringworm in Cats

2011-02-24T12:34:00.035-06:00

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Ringworm (dermatophytosis) is a fungal infection that can affect the hair, skin or nails of cats, dogs and humans. It is the most common contagious skin infection in cats. In humans, the infection often causes classic ring-like lesions, but these are seen less commonly in cats and dogs. In most patients, ringworm is self-limiting; that is, it will self cure over time. However, because this infection can be transmitted from cats and dogs to other animals and also to people, every pet owner should be aware of the symptoms, transmission and treatment of ringworm.

Where is the fungus found?

Several different fungi found throughout the world can cause ringworm, however, the vast majority of cases in cats and dogs are caused by Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, or Trichophyton species. The fungus is most commonly found either on an infected animal or in the living quarters of infected animals. Spores from infected animals can be shed into the environment and live for up to 24 months. Humid, warm environments encourage growth of the fungus. Spores can be on brushes, bedding, furniture, or anything that has been in contact with an infected animal or the animal's hair. Cats can be asymptomatic carriers and harbor and shed the organism without showing signs of infection. Animals thought to be chronic carriers can be routinely cultured to determine if they are actual carriers.

How is ringworm transmitted?

Ringworm can be transmitted by direct contact with fungal spores. These spores can be found on a infected animal, on infected grooming equipment or brushes, in a contaminated boarding facility or cattery, or in the environment where an infected animal has visited. Because ringworm spores can survive for long periods in the environment your cat can contract ringworm from just about anywhere other dogs or cats have been. Fortunately, most healthy adult cats have some natural resistance to ringworm and never develop symptoms from the fungus. Young cats under a year old are most often infected. Cats with a suppressed immune system from diseases or overuse of steroids are also more susceptible to contracting the disease. Senior cats, free-roaming cats, and those who are under stress, malnourished or have other diseases such as parasites or viral infections also appear to be at increased risk. In addition, genetic factors may play a role, as Persians appear to be more susceptible to ringworm.

What are the signs of ringworm?

Cats with ringworm may have skin lesions which can appear different depending on where they occur and how long they have been present. The classic symptom is a small round lesion that is devoid of hair. The lesion will often have scaly skin in the center. Small pustules are often found in the lesion. The lesion may start as a small spot and continue to grow in size. The lesion may or may not be irritated and itchy. Lesions are most common on the head, ears, and tail. In some infections, the fungus will not be in a circle and can spread across the face, lips, chin, or nose and look like an autoimmune disease or other generalized skin disease. Occasionally, the infection will occur over the entire body and create a generalized scaly or greasy skin condition. Hair loss may be mild or severe. In some cases the first sign may be excessive shedding, and hairballs may occur when large parts of the body are affected. Scratching at the ears is also common. Ringworm can also occur in the nails, often causing them to grow malformed.

How is ringworm diagnosed?

Ringworm cannot be diagnosed by simply looking at a lesion, but at least one of several testing methods must be used. One method is through the use of a specialized black light called a Wood's lamp. Several species of the ringworm fungus will glow a fluorescent color when exposed to a Wood's lamp. However, it is estimated that up to half of the most common species of M. canis do not fluoresce under a Wood's lamp, and T. mentagrophytes does not fluoresce. Other substances may fluoresce and cause a false positive reading. In addition, a healthy animal may have spores on his coat but may not have an active infection. So, this is not the most accurate method.

Another method for identifying ringworm is to pluck hairs from the periphery of the lesion and examine them under the microscope. Between 40% and 70% of the infections can be diagnosed this way.

The most reliable way to identify a ringworm infection is by collecting scales and crust from the skin and coat and performing a fungal culture. Your veterinarian will commonly use a toothbrush to collect the sample of hair and scales from the cat to culture. There are special culture mediums designed specifically for identifying ringworm infections. Your local veterinarian can easily perform this routine culture.

Cats with ringworm should always be evaluated for underlying disease(s) that may have made them more at risk for this fungal infection.

How is ringworm treated?

In healthy shorthaired kittens and cats with small isolated lesions, the lesion is often treated with a topical cream containing an antifungal such as miconazole or thiabendazole. In addition, it is important to treat any underlying conditions, provide good nutrition, and prevent the spread to other animals and humans.

In more severe cases, a combination of oral and topical treatments is generally used. Often the lesions are clipped so the topical treatment can reach the skin. Many veterinary dermatologists feel that all longhaired cats must be shaved completely to achieve any success with ringworm treatment. Care should be taken not to irritate the skin when clipping, as this may cause the infection to spread. Also, realize that the clipped hair, clippers, and any grooming instruments that come into contact with an infected animal will harbor the spores and must be heat or chemically sterilized before being used on any other animal. The recommended topical treatment is lime sulfur dips. These dips have a bad odor and can temporarily turn the coat a yellowish color, but they are extremely effective and should be used if recommended by your veterinarian. Alternatives to lime sulfur dips include miconazole shampoos and rinses, and enilconazole (available in some countries).

Oral antifungal agents are generally recommended for any cat with severe generalized lesions, for longhaired cats, and in cases where the nails are infected. Oral antifungal agents may also be recommended when there is no response to topical therapy after 2-4 weeks of treatment. Itraconazole is the preferred drug of choice, and terbafine may also be used. Griseofulvin is another alternative, but has a higher risk of adverse effects. Treatment is generally continued until there have been two negative cultures a week apart.
Some veterinarians have recommended using Program^® (the once-a-month flea pill) at a higher dose to treat ringworm in cats, but it has been shown to be ineffective against ringworm.

How can ringworm be controlled in the environment?

Because the ringworm fungus can survive for such long periods in the environment, it is critical that an effective cleaning plan be used in all infections. Spores are very light and are carried in the air, so wherever there is dust and hair, there may be spores. Whenever cleaning, avoid sweeping and other types of cleaning that may actually spread spores through the air. Vacuuming, damp mopping and using a Swifter-type mop are generally recommended. Carpets should be steam cleaned and disinfected. Heating and cooling ducts and furnaces should be professionally vacuumed and filters replaced if a culture from the ducts comes back positive. Furniture and drapes should be vacuumed and the vacuum cleaner bags should be disposed of promptly. Housing units that contain wood or rusty metal should be re-painted. After vacuuming or mopping, clean with water and a detergent solution. Then, use bleach diluted to 1:10 with water and left on for at least 10 minutes to kill most of the organisms. All grooming tools, bedding, kennels, cat carriers, and cages should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected with bleach,
as well.

How can ringworm be controlled in catteries?

Some of the most difficult cases of ringworm come from catteries or small breeders, particularly those with Persian or Himalayans. Eliminating ringworm from these units can take months to years of diligent treatment. Remember that it will take a complete commitment to properly eliminate ringworm from a cattery. The owner must be willing to devote a large amount of time and make some difficult decisions if success in treatment is to be achieved.

There are several different approaches to controlling and eliminating ringworm in a cattery. The first approach includes total depopulation of the cattery, decontamination of the facility, and repopulating with only animals that test negative on three consecutive cultures performed at two-week intervals. The second approach is to treat the entire colony and facilities with appropriate topical medications, systemic therapy, and environmental cleanup. The colony is isolated and breeding and showing are interrupted. The third option would be to treat only infected kittens. This third option is only suitable for a breeder that produces kittens for the pet cat market and usually is not recommended for most breeders. Breeders will need to work very closely with their veterinarian to develop the best program for their facility.

Cultures should be performed on new cats coming into the cattery or returning from a show or a breeding. They should be quarantined and dipped once with lime sulfur. Since dogs and humans can carry ringworm into a cattery, both human and canine visitors should be kept at a minimum.

How is ringworm prevented?

Ringworm is a disease where an ounce of prevention is truly worth more than a pound of cure. If you have cats in your home, be very careful about bringing a new kitten into your household. Cat shows, kennels, and grooming facilities can also be a source of infection and caution should be used when exposing your cat to these places. Breeders of Persians and Himalayans need to be especially cautious about bringing any new animal that has not been cultured into their facility. If any sign of ringworm is seen, make sure you isolate the infected cat and seek prompt veterinary attention.

Is ringworm transmissible to people?

Yes. Ringworm can be transmitted between cats and people. Persons with suppressed immune systems, such as those with HIV infections or AIDS, and those undergoing chemotherapy may be especially vulnerable. Persons should wear gloves when handling affected animals and wash hands well afterwards.