Narayan's Blog

Negotiation Training Day 7

2020-05-11T08:43:00.000-07:00

Before doing MOU with third party (multinational), you need to be careful about

- double taxation,
- dispute settlement
- exclusivity? (first, find out whether they have a policy or not. Then ask to share profits if they want to add new dealers within the country. deal in the period. ask for auto-renewal condition.)
- royalty (little on advance and more on recurring)
- for promotion (value office resource as well)

4 wheeler gives around 25 crores (85% value) for promotion in Nepal only.

when doing negotiation, we have to quickly revisit our options (in monetary value), zopa and reservation price.

Negotiation Training Day 6

2020-05-08T08:41:00.000-07:00

strength - defensive, power - attacking
ethics in negotiation (debatable)

"Getting Past No" => Hold yourself to put number => if required, say in small part

learning and understanding limitation

in litigation, first know the legal standing in case negotiation fail. hold the case.

Assistant Negotiator (if you don't know about something then say you don't know, don't say something like such thing don't exists.)

Renegotiation, face shaving
connect with people

negotiation triangle (time, resources, specification)
every negotiation isn't always about winning. it is also about relationship and satisfaction

When doing negotiation, you must prepare 3 BATNA and know price value of 2 alternatives.

Negotiation Training Day 5

2020-05-06T08:30:00.000-07:00

On day 5, various alternative and options for bank and agriculture business is discussed. This class is used to clarify the dilemma.

alternative = outside the subjects
options = inside the subjects (part of contract)

Q: What are the alternative and options of bank merging between ABC and XYZ?

When we stay at negotiation, we don't need to talk about alternative. we only need to think about it.
alternative (single party), option (2 parties)

collaboration => fully satisfied, pie-enlarge
comprimizing => partially satisfied, pie-divided

bargaining vs heggling
strength vs power
Due Dependence Audit (DDA) manipulation (monetary, non monetary, non tangible - value based on attributes):- reliable, relevant, assumption, estimate

Negotiation Training Day 4

2020-05-03T07:58:00.000-07:00

Catching the cue

Western (better preparation, little time for negotiation, more time for documentation)
Nepali (worst preparation, more time for negotiation, few time for documentation)

the subject might change on the course of the negotiation. (alternative, power, strategy, legality, tech)

try to make the other party closer.
Enemy -> opponent -> counterpart -> partner

Vantage Seven Element (Harvard) - ARCC OLI
1. Alternative
2. Relationship
3. Communication
4. Commitment
5. Option
6. Legitimacy
7. Interest

Cost to us Vs Them
Best negotiation is low cost for partner, high value for us And low cost for us, high value for partner

FDI (Shareholder Agreement + Joint Benchure Agreement (JBA))

DOI Template

assertiveness

data protection act (law.commision.gov.np), Contract Act (Private Law)

Negotiation Training Day 3

2020-05-01T05:45:00.000-07:00

On day 3 of the negotiation class, terms from word cloud were discussed..

collective bargaining

most difficult negotiation: labor negotiation.

Best negotiation deals: british airways

archive: (documentation)

need to consider legal position (possible deadline for legal action, consequences) before entering into negotiation mainly on dispute.

Team n Outsource: if there is a lot of work to do and the negotiation team couldn't able to handle it or they don't have the required expertise then it is best to outsource the work.

informal agreement - deal like hundi

renegotiation -> dispute on implementation

After negotiation end -> conclusion, implementation, archive
before negotiation -> background study, preparation, batna, zopa, alternatives, options
during negotiation -> negotiation (give/take)

Emotional diary, emotional hijacking, , using emotion as strategy

Time holidays => expand your pie

concession exchange speed

value addition

slow down at your best.

conflict management tool

negotiation psychology.

Negotiation Training Day 2

2020-04-30T00:57:00.000-07:00

Effective Business Negotiation Skill Training Day 2 by Hari Kumar Silwal covers negotiation terms.

BATNA is a benchmark for ZOPA (Zone of Possible Agreement).

WATNA (Worst Alternative to Negotiation Agreement)

deadlock vs pause (time out) vs walk away.

Tactic
What to do if caught? (What are risk and how to mitigate)?

your loss is my profit (X)

worst deal is loss/loss.

How to take person from informal conversation to formal documentation deal.
1. briefing/debriefing (ask what are the point he has noted. Ask if it is ok if you note the point of the negotiation)
2. ask for a letter of representation for a board of director
3. control your anger. ("It is no wrong to get angry. You must know the subject is right, time is right and the way is right." - Aristotle)

Positional Bargaining
Legitimacy
constituents
prejudiced
conceding speed (slow will win if you have time, concession exchange speed)
resilience

workplace body language (defensive - hand at the stomach, cooperative - lean toward you, not prepared - hands-on head/watch, time - move toward the edge etc)
different style as per country (culture difference)

if you have to negotiate with lower authority then as department head to attend the first meeting then give responsibility to the lower rank staff).

you will be the best negotiator if you can deal on equal standing with the chinese, can spend around a year for a same agenda with the american and if the Japanese tells you what he actually means (intended thing)

Negotiation Training Day 1: IEBNST

2020-04-26T23:00:00.000-07:00

Preparetation Day

On day 1 of Intensive Business Negotiation Skill Training By Hari Kumar Silwal, basic definition of negotiation was discussed.

Negotiation Steps
1. preparation and planning
2. definition of ground rules
3. clarification and justification
4. bargaining and problem solving
5. closure and implementation

Things for Negotiation
1. subject
2. two or more parties
3. differences (subject detail/Term & conditions), both parties should appreciate the difference
4. limited resources
5. solves differences mutually

Negotiation Role
1. self
2. Assistant
3. Consultant

Negotiation is a combination of Science (Process) and Art (Creativity).

how to resolve disputes.
1. Traditional Way (what we have been doing for long time. eg: HR, Court, CDO etc)
2. Alternative method
There are about 20 types, 5 main types and within that 3 are mostly used.

Types of alternative dispute resolution methods (ADR)
1. Mediation
2. Arbitration
3. Negotiation
4. Conciliation
5. Mini Trial

4 types of conflict
1. Intrapersonal (psychologist will help to resolve this type of conflicts)
2. Intragroup
3. Interpersonal
4. Intergroup

conflict of type 2,3,4 is resolved via negotiation.

2 types of negotiation
1. integrative (relationship-based, collaborator, synergy, demand)
2. distributive (get ownself higher value, result-based)

deal implementation
ICE (Intension, Capacity, Environment)

Information type
Self, partners, environment

Knowledge
Financial, Technical, Legal

ARCC OLI
1. Alternative
2. Relationship
3. Communication
4. Commitment
5. Option
6. Legitimacy
7. Interest

Arbitration
based on Arbitration Act - country must make decision awards
UNCITRAN (UN Law)
Odd numbers (1, 3 or 5)

1. p1 (party 1), p2, the arbitrator
2. p1, p2, a1, a2, a3

Arbitrator - highly paid job

dispute resolution method on contract
- court
- arbitration

Multinational contract
- which countries law to use
- which countries court to use
- venue
- arbitrator type (kahako rakhne)

FDI Problem
due to arbitration (court will assign one arbitrator if we don't name one)
different country, different law might be one of the challenges to resolve a dispute

best: Nepal law, Singapour court, Nepal land

Meditator -> recommendation (on mutual understanding, ref by court)
Arbitration -> award (executed by court and questioned only if it is done by misinterpretation of law, full and final)

in USA -> go to mediation first then come to court

homework
1. alternatives vs options
2. which one is a bad deal? l/l vs l/w
3. explain BATNA (Best Alternative to a negotiation agreement), reservation price and ZOPA (zone of possible agreement)
4. integrative vs distributive
5. traditional vs alternative negotiation techniques
6. power type and tactics

Effective Business Negotiation Training (IEBNST)

2020-04-26T21:23:00.000-07:00

In this series, I am going to cover what I learned in the "Intensive Effective Business Negotiation Skill Training (IEBNST)" conducted by CA. Hari Kumar Silwal and managed by Suraj Dhakal. This training was conducted on the time of COVID 19 (April 26, 2020) lockdown via the Zoom platform.

In the preparation session, we get to know what will be covered and what won't. The time table is as follows.

Time table for Negotiation Training

There were around 25 participants with backgrounds from CA, engineering, environmental science to physics, and management.

Some terminology from preparation sessions.

3D (deal-making, dispute, decision making in the group)
power is important in negotiation.
5 outcomes (w(win)/w, w/l (loss), l/w, l/l, no deal)
type of terms & conditions (generalized vs specific)
information importance, technical legal market, legitimacy, credibility,
Ideas: 3I (Invention, Innovation, imitation)
Emotion take us to a difficult condition.
Formal class on: Program on Negotiation from Harvard

Find Length of Longest Common Subsequences for Large String

2016-10-16T08:30:00.001-07:00

Dynamic Program used to find length of longest common subsequences (adopted from http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/dynamic-programming-set-4-longest-common-subsequence/)

def lcs(X, Y):
    # find the length of the strings

    m = len(X)
    n = len(Y)
    previous = [0] * (len(Y)+1)
    current = [0] * (len(Y)+1)

    for i in xrange(m + 1):
        for j in xrange(n + 1):
            if i == 0 or j == 0:
                current[j] = 0

            elif X[i - 1] == Y[j - 1]:
                current[j] = previous[j - 1] + 1

            else:
                current[j] = max(previous[j], current[j - 1])
        previous = current
        current = [0] * (len(Y)+1)
    return previous[n]


X = "AGGTAB"Y = "GXTXAYB"print "Length of LCS is ", lcs(X,Y)

Best Policy Around the World

2016-10-14T20:20:00.001-07:00

Policy makers are the men that bear the power to change the world/country. All people with wisdom to change country need long-term hard work with group collaboration except policymaker. After reading How Asia Work by Joe Studwell, I was interested to know the best policy around the world. At the mean time, I was fortunate to tune BBC My perfect program. The 6-episode series covers various best policy around the world. Estonia digital policy, costa Rica green energy policy to drug policy of Portugal that helps to view drugs as a health issue than a crime, Michigan's zero suicide model policy, India's pioneering policies on sanitation and barefoot lawyer of Uganda that result on revolutionized Uganda's legal system through social media. It is the good digest for the people interested in learning good policy around the world, analyzing the attribute of good policies.

Series
Health:
1. Drug policy of Portugal
2. Michigan's zero suicide model
3. Sanitation policy of India

Social
4. Barefoot lawyer of Uganda

Energy
5. Costa Rica green energy

IT
6. Estonia digital policy

In Which Month Are the Most Babies Born in #Nepal?

2016-03-11T00:30:00.000-08:00

The question of the day: In Which Month Are the Most Babies Born in #Nepal?

Answer: Undefined. No birthday data repository available to the public. no, it remains unanswered.

One of my friend Sudip Kafle tried to analyze it from one particular sample data - IOE entrance applicant name list. Though data isn't representative, The result was surprising.

@KafleSudip: Result with 1st letter of month (data source: here) B - 1365 J-729 A-860 S-817 B-878 A-906 K-899 M-940 P-822 M-915 F-855 C-670

Above results lead to other questions,

can we make a correlation with ranking?
birth month/day with interest

2016 Hiking Route

2016-02-10T01:52:00.002-08:00

Hiking Route 2016

~~Bishnu Dawar - Shivapuri (1 day)~~
~~Chitlang Markhu Kulekhane (2 days)~~
~~Balthali (1 days)~~
Everest Base Camp (https://maptia.com/noyestravels/stories/nepal-s-everest-highway)
Arun/Barun Valley
Rara Lake
Cho Rolpa lake
Trekking to Phoksundo Lake (photo feature) http://www.myrepublica.com/news/8314

2016 Reading List

2016-01-19T20:33:00.003-08:00

2016 Reading List...

~~The 4-Hour Workweek by Timothy Ferriss~~
How Asia Works: Success and Failure in the World's Most Dynamic Region*
~~Business Adventures by John Brooks~~
~~Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!~~
~~Sumnima (by BP Koirala)~~
~~Nirvana (Ghanshyam Khadka)~~
The Art of Computer Programming by Donald Ervin Knuth (Vol 1,2 and 3)
Hacker's delight by Henry S. Warren, Jr.
The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien
How to Lie with Statistics, by Darrell Huff
The Bully Pulpit, by Doris Kearns Goodwin
The Rosie Project: A Novel, by Graeme Simsion
Stress Test, by Timothy F. Geithner.
On Immunity: An Inoculation, by Eula Biss
...

Install lots of software in one shot

2016-01-04T23:29:00.003-08:00

Goto https://ninite.com/ Select Application you want to install and then request installer. Not use that installer to install software on target machine.

2015 Hiking Route

2015-12-31T20:38:00.000-08:00

2015 Hiking Route

Bhotechaur (1 day)
Champa Devi (1 day)
Lakuri Bhangang (1 day)
Jamacho Gumba, Nagarjun (1 day)
Chandragiri (1 day)
Poon Hill (3 day)

Hike to Tikhedhunga - Ghorepani - Poon Hill - Tadapani - Ghandruk

2015-12-25T02:03:00.000-08:00

Hike to Tikhedhunga - Ghorepani - Poon Hill - Tadapani - Ghandruk

Hike to Lakuri Bhanjyang

2015-12-25T01:58:00.000-08:00

Hike to Lakuri Bhanjyang

2015 Reading List

2015-01-02T08:00:00.000-08:00

2015 Reading List...

Trump: The Art of the Deal
Don't Say Yes When You Want to Say No by Herbert Fensterheim
Managing Creativity and Innovation (Harvard Business Essentials)
The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People by Stephen Covey

Segmented Marketing in Tourism in Context of Nepal

2013-06-05T02:23:00.000-07:00

Table of Content

As millions more travel abroad each year, the competition to attract these visitors becomes ever fiercer. Yet the money spent by destinations on capturing their interest can be easily wasted if not properly channeled according to a comprehensive new report on tourism market segmentation. Market segmentation is crucial in making sure that national resources are used in the most effective way. Everything they do media selection, destination positioning, branding, editorial, visuals, etc. revolves around the segments that have been identified as the most important. This is why monitoring and managing a portfolio of target segments that meet a destinations tourism objectives has become a critical function.

1. Introduction

The evolution of information technology has enabled collection and storage of huge amounts of data. With the entrance of each tourist, huge amount of data is generated in immigration department each day. As price of data storage are going reducing and processing power are going affordable, we can implement various visualization tools in order to find the similar characteristic group.

Segmentation is the process of finding small group bearing similar behavior

characteristics. It may be based on geographical, demographical, sychographic

or behavioristic. Since tourism industry are keen to implementing tourist centric enterprise, they are named with various data segmentation tools.

The effective segmentation project consists of several phases.

1. Defining the Problem to be solved

Before starting segmentation, we have to define for what purpose we are going to segment the data so that unique data mining model can be defined. Taking to business people is the best way to define the problem to be solved.

2. Assembling and Preprocessing Data

If we have to access the data from relational database or from flat file or from spreadsheet or from other sources, we have to perform effective data preprocessing process which involves data extraction, cleaning, enrichment, aggregation.

3. Modeling

In this phase the data is presented to a segmentation software which may follow several data mining processes. Sometime the variables chosen are not appropriates ones, and in this case the analyst has to go back and make some changes to the data he is using.

4. Interpreting the Results

The results should be brought together into a coherent presentation and presented to business people. The model should be evaluated with respect to problem solving objectives.

5. Applying the Results

The ultimate goal of segmentation is finding the group of people bearing similar behavior and address the interest of that group by lunching effective marketing strategies to increase their satisfaction.

The five step described here isn’t strict, because segmentation process itself isn’t linear. This means that one can move back and forth between different phases because the next phase in the sequence often depend on the outcomes associated with preceding one.

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2. Reasons for Applying Segmentation in Tourism Market

For more than 25 years segmentation has been proclaimed to be the cornerstone of successful marketing. Ever since the publication of Theodore Levitt’s seminal text, segmentation has continued to be promoted as the sine qua non of successful marketing⁴. Levitt’s original assertion that ‘if you’re not thinking segments, you’re not thinking marketing’ has clearly stood the test of time.

Put simply, segmentation is critical to competitive advantage and should underpin every decision that needs to be made about all aspects of the tourism marketing mix. A real tourism marketing strategy needs to start with the tourist visitor, not the destination or product. It is clear that the visitor market, by definition, is not homogenous and every visitor or potential visitor does not want the same thing. This immediately gives rise to a segmentation issue.

The recognition that the needs and requirements of the visitor market are heterogeneous rather than homogenous should then become the starting point in developing value propositions that are unambiguously targeted at distinct and identifiable groups of visitors who are all similarly motivated in their decision to visit a destination.

Implementing a tourism marketing plan based on needs-based segmentation is difficult, but not impossible². Yet, many destinations have still not developed effective segmentation strategies, largely because many of the conventional techniques are no longer suitable for an increasingly sophisticated, discerning and fragmented tourism market.

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3. The Data to Be Segmented

A huge amount of the data generated by immigration department can’t be analyze using traditional techniques, by using manual data analysis. This is why different data mining techniques ought to be applied.

As mentioned before information about the visiting of each tourist were stored on the database. Tourist details records include their demographic characteristics along with purpose of visit, total duration stay and tentative places of visit. These information help us to find out the best places for particular group according to age, gender, type of visit or in country prospective. These data are often not suitable for segmentation as goal of segmentation is to find the pattern based on the group rather than each tourist³. So, raw data should be collected and aggregated on group level. These information also help on addressing the need of the visitor with less miss rate.

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4. Segmentation Approach

Commonsense Segmentation

Market segments can be derived in many different ways. All segmentation approaches can be classified as being either a priori (commonsense) segmentation approaches or a posteriori (post hoc, data-driven) segmentation approaches. The names are indicative of the nature of these two approaches. In the first case destination management is aware of the segmentation criterion that will produce a potentially useful grouping (commonsense) in advance, before the analysis is undertaken (a priori). In the second case destination management relies on the analysis of the data (data-driven) to gain insight into the market structure and decides after the analysis (a posteriori, post hoc) which segmentation base or grouping is the most suitable one.

Commonsense segmentation has a long history in tourism research with many authors referring to it as profiling. As early as 1970 tourism researchers did investigate systematic differences between commonsense segments with a publication titled “Study Shows Older People Travel More and Go Farther” (author unknown) appearing in the Journal of Travel Research.

Typical examples of areas in which commonsense segmentation approaches are regularly used include profiling respondents based on their country of origin, profiling certain kinds of tourists (e.g., culture tourists, eco-tourists) and profiling tourists who spend a large amount of money at the destination (big spenders). In fact, geographical segmentation such as grouping tourists by the country of origin were among the first segmentation schemes to be used.

The segments generated by this method can be compared based on: socio-demographic personal characteristics (age, gender), behavioral characteristics (duration of stay, travel party, kind of holiday, accommodation, expenditures) and psychographic personal characteristics (travel motives).

Data-driven Segmentation

Data-driven method can be taken as the segmentation to the field of marketing. While acknowledging the value of geographic and socio-demographic information about consumers, information about benefits consumers seek form market segments. This approach requires groups of consumers to be formed on the basis of more than one characteristic and, consequently requiring different statistical techniques to be used.

To sum up, the implications of all the foundations are the following⁴ (1) data analysts and managers need to be aware of the exploratory nature of data-driven market segmentation and not over interpret the value of one single segmentation solution which was not based on thorough preliminary data structure analysis, (2) repeated computations of segmentation solutions can easily be undertaken to assess the stability of alternative solutions, (3) stability analysis will inform the data analyst and manager about the nature of the derived segmentation, whether it reveals true clusters, identified stable artificial groupings or represents an artificial construction of the most suitable grouping in a data set with very little structure, (4) it is not necessary for all segments derived from a segmentation solution to be valid. For a tourism destination searching for a niche, it is perfectly sufficient to have identified or constructed one market segment which has high external validity, (5) market segmentation is not independent. A successful market segmentation strategy is in line with the tourism destinations positioning and differentiation strategy, thus accounting for the particular strengths of the destination and the competitive environment, and (6) data-driven segmentation studies have to be repeated regularly to ensure validity of the insight gained into the market structure at any point in time.

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5. Building Data-Driven Market Segmentation To Aid Effective Destination Marketing

A data-driven segmentation study contains all the components of a commonsense segmentation study. The way in which respondents are grouped is the only difference between the commonsense and the data-driven approach: in commonsense segmentation one criterion is selected which usually is one single variable such as age or gender or high versus low levels of tourism spending. In data-driven segmentation a number of variables which ask respondents about different aspects of the same construct (e.g., a list of travel motives, a list of vacation activities) form the basis of segmentation and a procedure – in tourism research typically a clustering algorithm - is used to assign respondents to segments based on the similarity relationships between respondents

The approach that we defined to make effective segmentation models is shown in table⁴. In step 2a, the data analyst selects one or more segmentation algorithms. The predominant algorithms used in tourism research are k-means clustering and Ward’s clustering. Ward’s clustering is one form of hierarchical clustering procedures. Hierarchical – more precisely agglomerative hierarchical - clustering procedures determine the similarity between each pair of two respondents and then choose which two respondents are most similar and places them into a group. This process is repeated until all respondents are in one single group.

Table : Steps in Data-driven Segmentation

Step 1: Selection of the Segmentation Base

(e.g. Travel Motivations, Vacation Activities)

Step 2: Grouping of repondents

Step 2(a): Selection of segmentation algorithms(s)

Step 2(b): Stability Analysis

Step 2(c): Computation of final segmentation solution

Step 3: Profiling (external validation) of segments by identifying in which personal characteristics segments differ significantly

Step 4: Managerial assessments of the usefulness of the market segments (and formulation of targeted market activities)

Early approaches to segmentation included the use of demographic, geographic and behavioral characteristics of consumers. However, there is evidence of changing consumer behaviour within contemporary affluent societies, including an increased emphasis on the personalization of consumer behaviour patterns, which are not well explained by socio-demographic and economic criteria. There has therefore, been a growing emphasis in marketing on the human behavioral sciences which has led to segmentation approaches seeking to measure less tangible consumer characteristics such as lifestyle, personality, image and benefits. The following table presents a summary of the main approaches to market segmentation within marketing and consumer behaviour literature⁵.

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6. Basics for Segmentation

Basis	Description
Geographic	Dividing a market into different geographical units such as nation, states, regions, cities or neighborhoods. For example tourism markets may be segmented into international and domestic visitors.
Demographic	Dividing a market based on demographic variables such as age, gender, family size, family life-cycle, income, occupation, education, religion or nationality. For example Temples like Pashupatinath may be target for Hindu people while Chaitya, Gumba may be the target for Buddhist.
Psychographic/Life-style	Dividing markets based on consumer values, attitudes, interests, opinions. For example adventure tourism operators may target consumers who have a strong interest in outdoor pursuits, bungee, and paragliding while epicureans are the target market for food and wine trails and cooking schools.
Benefits	Dividing the market into groups according to the different benefits that consumers seek from the product or service. An example of benefit segmentation can be seen in the rise of spa resorts targeting consumers who seek rejuvenation and improved health and well being from their holiday experience.
Usage	Dividing markets based on usage patterns such as non-user, ex-user, potential user, first-time user, regular user, high volume user. For example destination-marketing programs may use one message strategy to communicate with repeat visitors and a different approach for people who have never visited.
Loyalty	Dividing markets based on brand loyalty to a particular hotel chain or destination. For example the establishment of the branches of famous hotels like Taj Hotel, Hotel Sheratan, Emirates Palace in Kathmandu, Pokhara, Chitwan, Bardia etc.
Situation	Related to usage segmentation, situation segmentation divides markets on the basis of the consumption or purchase situation of consumers. For example travelers may find one destination suitable for a short break and a different style of holiday appropriate for a long holiday.
Behavioural	Dividing markets based on consumer’s knowledge of, attitude toward, uses for and responses to a product or service.

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7. Result & Discussion

The natural endowments and cultural heritage of Nepal provide a solid foundation for tourism market segments’ development. Specifically, poor marketing has led to inability to capture higher-value demand. This low-value demand has limited the incentives for new investments in infrastructure, discouraging innovation and adoption of best practices.

Based on the data sets available from the Nepal Tourism Board and other Travel Agencies situated in Kathmandu & Lalitpur, we segmented the arrivals of international tourists on the basis of country of origin, purpose of visit & travel partners using Orange Data Visualization framework⁷.

As shown in figures, the segmentation of the customers into different clusters makes the better visualization about the tourists & more informatic showing different tourism market segments⁸. According to the pie-chart of the purpose of visit in Figure – 2, the tourists arriving for the rafting are very low, almost zero, whereas, there are world-class rafting river sites in Nepal including Trishuli, Bhotekoshi etc. So, the segmentation analysis helps the travel agencies, tourism boards, Government of Nepal to find the effective market areas within the tourism industry which could highly contribute to the country’s economy unlike just 4.3% of total GDP as of 2012⁹.

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8. Conclusion

Market segmentation is a strategy any entity in the tourism industry can use to strengthen their competitive advantage by selecting the most suitable subgroup of tourists to specialize on and target. A wide variety of alternative techniques can be used to identify or construct segments. Approaches range from simple commonsense segmentations (where tourists are split on the basis of a predefined personal characteristic) to multidimensional data-driven approaches where a set of tourist characteristics is used as the basis for grouping¹⁰. Once tourists are grouped using the correct and most suitable analytical techniques the resulting segmentation solution has to be assessed by the users (tourism managers) who will not only evaluate the segmentation solution but also the fit of potentially interesting segments with the strengths of the tourism destination. Tourism managers can benefit from market segmentation by using it actively as a method of market structure analysis. In doing so, they can gain valuable insight into the market and specific sections of the market and identify the most promising strategy to gain competitive advantage. Typically such a strategy will not only require market segmentation, but also product positioning. Both approaches will have to be evaluated in view of competitors’ segmentation and positioning choices to be successful. Segmentation solutions should be computed regularly to ensure that current market structure is captured.

The market segmentation technique can be applied by any unit operating in tourism industry: hotels, travel agencies, tourist attractions, restaurants, local charities as well as the Government of Nepal.

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9. References

] Hanlan J., Fuller D., Wilde S. J. (2006). “Segmenting tourism markets: a critical review”. Southern Cross University, Melbourne, Australia.

[2] Barahi S., Fan R., Hung P., Malla P., Yeung R. (2011). “Tourism Cluster in Nepal - Microeconomics of Competitiveness”. Harvard Business School, USA.

[3] Angus C., Brocklesby J. (2010). “Tapping the Domestic Tourism Market”. Angus & Associates, Tourism Resource Consultants and The Knowledge Warehouse, Ministry of Tourism, New Zealand.

[4] Levitt, T. “The Marketing Imagination in 1983”. The Free Press, New York, USA.

[5] Johar, J. and Siry. M. (1995). “Using segment congruence analysis to determine actionability of travel/tourism segments”. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing.

[6] Dolnicar, S., & Mazanec, J. (2000). “Vacation Styles and Tourist Types: Emerging New Concepts and Methodology”. Gartner, W.C. (Ed.), Trends in Outdoor Recreation and Tourism. New York: CAB International.

[7] Khatri, L., B., Kayastha R., P. (2010). “Nepal Tourism Statistics 2010- Provisional Report”. Ministry of Tourism & Civil Aviation, Government of Nepal, Singh Durbar, Kathmandu.

[8] Khatri, L., B., Kayastha R., P., Pokhrel M., P., K.C., J. (2011). “Nepal Tourism Statistics 2011- Annual Statistical Report”. Ministry of Tourism & Civil Aviation, Government of Nepal, Singh Durbar, Kathmandu.

[9] Kafle, K.P, Shreshtha S. (2008). “Nepal Tourism Performance in 2008”. Nepal Tourism Board, Kathmandu.

[10] Hoek, J., Gendall, P., Esslemont, D. (1996). “Market segmentation: A search for the Holy Grail?. Journal of Marketing Practice, 2 (1).

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Bioinformatics Workshop - Tools and Techniques | Key Note | IOE

2013-05-17T22:49:00.000-07:00

Bioinformatics is the interdisciplinary field that include IT Expert, Biology Export and Management Export to organize, analyze and predict biological data. It is booming subject and currently research are doing on subject like genome annotation, sequence analysis, gene expression analysis, protein expression analysis, mutation in cancer analysis etc. The ultimate goal of bioinformatic is to discover new biological insights as y well as to create a global perceptive from which unifying principle in biology can be discerned. (ref:- http://bioinformatics.org/wiki/Bioinformatics_FAQ)

On bioinformatic we basically do Database construction, Database management, Data mining, Data analysis, Data visualization, Data processing, Sequence homology modelling, Protein modelling and prediction, Image analysis, Phylogenetics etc.

Topics You Need to Learn Before Starting Bioinformatics:-

Python

MySQL & SQLite

Bioperl (http://biodoc.ist.unomaha.edu/wiki/BioPerl)

mycobe (more detail available at http://biodoc.ist.unomaha.edu/wiki/Software)

Keyword You need to Learn:-

Pubmed

GenBank - sequence of Protein, DNA (nrd, Gemxne) (ref:-http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank/GenbankOverview.html)

EmBoss - dottup

Gene Ontology

Gene Expression Omnibus

Resource Link:-

http://biodoc.ist.unomaha.edu/wiki/Workshop2013

bioirc.ist.unomaha.edu

http://ioe.edu.np/bioinfo/

Video Tutorial available at
http://biodoc.ist.unomaha.edu/wiki/Workshop2013_day2_sectionA
http://biodoc.ist.unomaha.edu/wiki/Workshop2013_day2_sectionB
http://biodoc.ist.unomaha.edu/wiki/Workshop2013_day3
http://biodoc.ist.unomaha.edu/wiki/Workshop2013_day4

Pathwaycommons.org
http://biodoc.ist.unomaha.edu/wiki/Category:Tutorials

Lots of thank to Assistant Prof. Dr. Dhundy Kiran Bastola (dkbastola@unomaha.edu) for providing best workshop to enrich the concept of bioinformatic with its scope and trend for Nepalese students.

Install Window 8 x86 or x64 bit without Serial Key [Product Key]

2012-11-27T10:45:00.002-08:00

Some of you guys are on searching the serial key to install Window 8 Pro 32 or x64 bit but don't find the key then what to do? Don't worry !!! There is solution also ... :-D .We can also install Window 8 without having serial key.In order to install you have to follow some step listed before installing.

STEPS

1.Create bootable USB flash drive to install Window 8.

2.Navigate to <FlashDrive>:\Sources\

3.Save a file called ei.cfg in that folder with following text.

[EditionID]

Core

[Channel]

Retail
[VL]

In order to install the Pro edition, replace Core with Professional. If you want the setup to ask which edition you want install without entering the product key, leave the [EditionID] blank.

You can also set [VL] (Volume Licensing) to 1 (for true) and [Channel] to OEM/Retail

Now install as normal and the Windows 8 setup won't ask for the product key. This will work for every copy of Windows 8 that you can get from anywhere.

Also, if you ever to want to enter the product key, you can do so from the Windows Activation window or using the slui 3 command.

Thanks User from superuser.com for providing this tricks

If you face any problem on installing window 8 without product key then don't forgot to comment on below.

How to make Window 7/8 Boot able USB

2012-11-23T01:52:00.000-08:00

Window 7/8 can be make bootable using various tools like WINDOWS 7 USB/DVD DOWNLOAD TOOL or Unetbootin or WinUSB maker.

For Window 7 USB/DVD Download tools
1.WINDOWS 7 USB/DVD DOWNLOAD TOOL
2. 32-bit bootsect.exe

Necessary Prerequisites

ISO file of Windows 7 or 8 on your system.
A minimum of 4 GB removable drive for Windows 7 or 32-bit Window 8 and 8 GB for 64-bit Windows 8 operating system.
Backup all the data (if any) from your removable drive. Better, backup important data on your PC too.

Create the installer

1.Install the Windows 7 USB/DVD Download Tool.

2.Extract the 32-bit bootsect.exe file to the directory that the Windows 7 USB/DVD Download Tool was installed to. This is usually something like “C:\Users\username\AppData\Local\Apps\Windows 7 USB DVD Download Tool“.

3.Run the Windows 7 USB/DVD Download Tool and select your Windows 7 disc image. Follow the remaining steps in this tool and your image should be created successfully!

SDL Setting in Code Blocks

2012-02-09T13:44:00.000-08:00

How many of you had losses hours of times and looked no. of site to set of SDL Graphic library in code block id with gcc-gnu compiles.But its take only minute to set up if you have certain header file and lib file.
First download file uploaded Here.
Then extract it and copy all header file inside include folder and paste on include folder located inside C:\Program Files\CodeBlocks\MinGW\include (I haved installed it in c: inside program file)
and copy all file inside lib folder to lib folder of C:\Program Files\CodeBlocks\MinGW\lib and also on C:\Windows\System32 for 32 bit operating system.If you had used 64 bit os then paste it on C:\Windows\System64 also.
Now your SDL Setting had been completed.For linker setting and environment setting follow lazyfoo.net (Tutorial->Setting up SDL)

Increase Huge Traffic in Blog:-Change Title Tag

2012-02-04T00:08:00.000-08:00

With remove of title tag no. of visitor on blog will increase by nearly 20%(based on research).And your post title length will display more.
Method to Change Title

Go to Layout>edit HTML
Search for this tag: <title><data:blog.pageTitle/></title>
Replace this tag with the following code:<b:if cond='data:blog.pageType == "index"'> <title><data:blog.title/></title> <b:else/> <title><data:blog.pageName/> | <data:blog.title/></title> </b:if>
Saved Template

Now Your blog title will not appear on searching any query in Google or any search engine.

Lab Work of Micro Processor Based Instrumentation 5-6

2012-01-18T23:54:00.000-08:00

Here is link for lab work of micro processor based instrumentation.You can download it.

For Link click HERE

Narayan's Blog

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In Which Month Are the Most Babies Born in #Nepal?

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2016 Reading List

Install lots of software in one shot

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Hike to Tikhedhunga - Ghorepani - Poon Hill - Tadapani - Ghandruk

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Segmented Marketing in Tourism in Context of Nepal

Commonsense Segmentation

Data-driven Segmentation

Basis

Description

Geographic

Dividing a market into different geographical units such as nation, states, regions, cities or neighborhoods. For example tourism markets may be segmented into international and domestic visitors.

Demographic

Dividing a market based on demographic variables such as age, gender, family size, family life-cycle, income, occupation, education, religion or nationality. For example Temples like Pashupatinath may be target for Hindu people while Chaitya, Gumba may be the target for Buddhist.

Psychographic/Life-style

Dividing markets based on consumer values, attitudes, interests, opinions. For example adventure tourism operators may target consumers who have a strong interest in outdoor pursuits, bungee, and paragliding while epicureans are the target market for food and wine trails and cooking schools.

Benefits

Dividing the market into groups according to the different benefits that consumers seek from the product or service. An example of benefit segmentation can be seen in the rise of spa resorts targeting consumers who seek rejuvenation and improved health and well being from their holiday experience.

Usage

Loyalty

Dividing markets based on brand loyalty to a particular hotel chain or destination. For example the establishment of the branches of famous hotels like Taj Hotel, Hotel Sheratan, Emirates Palace in Kathmandu, Pokhara, Chitwan, Bardia etc.

Situation

Related to usage segmentation, situation segmentation divides markets on the basis of the consumption or purchase situation of consumers. For example travelers may find one destination suitable for a short break and a different style of holiday appropriate for a long holiday.

Behavioural

Dividing markets based on consumer’s knowledge of, attitude toward, uses for and responses to a product or service.

Bioinformatics Workshop - Tools and Techniques | Key Note | IOE

Install Window 8 x86 or x64 bit without Serial Key [Product Key]

How to make Window 7/8 Boot able USB

Necessary Prerequisites

SDL Setting in Code Blocks

Increase Huge Traffic in Blog:-Change Title Tag

Lab Work of Micro Processor Based Instrumentation 5-6