Britney Spears

1981–1997: Early life and beginnings

2010-07-01T10:00:00.001-07:00

Britney

Jean Spears was born on December 2, 1981, the second child of Lynne Irene (née Bridges) and Jamie Parnell Spears. She is ofEnglish heritag

e through her maternal grandmother, who was born in London, and of distant Maltese descent.^[4]^[5] Her sibil

ings are Bryan James and Jamie Lynn.^[6] At age three, she started to attend dance lessons in her hometown of Kentwood, Louisiana and was selected to

perform a solo at the annual recital. During her childhood, she also attended gymnastics and voice lessons, and won many state-level competitions and children's talent shows.^[7

^]^[8]^[9] Spears made her local stage debut at age five, singing "What Child Is This?" at her kindergarten graduation. Spears said about her ambition as a child, "I w

as in my own world, [...] I found out what I'm supposed to do at an early age".^[8] At age eight, Spears and her mother Lynne travelled to Atlanta for an audition in

the 1990's revival of The Mickey Mouse Club. Casting director Matt Cassella rejected her for being too young to join the series at the time, but introduced

her to Nancy Carson, a New York City talent agent. Carson was impressed with Spears's vocals and suggested enrolling her at the Professio

nal Performing Arts School; shortly after, Lynne and her daughters moved to a sublet apartment in New York. Spears was hired

for her first professional role, as the understudy for the lead role of Tina Denmark in the Off-Broadway musical Ruthless!. She also appeared as a contestant on the popular television show Star Search, as well as being cast in a number of commercials.^[10]^[11] In December 1992, she was finally cast in The Mickey Mouse Club, but returned to Kentwood after the show was cancelled. She enrolled at Parklane Academy in nearby McComb, Mississippi. Although she made friends with most of her classmates, she compared the school to "the opening scene in Clueless with all the cliques. [...] I was so bored. I was the point guard on the basketball team. I had my boyfriend, and I went to homecoming and Christmas formal. But I wanted more."^[8]^[12]

In June 1997, Spears was in talks with manager Lou Pearlman to join female pop group innosense. Lynne asked family friend and entertainment lawyer Larry Rudolph for his opinion and submitted a tape of Spears singing over a Whitney Houston karaoke song along with some pictures. Rudolph decided he wanted to pitch her to record labels, therefore she needed a professional demo. He sent Spears an unused song from Toni Braxton; she rehearsed for a week and recorded her vocals in a studio with a lone sound engineer. Spears travelled to New York with the demo and met with executives from four labels, returning to Kentwood the same day. Three of the labels rejected her, arguing audiences wanted pop bands such as The Backstreet Boys and The Spice Girls, and "there wasn't going to be another Madonna, another Debbie Gibson, or another Tiffany." Two weeks later, executives from Jive Recordsreturned calls to Rudolph.^[13] Senior vice president of A&R Jeff Fenster stated about Spears's audition that "It's very rare to hear someone that age who can deliver emotional content and commercial appeal. [...] For any artist, the motivation—the 'eye of the tiger'— is extremely important. And Britney had that."^[8] They appointed her to work with producer Eric Foster White for a month, who reportedly shaped her voice from "lower and less poppy" delivery to "distinctively, unmistakably Britney."^[14] After hearing the recorded material, president Clive Calder ordered a full album. Spears had originally envisioned "Sheryl Crow music, but younger more adult contemporary" but felt alright with her label's appointment of producers, since "It made more sense to go pop, because I can dance to it—it's more me." She flew to Cheiron Studios in Stockholm, Sweden, where half of the album was recorded from March to November 1998, with producers Max Martin, Denniz PoP and Rami, among others.^[8]

1998–2000: ...Baby One More Time and Oops!... I Did It Again

2010-07-01T09:58:00.000-07:00

After Spears returned to the

United States, Spears embarked on a shopping mall promotional tour to promote her forthcoming album. Her show was a four song set and she

was accompanied by two back up dancers. Her first concert tour followed, as an opening act for 'N Sync.^[15] Her debut album,...Baby One M

ore Time, was released on January 1999. It debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 and was certified two-times platinum by

theRecording Industry Association of America after a month. Worldwide, the album topped the charts in fifteen countries and sold over ten million copies in a year.^[16

^] It became the biggest selling album ever by a teenage artist.^[9] The title track was released as the lead single from the album. Originally, Jive Records want

ed its music video to be animated; however, Spears rejected it, and suggested the final idea of a Catholic schoolgirl.^[17] The single sold

500,000 copies on its first day, and debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, topping the chart for two consecutive weeks.^[18]^[19] "...Baby One

More Time" later received a Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.^[20] The title track also topped the singles chart for two weeks in the United Kingdom, and became the fastest-selling single ever by a female artist, shipping over 460,000 copies.^[21] It would later become the 25th most successful song of all time in British chart history.^[22] Spears is also the youngest female artist to have a million seller in the country.^[23] "(You Drive Me) Crazy" was released as the second single from the album. It became a top-ten hit worldwide and propelled ...Baby One More Time to sell 25 million copies.^[9] The April 1999 cover of Rolling Stone featured Spears laying on her bed, clad with a bra, shorts and an open top. The American Family Association (AFA) referred to the shoot as "a disturbing mix of childhood innocence and adult sexuality" and called to "God-loving Americans to boycott stores selling Britney's albums." Spears responded to the outcry commenting, "What's the big deal? I have strong morals. [...] I'd do it again. I thought the pictures were fine. And I was tired of being compared to Debbie Gibson and all of this bubblegum pop all the time."^[24] Shortly before, Spears had announced publicly she would remain a virgin until marriage.^[9]

On June 28, 1999, Spears began her first headlining ...Baby One More Time Tour in North America, which was positively received by critics,^[25] but generated some controversy due to her racy outfits.^[26] An extension of the tour, titled Crazy 2k, followed in March 2000. Spears premiered songs from her upcoming second album during the show.^[12] Oops!... I Did It Again, her second studio album, was released in May 2000. It debuted at number one in the US, selling 1,3 million copies, breaking the SoundScan record for the highest debut sales by any solo artist.^[12] The album sold over 20 million copies worldwide.^[27] Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone said that "the great thing about Oops! – under the cheese surface, Britney's demand for satisfaction is complex, fierce and downright scary, making her a true child of rock & roll tradition."^[28] The album's lead single, "Oops!... I Did It Again", peaked at the top of the charts in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and many other European nations.^[29]^[23] The album as well as the title track received Grammy nominations for Best Pop Vocal Albumand Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, respectively.^[30] The same year, Spears embarked on the Oops!... I Did It Again World Tour, which grossed $40.5 million; she also released her first book, Britney Spears' Heart-to-Heart, co-written with her mother.^[31]^[9] On September 7, 2000, Spears performed at the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards. Halfway through the performance, she ripped of her black suit to reveal a sequined flesh-colored bodysuit, followed by heavy dance routine. It is noted by critics as the moment that Spears showed signs of becoming a more provocative performer.^[32] Amidst media speculation, Spears confirmed she was dating 'N Sync member Justin Timberlake.^[9]

2001–2003: Britney, Crossroads, and In the Zone

2010-07-01T09:56:00.000-07:00

On February 2001, Spears got a promotional deal for $7-8 million dollars

with Pepsi, and released another book co-written with her mother, entitled A Mother’s Gift.^[9] Her th

ird studio album, Britney, was released in November 2001. While on tour, she felt inspired by hip hop artists su

ch as Jay-Z andThe Neptunes and wanted to create a record with a funkier sound.^[33] The album debuted at nu

mber one in the Billboard 200 and reached top five positions in Australia, the United Kingdom and mainland Europe and sold over 12 million

copies worldwide.^[34]^[23]^[35] Stephen Thomas Erlewin

e ofAllmusic called Britney "the record where she strives to deepen her persona, making it more adult while

still recognizably Britney. [...] It does sound like the work of a star who has now found and refined her voic

e, resulting in her best record yet."^[36] The album was honored with two Grammy nominations—Best Pop Voc

al Album and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "Overprotected"

— and was listed in 2008 as one of Entertainment Weekly's "100 Best Albums from the Past 25 Years".^[37]^[38] Th

e album's first single, "I'm a Slave 4 U", became a top-ten hit worldwide.^[39] Spears's performance of th

e single at the 2001 MTV Video Music Awards featured a caged tiger and a large albino python drapped over her shoulders. It was harshly received by animal rights organization PETA, who claimed the animals were mistreated and scrapped plans for an anti-fur billboard that was to feature Spears.^[32] To support the album, Spears embarked on the Dream Within a Dream Tour. The show was critically praised for its technical innovations, the pièce de résistance being a water screen that pumped two tons of water into the stage.^[40]^[41] The tour grossed $43.7 million, becoming the second highest grossing tour of 2002 by a female artist, behind Cher's Farewell Tour.^[42] Her career success was highlighted by Forbes in 2002, as Spears was ranked the world's most powerful celebrity.^[43] Spears also landed her first starring role in Crossroads, released in February 2002. Although the film was largely panned, most critics actually praised Spears's acting.^[44]^[45]^[46] Crossroads, which had a $11 million budget, went on to gross over $57 million worldwide.^[46]

In June 2002, Spears opened her first restaurant, Nyla, in New York City, but terminated her relationship in November, citing mismanagement and "management's failure to keep her fully apprised".^[47] In July 2002, Spears announced she would take a six month break from her career; however, she went back into the studio in October to record her new album.^[48] Spears's relationship with Justin Timberlake ended after three years. In December 2002, Timberlake released the song "Cry Me a River" as the second single from his solo debut album. The music video featured a Spears look-alike and fueled the rumors that she had been unfaithful to him.^[49]^[50] As a response, Spears wrote the ballad "Everytime" with her backing vocalist and friend Annet Artani.^[51] The same year, Limp Bizkit frontman Fred Durst confirmed that he was in a relationship with Spears, only to deny it later. In a 2009 interview, he explained that "I just guess at the time it was taboo for a guy like me to be associated with a gal like her."^[52] Spears opened the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards with Christina Aguilera, performing "Like a Virgin". Halfway through they were joined by Madonna, with whom they both kissed. The incident was highly publicized.^[46] Spears released her fourth studio album, In the Zone, in November 2003. She assumed more creative control by writing and co-producing most of the material.^[9] Vibe called it "A supremely confident dance record that also illustrates Spears's development as a songwriter."^[53] NPR listed the album as one of "The 50 Most Important Recording of the Decade", adding that "the decade's history of impeccably crafted pop is written on her body of work."^[54] In the Zone sold over 609,000 copies in the United States and debuted at the top of the charts, making Spears the first female artist in the SoundScan era to have her first four studio albums to debut at number one.^[9] It also debuted at the top of the charts in France and the top ten in Belgium, Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands.^[55] In the Zone sold over 10 million copies worldwide.^[56] The album yielded three hit singles: "Me Against the Music", a collaboration with Madonna; "Toxic"—which won a Grammy for Best Dance Recording— and "Everytime".^[9]

2004–2007: Compilation albums, personal struggles and Blackout

2010-07-01T09:55:00.000-07:00

On January 3, 2004, Spears married childhood friend Jason

Allen Alexander at The Little White Wedding Chapel in Las

Vegas, Nevada. The marriage was annulled 55 hours later, stating that Spears

"lacked understanding of her actions".^[57] She began The Onyx Hotel Tour in support of In the Zone in March 2004.^[58] On

June 8, 2004, Spears fell and injured her left knee during the music video shoot for "Outrageous". She was taken

immediately to a local hospital, where doctors performed an MRI scan and

found floating cartilage. The following day, Spears underwent arthroscopic

surgery. She was forced to remain six weeks with a thigh

brace, followed by eight to twelve weeks of rehabilitation, which caused The Onyx Hotel Tour to be canceled.^[59] During

2004, Spears became involved in the Kabbalah Centre through her friendship with Madonna.^[60] In July 2004,

she announced her engagement to American dancerKevin Federline, who she had met three months

before. The romance received intense attention from the media, since Federline had recently broken up with actress

Shar Jackson, who was still pregnant with their second child at the time.^[9] The initial sta

ges of their relationship were chronicled in Spears's first reality show Britney & Kevin: Chaotic, and they married on Septe

mber 18, 2004.^[61] Shortly after, she released her first fragrance with Elizabeth Arden, Curious, which broke the

company's first-week gross for a perfume.^[9] In October 2004, Spears announced she would be taking another career break

to start a family.^[62] Greatest Hits: My Prerogative, her first greatest hits compilation album, was released in November

2004.^[63] Spears's cover version of Bobby Brown's "My Prerogative" was released as the lead single from the album

, reaching the top of the charts in Finland, Ireland, Italy and Norway.^[64]The second single, "Do Somethin'", was a top ten hit in Australia, the United

Kingdom and other countries of mainland Europe.^[65]^[66] Worldwide, Greatest Hits: My Prerogative

sold over 5 million copies.^[67]

Spears gave birth to her first child, Sean Preston Federline,

on September 14, 2005.^[68] In November 2005, she released her first remix compilation, B in the Mix: The Remixes. The album consists of eleven remixes and a new track titled "And Then We Kiss".^[69] In February 2006, pictures surfaced of Spears driving with her son Sean, on her lap instead of in a car seat. Child advocates were horrified by the photos of her holding the wheel with one hand and Sean with the other. Spears claimed that the situation happened because of a frightening encounter with paparazzi, and that it was a mistake on her part.^[9] The following month, she guest-starred on the Will & Grace episode "Buy, Buy Baby" as closeted lesbian Amber Louise.^[70] She publicly announced she longer studied Kabbalah in June 2006, explaining, "my baby is my religion".^[60] Two months later, Spears posed nude for the cover of Harper's Bazaar. The picture was heavily compared to Demi Moore's August 1991 Vanity Fair cover.^[9] She gave birth to her second child, Jayden James Federline, on September 12, 2006.^[71] On November 7, 2006, Spears filed for divorce from Federline, citing irreconcilable differences.^[72] Their divorce was finalized in July 2007, when the couple reached a global settlement and agreed to share joint custody of their children.^[73] Spears's aunt Sandra Bridges Covington, with whom she had been very close, died of ovarian cancer in January.^[74] On February 16, 2007, Spears stayed in a drug rehabilitation facility in Antigua for less than a day. The following night, she shaved her head with electric clippers at a hair salon in Tarzana, California. She admitted herself to other treatment facilities during the following weeks.^[75] After completing a month-long program at Promises, she wrote on her website, "I truly hit rock bottom. Till this day I don't think that it was alcohol or depression. [...] was like a bad kid running around with ADD."^[9] In May 2007, she produced a series of promotional concerts at House of Bluesvenues, titled The M+M's Tour.^[76] Spears lost physical custody of her children to Federline on October 1, 2007. The reasons of the court ruling were not revealed to the public.^[77]

Her fifth studio album, Blackout, was released in October 2007. It debuted at the top of charts in Canada and Ireland, number two in the U.S. Billboard 200,—held off from the top spot byEagles's Long Road out of Eden— France, Japan, Mexico and the United Kingdom and the top ten in Australia, Korea, New Zealand and many European nations. In the United States, Spears became the only female artist to have her first five studio albums debut at the two top slots of the chart.^[78] Blackout sold over 3.1 million copies worldwide.^[79] Peter Robinson ofThe Observer said that "Britney has delivered the best album of her career, raising the bar for modern pop music with an incendiary mix of Timbaland's Shock Value and her own back catalogue."^[80] Dennis Lim of Blender commented, "Spears’s fifth studio album is her most consistent, a seamlessly entertaining collection of bright, brash electropop."^[81] Blackout won Album of the Year at MTV Europe Music Awards 2008 and was listed as the fifth Best Pop Album of the Decade by The Times.^[82]^[83] Spears performed the lead single "Gimme More" at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards. The performance was panned by many critics. David Willis of BBC stated her performance would "go down in the history books as being one of the worst to grace the MTV Awards".^[84] Despite the backlash, the single rocketed to worldwide success, peaking at number one in Canada and the top ten in almost every country it charted.^[85]^[86] The second single "Piece of Me" reached the top of the charts in Ireland and reached the top five in Australia, Canada, Denmark, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.^[87]^[88]^[89] In December 2007, Spears began a relationship with paparazzi Adnan Ghalib.^[90]

2008–present: Conservatorship, Circus and The Circus Starring Britney Spears

2010-07-01T09:54:00.003-07:00

On January 3, 2008, Spears refused to relinquish custody of her sons to Fede

rline's representatives. She was hospit

alized at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, after police t

hat arrived at her house noted she appeared to be under the influence of an illicit substa

nce. The following day, Spears's visitation rights w

ere suspended at an emergency court hearing, and Federline was given

sole physical and legal custody of the children. On

January 31, 2008, Spears was committed to the psychiatric ward of Ronald Rea

gan UCLA Medical Center and put on 5150 involuntary psy

chiatric hold. The court placed her under temporary conservatorship of her father Jam

es Spears and attorney Andrew Wallete, giving them complete control of her ass

ets.^[9] Spears was released on February 6, 2008. Her parents expressed disappointment and concern at the

decision to release her.^[91] The following month, she guest-starred on the How I Met Your

Mother episode "Ten Sessions" as receptionist Abby. She received positive

reviews for her performance, as well as bringing the series highest ratings ever.^[92]^[93]

In July 2008, Spears regained some visitation rights after coming to an agreement with Federline and his counsel.^[94] On September 7, 2008, Spears opened the MTV Video Music Awards with a pre-taped comedy sketch with Jonah Hill and an introduction speech. She won Best Female Video, Best Pop Video and Video Of The Year for "Piece of Me".^[95]

Her sixth studio album Circus, was released in December 2008. It received positive reviews from critics; according to the music review aggregation ofMetacritic, it garnered an average score of 64/100.^[96] Circus debuted at number one in Canada, Czech Republic and the United States, and inside the top in many European nations.^[97]^[98] In the United States, Spears became the youngest female artist to have five albums debut at number one, earning a place in the Guinness Book of World Records.^[99] She also became the only act in the Soundscan era to have four albums debut with 500,000 or more copies sold.^[97] Circus became one of the fastest-selling albums of the year,^[100] and has sold 3.5 million copies worldwide.^[101] Its lead single, "Womanizer", became her first number one in the Billboard Hot 100 since "...Baby One More Time" and topped the charts in countries such as Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Norway and Sweden.^[102]^[103] In January 2009, Spears and her father James obtained a restraining order against her former manager Sam Lufti, ex-boyfriend Adnan Ghalib and attorney Jon Eardley—all of whom, court documents claim, had been conspiring to gain control of Spears's affairs. The restraining order forbids Lutfi and Ghalib from contacting Spears or coming within 250 yards of her, her property or family members.^[104] Spears embarked on The Circus Starring Britney Spears in March 2009. With a gross of U.S. $131.8 million, it became the fifth highest grossing tour of the year.^[105] She released her second greatest hits album, The Singles Collection in November 2009. "3" became her third number one single in the US, and was the first song to debut at the top of the charts in three years.^[106] In May 2010, Spears's representatives confirmed she was dating her agent Jason Trawick, and that they had decided to end their professional relationship to focus on their personal relationship.^[107] She also became the most followed user on social networking service Twitter.^[108]

2008–present: Conservatorship, Circus and The Circus Starring Britney Spears

2010-07-01T09:54:00.001-07:00

On January 3, 2008, Spears refused to relinquish custody of her sons to Federline's representatives. She was

hospitalized at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, after police that arrived at her house noted she appeared to be under the influence of an illicit substance

. The following day, Spears's visitation rights were suspended at an emergency court hearing, and Federline was given sole physical and legal custody of

the children. On January 31, 2008, Spears was committed to the psychiatric ward of Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and put on 5150 involuntary psychiatric hold. The court

placed her under temporary conservatorship of her father James Spears and attorney Andrew Wallete, giving them complete control of her

assets.^[9] Spears was released on February 6, 2008. Her parents expressed disappointment and concern at the decision to release her.^[91] The following

month, she guest-starred on the How I Met Your Mother episode "Ten Sessions" as receptionist Abby. She received positive reviews for her performance, as well as

bringing the series highest ratings ever.^[92]^[93] In July 2008, Spears regained some visitation rights after coming to an agreement with Federline

and his counsel.^[94] On September 7, 2008, Spears opened the MTV Video Music Awards with a pre-taped comedy sketch with Jonah Hill

and an introduction speech. She won Best Female Video, Best Pop Video and Video Of The Year for "Piece of Me".^[95]

Musical style and performance

2010-07-01T09:53:00.001-07:00

Following her debut, Spears was credited with leading the revival of teen pop in the late 1990s. The Daily Yomiuri reported th

at "[m]usic critics have hailed her as the most gifted teenage pop idol for many years, but Spear

s has set her sights a little higher-she is aiming for the level of superstardom that has been achiev

ed by Madonna and Janet Jackson."^[109] Rolling Stone wrote: "Britney S

pears carries on the classic archetype of the rock & roll teen queen, the dungaree doll, the angel ba

by who just has to make a scene."^[110] Rami Yacoub who co-produced Spears's debut

album with lyricist Max Martin, commented, "I know from Denniz Pop and

Max's previous productions, when we do songs, there's kind of a nasal thing. With N' Sync and the

Backstreet Boys, we had to push for that mid-nasal voice. When Britney did that, she got this kind of raspy,

sexy voice."^[111] Following the release of her debut album, Chuck Taylor of Billboard observed

, "Spears has become a consummate performer, with snappy dance moves, a clearly real-albeit young-a

nd funkdified voice ... "(You Drive

Me) Crazy", her third single ... demonstrates Spears's own development, proving that the 17-year-old is find

ing her own vocal personality after so many months of steadfast practice."^[112]

Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic referred to her music as a "

blend of infectious, rap-inflected dance-pop and smooth balladry."^[113] Spears later commented,

"With ...Baby One More Time, I didn't get to show my voice off. The songs were great, but they

weren't very challenging".^[114]

Oops!...I

Did It Again and subsequent albums saw Spears working with several contemporary R&

B producers, leading to "a combination of bubblegum, urban soul, and raga."^[115] Her third

studio album, Britney derived from the teen pop niche, "[r]hythmically and melodically ...

sharper, tougher than what came before. What used to be unabashedly frothy has some

disco grit, underpinned by Spears' spunky self-determination that helps sell hooks that are

already catchier, by and large, than those that populated her

previous two albums."^[116] Guy Blackman of The Age wrote

that while few would care to listen to an entire Spears album,

"[t]he thing about Spears, though, is that her biggest songs,

no matter how committee-created or impossibly polished, have always been convincing

because of her delivery, her commitment and her presence.

For her mostly teenage fans, Spears expresses perfectly the conflicting urges of adolescence, the tension between chastity and sexual experience, between hedonism and responsibility, between confidence and vulnerability."^[117]

Her vocal ability has also been criticized, often drawing unfavorable comparison to her pop rival, Christina Aguilera^[118] Critic Allan Raible derides her overdependence in Circus on digital effects and the robotic effect it creates. "She’s never been a strong vocalist..." writes Raible, "Could she handle these songs with stripped down arrangements and no vocal effects? More importantly, would anyone want to hear her attempt such a performance? Does it matter? No. The focus is still image over substance."^[119] Her image and persona are also often contrasted to Christina Aguilera. David Browne of Entertainment Weekly observed "Christina Aguilera may flash skin and belly button, but in her music and manner, she's too eager not to offend — she's a good girl pretending to be bad. Spears, however, comes across as a bad girl acting good ... Spears' artificial-sweetener voice is much less interesting than the settings, yet that blandness is actually a relief compared with Aguilera's numbing vocal gymnastics.^[120] In contrast, Allmusic comments: "Like her peer Christina Aguilera, Britney equates maturity with transparent sexuality and the pounding sounds of nightclubs ... Where Christina comes across like a natural-born skank, Britney is the girl next door cutting loose at college, drinking and smoking and dancing and sexing just a little too recklessly, since this is the first time she can indulge herself.^[121] Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine notes, "The disparity between Aguilera and Spears can't be measured solely by the timbre and octave range of their voices ... [Aguilera's] popularity has never reached the fever pitch of Britney's.^[122]

Like other dance-oriented pop stars, it has been widely reported that Spears lip-syncs in concert. Author Gary Giddins wrote in his book Natural selection: Gary Giddins on comedy, film, music, and books (2006) that "among many other performers accused of moving their lips while a machine does the labor are Britney Spears, Luciano Pavarotti, Shania Twain, Beyoncé, and Madonna."^[123] Rashod D. Ollison of The Baltimore Sun observes: "Many pop stars ... feel they have no choice but to seek vocal enhancement. Since the advent of MTV and other video music channels, pop audiences have been fed elaborate videos thick with jaw-dropping effects, awesome choreography, fabulous clothes, marvelous bodies. And the same level of perfection is expected to extend beyond the video set to the concert stage. So if Britney Spears, Janet Jackson or Madonna sounds shrill and flat without a backing track, fans won't pay up to $300 for a concert ticket."^[124] Giddins adds, "it was reported Britney Spears fans prefer her to lip-sync—despite her denials of doing so (contradicted by her own director)—because they expect flawless digitalization when they pay serious money for a concert."^[123] In Australia, NSW Fair Trading Minister Virginia Judge has advised disclaimers be printed on any ticket for concerts which contain any prerecorded vocals. She commented: "There could have been some instances where people actually go and purchase a ticket thinking that they're going to have a live performance ... for some people that means that everything is live, it's fresh, it happens instantaneously, it's not something that's been pre-recorded. You want to make sure that they're actually paying for what they think they're getting."^[125] Noting on the prevalence of lip-syncing, Los Angeles Daily News reported "in the context of a Britney Spears concert, does it really matter? Like a Vegas revue show, you don't go to hear the music, you go for the somewhat-ridiculous spectacle of it all".^[126] Similarly, Aline Mendelsohn of the Orlando Sentinel remarked: "Let's get one thing straight: A Britney Spears concert is not about the music ... you have to remember that it's about the sight, not the sound."^[127]Critic Glenn Gamboa comments her concert tours are "like her life—a massive money-making venture designed to play up her talents and distract from her shortcomings with a mix of techno-tinged sex appeal and disco-flavored flash. And, like her life, it is, more or less, a success.^[128]

Influences

2010-07-01T09:52:00.000-07:00

Throughout her career, Spears has drawn frequent comparisons to

Madonna and Janet Jackson, in terms of vocals, choreography and stage

presence, citing both as influences in her work. She has also named Michael Jackson as a source of inspiration."^[129]

According to Spears: "I know when I was younger, I looked up to people... like, you know, Janet Jackson and Madonna. And

they were major inspirations for me. But I also had my own identity and I knew who I was, you know."^[130] In the

2002 book Madonnastyle by Carol Clerk, she is quoted saying: "I have been a huge fan of Madonna since I was a little

girl. I would really, really like to be a legend like Madonna ... Her choreography definitely opened the door for girls to go

in there and do their own thing".^[131]

Many critics have argued that Spears should not be considered in the

same league of talent as Jackson or Madonna. Journalists Erika Montalvo and Jackie

Sheppard of the Rocky Mountain Collegian observed "[s]ome may argue that Spears

is not only a good recording artist but also an important cultural icon."^[132] However, in examining her level of skill as

an artist, it is questioned that "[a]lthough she has been classified among female elites such as Janet Jackson and

Madonna, what does Ms. Spears really have in common with these divas of rock?"^[132] Joan Anderman of the Boston Globe

remarked that "[t]hirteen costume changes in 90 minutes won't bless her with Madonna's intelligence or cultural

barometer. An army of cutting-edge R&B producers won't supply her with Janet Jackson's sense of humor or

sincere smile ... Britney's heroes aren't great singers. But they're real singers. Spears sounds robotic, nearly inhuman, on her

records, so processed is her voice by digital pitch-shifters and synthesizers."^[133]

Reporter Ed Bumgardner commented her transition from teen pop start to adult sex symbol with her third studio album Britney "takes its cues from two other successful performers—Madonna and Janet Jackson—both of whom she brazenly rips off and both of whom, like Spears, are passable singers, at best."^[134] Critic Shane Harrison wrote: "From the minimalist thump and "Nasty" feel of "I'm a Slave 4 U" to the scattered quotes in "Boys," [Britney] feels like [Spears's] attempt at 'Control'."^[129] Citing Jackson's resolve to incorporate personal and social issues into her work and Madonna's ability to constantly redefine the boundaries of socially acceptable material in the industry, Spears's catalog ultimately pales in comparison, because "[w]hile Jackson and Madonna wrote their own music about subjects of importance, [Spears's] music sounds like an upbeat version of either, 'I want to grow up but the media won't let me,' or 'Here kitty, kitty, I'm wearing my underwear outside of my leather pants'-type ballads."^[132] In contrast, Guy Blackman argues that although "no one would argue that Spears is some kind of pioneering pop auteur, there’s still a lot to like about her back catalogue. During her world-conquering peak, she was just about as cutting edge as you could get in the world of global pop superstardom. Spears didn’t just work with big names, she gave big names their names, and maintained her high currency in the world’s most fickle industry for years, when most aspiring starlets are lucky to manage months."^[117]

Madonna's respect for Spears has also been a subject of observation. Santiago Fouz-Hernández and Freya Jarman-Ivens, authors of Madonna's drowned worlds: new approaches to her cultural transformations, 1983-2003 (2004) note that the most well known cross-generational relationship exists between Spears and Madonna in which "the entertainment newsmedia almost became obsessed with their relationship of mutual admiration."^[135] The biographers also report "[s]ome observers of popular culture, however, feel that the comparisons between the two artist are meaningless and fail to recognize Madonna's unique contribution: Madonna was never 'just another pop star' whereas Britney can more easily be seen as a standard manufactured pop act."^[135]

Legacy

2010-07-01T09:50:00.000-07:00

Spears became an international pop culture icon immediately after launching her recording career. Rolling Stone magazine wrote: "One of

the most controversial and successful female vocalists of the 21st century," she "spearheaded the rise of post-millennial teen pop ... Spears

early on cultivated a mixture of innocence and experience that broke the bank".^[136] She is listed by the Guinness World Records

as having the "Best-selling album by a teenage solo artist" for her debut album ...Baby One More Time which sold over thirteen million copies in the

United States.^[137] Melissa Ruggieri of the Richmond Times-Dispatch reported, "She's also marked for being the best-selling teenage artist.

Before she turned 20 in 2001, Spears sold more than 37 million albums worldwide".^[138] Barbara Ellen of The Observer reported: "Spears is

famously one of the 'oldest' teenagers pop has ever produced, almost middle aged in terms of focus and

determination. Many 19-year-olds haven't even started working by that age, whereas Britney, a former Mouseketeer, was that most unusual and volatile of American phenomena — a child with a full-time career. While other little girls were putting posters on their walls, Britney was wanting to be the poster on the wall. Whereas other children develop at their own pace, Britney was developing at a pace set by the ferociously competitive American entertainment industry".^[139] 'Britney Spears' has been Yahoo!'s most popular search term for the last four consecutive years, seven times in total.^[140]Spears was named as Most Searched Person in the Guinness World Records book edition 2007 and 2009.

Spears has also become a major influence among many new artists, including Kristinia DeBarge,^[141] Lady Gaga,^[142] Little Boots,^[143] Taylor Swift,^[144] Selena Gomez & The Scene,^[145] Pixie Lott^[146] and Miley Cyrus who has cited Spears as one of her biggest inspirations and has also referenced Spears in her hit song "Party in the U.S.A.".^[147]^[148] Bebo Norman wrote a song about Spears, called "Britney", which was released as a single. Boy band Busted also wrote a song about Spears called "Britney", which was on their debut album.^[149] She is also mentioned in P!nk's song "Don't Let Me Get Me". Richard Cheese called Britney Spears "a remarkable recording artist" and also went on to say that she was "versatile" and what the industry calls an "artist". People magazine and MTV reported that October 1, 2008, Bronx's John Philip Sousa Middle School, named their music studio in honor of Britney Spears.^[150] Spears herself was present during the ceremony and donated $10,000 dollars to the school's music program.^[151]

Products and endorsements

2010-07-01T09:35:00.000-07:00

In early 2001, Spears signed a multi-million dollar promotional deal with Pepsi that included television commercials, point-of-purchase promotions, and Internet ties between Spears and the company. Britney Spears has earned over US$370 million from her many, multi-million dollar advertisement and endorsement deals all around the World.^[152] She has published four books, including A Mother's Gift, and released seven DVDs, including her self-produced 2005 reality series Britney & Kevin: Chaotic. Other Spears products include a doll and a video game. She has the highest-grossing merchandise sales for a solo artist male or female due to her world tours. (male and female).^[153]^[154] On March 2, 2009 it was announced that Spears would be the new face of Candie's.^[155]^[156] On April 1, 2009, People magazine released a sneak peek of what the ads will look like.^[157] In January 2010, it was announced that Britney would remain the spokesperson for Candies in 2010.^[158] The photo shoot entitled "Britney: Through The Lens" was shot by Annie Leibovitz, Mark Seliger, and other photographers.^[159] In April 2010, it was announced that Britney would be designing the summer 2010 line for Candie's as well as starring in its photoshoots.^[160] In November 2009, Britney released the "It's Britney" application for the iPhone and iPod touch. It features Twitter and Facebook updates, photo galleries, news, a photo game called "Be Britney's Dancer," a sparkler image that includes a surprise when attending her concerts, and exclusive photos and messages from Britney.^[161]

Spears endorsed her first Elizabeth Arden fragrance "Curious" in September, 2004, which had $100 million in sales in the five weeks after its 2004 release,^[162] and it broke licenser Elizabeth Arden's record for first-week gross for a perfume and went on to become the number-one fragrance in department stores on 2004.^[163] In September 2005, Spears released the fragrance "Fantasy" with Elizabeth Arden, which also saw great success.^[164] These were followed by the release of two more fragrances of "Curious:In Control" and "Midnight Fantasy" in 2006. Her next Elizabeth Arden fragrance, "Believe", was released in September 2007.^[165] In January, 2008, Spears released "Curious Heart".^[166]^[167] Spears released a new fragrance entitled "Hidden Fantasy" in January 2009.^[162] On March 22, 2009, it was announced that Spears has the #1 selling celebrity fragrance, making up 34% of sales.^[168]