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Welcome.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Tue, 1 Oct 2019 16:57:00 +0700

Welcome to the town of Kediri.

By introducing the name Bambang Sunarno authors also introduce Kediri city as a historic site and original culinary style East Java, Indonesia.
In the town of Kediri there is a historic site called the Cave Selomangleng.

Maria Lourdes cave and Dolo Waterfall that has been known to foreign tourists.

The tourists always visit every holiday or there is an opportunity to visit with family Kediri, while Maria Lourdes cave is a site that describes in detail the crucifixion of Jesus and also used for followers of the Christian ritual.

Dolo waterfall is in great demand by newcomers from abroad or locally to enjoy the beauty of high fountain and splash water on the gentle breeze and feel fresh.

When you visit at night there is a culinary providers lined all the way Doho until evening at 24.00, and for the guests do not have to worry, because every time you come always in a good and satisfactory inviting.
If you want to Kelud, please contact a travel-travel that is available in the town of Kediri and you will get a place to take you.
So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
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http://Faradice.blogspot.com/p/welcome.html
DatePublished: September 15, 2019 at 17.49

Tag : Welcome.

Constellations.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Sat, 24 Aug 2019 20:40:00 +0700

Orion is one of the well-known constellations. Orion constellation boundaries drawn in dotted yellow line.
A constellation of stars or constellation is a group of stars that appear to form a special configuration. In three-dimensional space, most of the stars that we observe not have relationships with each other, but can be seen as a group on the ball of the night sky. Humans have a very high ability to recognize patterns and throughout history have grouped the stars that appear close together into constellations. The composition is not an official constellation, which is widely known by the public but are not recognized by astronomers or the International Astronomical Association, also called asterism. The stars in the constellation or asterism rarely have a relationship astrophysics; they just happen to be appear close together in the sky visible from Earth and is usually very far apart.
Grouping the stars into constellations is actually quite random, and different cultures would have different constellations, although some are very easily recognizable usually often found, such as Orion or Scorpius.
International Astronomical Association has divided the sky into 88 official constellations with clear boundaries, so that every direction is only owned by one constellation only. In the hemisphere (hemisphere) to the north, most of the star constellation is based on the Greek tradition, passed down through the Middle Ages, and it contains the symbols of the Zodiac.
Various other patterns that do not officially exist together with constellations and called asterism, such as Pirates (also known in the USA as the Big Dipper) and Little Dipper

Chinese constellations.

Chinese constellations are the way of Chinese in the grouping of stars. This grouping is very different from the official grouping known today. This grouping is based on the development of the science of astronomy in the days of Ancient China. Observers at the time of Ancient China grouping the stars into 31 areas, called Three Limits (Three Enclosures, 三垣, San Yuan) and Twenty Eight Big House (Twenty-eight Mansions, 二十八宿, Ershíbā Xiu). Three Limitations include areas close to the North Pole sky. The stars are located in this area will be visible throughout the year. Twenty Eight Big House covers an area of the zodiac in the sky. Zodiac is the same as that of the 12 zodiac western astronomy. Unlike the western astronomy, Twenty Eight Big House reflects the movement of the Moon. Three Limitations and Twenty Eight Great Houses were then divided into 23 asterisms. Every star that looks set to be included into one of the asterisms asterisms and some have only one star. Traditionally, a star named with its asterism combination with numbers.

Three Limitations.

Three Limitation Limitation consists of the Forbidden Purple (Purple Forbidden Enclosure, 紫微垣, Zǐ Wei Yuan), palace limit the Supreme (Supreme Palace Enclosure, 太微垣, Tai Wei Yuan) and Market Limitations in the Sky (Heavenly Market Enclosure, 天市垣, Tian Shi Yuan). Limitation of the Forbidden Purple covers most of the northern part of the area in the sky. Based on the views of Ancient China, the Forbidden Purple limits are in the middle area of the sky and surrounded by other stars.
Limitation of the Highest Palace is located in the east and north of the Forbidden Purple limits, while the Market Limits in the Sky is located in the west and south. Three limitations of each bounded by a "wall" where asterism with various shapes representing his name.

Star Mapping in China.

Ancient Chinese astronomers at the time of giving names to the stars that can be seen systematically, about 1000 years before Johann Bayer do it the same way. Essentially, every star was placed on an asterism, then added a number / numbers behind it, so the formula is the "name of the asterism" + "number / number". Giving figures / numbers does not depend on the magnitude of magnitude as was done by Johann Bayer, but rather to its position in the asterism.
For example, Altair 河鼓二 given name in Chinese, is 河鼓 asterism its name (which means drum in the River). 二 is a given number (meaning "two"). Then it became "second star constellation / asterism Drum on the river".
But some stars are given names based on mythology and astrology. Like the example above, Altair also known as 牛郎星 or 牵牛星 (star rider Cow) in Chinese language, based on mythology riders Cow and Girl Weaver (one of the Chinese mythology). The star naming system also applies to the period of modern China. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://faradice.blogspot.com/2014/08/constellations.html
DatePublished: August 24, 2014 at 20:40
Tag : Constellations.
Code : 42S4EUXRR3UM

Increased condom sales.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Sat, 2 Jan 2016 14:00:00 +0700

New Year is celebrated in all directions, almost all the places to hold events to enliven the turn of the year. Fireworks and blow the trumpet mengema habits along the way and crowded places.

Parties and such events seemed to be something that is hard to pass up. Many members of the community then dissolve and take part in a fanfare welcome the new year.

Such festivities also indirectly affect the velocity of money. Beberpa commodities increased sales leading up to and during the New Year party took place.

Call it the seasonal trumpet traders. They can reap abundant fortune when the end of this kind, as well as its craftsmen. Oset or even their production climbed dozens of times at the end of the year.

Even so with the seller firecrackers and fireworks. This thing sort of thing 'mandatory' that must exist at the turn of the year. Wherever there are always fireworks, either massive or just one or two fireworks that ignited a person.

But, besides trumpets and fireworks, was reported by merdeka.com that in Yogyakarta condoms has also increased its sales before the turn of the year party.

From merdeka.com mentioned if Lisna, guard pharmacy in Jalan Kaliurang, Sleman, said that since this afternoon, condom sales increased two times from the normal days.

"There is an increase was not unusual for a new year. Saturday night, a long weekend and Valentine also usually increases, "said Lisna, Thursday (12/31/2015)

Although there is a surge in demand, Lisna pleaded not add to the stock they sell.

"Spending that there used to be. This alone may not be discharged. If sold may be up to 30 boxes, "said Lisna.

Not only pharmacies are manned by Lisna are experiencing an increase in condom sales. Sales of condoms in the mini market is also surging. What's more colorful.

"The young people buy a lot of it. There are also adults. If the new year like this is so, there must be an increase in sales, "said Rubi, guard minimarket, reported from merdeka.com

Increase in condom sales in the minimarket where Rubi work has been going on since yesterday. He said it was also due to the long holidays and many tourists who come to Yogyakarta.

It can not be concluded that condom users are couples who do free sex, but the kind of momentum the new year is often the scene of fun, especially for couples young couple who are romantic couple.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.faradice.blogspot.com/2016/01/increased-condom-sales.html
Published Date: January 2, 2016 at 14:00

Tag : Increased condom sales.

Types of potent drugs.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Sat, 2 Jan 2016 13:28:00 +0700

The world has many experts investigate a wide range of medicines for people who are in need of treatment. The types of drugs that have also been produced and has been circulated throughout the world for the treatment needed by hospitals and patients.

The types of drugs a powerful healer.

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

Treating Addiction, Treatment for Depression and Stopping Headaches
Many people know in the 50's and 60's, the government experimented with LSD for testing warfare agents, but few people know that mental health professionals are also interested in the experiment.

Study in the fifties showed that use of LSD to treat alcoholism result in a 50% success rate-shocking compared with 10% success rate of the treatment method for other alcoholics.

Scientists in Baltimore recently conducted the study again to see how effective LSD for use in treating alcoholics, sedatives, opium and heroin.

In the Spring Grove State Hospital in Maryland, researchers gave patients with acute cancer of LSD to see if it can help reduce their anxiety about death. One third of the patients said they felt dramatically reduced tension, depression, fear of death and morbidity. Another third reported this condition is quite reduced and the last group said their condition had not improved at all, but it also does not deteriorate.

LSD is also used for psychotherapy during the sixties. A study in the British doctors who treat their patients with the drug showed a majority of them believe the substance is effective and safe in treating the patient. This drug also proved to be an effective pain relief for chronic pain.

Even at the lower dose level psychedelic, LSD was found to be at least as effective as opiates and much more durable.
More recently, Harvard Medical School interviewed cluster headache patients who used LSD to treat their condition and seven of the eight said their headache subsides and help put them in relief.

Continuing this research, a study at McLean Hospital found that 53 patients with cluster headache who take LSD or magic mushrooms one reported a beneficial effect and that the quantity of the drug can be well below the psychedelic doses to be effective

Psychedelic Mushrooms

Treating Cluster Headaches and OCD. The psyclobin found find magic mushrooms that have similar effects to LSD, especially when for the treatment of chronic headache. Just like acid, the amount is too small to provide the psychedelic effects still can relieve pain and reduce the frequency of headaches. This drug also shows promise for treating OCD.

A University of Arizona study showed that those with the condition that their headaches may subside temporarily and in one patient, cured his headache lasted for six months.

While the researchers admit the study does not necessarily prove that the drug can serve as a treatment, they only say this is quite promising for further study.

Ecstasy

Reduces Anxiety, Eases Parkinson's Symptoms and Treatment for PTSD. The chemical compound that makes MDMA ecstasy so wonderful for party devotee may also be useful in treating anxiety disorders.

While formal studies have not been conducted, a psychologist from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology found when combined with immersion therapy, the drug's ability to release oxytocin levels can make the drug MDMA are ideal for use as a complete treatment program.

They say, "MDMA has a combination of pharmacological effects that, in a therapeutic setting, could provide a balance of activating emotions while, a sense of security and control."

This drug may also be able to treat Parkinson's disease through the release of serotonin levels in the brain. While researchers still do not understand how the treatment works, have proven effective in studies using mice and a Parkinson's sufferer, a former stuntman Tim Lawrence, which has shown significant improvement in his condition.

He was able to do somersaults and rolled shortly after taking a dose of medication. Previously he could not move at all

Victims of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) also showed a positive response to treatment involving ecstasy. Psychologists who study and therapy using MDMA find the drug gives them a window of time in which patients experience a little fear and adequate responses can handle a very important therapy to work through their condition

Cocaine and Coca Plant.

A new Drugs, laxatives, and as Drug Motion Sickness
Long before the rock star started doing cocaine addict ', cocaine once widely touted as a miracle drug that can be used to cure everything from headaches to alcoholism for acute fever.

While modern medicine has found a much safer treatment for most of these conditions, the drug is still sometimes used as a topical anesthetic for the eyes, nose and throat surgery.

Has recently also been used as a topical treatment applied to those who suffer from chronic severe headaches.

Although scientists have been widely accepted that the use of cocaine in the medical field is proportional to the risk, the same does not apply to the coca plant, where cocaine is derived.

Unlike cocaine, plant contains several alkaloids (cocaine is made of only one) and are vulnerable to abuse, because it must be consumed within the rules.

Research on the medical uses of coca leaf is somewhat limited, but the Andean cultures have used coca leaves for medicinal purposes for centuries.

An American doctor, Andrew Weil, believes this culture may be on to something and show that the coca leaf may be able to treat motion sickness, sore throat, constipation and obesity.

Heroin

One Of The Greatest Pain Relief in the World. Such as cocaine, heroin's effects once touted to be a miracle to heal.

Although well-known dangers of the drug, especially a tendency to abuse, the drug is still one of the most effective treatments and safest for extreme chronic pain, such as the suffering experienced by cancer patients.

Medical literature has shown that it is much safer than other drugs given in place, including synthetic opiate oxycodone.

Unfortunately, the federal government did ban on drugs for hospitals and other medical facilities to use it subtantifi, although the drug is safe as handling for effective pain and only the only option

Ketamine

Miraculous Treatment For Depression. Most of these drugs are used as an animal tranquilizer, commonly called by the name of "special K, has proved potent enough to treat clinical depression, even in people who do not respond to other treatments.

A study by the Connecticut Mental Health Center found that 70% of their test group, none of whom ever get results with traditional depression treatments, and they respond positively to treatment with Ketamine.

Even more interesting is the fact that the drug is able to improve the connection of neurons in the brain that have previously been damaged by chronic stress.

Ronald Duman, senior author of the study, noted Ketamine "like a magic drug - one dose can work rapidly and last for seven to 10 days."

Amphetamines

Treatment For narkopelasi, ADHD and Aid In Stroke Recovery. Amphetamines are currently used by the medical community to treat several conditions, including narcolepsy and ADHD. State University of New York reported that in some cases, they also proved to be effective in treating depression and obesity.

One of the most surprising use for amphetamines is the use of drugs to help stroke victims to recover faster.
new - new A study by the Karolinska Institute in Sweden showed that the treatment can be very helpful for those who have a weak stroke.

Marijuana

For cancer drugs, AIDS, sclerosis, glaucoma and epilepsy
"Proponents of medical marijuana argue that it can be a safe and effective treatment for the symptoms of cancer, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, pain, glaucoma, epilepsy, and other conditions. While the state may legalize medical use, but marijuana is still illegal under the enactment federal laws.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.faradice.blogspot.com/2016/01/types-of-potent-drugs.html
Published Date: January 2, 2016 at 13:28

Tag : Types of potent drugs.
Code : 42S4EUXRR3UM

Poisonous caterpillar.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Sun, 11 Jan 2015 15:30:00 +0700

Caterpillar is the most avoided by humans, in addition to several types can make the body itching, also become pests for crop production.

Caterpillars which are categorized as dangerous, among which are :

The Saddleback Caterpillar

Caterpillar beautiful, but be careful if exposed to the toxin can cause symptoms of swelling, nausea and rash for days. Caterpillar is quite greedy and eat all kinds of plants. There in the garden, flower pots, garden and others.

The Cinnabar Moth Caterpillar

Classified as a voracious caterpillar, but if he ran out of food then happened is mutual cannibalism among caterpillars.

To maintain the caterpillar life is equipped with enough venom deadly weapon for prey. If the man touched the poison that makes us itch and rash all over the body

The Monarch Caterpillar

His appearance was funny, yellow striped black and white. If these caterpillars are hatched, not visible to the human eye because their size is so small.

These caterpillars grow very fast, it has an average length of 2 inches (5 cm). If you've become butterflies, Monarch Caterpillar very pretty and beautiful

The Gypsy Moth Caterpillar

The hallmark of this type of worm is to have a lot of hair on his head, and unique in the caterpillar body just a little hairy. The hair can cause pain and for those who come in contact dermatitis.

They are very fond of some kind that leaves maple, elm and oak. These caterpillars can also cause trees become dead.

The Bag Shelter Caterpillar

Among all kinds of other caterpillar, caterpillar is very toxic and dangerous, can cause death in humans. Early symptoms of shortness of breath and a rash all over its body. The caterpillars feed on the leaves, and come out at night.

The Puss Caterpillar

The most poisonous caterpillar in North America is the Slug Caterpillar Puss or Woolly. Do not be fooled by the appearance of fluffy cotton ball as it will let go sour on anything that touches and laden with poisonous spines all over his body. Symptoms of a sting can last several days and include headache, nausea and vomiting. Contained in citrus trees, elm and oak.

The Stinging Rose Caterpillar

Less than one inch in length. This species has feathers spiked with poison glands. When touching the barbed hairs, then the poison directly into the body and cause a skin rash and hypersensitivity reactions. These caterpillars can be found in woody plants such as dogwood, maple, oak, cherry, apple, poplar and hickory.

The Hickory Tussock Caterpillar

The venom of this type caterpillars progress when it comes in contact with hair or spines and cause a skin rash or hypersensitivity.

Hickory Tussock generally visible from June to September and can be found in southern Canada or North America.

The Io Moth Caterpillar

Two types of toxins are released from the back of the caterpillar of this kind lead to burning and inflammation. They eat a lot of trees and shrubs including willow, maple, elm, oak, holly, aspen, locust, cherry, pear and sassafras.

This species can be found in nature, meadows and cornfields forest from February to September.

The Spinny Oak Slug Caterpillar

This caterpillar color is beautiful and has a length of less than one inch. Toxins released by the spines can cause severe reactions. These caterpillars like to eat palm, willow, ash, oak, hackberry and chestnut along with other trees and woody plants smaller.

This species can be found in the forests of southern Quebec to Maine and south through Missouri, Texas and Florida. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.faradice.blogspot.com/2015/01/poisonous-caterpillar.html
DatePublished: January 11, 2015 at 15:30

Tag : Poisonous caterpillar.

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The most deadly animals.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Sun, 11 Jan 2015 12:52:00 +0700

Turtles Alligators.

This predator is the largest freshwater turtle in North America, which can weigh up to 100 kg or more, and live in lakes, rivers and swamps. Although his body is equipped with powerful jaws and sharp claws, this creature tortoise animal remains, and not be able to catch their prey quickly. Instead, he used a hunting technique very similar to that of the pit viper Cantil.
This animal moves in the water, it looks like a harmless stone with wide-open jaws. His tongue had extra meat that looks like a worm, and turtles can move about the meat to make it look like worms.

Anglerfish

Anglerfish is a kind of deep-sea fish, is widely known for his performances were terrible and bizarre reproductive habits. They are also the most famous fish of all predators who use the lure technique. Interestingly, only female who has an antenna, the antenna is actually the spines protruding from the back over the mouth of a fish as a fishing rod. At the end of the spine there is an organ like a glowing ball that contains bacteria that can produce blue-green light that is similar to the fireflies.
When fish or other invertebrates captivated, anglerfish swallow it whole, stomach and bones are very flexible which allows the fish can eat prey up to 2 times the size of his body.

Air-tentacles snake

Tentacles snake found in Southeast Asia and the eastern parts are mostly aquatic species that eat fish. His most famous feature is the strange fleshy tentacles at the muzzle.
The tentacles are actually very sensitive sensor, which allows the snake to detect movement in the water and attack any fish swimming nearby. Another interesting trait is the speed of this snake that strikes with tentacles are incredible, it takes only 15 milliseconds for the snake to catch its prey.

Green Stork

Green heron known like small objects dropped onto the surface of the water, hope there is a small fish that deceived who thought that the object is food, then this heron quickly catch unsuspecting victims. Not all green heron using this technique, but they are becoming very talented, and they are even experimenting with different types of bait.
Some storks ever seen stealing bread because he never saw people feeding the ducks in the pond by using bread as bait. Another Stork known to catch small fish but not to be eaten, but are used as bait for larger fish.
Some experts believe that they learn from humans, while others think that their own learning by observing how small fish will investigate small objects or animals that fall into the water. This behavior is not intuitively obvious, which makes this very green heron may be the most intelligent predator.

Coati

Coati females and young males living in large groups, while adult males often live alone. They are renowned for their intelligence, and although they mostly eat worms, eggs, fruits and insects, they armed large fangs and claws are strong and sometimes able to hunt larger animals.
According to some accounts, one of the favorite foods coati is a green iguana. Big lizard is often found in the tree, so coati prepared using teamwork to hunt them. Some Coati climb trees and scare iguana that jumped to the ground, and the other coatis quickly catch them. Iguana is instinctively programmed to jump to the ground whenever they feel threatened. That's what makes these simple tricks coati be very effective.

Fireflies Photuris

Fireflies not true flies, they include Coeleoptera order, they beetles. They are famous for their ability to produce light. Most fireflies use their light to communicate with each other, most of the other is to attract a mate.
Photinus females have very short wings and can not fly, but males can. During mating season, male Photinus fly above the ground and radiate flicker to attract females. Females are on the ground watching Photinus males and respond by blinking light as well. Then enter Photuris fireflies. This creature spied Photunis and females of the species mimic their patterns flashing to attract male fireflies so as not suspicious. When the male fireflies down to the ground preparing to marry, they are quickly attacked and eaten by Photuris fireflies.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.faradice.blogspot.com/2015/01/the-most-deadly-animals.html
DatePublished: January 11, 2015 at 12:52

Tag : The most deadly animals.
Code : 42S4EUXRR3UM

Found trapped in rocks.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Sun, 11 Jan 2015 12:19:00 +0700

Killer fly species that lived in prehistoric times and now extinct found trapped in amber transparent. Male and female flies of the species named Burmapogon Bruckschi was discovered in the Valley Hukawang, Myanmar.

According to the researchers, the specimen measuring 2.5 inches and up to 100 million years old.
B. Bruckschi add more than 7,500 species of fly killers are now.
Flies that gets its name from the accuracy of their way to kill: after the ambush, fly killer ekoskeleton stab their prey and inject digestive juices so they could suck up the liquid that is in the body of the prey.
But the small predators were not immune to the resin. Insects can be trapped in the amber current flowing resin of trees where they perch.
Previously, the history of the new killer flies in the fossil limestone.
"Translucent amber stone gives researchers a new window to the ecology in the Cretaceous Period and enlightening about the evolutionary history of a family of flies," said Torsten Dikow, researchers at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.
"Fossils of ancient flies well preserved so that you can almost imagine they're flying now," he added.
T. Dikow identify differences B. Bruckschi with their relatives who are still alive. B. bruckschi has a flat antenna, the structure of the V-shaped eyes, spiny hind legs, and feathers cover the sharp mouth.
Species, along with other types of fly killer named Cretagaster raritanensis, described in the 21 April edition of the Journal of the American Museum Novitates.
The second new species identified as a new species. The fossils found in chunks of amber in New Jersey in 1999. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.faradice.blogspot.com/2015/01/found-trapped-in-rocks.html
DatePublished: January 11, 2015 at 12:19

Tag : Found trapped in rocks.

Code : 42S4EUXRR3UM

Gold producing countries.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Sun, 11 Jan 2015 11:27:00 +0700

Gold is the stuff that has incredible charm. Gold can increase social status in society. Besides, gold prices tend to rise each year the main attraction for the people, they can save money without the burden of administration, but its growing every year like flowers given bank. Not surprisingly, the demand for gold in the world continues to increase.

These countries include :

Uzbekistan.

Muratu gold mine in the Kyzylkum Desert in downtown Uzbakistan is the reason Uzbekistan in the list of gold producing country in the world. This mine produced 90 tonnes of gold / year. Estimated reserves Uzbakistan has 2,100 tons of gold reserves.

Indonesia.

Indonesia also has one of the largest gold mines in the world, Papua gold mine in Grasberg, Batu Hijau, Seven Hills, Hertzberg centered in the province of Papua. Indonesia, on average produces about 100 tonnes of gold / year.

Ghana.

Ghana is one of the countries that its land is rich in minerals in the African continent. Annual gold production reached 100 tons / year. The number of its gold production is increasing every year.

Canada.

Red Lake gold mine in Ontario is the largest gold mine in Canada. Accounted for 50% of Canada's gold production annually. Canadian gold production reached 110 tons of gold / year.

Peru.

Gold production in Peru reached 150 tons / year. The biggest contributor of the Lagunas Norte whose production reached 23 ton / year, as well as from other cities, Cajamarca, La Libertad, Apurimac, and Arequipa.

South Africa.

South Africa is the country's largest gold producer on the African continent. Annual gold production reached 190 tons / year, while the gold reserves reached 49,000 tons. The main gold mines in the Witwatersrand Basin are Archaen.

Russia.

The average Russian produce as much as 200 tons of gold / year, with its gold reserves reached 7,200 tons of gold. Gold mining is concentrated in Chutka, Olympiada, Voro and Khabarovsk.

United States.

Total gold production annual average of 237 tons / year, mostly in getting from mines in Montana and Nevada Desert.

Australia.

Australian average produce as much as 270 tonnes of gold / year. The biggest gold producer is concentrated in Western Australia, South Australia and New South Wales. While the biggest gold reserves in the Super Pit, Kalgoorlie, Telfer, Agnew, Boddington and Sunrise Dam.

China.

China's average gold production reached 360 tons / year. Five provinces are the biggest contributor to gold in Shandong, Henan, Jiang Xi, Fujian and Mongolia. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.

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DatePublished: January 11, 2015 at 11:27

Tag : Gold producing countries.

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Time for Christmas.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Wed, 24 Dec 2014 23:32:00 +0700

Merry Christmas.

May the light of Christmas will stay in our hearts and be a light to the family as well as others. I hope the new year brings a lot of hope and encouragement for the work. Merry Christmas to the celebrating, and Happy New Year to all Blogger in the world.

To all Bloggers around the world, with this Bambang Sunarno say "Merry Christmas"

May the friendship between Blogger continuously interwoven.

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DatePublished: December - 2014.

Tag : Time for Christmas.

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Hidden Secrets of Various Materials Food.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Mon, 22 Dec 2014 17:14:00 +0700

With 250% RDA of vitamin C contained in papaya fruit was found to prevent the body's system of fever. The content of beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E in papaya reduce inflammation in the body and reduce the incidence of asthma.

Eggs Could Be Source of Disease.

Eggs are a good source of animal protein. Breakfast eggs can avoid 'crazy' at lunchtime. Even so, it is easy eggs contaminated with Salmonella bacteria. Watch really cooking process. Make sure the eggs are eaten ripe so that germs are killed in the process.

Again Bad Mood? Drinking Coffee Only.

A study of the University of Georgia's Department of Kinesiology, showed that drinking caffeinated drinks or a cup of coffee with the amount of 200 mg in the morning can improve the mood for the better. Also pumping spirit is good enough to face the challenges and stress throughout the day.

Garlic Powerful Prevent Flu.

Garlic contains a number of antioxidants and rich in selenium useful in the immune system to fight against H pylori, the bacteria that causes ulcers and stomach cancer. Research shows that garlic keep the heart healthy by lowering cholesterol levels. Also has anti-fungal properties that help treat asthma infection. Should peeled onion, cut and allow 15 to 20 minutes before cooking to activate enzymes that works to increase immunity.

The Melon Orange that Make Lean Body.

Of all types of melon, are identified by the color of his skin. Melon orange skin color is more green than usual melon. The flesh is orange. However, the type of cantaloupe or honeydew melon orange, have more properties to maintain skin health and help you lose weight.

Sweet Potatoes Can Be Suppressed Emotions.

With the carbohydrate content and sweet taste can be used as food stress reliever. In addition, potatoes are also rich in beta-carotene, vitamins and fiber which helps the body to process carbohydrates slowly. Sugar is released slowly from carbohydrate serves to maintain and preserve a sense of delight longer. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.faradice.blogspot.com/2014/12/hidden-secrets-of-various-materials-food.html
DatePublished: December 22, 2014 at 17:14

tags: Hidden Secrets of Various Materials Food.
Code: 42S4EUXRR3UM

Monkey-faced man.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Mon, 22 Dec 2014 16:37:00 +0700

Some of the facts are :

The existence of tailless monkey-faced man who has a brain volume two times larger than the human face tailless apes other, and they make tooling for the first time about 2 million years ago. They are divided into four different races after 1 million years later and one of them later left the African continent. They are then able to speak the language of about 400,000 years ago and at that time they had spread across the continent of Africa, Europe and Asia.

Finally, a large group of Asians migrated from Asia to America, when the continents of Asia and America are connected at its northern part. Then they live in all parts of the north and south American continent, which may be known as the Indians - Native American one named by Columbus, because Columbus thought he had reached India, so he called them Indians or people of India.

Giant statue of the Sphinx in Egypt is built around the year 8000 BC (BC) by a dark brown-skinned peoples in northern Africa, 4000 years before the rise of civilization in Egypt. The size is calculated based on the time scraping rainwater on the stone statue. This method is more accurate way to measure the age of the stone statue.

Brazilian regions are found by way of the sea around the year 531 BC, or it could be before that time by the Phoenicians nation. Phoenicians nation was the first nation to trade across the oceans. They lived in Lebanon (the first cultured city in the world) and they have crossed the Atlantic Ocean from the African continent and the conduct trading activities with local communities there for years. The local community really came on foot from China many years earlier.

Cleopatra (69 to 30 BC), Queen of Egypt was 16 years old but is known to have abnormal sexual desires (sex maniac) and the time that he had become the wife of Julius Caesar. His first love was when he was 12 years old and she has a special temple occupied boyfriends and doing sex parties there. Cleopatra then committed suicide when she was 38 years old.

Chinese nation across the ocean with a large ship and find Mexico around the year 459 AD and also other countries.

Vikings from northern Europe have small colonies around the east coast of America around the year 900 BC.

Southern Europeans first discovered North America in the year 1472 was a Portuguese named Joao vase de Corte Real in a secret mission of discovery. But perhaps the Phoenicians nation visiting north America long before that. And Columbus first came twenty years later, in 1492, and he called for Hispaniola Haiti!

Mills Darden (USA in 1798-1857) weight is 463 pounds, while his wife was only 46 kg

Antonio Meucci (1808-1889) from Italy found the phone in 1849 and Alexander Graham Bell, who actually worked on Meucci, copy patented in 1876 and admitted as a discovery!

Sir Joseph Wilson Swan patented a light bulb for the first time in 1878 in the UK. And Thomas Alva Edison made a little mock better, then he tried to get a patent on the artificial bulbs in America about a year later. Thomas Alva Edison introduced that the electric light bulb was an invention. But in 1892 the Company Edisons merger with Swans and became General Electric and after that they use the original method of the findings of the Swans to make a light bulb.

Famous scientist Nicola Tesla (1856-1943) discovered the radio in 1893 and the patent, means Marconi is not a real inventor.

Fourth chimney pieces of the Titanic turned out a hoax, just to make it look like a really four!

Charles Lindberg is human-to-82 that flew over the ocean, but he was the first to do it alone.

Vatican State was established in 1929 with the help of a fascist dictator, Mussolini who want to get the support of the church.

The most vicious criminals: Herman Webster Mudgett (1860-1896), known as Dr. Harry Howard Holmes had killed around 150 young women, but he admitted that "only" killed 27 people. She rents out rooms in the "palace" of his in Chicago, which is actually a horror house. There made her secret passageways winding penetrate from one room to another, each room is also equipped with a secret elevator, each bedroom soundproof contrived, an acidic (perhaps to destroy the body), the gas chamber, the operating table is equipped with tools to stretch the human body, private crematorium, and the basement (bunker) enormous found many parts of the human body mutilated. He sold the skeletons of the victims to medical schools. Victims hung for 10 minutes before dying.

Albert Fish (1870-1936) a cannibal to eat at least fifteen children, but he was only convicted of two murders and final victim is a child of about ten years, Grace Budd, which he cut into small sizes and then to cook with pieces kiosks and onions. In a letter to his mother he wrote "It is a small donkey that his baked in a furnace".
Old mother of the youngest in the world is a child named Lina Medina of Peru which time she conceived five years and seven months old. She later gave birth to a healthy boy by Caesarean section in May 1939 and the baby's father was never found. His parents first suspect Lina Medina suffered from some kind of tumor, but it turns out she was pregnant since she was 4 years old and already got my period since the age of three years. Lina develop normally and get a second child in 1972, 33 years after her first child was born.

Otto Hahn, a German made the first atomic bomb in 1938.

When invaded Belgium, Germany for the first time carry out attacks using paratroopers with a number of dolls to confuse the enemy (German first do not use puppets to attack his umbrella when the troops invaded Norway) plus a unique glider equipped with a bomb that really efficient. This was done to destroy bridges and to master the most important places "almost impossible" for the fortress Eben Emael was captured like.

All the crazy idea but it works so well has been developed by the evil genius, Hitler and all his own original ideas. Hitler really a lover of war, and he really designing for the first time almost everything that makes the German has a terrible combat power. From the start of every detail of the army uniform and the emblem, to the method of warfare training complex but effective, all of them are his own. Although very nasty but all he did was amazing.

When the British began to plan for the invasion of Norway, a few months before Germany also do the same with a very large fleet gathered in the northern seas. But when British troops met the German navy near Oslo, England reversed course to return to Norway. But only a few troops were involved in the fighting.

Greatest hero in World War II is Michel Hollard and he was the sole ruler who started the most efficient intelligence organization in France named "Reseau Agir" which has 60 secret agents who are placed in strategic places throughout France. He himself that collects and sends information and a fellow agent does not know each other. He then infiltrated into France through the Swiss border, the "impossible" to traverse. Because he did not believe for certain military information, prior to 1942 he crossed the border in the world's most difficult as many as 94 times. Hollard is a person who finds all V1 missile base, a few months before the missiles were completed. The missiles are made with extreme safety system and measured, made only in the past 4 months, and none of the German labor force who know the purpose of the installation. But Hollard managed to find everything and 44th missile base was bombed so smashed into pieces, a few days before their work is completed. These bases are built to send 5000 missiles each month and will be 50,000 pieces of super bomb before "D-Days" (= the term for the actual D-day battle, which is dated June 6, 1944, when Allied troops landed in Normandy to attack German occupied France - Book Donald L.Miller: Bhs. Ind or Bhs.Ing) and at least 20,000 pieces of missiles will hit the city of London, but eventually just become a 2400 attack in its entirety. Hollard was arrested in 1944 due to the betrayal of someone. He was tortured by the Gestapo, but he did not say anything. He was sent to the Neuengamme, one of the worst concentration camps. But Hollard retaliation by hiding more than 1,000 gun parts which must be linked back by the inmates, and he then managed to survive after a shoot-out in the camp.

Mass murder - in accordance with the report of the High Council of the United States named "Walter statements" made in 1971 amounted to between 323 and 617 million people were killed by the Chinese government, from 1949 to 1971. While the report mentions only 51-55 Hsiao Mieh the incident which resulted in 5 to 10 million people died. Official radio in Peking reported a number of "existence obsolete" in a few months and the largest number of 2.326 million people in one month. Between 8 and 10 million people were killed by the Soviet government. In its report Jezjovtsjina in 1936 to 1938 at least 19 million more people died between 1921 and 1960 in the famous Soviet prison. There are at least 27 to 29 million people, or more than 25% are people of Jewish descent.

Nazi Adolf Eichmann Otto says ready to die for his responsibility for the murder of at least 5.7 million Jews. But murder by the Nazis on about 8 million Jews plus 6 to 10 million citizens of the other (mostly laborers and poor people) bringing the total to at least 12 to 18 million people have been killed dead. This Pembataian also got "help" from local groups such as the partisan-partisan national Litauan which kills about 229 052 Jews in Luthuania and some occurrence filmed by the Nazis as part of propaganda and good command as propaganda and instructions for einsatzgruppe.

All the horrible mass murder is generally intended to reduce the population. Including low effort and easy as creating systematically starved, and hard work are lethal in large old ships were then drowned. Estimated figures are lower than the actual reality (with complete documentation), as estimated by historians that in fact the numbers are definitely higher than that.

The second atomic bomb dropped by the United States over Nagasaki in 1945 came from a different type of impact ever tested by the US Air Force. They do not give Japan time to give up and choose two cities the size of the same size. The US does not plan to prevent severe damage in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, for example by using conventional bombs, but they really want to destroy almost every city in Japan with a bomb. Quite an odd number of articles about "atomic bomb" is rarely mentioned about the second bombing carried out in Nagasaki (or on the number of casualties there) and the fact that Japan is not really able to resist the attack. To attack the bombers that they could not. But the leaders of Japan are still reluctant to give up, even after the second bombing on Nagasaki. Had the Japanese emperor ordered to the Japanese military to surrender before the bombing may not need to happen.

The late Haji Muhammad (HM) Azharie was born in Palembang original figure formerly domiciled in Fagih Usman Road Lr Stairs King RT 13 RW 03, No. 308, 2 Ulu Palembang Sea. The figure of the father of 13 children here with his role as a merchant milling Palembang Palembang - Bengkulu that the magnitude of generosity and spirit come into play "hide" Bung Karno figure in his home at 2 Ulu and services thanks anyway, Bung Karno in exile in Bengkulu can "qualify "to Jakarta via Palembang.

Based on the report by John Perkins, then Richard Nixon, 36th President of the United States, said Indonesia should not fall into the hands of the Soviet Union or China. Bak tit for tat corporatocracy kleptocracy welcomed the New Order regime. This pattern makes conspiracy debt vicious circle of development. Most of the debt used to build infrastructure projects undertaken corporatocracy and extends the kleptocracy. Conspiracy korporatokrasi- kleptocracy looks from Paiton project whose value USD3,7 miliar.Harga electricity 60% more expensive than in the Philippines or 20 times than in the US.

Paiton funds derived from debt disbursed export credit agencies in the West. Corruption starts when 15.75% of the paid-up shares megaproject to cronies and family kleptocracy. Acquisition of land to supply coal monopoly done without a tender. Apparently, the value of the Paiton project ballooned to 72% and Indonesia for 30 years will have to pay compensation amounting to 8.6 cents per kwh dollars, while its ability to only 2 cents.

In fact, President Sukarno or Bung Karno (BK) very antikorporatokrasi. Evidently, since 1951 through policy Bung Karno (Law No. 44/1960) freeze petroleum concessions MNC. Freezing it makes a big three (Stanvac, Caltex, and Shell) request renegotiation. But, Bung Karno threatening, "I give you a few days. I will cancel all concessions if it does not meet my demands."
Unsolved crimes most large (at least until 1996) is when the hordes of American military and some civilian citizens of Germany, took the gold reserves of the German state in 1945 and other items valued at around 400 million dollars.

Paul Anderson, heavy lifters of the US who won a gold medal in 1956, managed to lift the barbell weighing 3,000 kilograms in 1957 only with his or her back and William Pagel, lifting heavier weights 500 kilograms of Paul Anderson as he climbed the stairs two-four meters.

The richest man in the world for twenty years was the leading figure of a delivery attempt is the introvert Daniel K Ludwig (1897-1992) having a plurality of at least 3,000 million dollars of wealth in 1977 (which would be about 12,000 million dollars in 1997). He's a lot donated most of his wealth to cancer research. You can compare it with the wealth of Howard Hughes that "only" 1,373 million dollars in 1976. While the sheikhs of Kuwait succeeded in generating wealth since 1974 more than 3,800 million dollars per year and an empress of India, about double the wealth of Ludwig, before the government India states took his entire fortune by pulling taxes. The Empress is having a complete cellar in the palaces were filled with a number of gold and gemstones. Then the Indian government set that has personally gold is illegal, and he was never late in paying taxes. He is also known to have a party the jet. Then is the Sultan of Brunei as the richest man in 1997 with a fortune of about 38,000 million dollars. In 2007, William Gates III as the richest man with a net worth of around 56,000 million dollars, the amount of wealth that is left over after he donated almost half of 2000 there were more than 118,000 million dollars. Ingvar Kamprad, founder of IKEA Sweden ended up being the 4th richest in 2007 with a net worth of around 33,000 million dollars.

The average age of marriage of girls in India in 1980 only 14.5 years.

Internet is opened to everyone the first time on 30 April 1993 as www (World Wide Web) and links that became the key to success.

An Englishman who suffered bad press, finally realized back in 1997 after 8 years of coma.

The average age of marriage for girls in Yemen or Jemen (one of the countries in the Arab lands) in 2005 was 14.3 years and in 1999 the age limit set by law marriage of 15 years to the age of onset of puberty, so girls can marry at the age of 9 years. But the part that is really bad is that most marriages are arranged with regardless of their feelings. Even the girls do not know a lot about sex (for reasons of religious teachings) that their first experience of entering the marriage ended with an emotional shock!

About the wonders of nature. There is a river located in the basement, located slightly below the Nile - six times larger in size than the Nile. Nile itself flowed 1360 million cubic meters of water every day.

The highest waterfall in the world is Salto del Angel in Venezuela whose height of 979 meters.

People who do felling trees in the forest (in most states) is only to be used as firewood or open new areas. The trees in the rainforest serves to hold rain water in the soil and clean air for us to breathe. But deforested in some tropical countries will easily be swept water when heavy rains that could spend the source of fish on the beach and could transform the land into desert. In state forest green Haiti stay 5%, also in several other countries, even fewer. While the world's tallest tree is a 113 meter tall redwood, in the US.

Bird known as pigeon walking on the soil of North America have been killed from 5000 to 10,000 million in 1880.

The next ice age will come roughly 100 to a maximum of 4000 years, according to the latest variations and we are now at the end of the warm period of the 20th, which began that year 9000 BC.

Superstition. Elimination pathways bench no.13 in aircraft, there is no 13th floor numbering in some countries (notably the USA), there is no room number 13 in the hotels and the king of Sweden refused to eat along with 13 people at one table. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.faradice.blogspot.com/2014/12/monkey-faced-man.html
DatePublished: December 22, 2014 at 16:37

tags: Facts That The Human Hide.

Code: 42S4EUXRR3UM

Facts About Coca Cola Coke wrack

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Mon, 22 Dec 2014 15:45:00 +0700

In the last 100 years the company has been having trouble with racism, child labor, water depletion and much more. After a few facts about the coke you can see, for those of you who like to drink coke then this might be suitable for you.

Founder Coke

As many people know, coke was founded in May 1886 by doctor / pharmacist John Pemerton as a nerve tonic. What you may not know is that Dr. Pemerton considered a long-term morphine addict. John died just two and a half years after establishing soft drinks and trademarks

Cocaine in Coke

Now there is a big surprise to most people that the main ingredient is addictive coke cocaine. About 60 mg of the drug is used in every coke until 1903 when the company claims to have removed the material. Funny thing though many are protesting about it coke still uses coca leaves quite a lot as the main ingredient in the production of cocaine. Also some officials stated that the use of cocaine coke in coke always rumors.

Coke slogan

Until the early fifties until the end, coke believed to have healing properties and it made some pretty unique slogans that began to appear on the product. Some of you may have heard, but perhaps most still have not heard this slogan.
1886 "coca-cola delicious, refreshing, fun"
no doubt, obviously it's fun when they use cocaine as an additive.
1900 "for headaches and fatigue, drink coca-cola"
once again I do not know why the slogan, but the main ingredient for cocaine is a headache but no doubt drug eliminate fatigue.
1905 "coca-cola revive and sustain"
revive and sustain ?? Something strange.

Coke Collaborate with Nazis

Now as we all know coke made in America so that when I was researching the history of the Nazi's for another article, the author really surprised with what I have found. In 1936, coke sponsored berlin olympics also known as the "Nazi Olympics". While the British were at war with the German companies continue to do business behind enemy lines and advertising in addition to the nazi regime. When America entered World War II, "coke bottling" can no longer get the sugar / syrup to make drinks so they create another drink nazi society called "Fanta".

Murder

Now when we look at the facts, it surprised us. Martin luther king day before he was killed holds a speech asking the public to boycott coke and stop buying their products because of the way the black workers were rude. Supposedly the American white workers are paid much higher wages for small jobs in African Americans where it is expected to work long hours and get back to work for little pay and no opportunity for advancement within the ranks of the company.

Human rights violations and killings in Colombia

In the 2000s, workers Columbian coke bottle with the union began receiving death threats to leave the United States, and if they do not comply, they would be killed. Shortly after the workers received the message began murdered one by one.

In 2004, new york city council took a fact-finding delegation to Colombia. Once there are members of this council found that the coke workers are victims of at least 179 major human rights violations and 9 murder.

Then January 2007 a group known as the "black eagles" publish to the TV to inform the public of Colombia if the union and the other is basically complaining about the work ethic of coke then they will be killed.

Coke blamed for not providing a safe workplace and do not take responsibility for their actions that led to the killing of them. Some Colombian officials went on to say or imply however coke is responsible for the murder of trade union workers and they denied it.

Tax Largest Racial Discrimination

seems fair after all the stories about the end of racial discrimination in 2000 after the federal government's investigation into alleged coke found guilty of the charges and ordered them to pay tax in the history of racial discrimination. Coke had to pay various victim restitution to nearly $ 200 million

Import Cocaine

Although coke allegedly does not contain traces of cocaine. Officials said one of the main ingredients of coke was cocaine. The fact it is known that 8 tons of coca leaves imported from South America each year by coke and if any other ordinary citizens to bring all of this into the country then they will probably be arrested for drug trafficking.

Theft of Water

finally, this one should be the biggest surprise for me. It takes only 2 liters of water to make 1 liter of coke. In 2004, farmers in India to protest because the Coke bottling plant which causes the water to dry well. It got so bad, they had to send water in large quantities from the factory in three countries of the world.
More than 290 billion liters of water are used every year by coke all over the world and shows no signs of easing its use. Many countries that lack of water. Gain greater coke but many people who suffer from lack of water. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.faradice.blogspot.com/2014/12/facts-about-coca-cola-coke-wrack.html
DatePublished: December 22, 2014 at 15:45

tags: Facts About Coca Cola Coke wrack.
Code: 42S4EUXRR3UM

You should know about natural gas.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Mon, 22 Dec 2014 13:56:00 +0700

World natural gas production, brown is the largest production, followed by red
Natural gas is often also referred to as the Earth gas or marsh gas, is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane CH4). He can be found in oil fields, gas fields of Earth and also coal mines. When the gas is rich in methane produced by anaerobic bacterial decomposition of organic materials other than fossil, then it is called biogas. Sources of biogas can be found in marshes, rubbish dumps, as well as human waste and animal shelters.

Chemical composition.

The main component in natural gas is methane (CH4), which is a chain hydrocarbon molecules shortest and lightest. Natural gas also contains molecules heavier hydrocarbons such as ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10), as well as gases containing sulfur (sulfur). Natural gas is also a major source of helium gas source.
Methane is a greenhouse gas that can create global warming when released into the atmosphere, and is generally regarded as a pollutant rather than a source of useful energy. Even so, the methane in the atmosphere reacts with ozone, producing carbon dioxide and water, so that the greenhouse effect of methane released into the air is relatively only lasted a moment. Sources of methane derived from living things mostly from termites, animal (mammal) and agriculture (estimated emission levels around 15, 75 and 100 million tons per year, respectively).
component%
Methane (CH4) 80-95
Ethane (C2H6) 5-15
Propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10) <5
Nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and water can also be contained in natural gas. Mercury can also be contained in a small amount. The composition of natural gas varies according to the source of the gas fields.
Organosulfur mixture and hydrogen sulfide are contaminants (impurities) from the gas main to be separated. Gas with a significant amount of sulfur impurities called sour gas and is often referred to as "acid gas (acid)". Natural gas that has been processed and will be sold are not tasteless and odorless. However, before the gas is distributed to end users, the gas is usually given odor by adding thiol, that can be detected in the event of a gas leak. Natural gas that has been processed in itself is not dangerous, but without the process of natural gas can cause respiratory strangled because it can reduce the oxygen content in the air at levels that may be harmful.
Natural gas can be dangerous because it is highly flammable and potentially explosive. Natural gas is lighter than air, so it tends to easily spread in the atmosphere. But if he is in a confined space, such as in the home, the gas concentration can reach the point of explosive mixture, which if ignited a fire, may cause an explosion that can destroy buildings. Dangerous methane content in the air is between 5% to 15%.
The explosion of compressed natural gas in vehicles, generally not worrying because it is lighter, and the concentration outside the range of 5-15% which can cause an explosion.
The energy content.
Combustion of one cubic meter of natural gas commercially produce 38 MJ (10.6 kWh).

The storage and transportation of natural gas.

Natural gas storage method is done with "Natural Gas Underground Storage", which is a huge room in the basement which is commonly known as the "salt dome" the domes in the case of underground reservoirs of natural gas resources that have been depleted. It is very appropriate for the country four seasons. In the summer when the use of gas for heating is much reduced (low demand), natural gas is injected through the gas compressors into the underground vaults. In the winter, where there is significant demand, natural gas stored in underground vaults issued for distribution to consumers in need. For companies (operators) provider of natural gas, this is very helpful to maintain the operational stability of the supply of natural gas through a natural gas pipeline.
Basically the natural gas transportation system include:

Transport via pipelines stripe.

Transportation in the form of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) with LNG tankers to transport over long distances.
Transportation in the form of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), both on the mainland by road tanker and the tanker CNG at sea, for near and intermediate distances (between islands).
In Indonesia, Oil and Gas Downstream Regulatory Body (BPH Natural Gas) has developed a Master Plan "Parent Network System Integrated National Gas Transmission". In a time not long natural gas pipeline system would stretch concatenated from Aceh and North Sumatra, Central Sumatra South Sumatra-Java, Sulawesi and Kalimantan. Currently gas pipelines in Indonesia are owned by Pertamina and PGN and still localized separately in certain areas, for example in North Sumatra, Central Sumatra, South Sumatra, West Java, East Java and East Kalimantan.
LNG carrier can be used to transport liquefied natural gas (liquefied natural gas, LNG) across the ocean, while the tanker can carry gasa liquefied or compressed natural gas (compressed natural gas, CNG) in close proximity. They can transporting natural gas directly to end-users or to a distribution point, such as a pipeline for further transport. It is still costly for additional facilities for gas liquefaction or compression at the point of production, and penggasan or decompression at the point of end-users or to the pipeline.

Natural Gas Utilization.

Broadly speaking, the utilization of natural gas is divided into 3 groups:
Natural gas as fuel, such as fuel Power Gas / Steam, industrial fuel light, medium and heavy, automotive fuel (CNG / NGV), as city gas for household needs of the hotel, restaurant and so on.
Natural gas as a raw material, among other raw materials fertilizer plants, petrochemicals, methanol, plastic raw materials (LDPE = low density polyethylene, LLDPE = linear low density polyethylene, HDPE = high-density polyethylen, PE = poly ethylene, PVC = poly vinyl chloride , C3 and C4 her for LPG, its CO2 for soft, dry ice food preservatives, artificial rain, industrial iron castings, welding and light a fire extinguishing agent.
Natural gas as an energy commodity for export, the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG.
Cutting-edge technology has also been able to utilize natural gas for air conditioner (AC = Air Conditioning), as used in the airport of Bangkok, Thailand and some college buildings in Australia.

Natural gas in Indonesia.

The utilization of natural gas in Indonesia began in the 1960s in which the production of natural gas from natural gas fields in the Hall of PT Stanvac Indonesia, South Sumatra sent through a gas pipeline to the fertilizer plant Pusri IA, PT Fertilizer Sriwidjaja in Palembang. The development of natural gas utilization in Indonesia increased considerably since 1974, where Pertamina began supplying natural gas through a gas pipeline from natural gas fields in Prabumulih, South Sumatra to the fertilizer plant Pusri II, III and Pusri Pusri IV in Palembang. Because it was too old and inefficient, in 1993 Pusri IA closed, and replaced by Pusri IB built by the sons of the Indonesian nation itself. At that time Pusri IB is the most modern fertilizer factory in Asia, because it uses high technology. In West Java, at the same time, in 1974, Pertamina also supplies natural gas through a gas pipeline from natural gas fields off the coast (off shore) and the Java sea Cirebon area for fertilizer plants and medium and heavy industries in the region of West Java and Banten Cilegon . Natural gas pipeline that runs from Cirebon area towards Cilegon, Banten supply of natural gas, among others, to cement plants, fertilizer plants, ceramic factories, steel mills and power plants and steam gas.
In addition to domestic demand, natural gas in Indonesia also exported in the form of LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)
One of the largest natural gas producing regions in Indonesia is Aceh. Natural gas resources of the region, the city of Lhokseumawe managed by PT Arun NGL Company. Natural gas has been produced since 1979 and exported to Japan and South Korea. Additionally in Krueng Geukuh, Nanggroe Aceh Baroh (of the district) also contained Iskandar Muda Fertilizer Plant urea fertilizer plant, the raw material of natural gas.

Gas reserves of the world.

Total reserves of the world (which has been confirmed) was 6.112 trillion square feet. List of top 20 countries with the largest gas reserves in units trillion square feet (trillion cu ft) is:
Russian = 1.680
Iran = 971
Qatar = 911
Saudi Arabia = 241
United Arab Emirates = 214
USA = 193
Nigeria = 185
Algeria ly = 161
Venezuela = 151
Iraq = 112
Indonesian = 98
Norwegian = 84
Malaysia = 75
Turkmenistan = 71
Uzbekistan = 66
Kazakhstan = 65
Dutch = 62
Egypt = 59
Canada = 57
Kuwait = 56
Total reserves of 20 countries above was 5.510 trillion square feet and total reserves of countries outside the top 20 in the above is 602 trillion square feet.
List of the largest gas fields in units (* 109 m³):
Asalouyeh, South Pars Gas Field (10000-15000)
Urengoy gas field (10000)
Shtokman field (3200)
Karachaganak field, Kazakhstan (1800)
Slochteren (1500)
Troll (1325)
Greater Gorgon (1100)
Shah Deniz gas field (800)
Tangguh gas field, Indonesia (500)
Sakhalin-I (485)
Ormen Lange (400)
Jonah Field (300)
Snøhvit (140)
Barnett Shale (60-900)
Maui gas field (?)

Do you know of radiation.

In physics, radiation describes any process in which energy moves through a medium or through space, and eventually absorbed by other objects. Lay people often connect said ionizing radiation (eg, as occurs in nuclear weapons, nuclear reactors, and radioactive substances), but can also refer to electromagnetic radiation (ie, radio waves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, and X ray), acoustic radiation, or to other processes clearer. What makes the radiation is that the energy radiates (ie, moving outward in straight lines in all directions) from a source. This geometry naturally leads to a system of physical units of measurement and the same applies to all types of radiation. Some radiation can be harmful.

Ionizing radiation.

Some types of radiation has enough energy to ionize particles. In general, this involves an electron that is 'thrown' from atomic shell electrons, which would give a charge (positive). It is often interfere in biological systems, and can lead to mutations and cancer.
This type of radiation generally occur in the radioactive decay of radioactive waste and garbage.
Three main types of radiation discovered by Ernest Rutherford, alpha, beta, and gamma rays. The radiation was found through a simple experiment, Rutherford using radioactive sources and found that the rays produce hit three different areas. One of them being positive, one of them being neutral, and one of them negative. With this data, Rutherford concluded that radiation consists of three beams. He gave a name derived from the first three letters of the Greek alphabet, namely alpha, beta, and gamma.

Radiation alpha (α).

Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits alpha particles, and thus change (or 'decays') into the atomic mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less.
However, due to the high particle mass so that it has less energy and lower distance, alpha particles can be stopped by a sheet of paper (or skin).

Radiation beta (β).

beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (electron or positron) is emitted.
Radiation beta-minus (β⁻) consists of an electron that is full of energy. This radiation is less ionized than alpha, but more than gamma rays. Electrons can often be stopped by a few inches of metal. This radiation occurs when a neutron decays into a proton in the nucleus, releasing a beta particle and an antineutrino.

Radiation plus beta (β +) is a positron emission. So, unlike β⁻, β + decay can not occur in isolation, because it requires energy, neutron mass is greater than the mass of a proton. β + decay can only occur in the nucleus when the value of the binding energy of the parent nucleus is smaller than the nucleus. The difference between this energy into the reaction conversion of a proton into a neutron, a positron and the antineutrino, and to the kinetic energy of the particles
Radiation gamma (γ)

Gamma radiation or gamma rays are an energetic form of electromagnetic radiation produced by radioactivity or nuclear or subatomic processes such as electron-positron annihilation. Gamma radiation consists of photons with frequencies greater than 1019 Hz. Gamma radiation of electrons or neutrons is not that it can not be stopped only with paper or air, more effective absorption of gamma rays in the material with atomic number and high density. When gamma rays moves through a material the absorption of gamma radiation proportionally to the thickness of the material surface.

Non-ionizing radiation.

Non-ionizing radiation, in contrast, refers to the type of radiation that does not carry enough energy per photon to ionize atoms or molecules. It mainly refers to the form of lower energy of electromagnetic radiation (ie, radio waves, microwaves, terahertz radiation, infrared light and visible light). The impact of radiation on living tissue forms only recently been studied. Instead of forming ion energy when passing through matter, electromagnetic radiation has enough energy just to change the rotation, vibration or valence electronic configuration of molecules and atoms. However, different biological effects observed for the various types of non-ionizing radiation

Neutron radiation.

Neutron radiation is a type of non-ionic radiation consists of free neutrons. Neutrons can be issued for either spontaneous or induced nuclear fission, nuclear fusion process, or of other nuclear reactions. He does not ionize atoms in the same way that the charged particles such as protons and electrons do not (attract electrons), because neutrons have no charge. However, neutrons easily react with atomic nuclei of various elements, making unstable isotopes and therefore encourages the radioactivity in the material that was previously non-radioactive. This process is known as neutron activation.

Electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic radiation takes the form of waves that spread in thin air or in the material. EM radiation has electric and magnetic field components which oscillate in phase perpendicular to each other and to the direction of propagation of energy. Electromagnetic radiation is classified into types according to the frequency of the wave, this type include (in order of increasing frequency): radio waves, microwaves, terahertz radiation, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays. Of these, radio waves have the longest wavelengths and gamma rays have the shortest. A small window of frequencies, which is called the visible spectrum or light, as seen through the eyes of a variety of organisms, with variation limits of this narrow spectrum. EM radiation carries energy and momentum, which can be delivered when it interacts with matter.

Light.

Light is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength that is visible to the human eye (about 400-700 nm), or up to 380-750 nm. More broadly, physicists considered light as electromagnetic radiation of all wavelengths, visible or not.

Thermal radiation.

Thermal radiation is a process in which the surface of objects emit thermal energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. infrared radiation from common household radiator or electric heater is an example of thermal radiation, such as heat and light are issued by an incandescent light bulb. Thermal radiation is generated when heat from the movement of charged particles in an atom is converted into electromagnetic radiation. Frequency waves emitted from thermal radiation is a probability distribution depends only on the temperature, and for a genuine black body given by Planck's radiation law. Wien law gives the most likely frequency of the emitted radiation, and the Stefan-Boltzmann law gives the heat intensity.

Usage.

In medicine.

Radiation and radioactive substances used for the diagnosis, treatment, and research. X-rays, for example, through the muscles and other soft tissues but is stopped by the solid material. This X-ray properties allow doctors to find broken bones and to find cancer that may grow in the body. Doctors also found a specific disease by injecting radioactive substances and radiation monitoring that is released as the substance moves through the body.

In Communications

All modern communication systems use a form of electromagnetic radiation. Variations in the intensity of radiation in the form of changes in sound, image, or other information that is being sent. For example, the human voice can be transmitted as radio waves or microwaves to create waves of sound varies with variations.

In science and technology.

The researchers use radioactive atoms to determine the age of materials that had been part of a living organism. The age of the material can be estimated by measuring the amount of radioactive carbon-containing in a process called radiocarbon dating. Scientists use radioactive atoms as tracer atoms to identify the path traversed by pollutants in the environment.
Radiation is used to determine the composition of the material in a process called neutron activation analysis. In this process, the scientists bombard the sample substance particles called neutrons. Some of the atoms in the sample absorbs neutrons and becomes radioactive. Scientists can identify the elements in the sample by studying radiation released.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: December 22, 2014 at 13:56

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About Kaaba.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Mon, 22 Dec 2014 12:46:00 +0700

Turns Not GMT Not In Greenwich, But In the Kaaba (Scientific Facts).

Kaaba, the house of God a million Muslim Ummah miss a visit and be a guest - a creator God. Qibla (direction) Muslim Ummah in praying, from any country all ritual prayers facing the Qibla this.

The term of the Kaaba is the language of the Qur'an from the word "ka'bu" which means "ankle" or a spin move to step foot. 5/6 verses in the Qur'an define the term "Ka'bain" which means 'two ankles' and paragraph 5 / 95-96 containing the term 'Kaaba' which means a real "eye of the earth" or "axis of the earth" or the north pole of the earth round.

Neil Armstrong has proved that the city of Mecca is the center of the planet Earth. This fact has been in the study through a scientific study.

When Neil Armstrong for the first time to travel into space and take a picture of planet Earth, he said, "Planet Earth turns hanging in a very dark area, who hung it?."

The astronauts have discovered that the planet was issued some sort of radiation, they officially announce it on the Internet, but unfortunately it 21 days later the website disappeared that there seems to be a hidden reason behind the abolition of the website.

After doing more research, it turns out that radiation centered in the city of Mecca, precisely derived from the Kaaba. What is surprising is that radiation is infinite (not lead), it is proven when they take photos of Mars, the radiation is still continued.

Muslim researchers believe that this radiation has a characteristic and connect between the Kaaba on the planet with the Kaaba in the hereafter.

Makkah Center of the Earth

Prof. Hussain Kamel discovered a surprising fact that Makkah is the center of the earth. At first he was researching a way to determine the direction of Qibla in major cities in the world.

For this purpose, it draws lines on the map, and after that he is closely watching all seven continents to Makkah position and distance respectively. He begin to draw parallel lines only to facilitate the projection of longitude and latitude.

After two years of hard work and heavy it was, he was helped by computer programs to determine the correct distances and different variations, as well as many other things. He was amazed with what was found, that Mecca is the center of the earth.

He was aware of the possibility of drawing a circle with Mecca as its center point, and the outline of the circle is a continent-continent. And at the same time, he moves in conjunction with the outer circumference of the continents. (Al-Arabiyyah magazine, issue 237, August 1978).

Satellite pictures, which appear later in the 90s, emphasizing the same results when further studies leading to the layers of the earth's topography and geography of the land when it was created.

Has become a well-established scientific theory that the earth's plates are formed during a long geological ages, moving regularly around the Arabian plate. These plates continuously converge towards it as if pointing to Mecca.

The scientific studies carried out for different purposes and not intended to prove that Mecca is the center of the earth. However, these studies were published in many magazines in Western science.
Allah says in the Qur'an al-Karim as follows:

'Thus have We revealed to you the Quran in Arabic that you may warn the Umm Al-Qura (Makkah residents) and population (countries) around ..' (ash-Shura: 7)

The word 'Umm Al-Qura' means a parent for other cities and towns around it shows Makkah is the center for other cities, and the others are just being around him. Moreover, the word ummu (mother) are very important in Islamic culture.

As a mother is the source of descent, the Mecca is also the source of all other countries, as described at the beginning of this study. In addition, the word 'mother' gave Makkah superiority over all other cities.

Makkah or Greenwich

Based on careful consideration that Makkah is the middle of the earth as corroborated by studies and drawings produced geological satellite, then it really is believed that the Holy City of Mecca, not Greenwich, which is supposed to be used as a reference time world. This will end the long controversy that began four decades ago.

There are many scientific arguments to prove that Mecca is a region of zero square through the holy city, and he did not pass through Greenwich, England. GMT imposed on the world when the majority of countries in the world are under British rule. If time Makkah is applied, it is easy for everyone to know the time of prayer.

Makkah is the center of the heavens

There are several verses and Prophetic hadith that implies this fact. Allah says, 'O group jinn and mankind, if you are able to penetrate (crossing) regions of the heavens and the earth, then pass, you can not pass through but with strength. "(Ar-Rahman: 33)

Aqthar word is the plural form of the word 'qutr' which mean diameter, and he refers to the heavens and the earth which have many diameter.

From this and from some traditions can be understood that the diameter of the heavens above the earth diameter (seven plates of the earth). If Mecca is in the midst of the earth, then it means that Mecca is also in the midst of the heavens.

In addition there is a hadith that says that the Grand Mosque in Mecca, where the Kaaba is there in the midst of the seven heavens and seven earths layers (ie seven layers forming the earth). Thank you for reading this article.
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About Mafia.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Thu, 11 Dec 2014 12:49:00 +0700

Mafia, also referred to as La Cosa Nostra (Italian: Things We), is a collective call to some secret organization in Sicily and the United States. Mafia was originally the name of a confederation that people in Sicily entered in the Middle Ages for the purpose of protection and enforcement alone (vigilante). The Confederation then started to organized crime.
Mafia members called "mafioso", which means "honorable man".
Mafia expanding into the United States through immigration in the 20th century.
Mafia strength peaked in the US in the mid-20th century, up to a barrage of FBI investigations in the 1970s and 1980s rather reduce their influence. Despite the fall, the Mafia and its reputation has been embedded in American popular culture, filmed on television and even advertisements.
The term "mafia" has now widened to be able to refer to any large group who organized crime (compare with the Russian Mafia, the Yakuza in Japan), and the Triads in China.

Mafia, Most Famous Crime Organization Worldwide.

Perhaps this is the most famous criminal organization in the world and have been frequently raised in the story of the novel, movie, or other stories in various forms. Mafia is a term used to describe a type of organized crime syndicates are primarily committed a crime of extortion, the use of violent intimidation to manipulate local economic activity, especially illicit trade. Other activities are practiced such as drug trafficking, loan-sharking and fraud. They are bound together in the form of rules of conduct code of honor Mafia (Omerta) in southern Italy, and its members unite to protect the Mafia from outside interference and law enforcement.

Mafia term originally given to the Sicilian Mafia in Italy, but later expanded to include other organizations whose methods are similar and the same purpose, for example, "Russian Mafia", "Japanese Mafia" or commonly called the Yakuza, or "Albanian Mafia", and others . The term is applied informally by the press and the public; criminal organization itself has a mention of the term in themselves (eg Sicilian and American Mafia were founded by immigrants of Italian descent) calls himself "Cosa Nostra", the Mexican Mafia calls itself "La Eme" and "Japanese Mafia" calls himself "Yakuza". When the Mafia used its own vocabulary, the word "Mafia" usually refers to the Sicilian Mafia or the American Mafia.

The four most known Mafia organizations worldwide are:

Mafia Sicily (Italy),

Also known as Cosa Nostra (in English "Our Thing"), is a criminal syndicate in Islands of Sicily, Italy. This organization is an association of criminal groups that have a common organizational structure and code of ethics, and are primarily engaged in the services of security protection and extortion. Each group, which is known as "family", "clan", or "cosca", claims sovereignty over a territory, usually a town or village or neighborhood (Borgata) from the larger cities, especially where they operate. Its members called themselves "honorable men", although people often refer to them as "mafiosi / mafioso". According to the classical definition, the Mafia is a criminal organization that originated from Sicily. However, the term "mafia" and widespread become a generic term to refer to any organized criminal networks with similar structures, methods, and the same interests.

The Mafia often cooperate in parallel, but not rare clash with fellow Mafia in the same region. Mafia tissue from other parts of southern Italy, such as the Camorra (from Campania), 'Ndrangheta (from Calabria), Stidda (south of Sicily) and the Sacra Corona Unita (from Apulia). Giovanni Falcone, an anti-Mafia judge murdered by the Mafia in 1992, raised objections to the incorporation of the term "Mafia" with organized crime in general:
The American Mafia emerged as an offshoot of the Italian Mafia began to appear in the United States in the late nineteenth century, after a wave of emigration from Italy arrived in the United States. There are branches of the same in Canada, founded by the Italians in Canada. The same thing has been claimed that the formation of networks of organized crime by the Italians in Australia.

Russian Mafiya (Russia)

In the Russian alphabet: "мафия русская" or read Russkaya Mafiya or bratva, is a term used to refer to the various elements of organized crime originating from countries of the former Soviet Union. Although not a single criminal organization, the majority of groups of individuals sharing the same purpose in the organization structure, define them as part of the overall association. Organized crime in Russia began during the Tsarist empire, but it was not until the Soviet era where Vory v zakone ("thief-in-law") emerged as the leader of the prison in the Gulag (forced labor camps in the Soviet prison), and since they are the emergence of a code of honor in the group Russian Mafia defined more clearly. After World War II, the death of Joseph Stalin, and the fall of the Soviet Union, many gangs have emerged and evolved in the black market, take advantage of unstable governments of the countries of the former Soviet Union, and at the highest point of control even as much as two-thirds of the Russian economy.

Louis Freeh, the former FBI director, has said the Russian mafia poses the greatest threat to US national security in the mid-1990s. In this modern era, there are as many as 6,000 different groups, with more than 200 of them have a range of global-scale operations. Criminals of various groups both former gang members in prison, corrupt Communist officials, and business leaders, people with ethnic ties, or people from the same region to share their experiences of crime and have a leader. In December 2009, the East Lakhonin, head of the National Central Bureau of Interpol Russia, stated, "Of course, there are crimes involving our former colleagues abroad, but there are no data to suggest that the structure of organized criminal groups consisting of former Russians residing abroad ", while in August 2010, Alain Bauer, a French criminologist, said that the" Russian Mafia is one of the best and most structured criminal organizations in Europe, the military equivalent operation. "

American Mafia (United States).

The American Mafia, commonly known as the Mafia or Mafia Mob Italian or Italian, or the Mob in the United States, is a criminal society Italian-American descent. Similar to the Sicilian Mafia, Italian-American Mafia is a secret criminal society without a formal name. Members usually refer to it as the Cosa Nostra (Italian pronunciation: ( kɔza nɔstra ), Italian for "our affairs"). The press has also created the name "National Crime Syndicate" to refer to the whole of organized crime in the United States, including the Mafia. The Mafia emerged in New York's Lower East Side, the other areas on the East Coast United States, and several other major metropolitan areas (like New Orleans for example) in the late 19th and early 20th century following waves of immigration from Italy, mainly from the islands of Sicily .
This organization is rooted in the Sicilian Mafia, but an organization that is completely separate in the United States. Neapolitan, Calabria, Italy and other criminal groups, as well as Italian-American criminal who stands alone, eventually joining the Sicilian Mafia to create frontman Mafia family One of America's most widely known is Al Capone, where the figure raised in various Hollywood movie themed Mafia . Mafia-modern Italian descent in North America. Currently, the American Mafia cooperate in various criminal activities with the Sicilian Mafia and organized crime groups Italy, such as the Camorra, 'Ndrangheta, the Sacra Corona Unita and. The most important unit of the American Mafia is that merkea is part of the "family" is derived from criminal organizations that make the Mafia known to be very broad and has a strong network. Although the name of "family" to describe the various units, a succession of American Mafia leader is not always hereditary, although it is possible.

The Mafia is currently most active in New York City, New Jersey, Philadelphia, New England, Detroit, and Chicago, with smaller families, associations, and the crew in places like Florida, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, and Texas. There are at least 26 cities across the United States with the Cosa Nostra families, with many branches, and a splinter group of colleagues in other cities. There are five families of New York City major Mafia, known as the Five Families: The Gambino, Lucchese, Genovese, Bonanno and Colombo families.

Ranks arrangement in a Mafia Family Organization.

At its peak, the Mafia dominated organized crime in the US Although every family who launched a crime to operate independently, national coordination is provided by a Committee, consisting of the bosses of each family strongest. Law enforcement still considers Mafia largest organized crime group in the United States. It then maintains control over the many activities of organized crime in the United States and certain parts of Canada (Look Rizzuto crime family). Currently most of the mafia activities contained to the Northeastern United States and Chicago where they continued to dominate organized crime despite the increasing number of street gangs and other organizations that do not come from Italy.

Black Mafia Family (United States).

BMF is a drug trafficking organization which was originally based in Detroit, Michigan, which was founded in the late 1980s by two brothers Demetrius and Terry Flenory. In 2000, they have built a cocaine distribution cells in cities across the United States. Through drug source supplier based in Los Angeles, they establish a direct relationship with the Mexican drug cartels. They form the two main hub for their drug trafficking operations, namely: "Atlanta, Georgia hub", specifically for the distribution of narcotics, operated by brother Demetrius, while "Los Angeles, California hub" operated by Terry to handle incoming shipments from Mexico.

Around 2000, the organization tries to legitimize itself by entering the music business of hip-hop, started a company called BMF Entertainment. Through BMF Entertainment, they help promote a number of artists, including Young Jeezy, and Bleu DaVinci. Before they get into the music business, Flenory Brothers known to be close to a number of well-known hip-hop artists, including Jay-Z and Fabolous.
In 2005, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to indict members of the Black Mafia Family. Both brothers were sentenced to 30 years to life. Subsequent indictment eventually charged to more than 150 members of the organization. Attorney guide mentions the organization make more than $ 270 million (approximately Rp 3,181,950,000,000, - or more than three trillion dollars) for their organization running.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: December 11, 2014 at 12:49

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Did you know Charles Darwin.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Thu, 11 Dec 2014 09:13:00 +0700

Darwin, aged 45 in 1854, then worked for the publication of Origin of Species.
Born Charles Robert Darwin
February 12, 1809
The Mount, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, United Kingdom
Died 19 April 1882 (age 73)
Houses Down, Downe, Kent, United Kingdom
Places to stay British
British citizenship
Nationality United Kingdom
Royal Medal Award (1853)
Wollaston Medal (1859)
Copley Medal (1864)
Couple Emma Darwin (1839 - 1882)

Charles Robert Darwin (born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, December 12, 1809 - died in Downe, Kent, England, 19 April 1882 at the age of 72 years) was an English naturalist who laid the foundation for his revolutionary theory of modern evolutionary theory and principles lineage same (common descent) by proposing natural selection as a mechanism. This theory is now considered an integral component of biology (life sciences).
He developed his interest in natural history when he initially studied medicine, and then theology, at university. Sea journey across the world for five years aboard the HMS Beagle subsequent writings made him a leading geologist and writer famous. Biological observations led him to study about the transmutation of species and he developed his theory of natural selection in 1838. Due fully aware that other people who put forward ideas heretical as it suffered severe punishment, he simply convey this research to friends closest. However, he continued his research by recognizing the emergence of various objections to the results. However, in 1858 the information that Alfred Russel Wallace also find a similar theory prompted him to issue joint of Darwin's theory.
His book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (usually abbreviated to The Origin of Species) (1859) is his most famous until now. This book describes the evolution through the same lineage as the dominant scientific explanation of the diversity in nature. Darwin was named a Fellow of the Royal Society, continued his research, and wrote a series of books about plants and animals, including humans, and that stands out is The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Last book is about earthworms.
As a sign of recognition of the greatness of Darwin, he was buried in Westminster Abbey, along with William Herschel and Isaac Newton.

Life.

Childhood.

Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, at the family home, the Mount House. He was the fifth of six children of a wealthy doctor, Robert Darwin and Susannah Wedgwood. His grandfather, Erasmus Darwin and Josiah Wedgwood father's side of the mother. Both come from prominent English family, family Darwin - Wedgwood supporting the Unitarian church. His mother died when Charles was eight years old. When the following year he attended Shrewsbury School which is not so far away, he lived in boarding school.
Thanks to the wealth of their parents, Darwin enjoyed the comfort and have access facilities to acquire a good education. However, his father worried about the future of Darwin, because he was just having fun with hunting, playing with the dog and catch mice. His father worried that Darwin would bring shame to the family. Although Darwin had from early interested in biology, to please his father, he took up the study of medicine.
In 1825, after a summer as an apprentice doctor, helping his father take care of the poor people in Shropshire, Darwin went to Edinburgh University to study medicine. But he hated the brutality of surgery so that he left his studies. He learned how to preserve the animals from John Edmonstone, a black slave who had been freed, who told him interesting stories about tropical forests in South America. In the second year, Darwin became active in the fraternity for the naturalist. He became a keen student of Robert Edmund Grant. Grant is the man who pioneered the development of theories of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Charles theory grandfather, Erasmus, evolution by examining characteristics. Darwin took part in Grant research on the life cycle of marine animals on the shore of the Firth of Forth which found evidence for homology, the radical theory that all animals have similar organs and only vary in complexity. In March 1827, Darwin gave a presentation to the Association of Plinian on his own discovery that black spores often found in oyster shells are similar leech eggs (skate leech). He also attended classes Robert Jameson on natural history, and learn about the geological stratigraphy and how to classify plants while watching for the work to develop a comprehensive collection of the Museum of the University of Edinburgh.

In 1827, his father was not happy because the child does not wish to become a doctor, secretly enrolled in a Bachelor of Arts program at Christ's College, University of Cambridge, to prepare a pastor. This is a reasonable choice at a time when the Anglican earn a decent income, and most of the naturalists in England when it was a pastor who considers part of their job is to "explore the wonders of God's creation". At Cambridge, Darwin preferred to ride a horse and shoot rather than learning. Together cousin, William Darwin Fox, he drowned in the current craze for collecting beetles race. Fox also introduced him to the Reverend John Stevens Henslow, professor of botany, to get expert advice on beetles. Darwin then go to class natural history Henslow, became his favorite disciple, and came to be known as "the man who walked with Henslow". When the test came, Darwin focused more on his studies and get a special additional class of Henslow in mathematics and theology. Darwin were particularly interested in the writings of William Paley, including the argument of divine design in nature. In the tests finally in January 1831, he succeeded well in theology and because he studied hard in classical studies, mathematics and physics, he appeared in the top 10 of the 178 students who graduated.
Residency demands require Darwin lived in Cambridge until June. Following Henslow's example and advice, he was in no hurry to become a pastor. He was inspired by the writings of Alexander von Humboldt, Personal Narrative, and therefore he planned to visit the Madeira Islands to study natural history in the tropics with some classmates after graduation. To prepare himself, Darwin took a geology class of the Reverend Adam Sedgwick, a strong proponent of divine design, and in the summer to go with him to assist in mapping layers (strata) in Wales. Darwin was doing research strata own when his plans to go to Madeira canceled by the message that will go with her colleagues who have passed away, but when he returned home he received another letter. Henslow has recommended to Darwin for a position that is not paid to be a companion to Robert FitzRoy, captain of HMS Beagle, in a two-year expedition to explore the coastline of South America. This will provide a valuable opportunity Darwin to develop his career as a naturalist. His father opposed the trip, think of it as a waste of time, but he was persuaded by Josiah Wedgwood II to approve their participation. This trip into a five-year expedition that led to dramatic changes in many fields of science.

Travel by Beagle.

Darwin had decided that it was a way of life to become a pastor and a quiet life when he received a very tempting offer. Darwin was invited to accompany Captain Robert FitzRoy on the HMS Beagle. At that time, has become a habit that the captain of the ship has a companion during the expedition ship which usually lasts for years. Because the position of Captain FitzRoy high enough, only a 'gentleman' who can be his best man. Nigrat line Darwin proved useful. Although the expedition aims to create a marine map, FitzRoy secretly has plans to look for evidence of creation as written in the Bible. Ironically, Darwin was selected by FitzRoy because Darwin is a prospective pastor, as well as thanks to his noble blood.
Beagle survey lasted five years. Darwin spent two-thirds of this time to explore the mainland. He investigated a wide range of geological appearance, fossil and living organisms, and meet a wide range of people, both indigenous and colonial society. Methodically he gathered a large number of specimens, many of them new to science. This confirmed his reputation as a naturalist and makes it one of the pioneers in the field of ecology, particularly the understanding of biokoenosis. The records detailed that the length showed his gift to build the theory and form the basis for future work, as well as provide insight into the social anthropological, political depth areas visited.
The voyage, Darwin read Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology (Principles of Geology), which explains the geological appearance as a result of a gradual process during various periods long, and wrote a letter to his family that he witnessed other forms of land "is as if he had the eyes of Lyell ": he saw the plains of the thin layer (shingle) are steep and shells in Patagonia as ascending beaches. In Chile he experienced an earthquake and noted the basics ocean with shells stranded above high tide showing that the land had increased; and even in places high in the Andes, he can collect sea shells. He theorized that coral atolls form on the volcanic mountains of the sinking, an idea that he saw confirmed when the Beagle investigate Cocos (Keeling) Islands.
In South America he discovered fossils of extinct giant mammals, including megatheria and gliptodon in layers that do not show signs or catastrophic climate change. Occasionally he sees his they are similar to species in Africa, but after shipping Richard Owen showed that the remains were derived from animals related to living creatures in the same place. In Argentina two species of rhea had separate areas but overlap. In the Galápagos Islands Darwin found that mockingbirds differ from one island to another, and when he returned to Britain kepadnya shown that turtles Galápagos tortoises and finches also vary depending on the species of each island they inhabit. Australian marsupial animals kangaroo rats and animals platypus is very strange that he thinks "People who do not believe ... maybe say 'Surely two distinct Creator has worked'. "He was confused by what he saw, and while in the first edition of The Voyage of the Beagle (Sailing in the Beagle) he describes the distribution of species by Charles Lyell's ideas of "centers of creation", in recent editions of this Journal, he begin to imagine the use of Galápagos Islands fauna as evidence for evolution: "people may actually suspect that a small number of native birds in this archipelago, one species had been taken and modified for different purposes."
Three native missionaries returned by Beagle to Tierra del Fuego. They have been in civilized-right in the UK for two years, but their relatives in Darwin's eyes looked "wild", slightly above the animal. Within a year, the missionaries had returned to their lives were hard and primitive, but they are more like it and do not want to go back to the civilized world. This experience and the rejection of Darwin against slavery and various other inhumane treatment were seen in other places, such as ill-treatment of the natives by British colonists in Tasmania convinced him that there is no moral justification whatsoever for treating others badly based on the concept race. Now he argues that human beings are not too far away from the animal, in contrast to what is believed by his friends clergy.
While on the ship, Darwin suffered seasickness. In October 1833 he got a fever in Argentina, and in July 1834, while returning from the Andes to Valparaíso, he fell ill and was forced to stay in bed for a month. Since 1837 Darwin suffered repeated abdominal pain, vomiting, severe boils, palpitations, trembling and a variety of other symptoms. All of these symptoms particularly affected him at times when he was depressed, such as when attending meetings or dealing with disputes about the theory. The cause of the disease is unknown Darwin in his lifetime, and various efforts to take care not had much success. Speculation has recently stated that in South America he Chagas disease due to insect bites, which causes a variety of problems later. Other causes that may include the problems of psycho-biological and Ménière's disease.

Careers in science, theory formation.

While still in the voyage, Henslow carefully strengthen former pupil's reputation by giving a naturalist's selected examples of access to fossil and printed copies of Darwin's geological writings. When the Beagle returned on 2 October 1836, Darwin has become well known in scientific circles. He visited his family in Shrewsbury and his father developed the savings that Darwin could become a scientist who is supported by its own funds. Darwin then went to Cambridge and persuaded Henslow so doing botanical descriptions of modern plants he had collected. After that Darwin traveled to institutions in London to find the best naturalists available to describe other collections for publication in a timely manner. Charles Lyell was very excited to see Darwin on 29 October and introduced him to an anatomist Richard Owen who is on the rise. After working on a collection of fossil bones of the Association of Surgeons of Darwin in his kingdom, Owen caused a big surprise by revealing that some of it comes from the rats and similar animals that have been extinct giant creep. It enhances the reputation of Darwin. With the enthusiastic support of Lyell, Darwin first presented a paper to the Geological Society of London on January 4, 1837, and said that the South American land are rising slowly. On the same day Darwin presented examples of mammals and birds to the Association of zoological London. The animals mammals were taken by George R. Waterhouse. Although the birds seem like a new idea came later, John Gould, a bird expert revealed that what was presumed to Darwin as "wren", black birds, and somewhat different from the Galápagos finches are all finches, but each respective different species. The others in the Beagle, including FitzRoy also telha collect these birds and more careful with their records, to allow Darwin found on the island where each species was derived.
In London Charles lived with his brother, Erasmus, a free thinker. At a dinner parties he met with a number of scholars who argue that God has set his previous life with the laws of nature, rather than the magical creations for a while. His best friend, Ms. Harriet Martineau was a writer whose stories promoting reforms Whig Malthusian law of poor people. Scientific circles excited by the ideas of transmutation of species controversially associated with Radical excitement. Darwin would rather Dear friends, the Cambridge professor, despite his ideas beyond their belief that natural history must justify religion and social order.
On February 17, 1837, Lyell used his presidential address at the Geographical Society to present Owen's findings to determine the date of Darwin's fossils, and shows the inference that the species of animals that have been pu well was associated with species of the existing now in the same place. At the same meeting Darwin was elected to the Board of the Association. He has been invited by FitzRoy to contribute articles in the Journal based on his field notes as part of the natural history of the captain of the Beagle voyage report. Now he is immersed in the writing of a book on the geology of South America. At the same time he speculated on transmutation in his Red Book notes that have been completed at the start of the Beagle. Another project commencement getting reports of experts on the collection published as a series of publications of Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle (Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle), and Henslow used his contacts to arrange the provision of £ 1,000 from the Treasury for sponsoring it. Darwin finished writing his Journal about 20 June when King William IV died and the Victorian era began. In mid-July he started a notebook "B" of the secret of transmutation, and developed the hypothesis that where every island of the Galápagos Islands have their own kind of tortoise, all of it comes from a species of turtle and had to adjust to island -miami different in different ways.
Under pressure to organize Zoology and correcting manuscripts to his Journal, Darwin's health deteriorated. On 20 September 1837 he suffered a "heart pounding" and go to the countryside to recuperate. He visited Maer Hall where invalid aunt who was raised by her daughter who remained single, Emma Wedgwood, and entertaining relatives with stories about his travels. His uncle, Jos showed a spot on the ground where cinders disappeared under loam and say that it all is the work of earthworms. Darwin got the idea for a conversation that is conveyed to the Geological Society on 1 November, about a topic that is very unusual about earthworms. He has avoided official positions that may seize the precious time, but in March it, Whewell had recruited him as Secretary of the Geological Society. The pain makes Darwin rest from the pressures of work, and he went conduct geological research in Scotland. In clear air he visited Glen Roy to see the phenomenon known as "roads" that - wrongly - described as ascending beaches.

Once fully recovered, he returned to his home in Shrewsbury. He thought about a career and scientific prospects, and therefore he compiled a list with two columns titled "Married" and "Not Marry". List included under the pro-marriage column included "constant companion and friend in old age ... however better than a dog," while a list of the counter is "less money for books" and "the loss of a very sad time . "Consideration pro eventually win. He discussed this with his father then went to visit his cousin Emma on 29 July 1838. He did not directly apply, but in contrast to his father's advice, he told Emma ideas on transmutation.
While the thought and work continued in London in the autumn, he repeatedly fell ill.On 11 November he returned and proposed to Emma, and once again told him his ideas. He accepted it, but later wrote and begged him to read from the Gospel of John part about love and follow the road which also states that "If anyone does not remain in me, he ... thrown into the fire and burned". Charles sent a warm response that eliminates concern, but Emma still worry that the decline of faith Charles would jeopardize his hope that they would meet again in the afterlife.

Marriage and children.

On January 29, 1839, Darwin married his cousin Emma Wedgwood at Maer in an Anglican ceremony arranged to suit the Unitarians.
After the first stay in Gower Street, London, the couple moved on 17 September 1842 to Down House, Downe (which is now open for public visits, south of Orpington). Darwin family had ten children, three of whom died in early childhood. Many of them and their grandchildren would become famous (see the family Darwin - Wedgwood)
William Erasmus Darwin (December 27 1839-1914)
Anne Elizabeth Darwin (March 2 1841-22 April 1851)
Mary Eleanor Darwin (September 23 1842-16 October 1842)
Emma Henrietta "Etty" Darwin (September 25 1843-1929)
George Howard Darwin (July 9 1845-7 December 1912)
Elizabeth "Bessy" Darwin (July 8 1847 to 1926)
Francis Darwin (August 16, 1848-19 September 1925)
Leonard Darwin (January 15th, 1850-26 March 1943)
Horace Darwin (May 13 1851-29 September 1928)
Charles Waring Darwin (December 6 1856-28 June 1858)
Some of their children suffering from illness or weak body. Charles Darwin worried that this might be due to his lineage with Emma pretty close. This is expressed in his writings about the harmful consequences arising from the marriage between close relatives and benefit from cross-breeding.

Development theory.

Darwin had long thought about the evolution of the idea; that all species are related to each other and have a "common ancestor" (derived from a single lineage) and new species arise through mutations. But he was still curious about the mechanics of how the process occurs. By chance, he read the writings of Thomas Malthus. Malthus argued that human population grew faster than food production, causing humans compete with each other to compete for food and make charitable deeds vain. Darwin happily use this mechanism to explain his theory. He writes: "Human beings tend to increase in the level of greater than how to survive. As a result, he occasionally had to fight hard to survive, and natural selection will affect what lies within this range." (Descent of Man, Ps.21) He attributed this to the findings of the species associated with places, research on the breeding of animals, and the idea of "the law of natural selection" (Natural Selection). Towards the end of 1838 he compared the characteristics of the selection of farmers with natural selection according to the Malthusian theory of variants that occur "by chance" so that "every part of newly acquired structure is fully practiced and perfected", and considers that it is "part of the the most beautiful of my theory "of how species originated.
Darwin now is a leading geologist among the scientific elite among the clergy who also is a naturalist. In finance it pretty well established with personal income. He has a lot of work to do, write down the findings and theories, and oversee the preparation of writing a series of books that describe Zoology collections. He was convinced of the truth of evolution, but for a longer period of time he realized that the transmutation of species associated with the denial of God and the democratic agitators in Britain are trying to overthrow society. Thus, publishing his theory could threaten his reputation. Darwin did a lot of experiments with plants and engaged in consultations with the breeders of animals, including pigeons and pig breeders, trying to find the answers that are strong against all arguments are anticipated when he presented his theory in public.
When the report was published in May 1839 FitzRoy, Journals and Notes Darwin's getting rave reviews. Later in the same year, it was the publication of his own writings, sells and is now known as The Voyage of the Beagle (Beagle voyage). In December 1839, when Emma was pregnant for the first time, Darwin returned sick.

The publication of The Origin of Species and controversy.

Darwin wrote about the evolution of ideas in the book Origin of Species (The Origin of Species) which explains the theory of evolution. At first, Darwin hesitate to publish the ideas and observations are very radical, especially at that time, England in Victorian times. Over the years, it stores this idea and just talk with co-workers to believe. One motivation Darwin to finally publish this book is the encouragement of Alfred Russel Wallace. Wallace also wrote about a similar idea and send it to Darwin. Darwin advised to expeditiously complete the writing. In 1859, his book The Origin of Species was published and, unexpectedly, become hard and controversial behavior.
Although Darwin did not discuss human evolution openly, the book gets tough challenge, both from the scientific, and the community, especially the church. In this difficult period, Darwin was accompanied by one of his loyal friend, Thomas Huxley, who was nicknamed "Darwin's Bulldog". By telling and sharp, Huxley defended Darwin's theory of attacks. One famous episode is the debate between Bishop Samuel Wilberforce Huxley with.
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Nusantara.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Wed, 10 Dec 2014 19:20:00 +0700

History of the archipelago are events and kingdoms that stand in the World Malay Archipelago or before the embodiment of Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, the Philippines, and the Republic of Indonesia. Generally, the history of the shoreline is divided to the ancient or prehistoric, Buddhist Hindu kingdom era, the days of the Islamic empire and the end of the colonial era. After the colonial period, the archipelago broken to the several countries namely Brunei, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and East Timor.

Prehistoric times.

Early humans migrated into the archipelago occurred between 100000-160000 years ago as a partial move "out of Africa". In addition, roughly the 20th century BC, 2000 BC, moved massive entrance to the islands conducted by Austronesian race of Yunnan and they became the ancestors of the tribes in the western islands. They come in two waves, ie, around the year 2500 BC and 1500 BC.
Nation's ancestors have had a pretty good civilization. They will understand how to farm better, seamanship and even astronomy. They also have a system of governance is simple and has a leader (king small). Arrival of Indian immigrants in the centuries before the end of Masihi introduced a system of governance that is more advanced (kingdom) to them, with Dewawarman was the first to introduce a model of governance that is more advanced. Dewawarman also continue and advance the territory under Aki Tirem.

Royal Hindu / Buddhist (0-1500).

Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms in the main archipelago.
Borobudur in Java is a testament to the power of Dharma kingdoms in the archipelago.
When the start date of AD, the island was ruled by several Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms. Dharma religion spread by traders who sailed to the Indian archipelago. First Hindu kingdom in the archipelago, by Indian traders note is Dwipa Javanese kingdoms in Java that make up around 200 BC. When, after Yupa inscriptions, the oldest kingdom in the archipelago is air-dates Kutai Kingdom 400 BC.
In the period to 7 until the period to 14, there are two great kingdoms namely the kingdom of Srivijaya and Majapahit kingdom. First the kingdom of Srivijaya kingdom is that debuted unite the archipelago and formed a cultural reference. This is followed by the Javanese kingdom of Majapahit. Hindu influence that survived 14 centuries when Islam first entered the island toward Sumatra.

Sumatra.

Tambayung kingdom Bintan Island Middle Ages 6 -7
First Srivijaya kingdom Mount Dempo
kingdom Keritang
Jambi Malay Kingdom / Kingdom of Dharmasraya / Old Malay Kingdom - Edinburgh
The scale royal Brak
Malay Peninsula
Ganga kingdom State
kingdom of Langkasuka
Kingdom of Pan Pan
Old Kedah kingdom
Kingdom of Chi Tu / Kingdom of Tanah Merah

Java

Salakanagara
kingdom Tarumanagara
Kingdom of Sunda Galuh
kingdom Isyana
Kalinga kingdom
Ancient Mataram Kingdom (Hindu)
Medang Kingdom
Kahuripan
Kediri kingdom
kingdom Kanjuruhan
Janggala
Javanese kingdom Dwipa
kingdom Singhasari
Majapahit Kingdom
kingdom of Padjadjaran
kingdom of Blambangan
Sailendra kingdom
Wijaya Kusuma kingdom in Karimunjawa
kingdom Sanjaya

Borneo

Kutai Kingdom
Kingdom of Po Ni
Banjar Kingdom
Negara Daha
State kingdom Dipa
Kingdom of Cape Castle
Nan kingdom Sarunai
kingdom Kuripan

Vietnam

kingdom of Champa

Islamic empire (1500 - present).

Islamic kingdoms in the archipelago.

Islam first footprint in the archipelago around the period to 11 towards Sumatra if Samudra Pasai empire embraced Islam. The spread of Islam in the archipelago beginning traders do Arabic, Chinese, Indian and Persian. After that, the spread of Islam carried out by Islamic kingdoms country through marriage, local trade and warfare.
In the period to 14, Malacca sultanate developed into the center of the spread of Islam in the archipelago. After the fall of Malacca, the center of the spread of Islam switched to the Sultanate of Aceh in Sumatra. In the past period to 15, almost the entire archipelago had embraced Islam except on the island of Bali, the Philippines and some areas in Borneo, Sulawesi and East Java.

Sumatra.

The scale Kepaksian Brak
Sultanate of Aceh
Sultanate shavings
Myrtle kingdom
Inner Kingdom of Six Parts
kingdom Indragiri
Sultanate of Riau-Lingga
Sultanate of Deli
Sultanate Jambi
Sultanate Pinang City
Sultanate Langkat
Sultanate Pagaruyung
Sultanate of Palembang
Sultanate Serdang
Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura

Pasai

Sultanate Perlak
Malay Peninsula
kingdom Naning
Negeri Sembilan royal
Perlis royal
Sultanate of Johor
Sultanate of Kedah
Kelantan Sultanate
Perak Sultanate
Pahang
Sultanate of Patani
Selangor Sultanate
Sultanate Terengganu
Malacca sultanate

Java.

Sultanate of Banten
Sultanate of Cirebon
Sultanate of Demak
Sultanate Pajang
Sultanate of Mataram
Sultanate Kartasura
Sumedang kingdom bans
Surakarta
Sultanate of Yogyakarta
Mangkunagaran
Duchy Pakualaman

Borneo.

sultanate of Banjar

sultanate of Bulungan

sultanate of Brunei

Kutai

Sambas sultanate

Government TANJUNGPURA

Pontianak Sultanate

Sultanate of Johor Balengkong

Gunung Tabur

sultanate Sambaliung

Sulawesi.

Luwu

Government Wajo

Bone state

sultanate of Buton

sultanate of Gowa

sultanate Soppeng

Philippines.

Government Manila

sultanate of Maguindanao

sultanate of Sulu

Moluccas

sultanate of Ternate

sultanate of Tidore

sultanate baa

Bacan islands

Government Land Hitu

Nusa Tenggara

Bima

sultanate of Bima

sultanate Samawa

European colonization.

European colonization began when the Portuguese captured Malacca in 1511. In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan arrived in Cebu, the Philippines and make the island part of the Spanish empire. In 1565, the entire Philippines fell to Spain and named the Spanish East Indies. In 1602, the Dutch East India Company was established and in 1605, Ambon conquered the Dutch from the Portuguese. Britain also began to tread in the archipelago when Sir Francis Light made a verbal agreement with the Sultan of Kedah to get Penang. Dutch and English then compete to expand their influence in the country and this competition stops when the Anglo Dutch dimaterai 1824. This agreement and the Spanish colonization was a pivotal point in history where Nusantara started disintegrating, of a region united states according to some patron.

Netherlands.

Age of Dutch East India Company (1602 - 1800)

Dutch period (1800 - 1942)

English

East India Company

British Malaya

North Borneo Chartered Company

Figure White

Portuguese

Portuguese Timor

Portuguese Malacca

Spain

Eastern Hindi Spanish

Japan

Japanese Empire / World War II (1942-1945).

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DatePublished: 10 December 2014 at 19:20

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Did you know Henry Dunant.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Wed, 10 Dec 2014 18:30:00 +0700

Dunant as an old man
Born Jean Henri Dunant
May 8, 1828
Geneva, Switzerland
Died October 30, 1910 (age 82)
Heiden, Switzerland
Citizenship Switzerland, France.
Employment social activist, businessman, author
Known as founder of the Red Cross
Religion Calvinism (in the early years of his life)
nonreligious (later)
Parents Jean-Jacques Dunant
Antoinette Dunant-Colladon
Nobel Peace Prize (1901)
Jean Henri Dunant (born May 8, 1828 - died October 30, 1910 at the age of 82 years), which is also known by the name of Henry Dunant, was a Swiss businessman and social activist. When traveling for business in 1859, he witnessed the effects of the Battle of Solferino, a location which today is part of Italy. Memories and experiences that he wrote in a book entitled A Memory of Solferino (Memories of Solferino), which inspired the formation of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in 1863. The 1864 Geneva Convention was based on Dunant's ideas. In 1901, he received the first Nobel Peace Prize, together with Frédéric Passy.

Youth and education Dunant.

Dunant was born in Geneva, Switzerland, the first son of businessman Jean-Jacques Dunant and his wife Antoinette Dunant-Colladon. His family are adherents mashab Calvin ('' Calvinist '') are obedient and have a significant influence on society Geneva. Both parents stressed the importance of the value of social activities. His father was active helping orphans and inmates serving parole, while her social activities to help the sick and the poor.

Dunant grew during the religious awakening known as the Réveil. At the age of 18, he joined the Association of Charity Geneva (Geneva Society for Alms Giving). In the following year, with his friends, he founded the association called "Thursday Association", a group of young people without formal membership bonds to meet regularly to study the Bible and help the poor. He spent much of his free time to visit the prison and social activities. On November 30, 1852, Dunant founded the YMCA branch in Geneva. Three years later, he participated in the Paris meeting aimed at forming a YMCA became an international organization.

In 1849, when aged 21, Dunant was forced to leave the Calvin College (Collège Calvin) because of poor academic achievement. He then became an apprentice in the foreign exchange market called Lullin et Sautter. After his apprenticeship finished with good achievement, he was appointed as an employee of the bank.

Algeria.

In 1853, Dunant visited Algeria, Tunisia, and Sicily as assigned by companies that serve "colonies Setif", ie a company called Compagnie genevoise de Colonies de Sétif. Despite the lack of experience, Dunant successfully complete the assignment satisfactorily. Inspired by the travel experience, Dunant for the first time to write a book, which he titled Notice sur la Régence de Tunis (Story about Regensi in Tunisia). This book was published in 1858.

In 1856, Dunant founded the company that operates in the overseas colonies and, after obtaining land concessions from Algeria when it was under French occupation, he also founded the plantation and trading company called Société Financière corn et industrielle des Moulins des Mons -Djémila (Corporate Finance and Industry Grinding Mons-Djémila). However, land and water rights promised not being clearly defined, while the colonial authorities in Algeria also be less cooperative. Therefore, Dunant decided to ask for help directly to the Emperor Napoleon III of France, which when it was in Lombardi with his troops. France was fighting on the side of Piedmont-Sardinia against Austria, which when it occupied much of the region today called Italy. Napoleon's headquarters is located in the small town of Solferino. Dunant wrote a book whose content is full of flattery and praise for Napoleon III for he had given to the emperor. Then he traveled to Solferino to meet personally with Napoleon III.

Battle of Solferino.

Dunant arrived in Solferino on the evening of June 24, 1859, just as the battle between the two sides had just finished. About 38 thousand soldiers lying on the battlefield in a state of wounded, dying, or dead, and there had been no significant effort made to provide care to them. In a state of shocked at the sight, Dunant took the initiative to mobilize the local civilian population, especially women, to provide aid to the wounded and sick soldiers. Because the supply of equipment and medicines needed inadequate, Dunant himself arranged the purchase of the required material and helped set up a makeshift hospital. He managed to convince local residents to serve the injured regardless of which side they fought, in accordance with the slogan "Tutti fratelli" (We are all brothers) are created by women from the town of Castiglione delle Stiviere not far from that place. He also managed to persuade the French to liberate doctors that their captive Austria.

Red Cross.

Upon his return to Geneva in early July, Dunant decided to write a book about his experience, which he later gave the title Un Souvenir de Solferino (Memories of Solferino). This book was published in 1862 by the number of 1,600 copies, printed on Dunant's own expense. In this book, Dunant depicts the battle that happens, the various costs of the fighting, and the chaotic circumstances caused. He also put forward the idea of the need to establish a neutral organization to provide care to wounded soldiers. This book he shared with many political and military leaders in Europe.

Dunant also embark on a journey across Europe to promote his ideas. The book received a very positive response. President of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare (Geneva Association for Public Welfare), which is a lawyer named Gustave Moynier, lift this book with suggestions Dunant in it as a topic of its meeting on February 9, 1863. The members of these organizations assess posals Dunant's proposal and provide a positive assessment. They then formed a committee consisting of five people to explore further the possibility of realizing the ideas Dunant, and Dunant was appointed as a member of this committee. These four other members of this committee is to Gustave Moynier, the Swiss army general named Henri Dufour, and two doctors were respectively named Louis Appia and Théodore Maunoir. The Committee held its first meeting on February 17, 1863, which is now regarded as the date of the founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).

From the beginning, Moynier and Dunant disagree and wrangled over the vision and plan their own, and their disagreement was increasingly large. Dunant Moynier considered the idea of the need for protection set neutrality for the caregiver as difficult to accept the idea that sense as well as advising Dunant to not insist impose the concept. However, Dunant continued to advocate the establishment in every trip and in every conversation with officials of high-level political and military. It's getting mempersengit personal conflict between Moynier, who wears a pragmatic approach to the project, and Dunant, which is a visionary idealist among the five members of the Committee. In the end, Moynier tried to attack and thwart Dunant when Dunant run for the position of chairman of the Committee.

In October 1863, 14 countries participated in the meeting organized by the Committee in Geneva to discuss the improvement of care for wounded soldiers. However, Dunant himself only became head of protocol at the meeting as a result of efforts to minimize his role Moynier. A year later, on August 22, 1864, a diplomatic conference organized by the Swiss Parliament led to the signing of the First Geneva Convention by 12 countries. For this conference was, Dunant only served as a regulator of accommodation for the participants.

Forgotten past.

Business Dunant in Algeria declined, partly because of his devotion to the ideals of humanistic own. In April 1867, the bankruptcy of the financial firm Crédit Genevois led to a scandal involving Dunant. He was forced to declare bankruptcy and convicted by the Geneva Trade Court on August 17, 1868 on deceptive practices in the bankruptcy case. His family and many of his friends are very affected by Crédit Genevois bankrutnya because they invested heavily in this company. Society in Geneva, a city with a deep-rooted tradition Calvin, became upset and excited that emerged calls for Dunant resigned from the International Committee of the Red Cross.

On August 25, 1868, he resigned from his post as Secretary of the Committee and, on September 8, he is completely removed from the Committee. Moynier, who became President of the Committee since 1864, played a major role in getting rid of the Committee Dunant.

In February 1868, Dunant's mother died. At the end of that year, Dunant was also expelled from the YMCA. In March 1867, he left his hometown, Geneva, and never go back there again. In the following years, Moynier apparently trying to use his influence to ensure that Dunant not to receive help or support from his friends. For example, the gold medal prize Sciences Morales at the Paris World Fair not be given to Dunant as planned, but given to Moynier, Dufour, and Dunant together so that all the prize money is rightfully Committee. Napoleon III's bid to take over half of Dunant's debt obligations to the terms of friends Dunant guarantee repayment of the other half was also thwarted by Moynier effort.

Dunant moved to Paris and lived there in a state of lack. However, he continues to embody the idea and plan of humanity. During the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), he founded the Joint Humanitarian Aid Association ('' Allgemeine Fürsorgegesellschaft '') and, shortly afterwards, he founded the Joint Alliance for Order and Civilization ('' Allianz für Allgemeine und Ordnung Zivilisation ''). Dunant argue about the need for the disarmament talks and the need to set up an international court to mediate international conflicts. Later, he sought the formation of the library world, an idea which has echoes in various projects in the future, among other UNESCO.

In the never-ending effort to advocate and realize ideas, Dunant increasingly ignoring his personal financial situation so that he is getting in debt and shunned by his acquaintances. Although appointed as an honorary member of the Red Cross Society of Austria, the Netherlands, Sweden, Prussia, and Spain, he was almost forgotten in the course of official Red Cross Movement, even when the movement is growing rapidly to other countries. Dunant lived in poverty and move where between 1874-1886, including Stuttgart, Rome, Korfu, Basel, and Karlsruhe. In Stuttgart, Dunant met students at the University Tübingan (Tübingen University) named Rudolf Müller and then close friends with him. In 1881, together with a number of friends from Stuttgart, Dunant for the first time go to Heiden, a resort village in Switzerland. In 1887, while living in London, he began receiving monthly financial assistance from a number of distant relatives. It allows him to live in a more secure financial condition. Dunant moved to Heiden in July 1887 and stayed in the village for the rest of his life. Since April 30 1892, he was living in hospitals and nursing homes, led by Dr. Hermann Altherr.

In Heiden, he met a young teacher named Wilhelm Sonderegger and his wife Susanna. They encouraged him to record his life experiences. Sonderegger's wife founded the Red Cross branch in Heiden and, in 1890, Dunant became honorary president of the branch. With the Sonderegger, Dunant hoped to promote his ideas further, including publishing a new edition of his book. However, their friendship later became strained by Dunant catapult unwarranted accusations that Sonderegger, along with Moynier in Geneva, conspire against it. Sonderegger died in 1904, at the age of just reached 42 years. Despite their strained relationship, Dunant was deeply moved by the death Sonderegger was unexpected. Admiration Wilhelm and Susanna Sonderegger on Dunant, who kept them feel even though Dunant hurl accusations, passed on to their children. In 1935, their son, namely René, published a collection of letters written to his father Dunant.

Return the public mind.

In September, 1895, Georg Baumberger, the chief editor of Die Ostschweiz, a newspaper published in St. Gall, wrote an article about the founder of the Red Cross, who had met and talked with him when they were strolling in Heiden a month earlier. The article entitled "Henri Dunant, founder of the Red Cross" (Henri Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross) and appeared in a magazine published by the German pictorial, Über Land und Meer. With this article immediately reproduced in various other media across Europe. The article received rave reviews so Dunant back attention and public support. He then received the Prize Binet-Fendt Switzerland and a letter of Pope Leo XIII. Thanks to the assistance of the Russian czar's widow, Maria Feodorovna namely, and other donations from various parties, Dunant's financial situation has greatly improved.

In 1897, Rudolf Müller, who was already working as a teacher in Stuttgart, wrote a book about the origins of the Red Cross. The contents of this book changed the official history of the Red Cross by emphasizing the role Dunant. This book also includes the text "Memories of Solferino." Dunant began Bertha von Suttner corresponded with and write a lot of articles and other writings. He was especially active in writing about women's rights. In 1897, Dunant facilitated the establishment of the "Green Cross" (Green Cross), an organization of women's short-lived and only active in Brussels.

Nobel Peace Prize.

In 1901, Dunant received the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded the first ever, that for his role in founding the International Red Cross Movement and initiate the process of formation of the Geneva Convention. Norwegian military physician Hans Daae, who had received a copy of Müller's writing a book, advocated Dunant case to the Nobel Committee. The prize is awarded to a joint gift Dunant and Frédéric Passy, a French peace activist who founded the Peace League and active with Dunant in the Alliance for Order and Civilization (Alliance for Order and Civilization). Official congratulations Dunant finally received from the International Committee of the Red Cross represents the rehabilitation of Dunant:

"Nothing is more worthy to receive this honor, because it is you who forty years ago founded the international organization of humanitarian aid to the wounded on the battlefield. Without you, the Red Cross, which is the supreme humanitarian achievement of the nineteenth century, would never have been attempted. "

Moynier and the International Committee of the Red Cross as a whole was also nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. Although Dunant gained widespread support among the selection process, he remains a controversial candidate. Some argue that the Red Cross and the Geneva Conventions makes war more attractive and tempting to alleviate some of the suffering caused by war. Therefore, Müller in his letter to the Nobel Committee expressed the opinion that the prize should be divided between Dunant and Passy, who had become the leading candidate to be the sole recipient of the prize in the debate that occurred during the selection process. Müller also suggested that if the Dunant deemed worthy to receive the Nobel Prize, the prize needs to be given to him in view of his advanced age and health condition has deteriorated.

Nobel Committee decision to split the prize between Passy, a man of peace, and Dunant, a humanitarian, a precedent for the requirements regarding the selection of the Nobel Peace Prize recipient a significant impact on subsequent years. One part in Nobel's will stated that the peace prize to be given to those who seek to reduce or eliminate the troops and equipment (standing armies) or attempt to direct SCARA promote peace conference. This is what makes Passy naturally selected to be recipients of the prize thanks to his efforts in the field of peace. Awarding the Nobel Prize for efforts in the humanitarian field alone would be a very striking, and it is considered by some parties as overly broad interpretation on Nobel's will. However, the other part in Nobel's will assign prizes for the best performers in improving "human brotherhood" (the brotherhood of people). It could be interpreted more generally as a message that humanitarian efforts as done by Dunant was also linked to peace efforts. Nobel Peace Prize in subsequent years its many were put into one of two categories for the first time established by the 1901 decision of the Nobel Committee.

Hans Daae managed to put the prize money to be part Dunant, amounting to 104,000 Swiss francs, in a bank in Norway and prevent the money accessible to creditors Dunant. Dunant himself never wore the slightest of money in his life.

Death and legacy.

Among several other awards received by Dunant in subsequent years was an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, which he received in 1903. Dunant lived in a nursing home in Heiden until his death. In the last years of his life, he suffered from depression and fear (paranoia) that he keeps sought by creditors and Moynier. Dunant even sometimes urged the nursing home cook to taste first food rations before him so that he is protected from the possibility of being poisoned. Though he still believes Christians, Dunant in the last years of his life refused and attacked Calvinism and organized religion (organized religion) in general.

According to the care of her interpreter, the last action performed in his life Dunant was sent a copy of a book written by Müller to the queen of Italy accompanied by a letter of introduction from Dunant himself. Dunant died on October 30, 1910, and his last words are "Where the disappearance of humanity?" Dunant died just two months after his nemesis, Moynier. Although the ICRC congratulated on giving the Nobel Prize Dunant, the two rivals never reconciled.

As he wishes, Dunant was buried without ceremony in the Sihlfeld Cemetery in Zurich. In his will, he donated money to provide a "free bed" in a nursing home in Heiden, which should always be available for the region's poor. He also gave some money, through a notary deed, to his friends and to charitable organizations in Norway and Switzerland. The rest of the money he gave to the creditors so that most of the debt is paid off. Dunant's inability to fully repay its debts become a big burden to him until the day of his death.

Birthday, May 8, is celebrated as the Day of the Red Cross and Red Crescent World ('' World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day ''). Heiden nursing home that used to contain it is now a museum of Henry Dunant. In Geneva and other cities there are a lot of roads, courts, and schools are named after him. Henry Dunant Medal, which is awarded every two years by the Standing Committee of the Red Cross Movement and the International Red Cross, the highest award bestowed by the Movement. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com

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Greatest kingdoms.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Wed, 10 Dec 2014 17:35:00 +0700

As if the greatest empire in the world? Do you already know the biggest empire? maybe some of you already know, and some also may not know. A royal enlarge the power to expand its territory. A great empire views of the area, many residents, how long the kingdom it stands, the kingdom's economic and other factors such as laws and laws.

Some of the kingdom of the world's largest ever established :

Roman Empire (27 BC-1453).

This kingdom has type Aristokastik and territory covers around the Mediterranean and Europe. The kingdom began to fall apart when a lot of the civil war going on. System of government changed from Republic to Empire when the election of a dictator Julius Caesar in 44 BC. Began when the expanding Roman territory republican system of government. However, when the system of government is the kingdom, the Roman increasingly advanced and reached its heyday during the emperor Trajan breadth sampa 6.5 million square kilometers. Due to the length of this royal stand, religion, and all that is in this kingdom existed until today.

The Akkadian Empire (2400 BC-2200 BC).

The Akkadian kingdom centered in Akkad or ancient Iraq. Akkadian nation is the ancestor of the Babylonian and Assyrian. The heyday of the country in 24 and 22 BC. This kingdom is considered as the first monarch to exist on earth with a total area of 0.8 million square kilometers.

United Kingdom.

The United Kingdom is a kingdom that has a very broad area that until reaching 33 million square km. This kingdom is very broad because it consists of domini, colonies, prektoran and mandate. In 1922, 1/4 of the Earth's population is in the British empire with a total of 450 million inhabitants. British Empire has the largest military force in history.

The Kingdom of Ethiopia

The kingdom was established in the year 1270 when the dynasty Solomonid dropped Zagwe dynasty and declared King Solomon as king for Habesha population. From there, the dynasty became the master Ethiopian empire. Approaching 1895, Italy declared war on the Kingdom of Ethiopia. In 1935, Benito Mussolini led Italy to attack Ethiopian troops for 7 months and finally Italy announced his victory. Years 1936-1941, the Italian master of this region.

The Kingdom of Kanem

Kanem kingdom stands around 700 and lasted until 1376. The kingdom was located this area now called Chad, Libya, and most of Niger. Zaghawa population was first declared the capital in the year 700 in the city N'jimi. The kingdom was divided into two dynasties: Duguwa and Sayfawa who brought Islam into this kingdom. Bulala occupied N'jimi and eventually take over the kingdom of Kanem.

The Holy Roman Empire

Holy Roman Empire is a fraction of the Western Roman Empire at the command directly from the Roman Catholic Church. Its name is derived from the fact that the emperor selected based on elections and embedded crown by the pope in Rome. The empire survived from the year 962 until 1806. Empire began when Otto I declare himself as King of Germany. This imperial master 300 region. In 1648, the kingdom has fragmented.

Silla

Silla was founded in 57 BC and include North and South Korea. Kin Park Hyeokgeose the first king and master the four kingdoms along the Korean Peninsula. And the Chinese Tang Dynasty and the Kingdom of Silla fought in the 7th century but Silla can defeat it.

The Kingdom of the Republic of Venice

Venice is famous for its royal navy which has controlled the region from Europe to the Mediterranean with important cities such as Cyprus and Crete in it. Venice ruled 1,100 years, from 697 to 1797. The kingdom was established when the Western Roman Empire fell into the hands of Italy. The Kingdom of Piedmont fall when the city fell into the hands of France under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte. When Napoleon give an ultimatum, the Doge Ludovico Manin surrendered in 1797 and Venice was under the rule of Napoleon.

The Kingdom of Kush

Kingdom of Kush survived from 1070 BC to AD 350, now known as the Republic of the Sudan. The kingdom was highly dependent on wood as the main export commodities because it is difficult to trade in iron and gold. Allegedly this empire collapse under attack from the desert tribes, but scientists believe the collapse due to deforestation is done so that their wood supply is running low. So to say the Kingdom of Kush undermines itself by removing timber for the industry without any mitigation.

Eastern Roman Empire

Roman Empire is not only the most famous work in the history of the kingdom, but also the longest. This kingdom survived in various eras, but precisely from 27 BC until 1453 to last for 1480 years old. This royal master the Mediterranean region to Italy. Western Roman Empire broke out in 476 when Romulus Augustus rid Germany of the seat of empire, but the Eastern Roman Empire survived.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: December 10, 2014 at 17:35

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Opium circulation history.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Mon, 8 Dec 2014 17:01:00 +0700

What's opium, opium, or opium? Opium poppy is the term called narcotic sap raw material obtained from the fruit of opium (Papaver somniferum L. or P. paeoniflorum) immature. Opium is a seasonal crop can be cultivated only in the mountains of the subtropical region. Plant height is only about one meter. The leaves are oblong with a serrated edge. Long-stemmed poppies and out of the end of the branch. One stalk consists of only one flower petals crowned with white, purple, with a base of white and bright red. Very beautiful poppy Papaver up to several species commonly used as an ornamental plant. Fruits of opium in the form of spheres of green colored ping pong balls.

The history of opium began in 3400 BC when farmers began to plant it in Mesopotamia bottom. Since then, the population has been growing and use opium as a drug and as a medicine in the field of medicine, according to the website House of Opium, a museum in the province of Chiang Rai in Thailand.

The influence of opium in Asia is huge. British state interests in the profits from the opium trade has sparked two wars with China in the 1800s. Opium, which is often called "Black Gold," is so valuable that people often use gold as a substitute for money in trade. In the late 1900s, the same trade creates what is known as the Golden Triangle.

The region, which was named by the opium traders, covering parts of three countries: Thailand, Laos and Burma which covers more than 100,000 square kilometers of mountains and forming a triangle or the like. Two major rivers, the Mekong and Ruak, joined in the middle of the area.

To this day, "drugs entering Cambodia from the Golden Triangle area along the borders of Thailand, Laos and Burma," then through Cambodia to Thailand and Vietnam for export, "according to a book published in 2010 entitled Issues for Engagement: Asian Perspectives on Transnational Security Challenges (Problems To cite this Agreement: Asian views Regarding Security Challenges Friendlies). Golden Triangle countries have matured in making and distributing drugs, according to a book released by the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies (Asia-Pacific Institute for Security Studies) it. For example, "the hidden laboratory supported by an organized crime syndicate made drugs in the areas of Cambodia are sparsely populated," the statement said of the book, and borders are porous fishing smugglers to pass through the forests remote. "

Thailand is "a transfer of cargo and a net importer of amphetamine type stimulants," according to the International Narcotics Control Policy report from the US State Department in 2010. According to the report, methamphetamine trafficked from Burma over the border of northern Thailand for export internationally. The possibility of drugs brought from Burma through Laos and Thailand across the Mekong River to enter, according to the report, adding that the smugglers also take him to the south through Laos to the Cambodian where they entered through the Thai-Cambodian border.

The number of methamphetamine tablets were distributed from the Golden Triangle has also increased in number, according to the report. In 2008 for example, the Chinese authorities in Yunnan province have seized methamphetamine as much as 2.4 tons.

Moreover, China and India is a major producer of ephedra and pseudoephedrine, which are used illegally in the manufacture of methamphetamine, according to the report. Then how the opium crop development in Indonesia, especially after India were able to sell opium to turn it into methamphetamine, cocaine and morphine, opium became sales are growing fast? In Indonesia opium began to enter the Dutch colonial era the 1980s. At that time the invaders get this opium from India and then sold to the public at large.

There are two ways that the current opium sales through auction sales to countries and ports throughout Indonesia. At that time, the high price of opium resulted in many smuggled opium.

Luckily, the negative influence of opium can be immediately realized the Dutch government. In other source javaaction.org mentioned in the 1900s, the Dutch government began to ban the people of Indonesia and its people to consume opium.

Still, sales of opium by the state and the owner of the land to the city was made considering the value of the sale of opium.

Entering the new millennium, the war on drugs such as opium and started on the increase. This is realized with the establishment of the National Narcotics Agency (BNN) are committed to prevent the spread of drugs to meet the target of a drug-free Indonesia in 2015.

History of opium in Asia

1600s Population Persia and India eat and drink foods that contain a mixture of opium for the purpose of fun. Portuguese traders brought opium from India to China.

1700s The Dutch export of Indian opium to China and islands in Southeast Asia. Traders were also introduced by sucking opium poppy using tobacco pipe to the Chinese people. Opium dominate Shanghai 1907

In 1729 the Chinese Emperor Yung Cheng issued a ban on opium suck and sales in the country, except with a permit for treatment purposes.

1767 import figures of British East India Co. to China to achieve a surprising number of 2,000 chests annually. One crate can load 60 kilograms of raw opium.

1811 Thai King Rama II banned the sale and use of opium.

1839 Thai King Rama III introduced the death penalty for large dealers opium poppy but the problem proved to be too wide for the officers to be eradicated.

1842 England beat China in the First Opium War between 1839 to 1842. After the British forced the Chinese to keep open lines of the opium trade, China handed Hong Kong to Britain. Hong Kong developed into an important place for the transfer of Indian opium to enter the Chinese market is very large.

1856 The British and French resumed their hostilities against China in the Second Opium War, between 1856 to 1860. At the end of the struggle, the import of opium is legalized. In 1860, China began to grow opium itself in very much.

In 1898 Heinrich Dreser, who worked for Bayer Co. in Elberfeld, Germany, finds that diluting morphine with asetyl produce a drug without side effects. Bayer began making diasetylmorfin and named it "heroin", from the German word meaning heroisch heroic (acts like a hero). Heroin is not introduced in general over the next three years.

1900s A generous institutions U.S. Saint James Society organized a campaign to provide free samples of heroin through the mail to morphine addicts who are trying to quit. Britain and France succeeded in overseeing the manufacture of opium in Southeast Asia. This area, known as the Golden Triangle, and a major player in the lucrative opium trade in the 1940s.

1910 After 150 years failed in an attempt to liberate their country from opium, the Chinese managed to persuade the British to thwart the opium trade between India and China.

In the 1940s the Second World War cut off the flow of opium from India and Persia. Worried about losing his opium trade monopoly, the French encourage Hmong farmers from the mountains of southern China to expand the manufacture of opium.

1948 Burma gained independence from Britain at the end of the Second World War. Planting and growing opium trade in Shan area.

1950s U.S. trying to contain the spread of Communism in Asia by forging collaboration with tribes and leaders who inhabit the Golden Triangle area, so it provides a smooth relationship and protection along the Chinese border. In the mid 1950s, the KMT, a Chinese Nationalist Party, fled to areas around the Golden Triangle after the defeat of Communist China. To finance his goal against Communist aggression, KMT persuade the Burmese hill tribe farmers to plant more opium. Burma as part of the Golden Triangle opium increase manufacture as much as 10 to 20-fold, from 30 tons to 300-600 tons.

1960s The Southeast Asian opium merchants set up factories first heroin refineries in the mid 1960s in the hills of Laos, across the Mekong from Chiang Khong in Thailand. Then, they build more factories again in the Thai-Burma border.

1972 Warlord Khun Sa Burma export control heroin from the Golden Triangle, which became the main source of raw opium in the lucrative drug trade.

1978 Outbreak of heroin declined. The search for the source of the raw material of opium to the Sierra Madre in Mexico. "Mexican Mud" to temporarily replace heroin "China White" until 1978. In the same year, the US government and Mexico to spray poppy fields with herbicides that decrease the amount of "Mexican Mud" in the US To cover the shortage of supply, the area "Golden Crescent" (Golden Crescent) in Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan improve the manufacture and trade of illicit heroin.

In 1988, Burma's military leaders to promote the establishment of opium under the rules of the State Law and Order Restoration Council (Restoration Council Law and Orders). U.S. suspect that a number of the largest shipment of 2,400 pounds of heroin were seized in Thailand, with the goal of New York, comes from the Golden Triangle.

1993 Thai Army with the help of the Bureau of Law Enforcement US Drugs launch activities destruction of thousands of acres of poppy cultivation in the Golden Triangle area.

1995 Golden Triangle has become a major opium producer, produces 2,500 tons annually. According to experts the US illicit drug, the drug dealers have created a new crossing paths from Burma through Laos to the southern part of China, Cambodia and Vietnam. For comparison, the harvest in 1987 in Burma reached 836 tons of raw opium; in 1995 the result increased to 2,340 tons.

1999 Afghanistan produces abundant harvest as much as 4,600 tons of opium. U.N. Drug Control Programme (United Nations Drug Control Programme) estimates that Afghanistan produces 75 percent of the heroin in the world.

2002 U.N. Drug Control and Crime Prevention Agency (Bureau of Drug Control and Crime Prevention UN) announced that Afghanistan is again the world's largest opium producer.

In 2003 North Korea effort to enter the Australian market with heroin trafficking heroin supported by the state government having trouble.

2006 U.N. Office on Drugs and Crimes (Bureau of Drug Control and Crime UN) reported that the harvest of opium in Afghanistan in 2006 will reach 6,100 metric tons - the highest achievement in the world. This figure represents 92 percent of the world's opium supply.

2007 King of opium and former leader of a breakaway from the Shan in the Golden Triangle area, Khan SA, died. He lived from 1933 to 2007. At its peak, the kingdom of narcotics Khun Sa regulate the manufacture of approximately one-quarter of the world's heroin supply.

In 2010 Despite the decrease regularly poppy cultivation during the last three years, Burma remains the second largest opium producer in the world after Afghanistan and produce as much as 330 metric tons, or 17 percent of the world's supply last year, according to "The World Drug Report 2010" from UN.

Many of us have encountered because of the effects of drug use and all kinds of opium. So our awareness of the dangers of these drugs need to be improved and more prudent to say SAY NO to DRUGS.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: December 8, 2014 at 17:01

Tag : Opium circulation history, Opium, Candu, Drug

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About History.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Mon, 8 Dec 2014 16:21:00 +0700

History (Greek: ἱστορία, historia, meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation") is the study of the past, particularly how it relates to humans. In Indonesian history chronicle, saga, history, or legend can be defined as events and events that actually occurred in the past or origin (ancestry) pedigree, especially the kings who ruled. It is a general term that relates to past events as well as the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about this event. This term includes cosmic, geology, and history of living things, but often generally defined as human history. Scholars who write about history are called historians or historians. The events that occurred before the written record called Prehistory.
History can also refer to the academic field that uses a narrative to examine and analyze the sequence of events of the past, and objectively determine the pattern of cause and effect that determine them. Historians sometimes debate the nature of history and its usefulness to discuss the study of the history of science as an end in itself and as a way to provide a "view" on the issue today.
Common story to a particular culture, but not supported by external parties (such as stories about King Arthur) are usually classified as cultural heritage or legend, because they do not support the "investigation interested" required of the discipline of history. Herodotus, the 5th century BC Greek historian in Western society is regarded as the "father of history", and, together with contemporary Thucydides, helped form the basis for the modern study of human history. Gait they continue to be read today and the gap between Herodotus and Thucydides military culture that focuses remains a point of contention or approach in the writing of modern history. In the Eastern tradition, a history of Chun Qiu country known to be compiled start since 722 BC, although the texts of the 2nd century BC survivors.
Ancient influence has helped interpretation seed variant nature of history that has evolved over the centuries and continue to change today. Modern study of history began to spread, and include the study of certain areas and certain topical studies or thematic element in historical inquiry. Often history is taught as part of primary and secondary education, and the academic study of history is a major science research at the University.

Etymology.

Painting with the title History or History by Frederick Dielman (1896)
The word history literally comes from the Arabic word (شجرة: šajaratun) which means tree. In the Arabic language, the history is called dates (تاريخ). The dates in the Indonesian word meaning less is the time or calendar. History says is closer to the Greek historia, which means science or intelligent. Then in English into history, which means that the human past. Another word that is approaching the reference is Geschichte which means it happened.
In terms of European languages, the origin of the terms used in the history of Indonesian literature there are several variations, however, many who recognize that the term originated history-genesis, in Greek historia. In English known to history, French historie storia Italian, German geschichte, which means that happened, and the Dutch are known gescheiedenis.
This term entered in English in 1390 with the meaning of "relations of events, the story". In Middle English, means "story" in general. Restrictions on the meaning of "record of past events" appears at the end of the 15th century. It was still in the Greek sense at that time Francis Bacon used the term in the late 16th century, when he wrote about "Natural History". him, historia was "the knowledge of the object is determined by space and time", so that kind of knowledge is provided by Memory (while science is provided by sense, and poetry is provided by fantasy).
Given the significance of language from various languages above may be emphasized that the notion of history concerning the time and events. Therefore, the problem of time is important in understanding the events, historians tend to overcome this problem by making a periodization.
In a linguistic expression of synthetic vs. analytic / isolation dichotomy, (史 vs. 诌) now appoint a different word for human history or stories in general. In Germany, France, and most Germanic and Romance languages, the same word is used for the use of the word "history" and "story".
adjective historical evidenced from 1661, and historic of 1669.
Historian in meaning a "researcher of history" from 1531. evidenced in all the languages of Europe, "history" is still used to use the word "what happened to the man", and "scientific studies that happened", the latter sense sometimes distinguished with a capital letter, "History", or the word historiography.

Understanding the history, according to experts.

J.V. Bryce.

History is a record of what has been thought, said, and done by humans.

W.H. Walsh.

The history focuses on the meaning and importance of recording only for humans. Note that include actions and human experiences in the past on things that are important so that a meaningful story.

Patrick Gardiner.

History is the study of what has been done by humans.

Ruslan Abdulgani.

This science is a branch of science that systematically examine and investigate the overall development of society and humanity in the past as well as events with a view to then assess critically all the research results, to further serve the treasury guidelines for the assessment and determination of the present state and direction of the future.

Moh. Yamin.

History is a science that is prepared on the results of investigation of several events that can be proven with material reality.

Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406).

History is defined as a record of the general public human or human civilization happens to the character / nature of the society.

R. Moh. Ali.

Moh. Ali in his book Introduction to History of Indonesia, reinforce the notion of history as follows:
The number of changes, events or events in reality around us.
The story of changes, events, or events in the reality around us.
Science in charge of investigating changes, events, and or events in reality around us.
From the above description made some simple conclusion that history is a science that studies all events or events that have occurred in the past in the life of mankind. In human life, historical events is an event that is timeless, unique, and important.
Events lasting
Historical events did not change and still remembered for all time.
Unique event
Historical events happened only once and never repeated exactly the same for the second time.
Important events
Historical events have meaning in determining people's lives.

Classification.

Because the scope of history is very large, need a good classification to facilitate research. If some writers like H.G. Wells, Will Durant, Ariel Durant and write history in the public sphere, most historians have the expertise and specialization of each.
There are many ways to sort the information in history, among others:
Based on the period of time (chronological).
By region (geographical).
Based on the state (national).
Based on ethnic groups (ethnic).
By topic or subject (topical).
In the sorting, should be considered how the writing like seeing the limits of temporal and spatial theme itself. If it is not specified, then the historian may be stuck to the philosophy of the other sciences, such as sociology. This is why Kant is touted as the Father of Sociology mock history as a "stylist bricks" of sociological facts.
Many people who criticize the science of history. The critics see history as something that is not scientific because it does not meet the scientific factors, especially the factor "can be seen or try again", meaning that history is only seen as mere knowledge, not a science. Actually, this view is not acceptable to common sense because history can be repeated even impossible at all costs because history only happens once for ever. Although it's got such a challenge, the science of history continues to grow and show keeksisannya the level of science.

The historical record.

Historians get information about the past from various sources, such as written or printed notes, currency or other artifacts, buildings and monuments, as well as from interviews (which is often referred to as "the history of storytelling", or oral history in English). For modern history, the major sources of historical information are: photographs, moving images (eg a movie), audio, and video recordings. Not all of these sources can be used to study the history, because it depends on periodeyang want researched or studied. Research also relies on historiography history, or historical perspective, different from one another.
There are many reasons why people keep and maintain records of history, including: administrative reasons (eg, census purposes, tax records, and records of trade), for political reasons (in order to give praise or criticism on the country's leaders, politicians, or important people), religious reasons, the arts, sports achievement (for example: the Olympic record), note descent (genealogy), personal records (eg correspondence), and entertainment.
However, in the writing of history, these resources need to be sorted out. This method is called by critics source. Criticism source is divided into two kinds, namely external and internal. External criticism is criticism that the first should be done by historians when he wrote his work, especially if the source of history in the form of objects. Namely by looking validisasi physical form of the work, ranging from the shape, color and anything that can be seen physically. Medium internal criticism is criticism that seen from the contents of the source, whether justifiable or not.
Interviews were also used as a source of history. However, it should also act critical historians both in sorting through translational sources to digital or paper form.

In the past, research on the history limited to the study of written records or history told. However, along with the increasing number of professional academic and formation of a new branch of science of the 19th century and 20, there is also a new historical information. Archeology, anthropology, and other branches of social sciences continue to provide new information, as well as offering new theories about human history. Many historians are asking: if the branches of science, including the science of history, because the study was not conducted solely upon the written records? A new term, namely nirleka, stated. The term "prehistoric" is used to classify the branch of science that examines the period before the invention of the written historical record.
In the 20th century, the separation between history and prehistory complicates research. Historians time it tried to examine more than just the usual narrative political history of their use. They tried to examine the use of new approaches, such as the approach to economic history, social, and cultural. Everything needs a variety of sources. In addition, experts such as V. Gordon Childe prehistoric use archeology to explain many important events in places that are usually included in the scope of history (and not pure prehistoric). Such separation is also criticized for the exclusion of several civilizations, such as those found in Sub-Saharan Africa and in the Americas before the arrival of Columbus.
Finally, slowly over the past few decades, the separation between history and prehistory have largely been eliminated.
Now, no one knows exactly when history began. In general history is known as the study of what is known about the past of mankind (even though they had almost no separation between history and prehistory, there is a new field of science known as the Great History). Now what resources that can be used to find out about something that happened in the past (for example: the telling of history, linguistics, genetics, etc.), be accepted as a legitimate source by most historians.

Historiography.

Historiography is a science that investigates and parse the historical information based on belief systems and philosophies. Although of course there is some bias (subjective opinion) essential in all historical research (one of the biggest of which is the national subjectivity), history can be learned from the ideological standpoint, for example: Marxist historiography.
There is also a subjunctive history (speculation about history), known as "virtual history" or "counter-factual history" (ie: the history of the opposite story - or counter - with facts). There are some historians who use this method to study and explore the possibilities that exist when an event does not take place or the opposite takes place. This is similar to the type of alternate history fiction.

Methods of historical study.

Leading historians who helped develop the method of historical studies, among others: Leopold von Ranke, Lewis Bernstein Namier, Rudolf Geoffrey Elton, GM Trevelyan, and AJP Taylor. In the 1960s, historians began to leave the historical narrative that is both epic nationalistic, and choose to use a chronological narrative that is more realistic.
Historians of France introduced the method of quantitative history. This method uses a large amount of data and information to explore the lives of people in history.
Historians of America, especially those inspired era and the civil rights movement, trying to better engage ethnic groups, ethnic, racial, and social and economic groups in the study of history.
In this kebelakangan few years, scientists postmodernism loudly questioning the validity and need to be examined whether history. According to them, history merely personal and subjective interpretation on historical sources that exist. In his book In Defense of History (trans: Vindication History), Richard J. Evans, a professor of modern history at the University of Cambridge in the UK, defended the importance of history to the public assessment.

Learn from history.

The history of science is a topic that is very interesting. Not only that, history also teaches things that are very important, especially regarding: the success and failure of our leaders, economic system ever, forms of government, and other important things in human life throughout history. From history, we can learn anything that affects the progress and fall of a nation or a civilization. We can also learn about the background reasons of political activity, the influence of social philosophy, and cultural point of view and technology are manifold, throughout the ages.
One of the most famous quote about the history and importance of learning about the history written by a philosopher from Spain, George Santayana. He said: "Those who do not know his past, are condemned to repeat it."
German philosopher, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel argues in his thinking about the history: "It is taught by history and experience: that humans and governments have never learned anything from history, or the principles learned from it." This sentence is repeated by statesmen of Great Britain, Winston Churchill, said: "The only thing we learn from history is that we do not really learn from it."
Winston Churchill, who was also a former journalist and an author of the influential memoir, had also said, "History will be kind to me, because I'm going to write it." But apparently, he was not literally refer to his writings, but merely repeating a quote about famous historical philosophy: "History is written by the victors." That is, often the winner of a humanitarian conflict becomes more powerful than his subjects. Therefore, he was able to leave a trail of history - and the historical fact - according to what they feel is right.
Another view of the state that the power of history is so large that may not be changed by human effort. Or, although there may be able to change the course of history, the people in power are usually too distracted by their own problems so fail to see the overall picture.
There is still another view which states that history never repeats itself, because each is a unique historical event. In this case, there are many factors that lead to the occurrence of an event in history; maybe not all of these factors appear and repeated again. Thus, the knowledge that has been held on an event in the past can not be perfectly applied to events in the present. But many consider that this view is not entirely true, because the lessons of history still can and should be taken of any historical event. If a general conclusion can be drawn from these events closely, then this conclusion can be an important lesson. For example: natural disaster emergency response performance can continue and should be improved; although each occurrence of natural disasters is, by itself, is unique. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: December 8, 2014 at 16:21

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Events Red and White.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Mon, 8 Dec 2014 15:46:00 +0700

In the Red and White Event in Manado, the youths who joined the company VII KNIL troops under the leadership of Ch. Ch. Taulu along with the people doing the struggle for power in Manado, Tomohon, and Minahasa on February 14, 1946. About 600 soldiers and officers of the Netherlands successfully in captivity. On February 16, 1946, driven out leaflets stating that power in Manado selumh has been in the hands of the Indonesian nation.

To strengthen the position of the Republic of Indonesia, leaders and youth prepare security forces under the name of Youth Indonesian troops led by Major Wuisan. The flag was hoisted in all corners of the Minahasa almost for one month, from February 14, 1946. On the other hand, Dr. Sam Ratulangi was appointed as Governor of Sulawesi and has a duty to fight for the security and sovereignty of the people of Sulawesi.

He ordered the establishment of the People's Struggle Safety Center. Dr Sam Ratulangi create a petition signed by 540 community leaders Sulawesi. In the petition it is stated that all the people of Sulawesi can not be separated from the Republic of Indonesia. With the petition, in 1946 Sam Ratulangi arrested and exiled to Serui (West Irian). This event is remembered to this day in the Indonesian nation as rare red and white event in Manado.
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DatePublished: December 8, 2014 at 15:46

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Linggarjati agreement.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Mon, 8 Dec 2014 12:39:00 +0700

The UK continues to pursue negotiations in order to be the best way to resolve the conflict between Indonesia and the Netherlands through the British diplomat, Lord Killearn. At the first meeting held at the Presidential Palace and in the East No. Pegangsaan 56. In the negotiations that led Sutan Syabrir Indonesia and the Netherlands by Pro. Schermerhorn. Then negotiations continued in Linggarjati.

Fill Linggarjati agreement :

Dutch recognized the de facto territory of the Republic of Indonesia on Java, Madura and Sumatra.
Will be established by the federal state of Indonesia names that any state thereof is the Republic of Indonesia
Dutch-Indonesian Union was formed by the Dutch queen as head of the union Establishment of the Republic of Indonesia (RIS) and the Netherlands-Indonesian Union prior to the date of January 1, 1949

Linggajati.

Linggarjati agreement signed on 15 November 1946 opposition from political parties in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the government issued Presidential Decree No. 6 1946 on the addition of KNIP members for a big party and representatives from areas outside Java. The goal is to enhance the KNIP arrangement. It turns out that opposition is still there, even the president and vice president threatened to resign if efforts to obtain approval was denied.
Ratification Linggajati

Finally, KNIP ratify the agreement Linggarjati on February 25, 1947, at the State Palace in Jakarta. The agreement was signed on March 25, 1947. If the terms of area, power of the Republic of Indonesia is becoming increasingly narrow, but when viewed in terms of international political status of the Republic of Indonesia is strong. This is because the British government, the United States, as well as some Arab countries have given recognition to the independence and sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia.

Approval was very difficult to happen, because the Dutch interpret the other. Even be used as an excuse by the Dutch to hold first Military Aggression on July 21, 1947. Along with the first military aggression carried out by the Netherlands, the Republic of Indonesia to send an envoy to the UN General Assembly in order for Indonesia's international position grew stronger. The messenger was composed of Sutan Svahrir, H. Agus Salim, Sudjatmoko, and Dr. Sumitro Djojohadikusuma.

The presence of delegates to the attention of the UN session participants, therefore, the UN Security Council ordered a ceasefire implemented by sending good service commission (commission goodwill) with a three-state. Australia Indonesia proposed, Netherlands propose Belgium, and the two countries proposed that designate the United States as the third member. Richard C. Kirby of Australia, Paul van Zeeland from Belgium, and Frank Graham of the United States. In Indonesia, the third member of the Commission known as the Three Kingdoms (KTN). The Commission mediates the subsequent negotiations.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: December 8, 2014 at 12:39

Tag : Linggarjati agreement.

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History and Content Roem Royen.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Mon, 8 Dec 2014 12:01:00 +0700

Fill Roem Royen Agreement.

The bright spot in the settlement of the conflict between Indonesia and the Netherlands looks. This is because both sides are willing to come to the negotiating table. The success brings problems Indonesian-Netherlands to the negotiating table is not separated from the initiative of the UN Commission for Indonesia. On April 4 April 1949 held talks in Jakarta, under the leadership of Merle Cochran, a member of the commission of the United States. Delegation of the Republic of Indonesia led by Mr. Mohammad Roem.

In negotiations Roem Royen, the Republic of Indonesia remains of the opinion that the return of government of the Republic of Indonesia to Yogyakarta is a key opening for further negotiations. Conversely, the Netherlands demanding cessation of guerrilla warfare by the Republic of Indonesia. Finally, on May 7, 1949 was achieved agreement between the Dutch with Indonesia. Then the ability of both parties agreed to implement UN Security Council Resolution dated January 28, 1949 and approved on March 23, 1949. The Indonesian government statement read out by the Chairman of the Indonesian Delegation Mr. Mohammad Roem which contains, among others, as follows.
The Government of the Republic of Indonesia will issue a cessation order guerrilla warfare.
Both sides are working together to restore peace hi and maintain security and order.
The Netherlands participated in the Round Table Conference (RTC) which aims to accelerate the delivery of a complete and unconditional sovereignty to the Republic of Indonesia States.
Dutch Delegation Statement was read by Dr. J.H. van Royen, which contains, among others, as follows.
The Dutch government agreed that the Indonesian government should be free and freely perform the obligations in the area that includes the residency of Yogyakarta.
The Dutch government unconditionally freed the leaders of the Republic of Indonesia and political prisoners held captive since December 19, 1948.
The Dutch government agreed that the Republic of Indonesia will become part of the Republic of Indonesia (RIS).
Round Table Conference (RTC) will be held in The Hague as soon as possible after the government of the Republic of Indonesia back to Yogyakarta.

Impact Roem Royen Agreement.

With the agreement in Roem-Royen the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) in Sumatra ordered lane IX to take over the government in Yogyakarta from the Dutch. Meanwhile, the military with suspicion welcomed the results of the agreement. However, warns General Sudirman entire command below in order not to think about the problems of negotiations.
Roem Royen Agreement

To reinforce the mandate of General Sudirman, Java Army and Territory Commander Colonel AH Nasution ordered field commanders can distinguish truce for political or military purposes. In general, the military did not fully trust the results of the negotiations, because it is always detrimental to the struggle of the Indonesian nation. On June 22, 1949 held the triangular negotiations between the Republic of Indonesia, Bijeenkomst voor Federaal Overleg (BFO), and the Netherlands under the supervision of the UN Commission headed by Christchley. The talks resulted in three decisions, which are as follows.
Returns government of the Republic of Indonesia in Yogyakarta will be held on June 4, 1949. The stoppage of the guerrilla war will be given after the government of the Republic of Indonesia in Yogyakarta on July 1, 1949.
Round Table Conference (RTC) will be held in The Hague.
Post Roem Royen

After reaching negotiations Roem Royen, on July 1, 1949 the government of the Republic of Indonesia officially returned to Yogyakarta. Furthermore, followed by the arrival of the leaders of the Republic of Indonesia of guerrilla terrain. General Sudirman arrived back in Yogyakarta on 10 July 1949. After the government of the Republic of Indonesia back to Yogyakarta, on July 13, 1949 held siding cabinet. In the siding Sjafruddin Prawiranegara restore mandate to the vice president Mohammad Hatta. The hearings also decided lane IX concurrently appointed as defense minister security coordinator.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: December 8, 2014 at 12:01

Tag : History and Content Roem Royen, Roem, Roem Royen, History
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The Battle Ambarawa.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com (Bambang Sunarno) — Mon, 8 Dec 2014 11:38:00 +0700

Battle Ambarawa on November 20 ended on December 15, 1945, between TKR forces against British forces. Ambarawa is a town located between Semarang and Magelang, and Semarang and Salatiga. This event is motivated by the landing of Allied troops from Indian Division 23 in Semarang on 20 October 1945. The Indonesian government to allow them to take care of prisoners of war who are in prison Ambarawa and Magelang.

The arrival of the Allied forces (UK) followed by NICA troops. They are arming the former prisoner of war Europe, so on October 26, 1945 an incident in Magelang which then fighting between troops TKR with the Allied forces. The incident ended after President Sukarno and Brigadier General Bethell came to Magelang on 2 November 1945. They hold ceasefire talks and obtain an agreement as outlined in Article 12. The document that contains, among others:
The Allies will continue to put troops in Magelang to perform its obligation to protect and manage the evacuation of Allied troops were taken prisoner Japanese troops (RAPWI) and the Red Cross (Red Cross), which became part of the British army. Limited number of Allied forces in accordance with its duties.
Ambarawa and Magelang highway traffic lanes open as Indonesia and the Allies.
Allies will not recognize NICA activities and bodies underneath.
The Battle Ambarawa

Battle Ambarawa.

The Allies turned out to break her promise. On November 20, 1945 in the battle Ambarawa fighting broke out between TKR under Major Sumarto and the Allies. On November 21, 1945, Allied troops who were in Magelang drawn to Ambarawa under cover of fighter, but on 22 November 1945 fighting broke out in the city and the Allied forces did against villages around Ambarawa. TKR troops in Ambarawa with TKR troops from Boyolali, Salatiga, and Kartasura survive in the Dutch cemetery, thus forming field lines along the railway line which divides the city Ambarawa.

While the forces of Magelang direction TKR Division V / Navan under the leadership of Imam Androngi conducted dawn raids on 21 November 1945. The attack was aimed at repelling the Allied forces that persist in the village Pingit. Troops led by Imam Androngi herhasil occupied Pingit village and perform the seizure of the surrounding villages. Battalion Imam Androngi continuing pursuit movement. Then Imam Androngi reinforced battalion three hatalion of Yogyakarta, which is 10 Battalion under Major Suharto, 8 Battalion under Major Sardjono, and battalion Sugeng.

Finally the enemy surrounded, however, the enemy forces trying to break through the siege. The trick is to do a flanking movement and threaten the position of TKR forces using tanks from behind. To prevent casualties, troops retreated to Bedono TKR. With the help Regiment Two headed by M. Sarbini, Special Police Battalion led by Onie Sastroatmojo, and a battalion of Yogyakarta result of enemy movement successfully held in the village of Jambu. In Jambu village, the commander held a coordination meeting led by Colonel Holland Iskandar.

The meeting resulted in the formation of command called Leaders Battle Headquarters, located in Magelang. Since then, Ambarawa divided into four sectors, namely northern, eastern sector, the sector south, and west sectors. The strength of combat troops stationed in turn. On November 26, 1945, the leadership of the army Lt. Col. Isdiman Navan fall then from then Colonel Sudirman Commander of Division V in Purwokerto took over leadership of the army. Mutual combat situations TKR forces.
Strategy Battle Ambarawa

Enemy expelled from Banyubiru on December 5, 1945. After studying the situation of the battle, on December 11, 1945 Colonel Sudirman took the initiative to gather every sector commander. In conclusion stated that the enemy had pinned so that the latter should be carried out attacks. Plan of attack is organized as follows.
Carried out simultaneous and sudden attacks of all sectors.
Each sector commander leading the implementation of the attack.
Body forces struggle (irregulars) into backup power.
Today is December 12, 1945 attacks, at 04:30.
End of Battle Ambarawa took place on December 12, 1945 morning, TKR forces move towards the target respectively. Within half an hour TKR troops encircled the enemy forces in the city. Estimated strongest enemy defenses in Fort Willem located in the middle of the city Ambarawa. Ambarawa city under siege for four days and nights. Enemies who feels his position sandwiched strive to retreat from the battlefield. On December 15, 1945, leaving the enemy retreated to Ambarawa and Semarang. Thank you for reading this article.
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DatePublished: December 8, 2014 at 11:38

Tag : The Battle Ambarawa.

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