RAJ SIR BIKANER

Connect Two Computers Directly

2012-07-18T02:40:00.004-07:00

Connect Two Computers Directly

You can also connect two computers using a crossover cable without needing a router, a switch, or a modem. But configuring the computers to use the crossover cable is difficult for networking novices, so I suggest you look instead for a bridged USB cable (also called USB networking or USB-USB). Be careful buying a bridged cable—it should have a small box near the middle. If it doesn’t, don’t use it or it will burn out your computer.

After you get a bridged USB cable, plug it into both computers. Windows should automatically enable it for you. Then you can use the Link mode to copy files between the two computers.

Connect Two Computers Using A Switch

2012-07-18T02:40:00.000-07:00

Connect Two Computers Using A Switch

A switch is a special piece of networking equipment that looks like a router, but which is much simpler. A switch can connect two computers (or more), but it can only connect them on the same network. You can’t use a switch to connect two computers to the Internet unless you plug the switch into a router.

These days, switches are primarily used when you need to connect more computers together than you have ports on your router. For example, server rooms at big companies use switches with 96 ports on them to connect up to 95 computers to a router or another switch.

Although switches are dirt cheap, we suggest that you don’t buy one unless you’re sure you need it to connect two computers.

The Harder Way To Connect Two Computers

2012-07-18T02:39:00.000-07:00

The Harder Way To Connect Two Computers

Sometimes your Internet Service Provider (ISP) doesn’t give you all of the equipment you need, so you need to go out and buy it yourself. Here’s exactly what you need to connect two computers together or to the Internet.

A Router will let two computers talk to each other. A router will also let those computers talk to computers on another network if one is available. Almost all routers today work on three networks: the Internet, a local wireless network, and a local wired network. You don’t need to use all three networks to use a router—just one network is fine.
Ethernet cables or Wireless cards depending on how you want to connect to your network. You need one cable or card for each computer, except for computers with built-in wireless cards.
A Modem if you want to connect to the Internet. There are dial-up phone modems, DSL modems, cable modems, and fiber optic (FIOS) modems; you also need an ISP that can communicate with your modem. It is also possible to connect two computers to one modem to share the internet connection.

Connect Two Computers With Ethernet Cords

2012-07-18T02:38:00.000-07:00

Connect Two Computers With Ethernet Cords

Ethernet is by far the most common method today for physically connecting two computer on the same network. There are three slightly different types of Ethernet cords available, which makes things slightly more complicated, but they’re all compatible with each other, so you don’t need to worry too much about buying the wrong cord.

All Ethernet cords end with an adapter that looks like a big U.S. telephone adapter. This adapter is called an RJ45 (U.S. telephone adapters are RJ11). At the end, it contains 8 parallel metal pins.

Most Ethernet cords are colored blue, although they can come in any color. Watch out for Ethernet cords colored yellow or red—these may be a special type of Ethernet called a crossover cable.

There are three different varieties of Ethernet cable. You can always tell which type of cable you have by reading the text printed on the cable. You have to look hard, as often the printing is in small, faint letters, but you should see something like the following text taken from an actual cable: “E111018 (A0l). Type CM 75°C 24AWG (UL) LL92833 CSA TYPE CMG 60°C SUN MICROSYSTEMS 180–1529–02 CATEGORY 5”.

Note the last part says, “CATEGORY 5”. It may also have said “CAT 5” or “CAT–5”, but it would mean the same thing. Also the CAT–5 designation can appear anywhere in the text, not just at the end. Besides CAT–5, there is also CAT–5E and CAT–6. Here are the differences between them:

CAT–5 was the fastest usable Ethernet cable for over a decade. But recently, faster routers have been able to use better cables to provider faster speeds to computers. If you’re just starting a home network, you’ll be fine using CAT–5 to connect two computers.
CAT–5E is used in the current fastest Ethernet routers—it’s about 10 times faster than regular CAT–5. The extra speed comes from building the CAT–5E cables to a more precise specification that reduces electromagnetic interference.
CAT–6 is also used in the current fastest Ethernet routers, but no current router can transmit fast enough to use all of the bandwidth available in CAT–6. Because of this, many companies use CAT–6 in their internal wiring so that they don’t need to rewire when faster routers come out.

When you go to buy Ethernet cords, it doesn’t matter which you buy unless you need the fastest speeds. If you have spare cash and you want to best performance, buy CAT–6. If you’re frugal and don’t do anything special on the Internet, buy CAT–5.

One thing you should always do is buy pre-made CAT–5 cords. Do this even if you’re an electrician familiar with making your own cords—Ethernet cords (especially CAT–6) are very hard to wire without damaging their electromagnetic shielding.

The Simplest Way To Connect Two Computers To The Internet

2012-07-18T02:37:00.001-07:00

The Simplest Way To Connect Two Computers To The Internet

Almost everyone who buys high-speed Internet these days will receive a free router from their cable or DSL company. All you need is a way for your computer to talk to this router. You have two options:

Wireless can be used if your router is wireless and you have a wireless-enabled computer. You can tell your router has wireless support if it has one or more antennas. Most laptops made in the last 5 years have wireless too—to be sure, check your laptop’s specifications.
Wired (also called Ethernet) is most commonly used with desktop computers and older laptops. To use Ethernet, you need a special type of cord described below.

Basic Networking Explained: How To Connect Two Computers

2012-07-18T02:36:00.000-07:00

Basic Networking Explained: How To Connect Two Computers

How do you connect two computers to the Internet? That was a question that perplexed me the first time I tried to do it. I didn’t know what I needed to buy and how I would connect it all. Complicating the situation, there are several ways to connect two computers. One way we previously wrote a tutorial about was to connect two computers to one broadband modem. However this is not always possible for everyone and problems do occur.

We don’t want you to have the same problem I had, so here is everything you need to know to connect two computers to the Internet.

how to connect two computers:

2012-07-18T02:35:00.001-07:00

how to connect two computers:

If you do not have an installation CD, phone your internet service provider and they will send one to you.
See 3 other ways to connect two computers together.
If you run into any problems, phone your internet service provider and they will help. It is perfectly OK to connect two computers to a broadband modem

How to connect two computers to one broadband modem?

2012-07-18T02:34:00.002-07:00

How to connect two computers to one broadband modem?

In this tutorial I will show you how to connect two computers to the same broadband modem.

What do you need to connect two computers?

You will need two computers to connect to one modem.
You will need an Ethernet cable and a USB cable.
You will need a modem similar to the one pictured above.
You will need an internet connection.
You will need an installation CD to install through USB connection.

To connect a computer to a broadband modem through USB, it is recommended that you use the installation cd. It will ask you to choose how you want to connect and you select USB. Make sure you know your user name and password for your internet service provider.

To connect the second computer to the same modem but through the Ethernet, just plug it in…It usually works straight away. If it does not, use the installation cd, but choose to connect with Ethernet.

How to connect two computers to a broadband modem

2012-07-18T02:33:00.001-07:00

How to connect two computers to a broadband modem

If you have a broadband modem or one that is supplied from your internet service provider (ISP) you can most probably connect two computers to it without needing a router. If you look at the picture of my modem below, it has a USB (blue) and a ETHERNET (yellow) port. Of course there are many other ways to connect two computers together to share files or an internet connection, however this article is about connecting two computers to one modem.

My service provider, Telstra Australia, supplied this modem to me. It came with an installation disc, which you should use to connect to the modem through the USB.

Now if you do not have a router, but have a similar modem to the one shown, you can connect two computers off the one broadband modem and thus both accessing the internet.

One computer can connect through the USB port and the other through the Ethernet.

A USB cable and and Ethernet cable come with the modem, however to connect the second computer you may need to buy a longer Ethernet cable. Get a blue cable.. NOT yellow or red. The blue one is a CROSSOVER cable, the others will be PATCH cables. They have the same connections on them but do entirely different jobs. (this color coding applies in Australia, I don’t know about other countries.)

Create keyboard shortcuts to open programs

2012-07-08T04:51:00.002-07:00

Create keyboard shortcuts to open programs

You can create keyboard shortcuts to open programs. Before you get started, you need to create a shortcut for the program to which you want to assign a keyboard shortcut. To do this, open the folder that contains the program's executable file, right-click it, and then click Create Shortcut. For more information about creating shortcuts to programs, see

1. Locate the shortcut to the program that you want to create a keyboard shortcut for.

2. Right-click the shortcut, and then click Properties.

3. In the Shortcut Properties dialog box, click the Shortcut tab.

4. Click in the Shortcut key box, press the key on your keyboard that you want to use in combination with Ctrl+Alt (keyboard shortcuts automatically start with Ctrl+Alt), and then click OK. If you're prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation.

If you're using a program that also has a keyboard shortcut using the same key combination as the shortcut you just created, then your shortcut might not work.

PGDCA/MCA 1st Year ASSIGNMENTS

2012-06-26T18:54:00.000-07:00

MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

(PGDCA/MCA 1^st Yr)

ASSIGNMENTS

Year 2012

JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

JAIPUR

Course Code	:	PGDCA/MCA – 101
Course Title	:	Fundamental of Computer
Maximum Marks	:	30

There are Three questions in this assignment. Answer all questions. All questions

are equal marks.

Q.1 a) Write a note on

a) Third generation computers.

b) Write the applications of computer in business.

c) With a neat diagram, explain the functional unit of computer.

d) Explain application software.

Q.2 a) Write notes on :

a) RAM and ROM

b) Optical media.

c) What are sign numbers and explain the conditions of overflow and underflow by

using 2’s complement?.

b) Explain different items in desktop.

c) LAN and WAN

d) What is a transmission mode? Explain various transmission modes of data.

Q 3. Write notes on :

a) Computer virus

b) E-mail.

c) Topologies

d) De Morgan’s Theorem

Course Code	:	PGDCA/MCA – 102
Course Title	:	PC Software
Maximum Marks	:	30

There are three questions in this assignment. Answer all the questions. All Questions are equal marks.

Q.1 (a) What is Mail Merge? Write all steps to create mail merge.

(b) Write short note on.

(a) Goal Seek

(b) Function in Excel

Q.2 (a) What is a template ? Explain with an example.

(b) Explain the process of Auto Correct.

(i) Setting up a mail account

(ii) Applying stationery

(iii) Sending & Receiving Mails

(iv) Creating a contact in Address Book

Q.3 (a) Explain the ways to apply transition in slides.

(b) How do you draw different shapes using AutoShapes.

Course Code	:	PGDCA/MCA – 103
Course Title	:	Database Management System
Maximum Marks	:	30

There are three questions in this assignment. Answer all the questions. All Questions are equal marks.

Q.1 (a) List Five Responsibilities of the DB manager.

(b) Give the limitations of E-R model? How do you overcome this?

Q.2 (a) What is an active database?

(b) (i) Highlight the features of object oriented database

(Ii) Compare file system with database system (

Q.3 (a) What are the steps involved in designing a database application? Explain with an

application.

(b) What is Normalization? Explain 1NF, 2NF, 3NF and BCNF with suitable example

Course Code	:	PGDCA/MCA – 104
Course Title	:	Programming in ‘C’ & Data Structure
Maximum Marks	:	30

There are three questions in this assignment. Answer all the questions. All Questions are equal marks.

Q1 (a) Differentiate between call by value & call by reference. Explain recursive function with

an example.

(b) Write a ‘C’ program to find a second largest number from the single array of 10 values.

Q.2 (a) Create a structure student with data members roll no., name, and write a program to read & display data of 5 students?

(b) Explain user define function? Differentiate between user defined & Library function?

Q3 (a) Describe stack and write algorithm for push and pop operations.

(b) What are the difference between tree and binary tree? Give an example to differentiate

pre-order and post order traversals.

example

Course Code	:	PGDCA/MCA – 105
Course Title	:	Operating System Principles
Maximum Marks	:	30

There are three questions in this assignment. Answer all the questions. All Questions are equal marks.

Q1 (a) Define file. Discuss various file operations including file structure, file sharing and

file protection.

(b) Define deadlock. What are the different methods to solve the deadlock problem?

Explain deadlock prevention algorithms.

(i) Batch processing system (ii) Time sharing system

(iii) Real time system (iv) Personal Computer system

Q2 (a) Explain the following:-

(i) Paging

(ii) Segmentation

(iii) Swapping

(iv) Fragmentation

(b) Explain First Fit, Best Fit and Worst Fit allocation algorithm.

paging.

Q3 (a) Explain the following page replacement algorithm:-

(i) FIFO

(ii) LRU

(iii) Optimal

(iv) Second chance algorithm

(b) What do you understand by I/O Interface. Explain various I/O techniques.

Course Code	:	PGDCA/MCA – 106
Course Title	:	Computer Networks & Internet Concept
Maximum Marks	:	30

There are three questions in this assignment. Answer all the questions. All Questions are equal marks.

Q1 (a) What is OSI security architecture? Explain different approaches of security model

and different phases of security lifecycle.

(b) What do you mean by E-Commerce? How computer is useful in e-governance and

common public services?

signature.

Q2 (a) Define a Virus? What are the typical phases of operation of virus or worms?

Differentiate between Trojan horse, Virus and worms.

(b) Explain the following:

(i) IP Address

(ii) URL

(iii) DNS

(iv) Subnet Mask

Q3 (a) Distinguish between peer to peer and client server network. Explain advantage

and disadvantage of Network.

(b) Differentiate between IEEE 802.3, 802.4 and 802.5 standards. Explain frame

format of the above.

(i) FTP

(ii) DHCP

(iii) NFS

(iv) SMTP

(v) TCP/IP

Course Code	:	PGDCA/MCA – 107
Course Title	:	System Analysis & Design
Maximum Marks	:	30

There are three questions in this assignment. Answer all the questions. All Questions are equal marks.

Q1 (a) Why is data processing essential? Explain advantage and disadvantages of manual

and electronic data processing comparing them.

(b) What do you mean by nature of information and principal source of information?

Q2 (a) What is system development life cycle? How it is related to system analysis?

Differentiate between system analysis and system designing.

(b) Define the system. Explain its features. Describe the different types of systems.

Explain briefly.

Q3 (a) How many types of software’s are there? Explain the various phases of hardware

and software selection processes.

(b) What do you mean by system security? What are the measures of physical

security? Explain.

Course Code	:	PGDCA/MCA – 108
Course Title	:	OOP’s Programming Using in ‘C++’
Maximum Marks	:	30

There are three questions in this assignment. Answer all the questions. All Questions are equal marks.

Q1 (a) What is polymorphism? What are the difference between compile time and run

time polymorphism?

(b) Explain different types of data types with example.

derived class?

Q2 (a) What is inheritance? Explain various types of inheritances with example to

show inheritance.

(b) What are manipulators? How do you use manipulators to format I/O? Explain.

example to declare multiple constructor in a class.

Q3 (a) What is inline function? What is difference between friend function and inline

function?

(b) What is function overloading and operation overloading? Give a suitable example

to show the both types of overloading.

(i) Recursion

(ii) Command line arguments

(iii) Storage class specifies

Web-Based Computing

2012-06-22T00:47:00.008-07:00

Web-Based Computing

Web has become ubiquitous

PCs most prevalent devices

More devices becoming networked to allow web access

New category of devices to manage web traffic among similar servers: load balancers

Use of operating systems like Windows 95, client-side, have evolved into Linux and Windows XP, which can be clients and servers

Peer-to-Peer Computing

2012-06-22T00:47:00.005-07:00

Peer-to-Peer Computing

Another model of distributed system

P2P does not distinguish clients and servers

Instead all nodes are considered peers

May each act as client, server or both

Node must join P2P network

Registers its service with central lookup service on network, or

Broadcast request for service and respond to requests for service via discovery protocol

Examples include Napster and Gnutella

Computing Environments

2012-06-22T00:47:00.002-07:00

Computing Environments

Traditional computer

Blurring over time

Office environment

PCs connected to a network, terminals attached to mainframe or minicomputers providing batch and timesharing

Now portals allowing networked and remote systems access to same resources

Home networks

Used to be single system, then modems

Now firewalled, networked

Protection and Security

2012-06-22T00:46:00.010-07:00

Protection and Security

Protection – any mechanism for controlling access of processes or users to resources defined by the OS

Security – defense of the system against internal and external attacks

Huge range, including denial-of-service, worms, viruses, identity theft, theft of service

Systems generally first distinguish among users, to determine who can do what

User identities (user IDs, security IDs) include name and associated number, one per user

User ID then associated with all files, processes of that user to determine access control

Group identifier (group ID) allows set of users to be defined and controls managed, then also associated with each process, file

Privilege escalation allows user to change to effective ID with more rights

I/O Subsystem

2012-06-22T00:46:00.006-07:00

I/O Subsystem

One purpose of OS is to hide peculiarities of hardware devices from the user

I/O subsystem responsible for

Memory management of I/O including buffering (storing data temporarily while it is being transferred), caching (storing parts of data in faster storage for performance), spooling (the overlapping of output of one job with input of other jobs)

General device-driver interface

Drivers for specific hardware devices

Mass-Storage Management

2012-06-22T00:46:00.002-07:00

Mass-Storage Management

Usually disks used to store data that does not fit in main memory or data that must be kept for a “long” period of time.

Proper management is of central importance

Entire speed of computer operation hinges on disk subsystem and its algorithms

OS activities

Free-space management

Storage allocation

Disk scheduling

Some storage need not be fast

Tertiary storage includes optical storage, magnetic tape

Still must be managed

Varies between WORM (write-once, read-many-times) and RW (read-write)

Storage Management

2012-06-22T00:45:00.006-07:00

Storage Management

OS provides uniform, logical view of information storage

Abstracts physical properties to logical storage unit - file

Each medium is controlled by device (i.e., disk drive, tape drive)

Varying properties include access speed, capacity, data-transfer rate, access method (sequential or random)

File-System management

Files usually organized into directories

Access control on most systems to determine who can access what

OS activities include

Creating and deleting files and directories

Primitives to manipulate files and dirs

Mapping files onto secondary storage

Backup files onto stable (non-volatile) storage media

Memory Management

2012-06-22T00:45:00.003-07:00

Memory Management

All data in memory before and after processing

All instructions in memory in order to execute

Memory management determines what is in memory when

Optimizing CPU utilization and computer response to users

Memory management activities

Keeping track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by whom

Deciding which processes (or parts thereof) and data to move into and out of memory

Allocating and deallocating memory space as needed

Process Management Activities

2012-06-22T00:44:00.005-07:00

Process Management Activities

The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with process management:

Creating and deleting both user and system processes

Suspending and resuming processes

Providing mechanisms for process synchronization

Providing mechanisms for process communication

Providing mechanisms for deadlock handling

Process Management

2012-06-22T00:44:00.001-07:00

Process Management

A process is a program in execution. It is a unit of work within the system. Program is a passive entity, process is an active entity.

Process needs resources to accomplish its task

CPU, memory, I/O, files

Initialization data

Process termination requires reclaim of any reusable resources

Single-threaded process has one program counter specifying location of next instruction to execute

Process executes instructions sequentially, one at a time, until completion

Multi-threaded process has one program counter per thread

Typically system has many processes, some user, some operating system running concurrently on one or more CPUs

Concurrency by multiplexing the CPUs among the processes / threads

Transition from User to Kernel Mode

2012-06-22T00:42:00.003-07:00

Transition from User to Kernel Mode

Timer to prevent infinite loop / process hogging resources

Set interrupt after specific period

Operating system decrements counter

When counter zero generate an interrupt

Set up before scheduling process to regain control or terminate program that exceeds allotted time

Operating-System Operations

2012-06-22T00:41:00.006-07:00

Memory Layout for Multiprogrammed System

Operating-System Operations

Interrupt driven by hardware

Software error or request creates exception or trap

Division by zero, request for operating system service

Dual-mode operation allows OS to protect itself and other system components

User mode and kernel mode

Mode bit provided by hardware

Provides ability to distinguish when system is running user code or kernel code

Some instructions designated as privileged, only executable in kernel mode

System call changes mode to kernel, return from call resets it to user

Operating System Structure

2012-06-22T00:41:00.002-07:00

Operating System Structure

Multiprogramming needed for efficiency

Single user cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all times

Multiprogramming organizes jobs (code and data) so CPU always has one to execute

A subset of total jobs in system is kept in memory

One job selected and run via job scheduling

When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS switches to another job

Timesharing (multitasking) is logical extension in which CPU switches jobs so frequently that users can interact with each job while it is running, creating interactive computing

Response time should be < 1 second

Each user has at least one program executing in memory [process

If several jobs ready to run at the same time [ CPU scheduling

If processes don’t fit in memory, swapping moves them in and out to run

Virtual memory allows execution of processes not completely in memory

Storage-Device Hierarchy Caching

2012-06-22T00:40:00.003-07:00