World Web Designer !

PDF Ebook about Web Designing / Developing

2014-01-08T12:13:00.001-08:00

Hello visiter today I'm sharing A Ebook make you a web designer and developer too . :)

Download Web designing PDF Ebook learn Web , HTML , CSS , Javascript , PHP , MySQL and Web developing Content Management system learn how to develop website learn to be a web designer download the book :)

Contents at a Glance
Introduction................................................................. 1
Book I: Getting Started with PHP & MySQL.................... 5
Chapter 1: Understanding the Languages of the Web....................................................7
Chapter 2: Installing a Web Server.................................................................................21
Chapter 3: Installing PHP.................................................................................................35
Chapter 4: Setting Up MySQL..........................................................................................55
Chapter 5: Setting Up Your Web Development Environment
with the XAMPP Package...............................................................................................75
Book II: HTML and CSS............................................... 87
Chapter 1: Creating a Basic Page with HTML................................................................89
Chapter 2: Adding Style with CSS.................................................................................121
Chapter 3: Creating and Styling Web Forms...............................................................169
Book III: JavaScript.................................................. 185
Chapter 1: Understanding JavaScript Basics..............................................................187
Chapter 2: Building a JavaScript Program...................................................................191
Chapter 3: Adding jQuery..............................................................................................219
Chapter 4: Reacting to Events with JavaScript and jQuery.......................................241
Chapter 5: Troubleshooting JavaScript Programs.....................................................261
Book IV: PHP........................................................... 269
Chapter 1: Understanding PHP Basics.........................................................................271
Chapter 2: Building PHP Scripts...................................................................................319
Chapter 3: PHP and Your Operating System...............................................................365
Chapter 4: Object-Oriented Programming...................................................................397
Chapter 5: Considering PHP Security...........................................................................425
Chapter 6: Tracking Visitors with Sessions.................................................................437
Book V: MySQL........................................................ 447
Chapter 1: Introducing MySQL......................................................................................449
Chapter 2: Administering MySQL.................................................................................457
Chapter 3: Designing and Building a Database...........................................................475
Chapter 4: Using the Database......................................................................................497
Chapter 5: Communicating with the Database from PHP Scripts.............................515

Click here To download the PDF Ebook Torrent

download Jquery wow slider

2013-01-22T21:04:00.002-08:00

Download Jquery Slider image gallery in free

Downoad Or Watch Demo Jquery Wow Slider Gallery easy to manage

A Kick Ass new Jquery slide show

2012-12-19T14:10:00.000-08:00

Jquery Slide Show photo gallery

The Animated ‘Shine’ Effect

The idea behind a Shine Effect is to give your graphics the appearance of being on a glossy surface that have just had a light beam pass over them. This can make them appear to be made of glass and can increase the visual experience your end users see.

Before we get into any code, lets go through the basic concepts behind the effect. We want to pass a light-beam (in this case an image simulating a shine) past our image when the user hovers over it. Now because I wanted to style up today’s gallery so that each thumbnail appeared to float out of it’s container, the steps to achieving the below animation are as follows:

Change the margins of the thumbnail element so that it floats away from it’s container
Set the background-position of your “shine” graphic to be –1 * (it’s total width)
Animate your background-position to value of the total width. Effectively we’re hiding the gloss off-stage and then animating it across the image.

You can see this being achieved in the diagram below.

Shine Effect

Now, because ShineTime is going to also apply this effect to the caption holder component (see the demo), I needed to come up with a much larger shine graphic for this that cleanly executes the desired effect without being slow or making the text unreadable. Using an image about 20% longer than the container in each direction at a layer below the text made this possible.

Designing ShineTime

Graphics-wise, there are a few important things to note about ShineTime. I wanted to give this demo an extra-depth of design detail so the following techniques were applied to create the final main-photo area:

CSS3 is used to create the rounded-corner borders around the main container div. It is also used on the indented shadow layer (which you can see below). In order for the caption container to also fit this design spec, it’s bottom rounded corners use CSS3 to keep everything looking like it’s inside the same box.
Layering is heavily used in this demo to achieve a photographic-depth effect. The choice to do this using an image rather than CSS3 was in order to preserve the effect displaying in browsers like IE6.
Normally, image galleries are based on UL/LI elements which are wrapped together using jQuery & CSS to turn them into something pretty. Here, because the actual image needs to be behind a few other layers so that it can have (a) Rounded corners and (b) the photo-effect, it’s necessary for all images to be loaded using the background-image property of the ‘largephoto’ div (take a look at the HTML code to see what I’m talking about)
CSS3 is finally also used on the ShineTime Header. Whilst I’ve included Cufon for a little added cleanliness to my typographic elements, in the header it’s simply used for adding an indented feel to the text to give the background that extra ‘metallic’ feel to it.

The Code

Finally, for the part you’ve been waiting for: the code.

HTML (Sample)

<div class="thumbnailimage">
<div class="thumb_container">
<div class="large_thumb"> <img src="images/thumbnails/sample1.jpg" class="large_thumb_image" alt="thumb"> <img alt="" src="images/large/sample1.jpg" class="large_image" rel="Just because I can't code,
doesn't mean I can't kick your ass!">
<div class="large_thumb_border"> </div>
<div class="large_thumb_shine"> </div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="containertitle">Welcome to ShineTime</div>
<div class="mainframe">
<div id="largephoto">
<div id="loader"> </div>
<div id="largecaption">
<div class="captionShine"> </div>
<div class="captionContent"> </div>
</div>
<div id="largetrans"> </div>
</div>
</div>

CSS

body { background-color:#333; margin:0 auto;
background-image:url('images/interface/bgnoise.png');}
#container { width:793px; height:498px; margin:0 auto;
background-image:url('images/interface/back_noise.png');
background-color:#111; margin-top:40px;}
#container .mainframe { width: 500px; height:498px; float:left}
#container .thumbnails { float:left; width:293px; height:498px;
background-repeat:no-repeat; background-image:url('images/interface/total_grid.png');
background-position:9px 70px; }
.thumbnailimage { float:left; padding:7px;}
.large_thumb {float:left; position: relative; width:64px;
height:64px; padding:0px 10px 0px 0;}
img.large_thumb_image {position:absolute; left:5px; top:4px;}
.large_thumb_border {width:64px; height:64px;
background:url('images/interface/thumb_border.png'); position:absolute; }
.large_thumb_shine {width:54px; height:54px;
background:url('images/interface/shine.png'); position:absolute;
background-position:-150px 0; left:5px; top:4px; background-repeat:no-repeat;}
.thumb_container { width:64px; height:64px;
background-image:url('images/interface/thumb_holder.png'); }
#largephoto { width: 444px; height:370px; background-color:#333333;
margin-top:68px; margin-left:40px; -moz-border-radius: 10px;
-webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-left: 1px solid #fff;
border-right: 1px solid #fff; border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; }
#largetrans { width: 444px; height:370px;
background-image:url('images/interface/main_bg_trans.png');
-moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px;}
.large_image { display:none}
#containertitle { position:absolute; margin-top:35px;
margin-left:40px; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-weight:bold; text-shadow: 0px 1px 2px #fff;}
#largecaption { text-align:center; height:100px;
width:100%; background-color:#111; position:absolute; width: 444px;
margin-top:270px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 10px;
-moz-border-radius-bottomright: 10px; -webkit-border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;
-webkit-border-bottom-rightright-radius: 10px;
display:none; color:#fff; font-size:30px;
font-family:Arial; letter-spacing:-1px; font-weight:bold}
#largecaption .captionContent { padding:5px;}
#largecaption .captionShine { background:url('images/interface/bigshine.png');
position:absolute; width: 444px; height: 100px;
background-position:-150px 0;background-repeat:no-repeat;}
#loader { width:150px; height:150px;
background-image:url('images/interface/loader.gif');
background-repeat:no-repeat; position:absolute;}

JavaScript

$(document).ready(function()
{
/*Your ShineTime Welcome Image*/
var default_image = 'images/large/default.jpg';
var default_caption = 'Welcome to ShineTime';
/*Load The Default Image*/
loadPhoto(default_image, default_caption);
function loadPhoto($url, $caption)
{
/*Image pre-loader*/
showPreloader();
var img = new Image();
jQuery(img).load( function()
{
jQuery(img).hide();
hidePreloader();
}).attr({ "src": $url });
$('#largephoto').css('background-image','url("' + $url + '")');
$('#largephoto').data('caption', $caption);
}
/* When a thumbnail is clicked*/
$('.thumb_container').click(function()
{
var handler = $(this).find('.large_image');
var newsrc = handler.attr('src');
var newcaption = handler.attr('rel');
loadPhoto(newsrc, newcaption);
});
/*When the main photo is hovered over*/
$('#largephoto').hover(function()
{
var currentCaption = ($(this).data('caption'));
var largeCaption = $(this).find('#largecaption');
largeCaption.stop();
largeCaption.css('opacity','0.9');
largeCaption.find('.captionContent').html(currentCaption);
largeCaption.fadeIn()
largeCaption.find('.captionShine').stop();
largeCaption.find('.captionShine').css("background-position","-550px 0");
largeCaption.find('.captionShine').animate({backgroundPosition: '550px 0'},700);
Cufon.replace('.captionContent');
},
function()
{
var largeCaption = $(this).find('#largecaption');
largeCaption.find('.captionContent').html('');
largeCaption.fadeOut();
});
/* When a thumbnail is hovered over*/
$('.thumb_container').hover(function()
{
$(this).find(".large_thumb").stop().animate({marginLeft:-7, marginTop:-7},200);
$(this).find(".large_thumb_shine").stop();
$(this).find(".large_thumb_shine").css("background-position","-99px 0");
$(this).find(".large_thumb_shine").animate({backgroundPosition: '99px 0'},700);
}, function()
{
$(this).find(".large_thumb").stop().animate({marginLeft:0, marginTop:0},200);
});
function showPreloader()
{
$('#loader').css('background-image','url("images/interface/loader.gif")');
}
function hidePreloader()
{
$('#loader').css('background-image','url("")');
}
});

The End.

Learn Cloud Hosting Tutorial

2012-12-06T02:43:00.002-08:00

What is Cloud Hosting? What are Cloud Hosting Benefits and Applications?

What is Cloud Hosting? What are Cloud Hosting Benefits and Applications?

Cloud hosting is based on the most innovative Cloud computing technologies that allow unlimited number of machines to act as one system. Other hosting solutions (shared hosting or dedicated hosting) depend on one machine only, while cloud hosting security is guaranteed by many servers. The cloud technology allows easy integration of extra resources, such as space or RAM and thus enable website growth.

Cloud Hosting Benefits

1. Highest level of website performance guaranteed by multiple machines
2. Guaranteed server resources (CPU, RAM)
3. Redundant data storage
4. No single point of failure
5. Website growth flexibility
6. Lower pricing and generous features

Cloud Hosting Application

Cloud Hosting is suitable for all kinds of web applications. It is most preferred for the following cases:

1. Resource-hungry applications. If the application requires a lot of CPU, Memory and / or time to run. Sometimes only a certain application option may require longer timeout in order to complete successfully. In such cases cloud hosting is the most affordable solution.

2. Cloud Hosting ensures enough resources for middle level needs. For example, a forum with 100 000 users with more than 100 users online simultaneously should be handled without problems on a cloud server.

3. Applications requiring special server configuration. Some web applications may require non-standard settings (at least non-standard for the shared hosting industry) such as PHP running as Apache module. In such cases a cloud server can be used and configured in every way to fulfill any requirements.

Internet Behind the Scenes

2012-12-01T15:50:00.001-08:00

Internet Behind the Scenes

For the purpose of this example let’s say that you want to send a file to a friend who lives on the opposite side of the country. You select the file that your friend wants and you send it to him via email. Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) prepares the data to be sent and received. TCP/IP ensures that a Macintosh network can exchange data with a Windows, or a Unix network, and vice-versa.

The file that you are sending does not travel to your friends computer directly, or even in a single continuous stream. The file you are sending gets broken up into separate data packets. The Internet Protocol side of TCP/IP labels each packet with the unique Internet address, or IP address of your friends computer. Since these packets will travel separate routes, some arriving sooner than others, the Transmission Control Protocol side of TCP/IP assigns a sequence number to each of packets. These sequence numbers will tell the TCP/IP in your friends computer how to reassemble the packets once he receives them. Amazingly, the complicated process of TCP/IP takes place in a matter of milliseconds.

The packets are then sent from one “router” to the next. Each router reads the IP address of the packet and decides which path will be the fastest. Since the traffic on these paths is constantly changing each packet may be sent a different way.

It is possible to discover the paths between routers using a utility known as Traceroute. Using your favorite search engine, type in “traceroute” to find different Web sites hosting it.

Also, check out the Internet Traffic Report to find out how much global Internet traffic there is at this moment…and where the “bottlenecks” are. This information may not useful to you…but it’s interesting! The Internet Traffic Report monitors the flow of data around the world. It then displays a value between zero and 100. Higher values indicate faster and more reliable connections. This information may not useful to you…but it’s interesting! The Internet Traffic Report monitors the flow of data around the world. It then displays a value between zero and 100. Higher values indicate faster and more reliable connections.

Slicing Web pages in Photosho

2012-11-09T08:59:00.002-08:00

tags : Web slicing tutorials of Photoshop Webpage slicing slice webpage in photoshop devide image in photoshop deviding images

Tutorial of Web page Slicing in photoshop

Slices divide an image into smaller images that are reassembled on a web page using an HTML table or CSS layers. By dividing the image, you can assign different URL links to create page navigation, or optimize each part of an image using its own optimization settings.

You export and optimize a sliced image using the Save For Web & Devices command. Photoshop saves each slice as a separate file and generates the HTML or CSS code needed to display the sliced image.

Web page divided into slices.

When you work with slices, keep these basics in mind:

You can create a slice by using the Slice tool or by creating layer-based slices.
After you create a slice, you can select it using the Slice Select tool and then move, resize, or align it with other slices.
You can set options for each slice—such as slice type, name, and URL—in the Slice Options dialog box.
You can optimize each slice using different optimization settings in the Save For Web & Devices dialog box.

Slices are categorized by their content type (Table, Image, No Image) and by the way they are created (user, layer-based, auto).Slice types

Slices created with the Slice tool are called user slices; slices created from a layer are called layer-based slices. When you create a new user slice or layer-based slice, additional auto slices are generated to account for the remaining areas of the image. In other words, auto slices fill the space in the image that is not defined by user slices or layer-based slices. Auto slices are regenerated every time you add or edit user slices or layer‑based slices. You can convert auto slices to user slices.

User slices, layer-based slices, and auto slices look different—user slices and layer-based slices are defined by a solid line, whereas auto slices are defined by a dotted line. In addition, user slices and layer-based slices display a distinct icon. You can choose to show or hide auto slices, which can make your work with user-slices and layer-based slices easier to view.

A subslice is a type of auto slice that is generated when you create overlapping slices. Subslices indicate how the image is divided when you save the optimized file. Although subslices are numbered and display a slice symbol, you cannot select or edit them separately from the underlying slice. Subslices are regenerated every time you arrange the stacking order of slices.

Slices are created using different methods:

Auto slices are automatically generated.
User slices are created with the Slice tool.
Layer-based slices are created with the Layers panel.

You can use the slice tool to draw slice lines directly on an image, or design your graphic using layers, and then create slices based on the layers.Slice a web page

Create a slice with the Slice tool

Select the Slice tool . (Press the C key to cycle through tools grouped with the Crop too.)
Any existing slices automatically appear in the document window.
Choose a style setting in the options bar:

Normal

Determines slice proportions as you drag.

Fixed Aspect Ratio

Sets a height-to-width ratio. Enter whole numbers or decimals for the aspect ratio. For example, to create a slice twice as wide as it is high, enter 2 for the width and 1 for the height.

Fixed Size

Specifies the slice’s height and width. Enter pixel values in whole numbers.

Drag over the area where you want to create a slice. Shift-drag to constrain the slice to a square. Alt-drag (Windows) or Option-drag (Mac OS) to draw from the center. Use View > Snap To to align a new slice to a guide or another slice in the image.

Create slices from guides

Add guides to an image.
Select the Slice tool, and click Slices From Guides in the options bar.
When you create slices from guides, any existing slices are deleted.

Create a slice from a layer

A layer-based slice encompasses all the pixel data in the layer. If you move the layer or edit the layer’s content, the slice area automatically adjusts to include the new pixels.

A layer-based slice is updated when the source layer is modified.

Layer-based slices are less flexible than user slices; however, you can convert (“promote”) a layer-based slice to a user slice. See Convert auto and layer-based slices to user slices.

Select a layer in the Layers panel.
Choose Layer > New Layer-based Slice.

Don’t use a layer-based slice when you plan to move the layer over a large area of the image during an animation, because the slice dimension may exceed a useful size.

A layer-based slice is tied to the pixel content of a layer, so the only way to move, combine, divide, resize, and align it is to edit the layer—unless you convert it to a user slice.Convert auto and layer-based slices to user slices

All auto slices in an image are linked and share the same optimization settings. If you want to set different optimization settings for an auto slice, you need to promote it to a user slice.

Using the Slice Select tool , select one or more slices to convert.
Click Promote in the options bar.

You can promote an auto slice in the Save For Web & Devices dialog box by unlinking it.

View slices and slice options

You can view slices in Photoshop and the Save For Web & Devices dialog box. The following characteristics can help you identify and differentiate between slices:

Slice lines

Define the boundary of the slice. Solid lines indicate that the slice is a user slice or layer-based slice; dotted lines indicate that the slice is an auto slice.

Slice colors

Differentiate user slices and layer‑based slices from auto slices. By default, user slices and layer-based slices have blue symbols, and auto slices have gray symbols.

In addition, the Save For Web & Devices dialog box uses color adjustments to dim unselected slices. These adjustments are for display purposes only and do not affect the color of the final image. By default, the color adjustment for auto slices is twice the amount of that for user slices.

Slice numbers

Slices are numbered from left to right and top to bottom, beginning in the upper-left corner of the image. If you change the arrangement or total number of slices, slice numbers are updated to reflect the new order.

Slice badges

The following badges, or icons, indicate certain conditions.

: User slice has Image content.
: User slice has No Image content.
: Slice is layer-based.

Show or hide slice boundaries

Choose View > Show > Slices. To hide and show slices along with other items, use the Extras command.

Show or hide auto slices

Do one of the following:

Select the Slice Select tool , and click Show Auto Slices or Hide Auto Slices in the options bar.
Choose View > Show > Slices. Auto slices appear with the rest of your slices.

Show or hide slice numbers

Do one of the following:
- In Windows, choose Edit > Preferences > Guides, Grid & Slices.
- In Mac OS, choose Photoshop > Preferences > Guides, Grid & Slices.
Under Slices, click Show Slice Numbers.

Change the color of slice lines

In Windows, choose Edit > Preferences > Guides, Grid & Slices; in Mac OS, choose Photoshop > Preferences > Guides, Grid & Slices.
Under Slice Lines, choose a color from the Line Color menu.
After the color change, selected slice lines are automatically displayed in a contrasting color.

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2011-05-24T14:46:00.000-07:00

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2011-05-21T16:29:00.000-07:00

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2011-05-07T10:06:00.000-07:00

TAGS : EARN Free Visitor for your website you visit two website then you have 1 visiter for your site ONLINE TRAFIC EXCHANGE

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Photoshop Tutorials of Web Designing

2011-04-25T14:22:00.000-07:00

Photoshop Website design Tutorials

Create a Professional Portfolio Design in 17 Easy Steps

This tutorial teaches you how to create a professional looking portfolio design using very basic techniques. The majority of online portfolio’s appear amateur, yet it really isn’t very difficult to produce a simple design, very quickly that can portray a professional image online.
This tutorial hopefully shows how a few simple techniques can bring great results.

Making your own portfolio web page

View full size here.

Grungy / Textured

Tutorial on creating a simple paper texture from scratch in Photoshop then marrying it with a web layout to create a neat design.
It’s a grungy looking, textured design based on a simple, solid, underlying layout. What we’re going to do is take that underlying layout and treat it like a coathanger, swapping different styles in and looking at why each look works.

Tutorials on alternative themes based on Manialla above:

How a Simple Layout Can Be Mixed ‘n’ Matched with Patterns, Photos and Backgrounds

It’s pretty amazing how much colour and background can change the look and feel of a website. In this tutorial we’re going to put together a quick, simple but effective layout and then create variations using backgrounds, photos and patterns. We’ll also look at how to make seamless tiled backgrounds out of a photo, methods for ending a single photo and simple ways to create pixel patterns. In short it’s a jam packed tutorial!

Creative Studio Web Page

In this detailed tutorial we will learn how to create impressive layout for Creative Studio.

Online Photo Portfolio

This tutorial will show you how to create a clean looking layout for your portfolio.

Sound System Studio Web Layout

In this tutorial you will learn how to create a nice looking layout.

Design a Clean Business Layout

For this tutorial Psdfan is going to show you how to make a professional, clean business layout. This kind of design is perfect for companies or business related blogs.

Car Layout #3

Cartoon Grunge

Learn how to add a worn look that works well with cartoon-style graphics. Different flavors of grunge styles are popular all over the Web right now. Learn a unique approach to wear and tear that you can incorporate into your next Web site design.

Create a Sleek, High-End Website Design from Scratch

It’s quite an elegant design, which would probably suit a designer portfolio-type site, but really could be altered for all sorts of purposes. It relies on having elegant typography, a structured layout, and a visually interesting background.

The real power of this design is to show you what can be accomplished by keeping it simple.

Making a ‘Clean Grunge’ Blog Design

This tutorial will cover the steps of designing the Clean Grunge blog design from scratch. It also discusses the techniques and styles of this kind of web design.

How to design a photographer layout

Design a Unique Grungy Website Layout

This tutorial will teach you how to create a unique grungy website design. Many of the techniques involved are fairly basic, but through the tutorial I’ve tried to explain my thought process behind certain design decisions as well as outlined how to get the most from your grunge designs.

How to create a design studio – web page layout

View full size here.

Download PSD source (Tutorial ID 3004)!

How to Create a Grunge Web Design in Photoshop

This time we’re going to create a full web design in grunge style using Photoshop and a lot of stock images. As this is a intermediate to advanced level tutorial it will skip the explanation of some basic steps.

Hand drawn layouts – hottest design trends

Create a Dark Themed Web Design from Scratch

his tutorial covers the key areas to focus on when creating a Web site design. This is a blog-style design, but the techniques and strategies used in this design could be applied elsewhere across the Web as well. Learn how to create a colorful design set against a dark background.

Create a Design Agency Layout

Photo Portfolio Web Page Layout

This tutorial will show you how to create a clean looking web layout for your portfolio.

Design a Web photshop Template using the “960 Grid System”

Learn how to use the 960 Grid System to design a website template in Photoshop. You will be practicing layer styles to for effects and positioning elements based on the 960 Grid System.

Carbon Fiber Layout

Computer Store Web Layout

This task we’ll see how to create a Web Layout for Computer Store

Professional Web Layout for Business Solutions

Make a stylish and clean professional layout for your Business Solutions site.

Stylish Web Studio Layout

A complete tutorial on how to make a stylish webstudio web layout.

View full size here.

Make it work

Web 2.0 Vector Layout

Design Studio Layout

Making a Template in Photoshop

Create a Magic Night Themed Web Design from Scratch in Photoshop

Here’s a tutorial for you, an artistic web design depicting a “Magic Night” concept.

Photography Portfolio Layout

Awesome photography portfolio design with a lot of content boxes and an attractive look.

Business Layout #4

WordPress Layout #3

Design Lab Layout

Business Layout

Website Design Mockup Tips

This tutorial will show you a few tips, tricks and techniques you can use when mocking up your next website. When mocking up a website design, there are a few design elements and styles that are really easy to create in code, but may not be as obvious when working in Photoshop.

Photoshop Tutorials for creating elements for your web design

Clean White Navigation Bar

Blue on Black Navigation Bar

Design a Glossy Download Icon

The difficulty in designing web graphics is not so much in the actual execution of the design, but more in the planning of it. At the same time you want the graphic to be eye-catching, yet smooth and small enough so it doesn’t dominate your layout. This tutorial will teach you how to create a graphic that does just that.

Creating A Cool 3D Web Design Effect

In this tutorial I will show you some very easy techniques, using gradients and layer styles, that we can use to produce nice subtle 3D effects in our web designs.

Handy Web 2.0 Icons In Photoshop

When we are working on a Web design project, we quite often need icons to show commands like add, delete, or edit. With the Web 2.0 trend, the use of badges and subtle 3D has become very popular. In this tutorial, I will show you how to create a really easy and very nice 3D effect to be used in either buttons and icons or elements that need some depth.

Web 2.0 Design Kit

Web 2.0 is a term coined by O’Reilly describing the new trends in design and development appearing across a flood of innovative websites. This tutorial will show you how to create some of the more popular “Web 2.0? design effects using Photoshop.

Create A Textured Tag For Your Website

In this tutorial, we are going to create a textured tag that you can use in your website designs. Adding textured elements to modern web designs is a current trend. Learn how to create your own texture and then apply it to your design element.

Converting PSD to HTML, CSS…Website template

From PSD to HTML, Building a Set of Website Designs Step by Step

This tutorial is going to take you through a entire process of getting from Photoshop to completed HTML. We’re going to build out a set of 4 PSD mockups of a website that eventually will become a WordPress theme. It’s a massive tutorial, so if you’re going to follow through to the end, make sure you have a few hours to spare!

PSD > HTML/CSS

Javascript Tutorials ( Class 9 of Javascript )

2011-04-24T10:31:00.000-07:00

JavaScript Throw Statement

The throw statement allows you to create an exception.

The Throw Statement

The throw statement allows you to create an exception. If you use this statement together with the try...catch statement, you can control program flow and generate accurate error messages.

Syntax

throw exception

The exception can be a string, integer, Boolean or an object.
Note that throw is written in lowercase letters. Using uppercase letters will generate a JavaScript error!

Example

The example below determines the value of a variable called x. If the value of x is higher than 10, lower than 0, or not a number, we are going to throw an error. The error is then caught by the catch argument and the proper error message is displayed:

Example

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var x=prompt("Enter a number between 0 and 10:","");
try
{
if(x>10)
    {
    throw "Err1";
    }
else if(x<0)
    {
    throw "Err2";
    }
else if(isNaN(x))
    {
    throw "Err3";
    }
}
catch(er)
{
if(er=="Err1")
    {
    alert("Error! The value is too high");
    }
if(er=="Err2")
    {
    alert("Error! The value is too low");
    }
if(er=="Err3")
    {
    alert("Error! The value is not a number");
    }
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

Javascript Special Characters

In JavaScript you can add special characters to a text string by using the backslash sign.

Insert Special Characters

The backslash (\) is used to insert apostrophes, new lines, quotes, and other special characters into a text string.
Look at the following JavaScript code:

var txt="We are the so-called "Vikings" from the north.";
document.write(txt);

In JavaScript, a string is started and stopped with either single or double quotes. This means that the string above will be chopped to: We are the so-called
To solve this problem, you must place a backslash (\) before each double quote in "Viking". This turns each double quote into a string literal

var txt="We are the so-called \"Vikings\" from the north.";
document.write(txt);

JavaScript will now output the proper text string: We are the so-called "Vikings" from the north.
The table below lists other special characters that can be added to a text string with the backslash sign:

Code                    Outputs
\'                           single Quote
\"                           Double Quote
\\                           Backslash
\n                          new line
\r                          cariage return
\t                           tab
\b                          backspace
\f                           form feed

Javascript Guidelines

Some other important things to know when scripting with JavaScript.

JavaScript is Case Sensitive

A function named "myfunction" is not the same as "myFunction" and a variable named "myVar" is not the same as "myvar".
JavaScript is case sensitive - therefore watch your capitalization closely when you create or call variables, objects and functions.

White Space

JavaScript ignores extra spaces. You can add white space to your script to make it more readable. The following lines are equivalent

var name="Hege";
var name = "Hege";

Break up a Code Line

You can break up a code line within a text string with a backslash. The example below will be displayed properly:

document.write("Hello \
World!");

However, you cannot break up a code line like this:

document.write \
("Hello World!");

The End

Javascript Tutorials ( Class 8 of Javascript )

2011-04-24T09:35:00.000-07:00

JavaScript Events

Events are actions that can be detected by JavaScript.

Acting to an Event

The example below displays the date when a button is clicked:

Example

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function displayDate()
{
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML=Date();
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My First Web Page</h1>
<p id="demo"></p>
<button type="button" onclick="displayDate()">Display Date</button>
</body>
</html>

Events

By using JavaScript, we have the ability to create dynamic web pages. Events are actions that can be detected by JavaScript.
Every element on a web page has certain events which can trigger a JavaScript. For example, we can use the onClick event of a button element to indicate that a function will run when a user clicks on the button. We define the events in the HTML tags.
Examples of events:

A mouse click
A web page or an image loading
Mousing over a hot spot on the web page
Selecting an input field in an HTML form
Submitting an HTML form
A keystroke

Note: Events are normally used in combination with functions, and the function will not be executed before the event occurs!

onLoad and onUnload

The onLoad and onUnload events are triggered when the user enters or leaves the page.
The onLoad event is often used to check the visitor's browser type and browser version, and load the proper version of the web page based on the information.
Both the onLoad and onUnload events are also often used to deal with cookies that should be set when a user enters or leaves a page. For example, you could have a popup asking for the user's name upon his first arrival to your page. The name is then stored in a cookie. Next time the visitor arrives at your page, you could have another popup saying something like: "Welcome John Doe!".

onFocus, onBlur and onChange

The onFocus, onBlur and onChange events are often used in combination with validation of form fields.
Below is an example of how to use the onChange event. The checkEmail() function will be called whenever the user changes the content of the field

<input type="text" size="30" id="email" onchange="checkEmail()">

onSubmit

The onSubmit event is used to validate ALL form fields before submitting it.
Below is an example of how to use the onSubmit event. The checkForm() function will be called when the user clicks the submit button in the form. If the field values are not accepted, the submit should be cancelled. The function checkForm() returns either true or false. If it returns true the form will be submitted, otherwise the submit will be cancelled:

<form method="post" action="xxx.htm" onsubmit="return checkForm()">

onMouseOver

The onmouseover event can be used to trigger a function when the user mouse over an HTML element:

Javascript Try Catch Statement

The try...catch statement allows you to test a block of code for errors.

JavaScript - Catching Errors

When browsing Web pages on the internet, we all have seen a JavaScript alert box telling us there is a runtime error and asking "Do you wish to debug?". Error message like this may be useful for developers but not for users. When users see errors, they often leave the Web page.
This chapter will teach you how to catch and handle JavaScript error messages, so you don't lose your audience.

The try...catch Statement

The try...catch statement allows you to test a block of code for errors. The try block contains the code to be run, and the catch block contains the code to be executed if an error occurs.

Syntax

try
{
//Run some code here
}
catch(err)
{
//Handle errors here
}

Note that try...catch is written in lowercase letters. Using uppercase letters will generate a JavaScript error!

Examples

The example below is supposed to alert "Welcome guest!" when the button is clicked. However, there's a typo in the message() function. alert() is misspelled as adddlert(). A JavaScript error occurs. The catch block catches the error and executes a custom code to handle it. The code displays a custom error message informing the user what happened:

Example

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
var txt="";
function message()
{
try
{
adddlert("Welcome guest!");
}
catch(err)
{
txt="There was an error on this page.\n\n";
txt+="Error description: " + err.description + "\n\n";
txt+="Click OK to continue.\n\n";
alert(txt);
}
}
</script>
</head>

<body>
<input type="button" value="View message" onclick="message()" />
</body>

</html>

The next example uses a confirm box to display a custom message telling users they can click OK to continue viewing the page or click Cancel to go to the homepage. If the confirm method returns false, the user clicked Cancel, and the code redirects the user. If the confirm method returns true, the code does nothing:

Example

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
var txt="";
function message()
{
try
{
adddlert("Welcome guest!");
}
catch(err)
{
txt="There was an error on this page.\n\n";
txt+="Click OK to continue viewing this page,\n";
txt+="or Cancel to return to the home page.\n\n";
if(!confirm(txt))
    {
    document.location.href="http://www.worldwebdesigner.blogspot.com/";
    }
}
}
</script>
</head>

<body>
<input type="button" value="View message" onclick="message()" />
</body>

</html>

The throw Statement

The throw statement can be used together with the try...catch statement, to create an exception for the error. Learn about the throw statement in the next chapter.




                                                                               Next Class -- >>

Javascript Tutorials ( Class 7 of Javascript )

2011-04-24T09:05:00.000-07:00

Javascript Loops

JavaScript For Loop

Loops execute a block of code a specified number of times, or while a specified condition is true.

JavaScript Loops

Often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run over and over again in a row. Instead of adding several almost equal lines in a script we can use loops to perform a task like this.
In JavaScript, there are two different kind of loops:

for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times
while - loops through a block of code while a specified condition is true

The for Loop

The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times the script should run.

Syntax

for (variable=startvalue;variable<=endvalue;variable=variable+increment)
{
code to be executed
}

Example

The example below defines a loop that starts with i=0. The loop will continue to run as long as i is less than, or equal to 5. i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs.
Note: The increment parameter could also be negative, and the <= could be any comparing statement

Example

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var i=0;
for (i=0;i<=5;i++)
{
document.write("The number is " + i);
document.write("<br />");
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

Javascript While Loop

Loops execute a block of code a specified number of times, or while a specified condition is true.

The while Loop

The while loop loops through a block of code while a specified condition is true.

Syntax

while (variable<=endvalue)
{
code to be executed
}

Note: The <= could be any comparing operator.

Example

The example below defines a loop that starts with i=0. The loop will continue to run as long as i is less than, or equal to 5. i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs:

Example

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var i=0;
while (i<=5)
{
document.write("The number is " + i);
document.write("<br />");
i++;
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

The do...while Loop

The do...while loop is a variant of the while loop. This loop will execute the block of code ONCE, and then it will repeat the loop as long as the specified condition is true.

Syntax

do
{
code to be executed
}
while (variable<=endvalue);

Example

The example below uses a do...while loop. The do...while loop will always be executed at least once, even if the condition is false, because the statements are executed before the condition is tested:

Example

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var i=0;
do
{
document.write("The number is " + i);
document.write("<br />");
i++;
}
while (i<=5);
</script>
</body>
</html>

Javascript Break Loop

The break Statement

The break statement will break the loop and continue executing the code that follows after the loop (if any).

Example

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var i=0;
for (i=0;i<=10;i++)
{
if (i==3)
    {
    break;
    }
document.write("The number is " + i);
document.write("<br />");
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

The continue Statement

The continue statement will break the current loop and continue with the next value.

Example

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var i=0
for (i=0;i<=10;i++)
{
if (i==3)
    {
    continue;
    }
document.write("The number is " + i);
document.write("<br />");
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

Javascript For in Statement

JavaScript For...In Statement

The for...in statement loops through the properties of an object.

Syntax

for (variable in object)
{
code to be executed
}

Note: The code in the body of the for...in loop is executed once for each property.

Example

Looping through the properties of an object:

Example

var person={fname:"John",lname:"Doe",age:25};

for (x in person)
{
document.write(person[x] + " ");
}

Next Class -->>

Javascript Tutorials ( Class 6 of Javascript )

2011-04-24T08:35:00.000-07:00

JavaScript Popup Boxes

JavaScript has three kind of popup boxes: Alert box, Confirm box, and Prompt box.

Alert Box

An alert box is often used if you want to make sure information comes through to the user.
When an alert box pops up, the user will have to click "OK" to proceed.

Syntax

alert("sometext");

Example

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function show_alert()
{
alert("I am an alert box!");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>

<input type="button" onclick="show_alert()" value="Show alert box" />

</body>
</html>

Confirm Box

A confirm box is often used if you want the user to verify or accept something.
When a confirm box pops up, the user will have to click either "OK" or "Cancel" to proceed.
If the user clicks "OK", the box returns true. If the user clicks "Cancel", the box returns false.

Syntax

confirm("sometext");

Example

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function show_confirm()
{
var r=confirm("Press a button");
if (r==true)
{
alert("You pressed OK!");
}
else
{
alert("You pressed Cancel!");
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body>

<input type="button" onclick="show_confirm()" value="Show confirm box" />

</body>
</html>

Prompt Box

A prompt box is often used if you want the user to input a value before entering a page.
When a prompt box pops up, the user will have to click either "OK" or "Cancel" to proceed after entering an input value.
If the user clicks "OK" the box returns the input value. If the user clicks "Cancel" the box returns null.

Syntax

prompt("sometext","defaultvalue");

Example

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function show_prompt()
{
var name=prompt("Please enter your name","Harry Potter");
if (name!=null && name!="")
{
document.write("Hello " + name + "! How are you today?");
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body>

<input type="button" onclick="show_prompt()" value="Show prompt box" />

</body>
</html>

Javascript Functions

A function will be executed by an event or by a call to the function.

JavaScript Functions

To keep the browser from executing a script when the page loads, you can put your script into a function.
A function contains code that will be executed by an event or by a call to the function.
You may call a function from anywhere within a page (or even from other pages if the function is embedded in an external .js file).
Functions can be defined both in the <head> and in the <body> section of a document. However, to assure that a function is read/loaded by the browser before it is called, it could be wise to put functions in the <head> section.

How to Define a Function

Syntax

function functionname(var1,var2,...,varX)
{
some code
}

The parameters var1, var2, etc. are variables or values passed into the function. The { and the } defines the start and end of the function.
Note: A function with no parameters must include the parentheses () after the function name.
Note: Do not forget about the importance of capitals in JavaScript! The word function must be written in lowercase letters, otherwise a JavaScript error occurs! Also note that you must call a function with the exact same capitals as in the function name.

JavaScript Function Example

Example

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function displaymessage()
{
alert("Hello World!");
}
</script>
</head>

<body>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click me!" onclick="displaymessage()" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

If the line: alert("Hello world!!") in the example above had not been put within a function, it would have been executed as soon as the page was loaded. Now, the script is not executed before a user hits the input button. The function displaymessage() will be executed if the input button is clicked.
You will learn more about JavaScript events in the JS Events chapter.

The return Statement

The return statement is used to specify the value that is returned from the function.
So, functions that are going to return a value must use the return statement.
The example below returns the product of two numbers (a and b):

Example

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function product(a,b)
{
return a*b;
}
</script>
</head>

<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write(product(4,3));
</script>

</body>
</html>

The Lifetime of JavaScript Variables

If you declare a variable, using "var", within a function, the variable can only be accessed within that function. When you exit the function, the variable is destroyed. These variables are called local variables. You can have local variables with the same name in different functions, because each is recognized only by the function in which it is declared.
If you declare a variable outside a function, all the functions on your page can access it. The lifetime of these variables starts when they are declared, and ends when the page is closed.

Next Class -- >>

Javascript Tutorials ( Class 5 of Javascript )

2011-04-24T07:06:00.000-07:00

JavaScript If...Else Statements

Conditional statements are used to perform different actions based on different conditions.

Conditional Statements

Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for different decisions. You can use conditional statements in your code to do this.
In JavaScript we have the following conditional statements:

if statement - use this statement to execute some code only if a specified condition is true
if...else statement - use this statement to execute some code if the condition is true and another code if the condition is false
if...else if....else statement - use this statement to select one of many blocks of code to be executed
switch statement - use this statement to select one of many blocks of code to be executed

If Statement

Use the if statement to execute some code only if a specified condition is true.

Syntax

if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true
}

Note that if is written in lowercase letters. Using uppercase letters (IF) will generate a JavaScript error!

<script type="text/javascript">
//Write a "Good morning" greeting if
//the time is less than 10

var d=new Date();
var time=d.getHours();

if (time<10)
{
document.write("<b>Good morning</b>");
}
</script>

Notice that there is no ..else.. in this syntax. You tell the browser to execute some code only if the specified condition is true.

If...else Statement

Use the if....else statement to execute some code if a condition is true and another code if the condition is not true.

Syntax

if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true
}
else
{
code to be executed if condition is not true
}

<script type="text/javascript">
//If the time is less than 10, you will get a "Good morning" greeting.
//Otherwise you will get a "Good day" greeting.

var d = new Date();
var time = d.getHours();

if (time < 10)
{
document.write("Good morning!");
}
else
{
document.write("Good day!");
}
</script>

If...else if...else Statement

Use the if....else if...else statement to select one of several blocks of code to be executed.

Syntax

if (condition1)
{
code to be executed if condition1 is true
}
else if (condition2)
{
code to be executed if condition2 is true
}
else
{
code to be executed if condition1 and condition2 are not true
}

Example:

<script type="text/javascript">
var d = new Date()
var time = d.getHours()
if (time<10)
{
document.write("<b>Good morning</b>");
}
else if (time>10 && time<16)
{
document.write("<b>Good day</b>");
}
else
{
document.write("<b>Hello World!</b>");
}
</script>

JavaScript Switch Statement

Conditional statements are used to perform different actions based on different conditions.

The JavaScript Switch Statement

Use the switch statement to select one of many blocks of code to be executed.

Syntax

switch(n)
{
case 1:
execute code block 1
break;
case 2:
execute code block 2
break;
default:
code to be executed if n is different from case 1 and 2
}

This is how it works: First we have a single expression n (most often a variable), that is evaluated once. The value of the expression is then compared with the values for each case in the structure. If there is a match, the block of code associated with that case is executed. Use break to prevent the code from running into the next case automatically.

Example

<script type="text/javascript">
//You will receive a different greeting based
//on what day it is. Note that Sunday=0,
//Monday=1, Tuesday=2, etc.

var d=new Date();
var theDay=d.getDay();
switch (theDay)
{
case 5:
document.write("Finally Friday");
break;
case 6:
document.write("Super Saturday");
break;
case 0:
document.write("Sleepy Sunday");
break;
default:
document.write("I'm looking forward to this weekend!");
}
</script>

Next Class -->>

Javascript Tutorials ( Class 4 of Javascript )

2011-04-23T21:22:00.000-07:00

JavaScript Operators

= is used to assign values.

+ is used to add values.

The assignment operator = is used to assign values to JavaScript variables.
The arithmetic operator + is used to add values together.

y=5;
z=2;
x=y+z;

The value of x, after the execution of the statements above is 7.

JavaScript Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic between variables and/or values.
Given that y=5, the table below explains the arithmetic operators:

Operator    |    Description            |     Example       |       Result   |

+                    Addition                          x=y+2                     x=7            y=5
-                    Substraction                     x=y-2                      x=3            y=5
*                    Multiplication                   x=y*2                      x=10          y=5
/                     Division                           x=y/2                       x=2.5         y=5
%                   Moduls                           x=y%2                     x=1            y=5
++                  Increment                       x=++y                      x=6            y=6
--                   Decrement                      x=y--                        x=5            y=4

JavaScript Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to JavaScript variables.
Given that x=10 and y=5, the table below explains the assignment operators:

Operator |    Example   |    Same As   |   Result
=                   x=y                                       x=5
+=                  x+=y             x=x+y             x=15
-=                   x-=y              x-y                  x=5
*=                  x*=y             x=x*y               x=50
/=                   x/=y              x=x/y              x=2
%=                x%=y           x=x%y             x=0

The + Operator Used on Strings

The + operator can also be used to add string variables or text values together.
To add two or more string variables together, use the + operator.

txt1="What a very";
txt2="nice day";
txt3=txt1+txt2;

After the execution of the statements above, the variable txt3 contains "What a verynice day".
To add a space between the two strings, insert a space into one of the strings:

txt1="What a very ";
txt2="nice day";
txt3=txt1+txt2;

or insert a space into the expression:

After the execution of the statements above, the variable txt3 contains:
"What a very nice day"

Adding Strings and Numbers

The rule is: If you add a number and a string, the result will be a string!

x=5+5;
document.write(x);

x="5"+"5";
document.write(x);

x=5+"5";
document.write(x);

x="5"+5;
document.write(x);

JavaScript Comparison and Logical Operators

Comparison and Logical operators are used to test for true or false.

Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used in logical statements to determine equality or difference between variables or values.
Given that x=5, the table below explains the comparison operators:

Operator | Descriptioin                                          |   Example
==              is equal to                                                  x==8 is false
                                                                                       x==5 is true
===             is exactly equal to (value and type           x===5 is true
                                                                                       x==="5" is false
!=                 is not equal                                                x!= 8 is true
>                  is greater than                                           x>8 is false
<                  is less than                                                 x<8 is true
>=                is greater than or equal to                        x>=8 is false
<=                is less than or equal to                              x<=8 is true

How Can it be Used

Comparison operators can be used in conditional statements to compare values and take action depending on the result:

if (age<18) document.write("Too young");

You will learn more about the use of conditional statements in the next chapter of this tutorial.

Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to determine the logic between variables or values.
Given that x=6 and y=3, the table below explains the logical operators:

Operator    |     Description        |   Example
&&                   and                        (x<10 && y>1) is true
||                        or                           (x==5 || y ==5 is false
!                        not                         !(x==y) is true

Conditional Operator

JavaScript also contains a conditional operator that assigns a value to a variable based on some condition.

Syntax

variablename=(condition)?value1:value2

Example

greeting=(visitor=="PRES")?"Dear President ":"Dear ";

If the variable visitor has the value of "PRES", then the variable greeting will be assigned the value "Dear President " else it will be assigned "Dear".

Next Class -->>

Javascript Tutorials ( Class 3 of Javascript )

2011-04-23T13:55:00.000-07:00

JavaScript Comments

JavaScript comments can be used to make the code more readable.

JavaScript Comments
Comments can be added to explain the JavaScript, or to make the code more readable.
Single line comments start with //.
The following example uses single line comments to explain the code:

<script type="text/javascript">
// Write a heading
document.write("<h1>This is a heading</h1>");
// Write two paragraphs:
document.write("<p>This is a paragraph.</p>");
document.write("<p>This is another paragraph.</p>");
</script>

JavaScript Multi-Line Comments
Multi line comments start with /* and end with /.
The following example uses a multi line comment to explain the code:

<script type="text/javascript">
/
The code below will write
one heading and two paragraphs
/
document.write("<h1>This is a heading</h1>");
document.write("<p>This is a paragraph.</p>");
document.write("<p>This is another paragraph.</p>");
</script>

Using Comments to Prevent Execution
In the following example the comment is used to prevent the execution of a single code line (can be suitable for debugging):

<script type="text/javascript">
//document.write("<h1>This is a heading</h1>");
document.write("<p>This is a paragraph.</p>");
document.write("<p>This is another paragraph.</p>");
</script>

In the following example the comment is used to prevent the execution of a code block (can be suitable for debugging):

<script type="text/javascript">
/
document.write("<h1>This is a heading</h1>");
document.write("<p>This is a paragraph.</p>");
document.write("<p>This is another paragraph.</p>");
*/
</script>

Using Comments at the End of a Line
In the following example the comment is placed at the end of a code line:

<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("Hello"); // Write "Hello"
document.write(" Dolly!"); // Write " Dolly!"
</script>

JavaScript Variables

Variables are "containers" for storing information.

Do You Remember Algebra From School?
Do you remember algebra from school? x=5, y=6, z=x+y
Do you remember that a letter (like x) could be used to hold a value (like 5), and that you could use the information above to calculate the value of z to be 11?
These letters are called variables, and variables can be used to hold values (x=5) or expressions (z=x+y).

Javascript Variables
As with algebra, JavaScript variables are used to hold values or expressions.
A variable can have a short name, like x, or a more descriptive name, like carname.
Rules for JavaScript variable names:

Variable names are case sensitive (y and Y are two different variables)

Variable names must begin with a letter or the underscore character

Note: Because JavaScript is case-sensitive, variable names are case-sensitive.

Example
A variable's value can change during the execution of a script. You can refer to a variable by its name to display or change its value.

Declaring (Creating) JavaScript Variables
Creating variables in JavaScript is most often referred to as "declaring" variables.
You declare JavaScript variables with the var keyword:

var x;
var carname;

After the execution of the statements above, the variable x will hold the value 5, and carname will hold the value Volvo.
Note: When you assign a text value to a variable, use quotes around the value.
Note: If you redeclare a JavaScript variable, it will not lose its value.

Local JavaScript Variables
A variable declared within a JavaScript function becomes LOCAL and can only be accessed within that function. (the variable has local scope).
You can have local variables with the same name in different functions, because local variables are only recognized by the function in which they are declared.
Local variables are destroyed when you exit the function.
You will learn more about functions in a later chapter of this tutorial.

Global JavaScript Variables
Variables declared outside a function becomes GLOBAL, and all scripts and functions on the web page can access it.
Global variables are destroyed when you close the page.
If you declare a variable, without using "var", the variable always becomes GLOBAL.

Assigning Values to Undeclared JavaScript Variables
If you assign values to variables that have not yet been declared, the variables will automatically be declared as global variables.
These statements:

x=5;
carname="Volvo";

will declare the variables x and carname as global variables (if they don't already exist).

JavaScript Arithmetic
As with algebra, you can do arithmetic operations with JavaScript variables:

y=x-5;
z=y+5;

You will learn more about the operators that can be used in the next chapter of this tutorial.

Next Class -->>

Javascript Tutorials ( Class 2 of Javascript )

2011-04-23T13:38:00.000-07:00

JavaScripts can be put in the <body> and in the <head> sections of an HTML page.

JavaScript in <body>

The example below writes the current date into an existing <p> element when the page loads:

<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Web Page</h1>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML=Date();
</script>
</body>
</html>

Note that the JavaScript is placed at the bottom of the page to make sure it is not executed before the <p> element is created.

JavaScript Functions and Events

JavaScripts in an HTML page will be executed when the page loads. This is not always what we want.
Sometimes we want to execute a JavaScript when an event occurs, such as when a user clicks a button. When this is the case we can put the script inside a function.
Events are normally used in combination with functions (like calling a function when an event occurs).
You will learn more about JavaScript functions and events in later chapters.

JavaScript in <head>

The example below calls a function when a button is clicked:

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function displayDate()
{
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML=Date();
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My First Web Page</h1>
<p id="demo"></p>
<button type="button" onclick="displayDate()">Display Date</button>
</body>
</html>

Scripts in <head> and <body>

You can place an unlimited number of scripts in your document, and you can have scripts in both the body and the head section at the same time.
It is a common practice to put all functions in the head section, or at the bottom of the page. This way they are all in one place and do not interfere with page content.

Using an External JavaScript

JavaScript can also be placed in external files.
External JavaScript files often contains code to be used on several different web pages.
External JavaScript files have the file extension .js.
Note: External script cannot contain the <script></script> tags!
To use an external script, point to the .js file in the "src" attribute of the <script> tag:

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript" src="xxx.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>

Note: Remember to place the script exactly where you normally would write the script!

JavaScript Statements

A JavaScript statement is a command to a browser. The purpose of the command is to tell the browser what to do.
This JavaScript statement tells the browser to write "Hello Dolly" to the web page:

document.write("Hello Dolly");

It is normal to add a semicolon at the end of each executable statement. Most people think this is a good programming practice, and most often you will see this in JavaScript examples on the web.
The semicolon is optional (according to the JavaScript standard), and the browser is supposed to interpret the end of the line as the end of the statement. Because of this you will often see examples without the semicolon at the end.
Note: Using semicolons makes it possible to write multiple statements on one line.

JavaScript Code

JavaScript code (or just JavaScript) is a sequence of JavaScript statements.
Each statement is executed by the browser in the sequence they are written.
This example will write a heading and two paragraphs to a web page:

<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("<h1>This is a heading</h1>");
document.write("<p>This is a paragraph.</p>");
document.write("<p>This is another paragraph.</p>");
</script>

JavaScript Blocks

JavaScript statements can be grouped together in blocks.
Blocks start with a left curly bracket {, and ends with a right curly bracket }.
The purpose of a block is to make the sequence of statements execute together.
This example will write a heading and two paragraphs to a web page:

<script type="text/javascript">
{
document.write("<h1>This is a heading</h1>");
document.write("<p>This is a paragraph.</p>");
document.write("<p>This is another paragraph.</p>");
}
</script>

The example above is not very useful. It just demonstrates the use of a block. Normally a block is used to group statements together in a function or in a condition (where a group of statements should be executed if a condition is met).
You will learn more about functions and conditions in later chapters.

Next Class -->>

Javascript Tutorials ( Class 1 of Javascript )

2011-04-23T13:29:00.000-07:00

Javascript Introduction

JavaScript is the most popular scripting language on the internet, and works in all major browsers, such as Internet Explorer, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, and Safari.

What is JavaScript?

JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages
JavaScript is a scripting language
A scripting language is a lightweight programming language
JavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages
JavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute without preliminary compilation)
Everyone can use JavaScript without purchasing a license

Are Java and JavaScript the same?

NO!
Java and JavaScript are two completely different languages in both concept and design!
Java (developed by Sun Microsystems) is a powerful and much more complex programming language - in the same category as C and C++.

What can a JavaScript do?

JavaScript gives HTML designers a programming tool - HTML authors are normally not programmers, but JavaScript is a scripting language with a very simple syntax! Almost anyone can put small "snippets" of code into their HTML pages
JavaScript can put dynamic text into an HTML page - A JavaScript statement like this: document.write("<h1>" + name + "</h1>") can write a variable text into an HTML page
JavaScript can react to events - A JavaScript can be set to execute when something happens, like when a page has finished loading or when a user clicks on an HTML element
JavaScript can read and write HTML elements - A JavaScript can read and change the content of an HTML element
JavaScript can be used to validate data - A JavaScript can be used to validate form data before it is submitted to a server. This saves the server from extra processing
JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser - A JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser, and - depending on the browser - load another page specifically designed for that browser
JavaScript can be used to create cookies - A JavaScript can be used to store and retrieve information on the visitor's computer

JavaScript = ECMAScript

JavaScript is an implementation of the ECMAScript language standard. ECMA-262 is the official JavaScript standard.
JavaScript was invented by Brendan Eich at Netscape (with Navigator 2.0), and has appeared in all browsers since 1996.
The official standardization was adopted by the ECMA organization (an industry standardization association) in 1997.
The ECMA standard (called ECMAScript-262) was approved as an international ISO (ISO/IEC 16262) standard in 1998.
The development is still in progress.

Javascript How to

The HTML <script> tag is used to insert a JavaScript into an HTML page.

Writing to The HTML Document

The example below writes a <p> element with current date information to the HTML document:

<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Web Page</h1>

<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("<p>" + Date() + "</p>");
</script>

</body>
</html>

Note: To manipulate HTML elements JavaScript uses the DOM method getElementById(). This method access the element with the specified id.

Examples Explained

To insert a JavaScript into an HTML page, use the <script> tag.
Inside the <script> tag use the type attribute to define the scripting language.
The <script> and </script> tells where the JavaScript starts and ends:

<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Web Page</h1>

<p id="demo">This is a paragraph.</p>

<script type="text/javascript">
... some JavaScript code ...
</script></body>
</html>

The lines between the <script> and </script> contains the JavaScript and are executed by the browser.
In this case the browser will replace the content of the HTML element with id="demo", with the current date:

<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Web Page</h1>

<p id="demo">This is a paragraph.</p>

<script type="text/javascript">
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML=Date();
</script></body>
</html>

Without the <script> tag(s), the browser will treat "document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML=Date();" as pure text and just write it to the page:

Some Browsers do Not Support JavaScript

Browsers that do not support JavaScript, will display JavaScript as page content.
To prevent them from doing this, and as a part of the JavaScript standard, the HTML comment tag should be used to "hide" the JavaScript.
Just add an HTML comment tag  (end of comment) after the last JavaScript statement, like this:

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

</script></body>
</html>

The two forward slashes at the end of comment line (//) is the JavaScript comment symbol. This prevents JavaScript from executing the --> tag.

Next Class -->>

CSS Tutorial how to create website layout templete

2011-04-22T22:25:00.000-07:00

CSS Tutorial - How to create template

In this tutorial you will create a CSS template from scratch. You are going to learn how create a fluid CSS layout with 3 columns. The result of this tutorial will be a nice and simple CSS template. It uses only one image in the header so that you are fully free to change colors, fonts or everything else on it. The resulting template is a valid XHTML, includes SEO coding (navigation after content in the code) and tested with 5 browsers (Firefox, Internet Explorer (6-8), Opera, Safari and Chrome). For this tutorial I assume that you have some HTML knowledge.
Use any HTML / CSS editor of your choice for this template. I strongly recommend NOT to copy the code snippets from this tutorial and paste them in your source, but reading, understanding and writing it yourself. If you would like to learn you have to use your fingers to type and not your mouse to copy.
Start with simple HTML mark-up like shown below

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Layout 1</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="header">
 Header
</div>
<div id="content">
 Content
</div>
<div id="navigation">
 Navigation
</div>
<div id="news">
 News
</div>
<div id="footer">
 Footer
</div>
</body>
</html>

There are five main parts of the template: header, navigation, content, news and footer. You have started with HTML div tags to indicate these parts. Each div has a HTML attribute id. This attribute helps you to choose right div when you add CSS styles later on. HTML tag div is also called container.
HTML tag div does not have any formatting on its own; you will not see any changes in the browser at this point. But still it is the most important step before you begin with CSS. You have to double check if you divs are opened and closed properly. If not, the whole layout will fail.
Add HTML tag style into the head section of the HTML document.

<head>
<title>Layout 1</title>
<style type="text/css">
...
</style>
</head>

The very first CSS style resets margin and padding of ALL HTML tags. Commonly, browsers have some default margins and padding on different HTML elements. These default margins vary in each browser and you are going to loose control on your layout if you do not reset everything (*) and start with no margin at all. Add the lines below between the style tags:

* {
 margin:0;
 padding: 0;
}

Next add background colour for the whole document (body) and set font to non-serif of 12 pixel

body {
 background: #eeeeee;
 font-family: sans-serif;
 font-size: 12px;
}

Start to add styles to the header div. Define height and background

div#header {
 height: 160px;
 background: #800000;
}

The next step is very important. You are going to build 3 columns CSS layout, where navigation is placed to the left of the content and news sectuib to the right. All columns are liquid. The 1^st and 3^rd column should be 25% each, so that you have exactly 50% for the content.
Start to centre the content div first. In CSS there is no command “center” for containers. The trick you have to do, is to create a new div (wrapper) around the content div, give it the width of 100% and then add margin to the inner div (content). Change HTML mark-up as shown below:

<div id="wrapper">
<div id="content">
 Content
</div>
</div>

In the second step add styles for both containers in CSS

div#wrapper {
 width: 100%;
}
div#content {
 margin: 0 25%;
 background: #BDBD00;
}

The first margin value of 0 sets the top and the bottom margin of the content div, with 25% you have defined the right and the left margin of the content div. When the content part is filled with background colour, you can better see where it is exactly placed.
Start to format navigation part. Fill the background with white colour, set the width of the navigation to 25%. Add left float to shift the navigation to the right on the current line. The left float causes the news part to be positioned exactly under the content

div#navigation {
 background: white;
 width: 25%;
 float: left;
}

The navigation is placed NOT in the same line as the content. To move it to the left of the content part, first add float the wrapper div (the div that contains the content div). This latter div has a width of 100%, therefore every other div tag that comes afiter it is placed in the next line. This line break is added automatically as logically no other div can be displayed to the right 100% div. But if you add a negative margin to navigation, it will glide to the same line where content is and is placed at the left side. With margin-left of -100% you move the navigation “before the content”, thus making the illusion of the first column

div#wrapper {
 ...
 float: left;
}
div#navigation {
 ...
 margin-left: -100%;
}

Try to understand last step. If you have catched the point, you can place the next div yourself. Fill the background for the div containing news, set the width to 25%. Float it as well to the left, but set the left margin to -25%, so it is placed to the right of the content part

div#news {
 background: white;
 width: 25%;
 float: left;
 margin-left: -25%;
}

This was the most difficult part to understand. Proceed with footer part. Fill the background of the footer, set its width to 100%. Then clear every floating to the left of the footer. If you do not clear, the footer is ALWAYS placed below the news div (the preceding one). In most likely case that news div is shorter that content, the footer would glide behind the content div if you do not clear everything to the left of it

div#footer {
 background: #800000;
 width: 100%;
 clear: left;
}

AT this point you are ready with layout and can proceed with styling the content within the divs. Start with the header div by adding a level 1 heading to HTML first and typing the site name:

<div id="header">
 <h1>business&copy;ompany</h1>
</div>

Then add some text styles to it and a background image, that I have created with free graphic programm

div#header h1 {
 color: white;
 font-size: 86px;
 font-family: serif;
 text-align: right;
 border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff;
 padding-right: 20px;  
 background: #800000 url(bg.jpg) repeat-x left 25px;  
}

The challenge is to create an image that can be repeated seamlessly at the X axis. We need it as the entire site layout has a width of 100%, so that we can not say how wide exactly it will be in pixel. You need a large image that is probably wider than 800 pixel. This height of the image is limited by the height of the header div. The visible part of the image will be about 115 pixel. It can be a panorama photo of 800 x 115 pixel or just a strip of a photo that you can imagine to repeat seamlessly.
Enclose copyright sign in the heading in HTML tag span. This way you can make the sign larger than the rest of the title. To narrow the space before and after the sign reduce normal letter spacing

div#header h1 span {
 font-size: 120%;
 letter-spacing: -5px;
}

<div id="header">
 <h1>business<span>&copy;</span>ompany</h1>
</div>

Before adding content to the next four divs: navigation, content, news and footer, let’s add an inner padding to each of these parts. Attention: you can not just add padding to the HTML tag div in this case. Inner padding will be added up to the width of the div, so that it will be wider than 25% and 50% and will not paste in the same line. You can use the trick by adding “inner” div to these 3 parts:

<div id="wrapper">
 <div id="content">
 <div class="inner">
 Content
 </div>
 </div>
</div>
<div id="navigation">
 <div class="inner">
 Navigation
 </div>
</div>
<div id="news">
 <div class="inner">
 News
 </div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
 <div class="inner">
 Footer
 </div>
</div>

Add padding in CSS to all div tags that have the class "inner"

div.inner {
 padding: 20px;
}

Now you can add some common HTML mark up like level 2 heading and unordered list and some styles to it as shown below

h2 {
 padding: 10px;
 margin-bottom: 10px;
 color: white;
 background: olive;
 font-family: serif;
}
div#navigation ul {
 margin-left: 15px;
}

Proceed with content and news part, add level 2 headings and large text to simulate the content of the future website. As the title of the content and news heading are level 2 headings as well, they are formatted the same way as heading for the navigation part. No need to change anything in your CSS (view result).
The last step will be formatting the footer part. Add a border to the top of the footer part, text colour and position of text. Format the link colour as well:

div#footer {
 ...
 border-top: 1px solid #eeeeee;
 color: white;
 text-align: right  
}
div#footer a {
 color: white;
}

Website Bandwidth

2011-04-10T13:17:00.000-07:00

Bandwidth Explain
Most hosting companies offer a variety of bandwidth options in their plans. So exactly what is bandwidth as it relates to web hosting? Put simply, bandwidth is the amount of traffic that is allowed to occur between your web site and the rest of the internet. The amount of bandwidth a hosting company can provide is determined by their network connections, both internal to their data center and external to the public internet.

Network Connectivity

The internet, in the most simplest of terms, is a group of millions of computers connected by networks. These connections within the internet can be large or small depending upon the cabling and equipment that is used at a particular internet location. It is the size of each network connection that determines how much bandwidth is available. For example, if you use a DSL connection to connect to the internet, you have 1.54 Mega bits (Mb) of bandwidth. Bandwidth therefore is measured in bits (a single 0 or 1). Bits are grouped in bytes which form words, text, and other information that is transferred between your computer and the internet.
If you have a DSL connection to the internet, you have dedicated bandwidth between your computer and your internet provider. But your internet provider may have thousands of DSL connections to their location. All of these connection aggregate at your internet provider who then has their own dedicated connection to the internet (or multiple connections) which is much larger than your single connection. They must have enough bandwidth to serve your computing needs as well as all of their other customers. So while you have a 1.54Mb connection to your internet provider, your internet provider may have a 255Mb connection to the internet so it can accommodate your needs and up to 166 other users (255/1.54).

Traffic

A very simple analogy to use to understand bandwidth and traffic is to think of highways and cars. Bandwidth is the number of lanes on the highway and traffic is the number of cars on the highway. If you are the only car on a highway, you can travel very quickly. If you are stuck in the middle of rush hour, you may travel very slowly since all of the lanes are being used up.
Traffic is simply the number of bits that are transferred on network connections. It is easiest to understand traffic using examples. One Gigabyte is 2 to the 30th power (1,073,741,824) bytes. One gigabyte is equal to 1,024 megabytes. To put this in perspective, it takes one byte to store one character. Imagine 100 file cabinets in a building, each of these cabinets holds 1000 folders. Each folder has 100 papers. Each paper contains 100 characters - A GB is all the characters in the building. An MP3 song is about 4MB, the same song in wav format is about 40MB, a full length movie can be 800MB to 1000MB (1000MB = 1GB).
If you were to transfer this MP3 song from a web site to your computer, you would create 4MB of traffic between the web site you are downloading from and your computer. Depending upon the network connection between the web site and the internet, the transfer may occur very quickly, or it could take time if other people are also downloading files at the same time. If, for example, the web site you download from has a 10MB connection to the internet, and you are the only person accessing that web site to download your MP3, your 4MB file will be the only traffic on that web site. However, if three people are all downloading that same MP at the same time, 12MB (3 x 4MB) of traffic has been created. Because in this example, the host only has 10MB of bandwidth, someone will have to wait. The network equipment at the hosting company will cycle through each person downloading the file and transfer a small portion at a time so each person's file transfer can take place, but the transfer for everyone downloading the file will be slower. If 100 people all came to the site and downloaded the MP3 at the same time, the transfers would be extremely slow. If the host wanted to decrease the time it took to download files simultaneously, it could increase the bandwidth of their internet connection (at a cost due to upgrading equipment).

Hosting Bandwidth

In the example above, we discussed traffic in terms of downloading an MP3 file. However, each time you visit a web site, you are creating traffic, because in order to view that web page on your computer, the web page is first downloaded to your computer (between the web site and you) which is then displayed using your browser software (Internet Explorer, Netscape, etc.) . The page itself is simply a file that creates traffic just like the MP3 file in the example above (however, a web page is usually much smaller than a music file).
A web page may be very small or large depending upon the amount of text and the number and quality of images integrated within the web page. For example, the home page for CNN.com is about 200KB (200 Kilobytes = 200,000 bytes = 1,600,000 bits). This is typically large for a web page. In comparison, Yahoo's home page is about 70KB.

How Much Bandwidth Is Enough?

It depends (don't you hate that answer). But in truth, it does. Since bandwidth is a significant determinant of hosting plan prices, you should take time to determine just how much is right for you. Almost all hosting plans have bandwidth requirements measured in months, so you need to estimate the amount of bandwidth that will be required by your site on a monthly basis.
If you do not intend to provide file download capability from your site, the formula for calculating bandwidth is fairly straightforward:

Average Daily Visitors x Average Page Views x Average Page Size x 31 x Fudge Factor

If you intend to allow people to download files from your site, your bandwidth calculation should be:

(Average Daily Visitors x Average Page Views x Average Page Size) + (Average Daily File Downloads x Average File Size)] x 31 x Fudge Factor

Let us examine each item in the formula:

Average Daily Visitors - The number of people you expect to visit your site, on average, each day. Depending upon how you market your site, this number could be from 1 to 1,000,000.
Average Page Views - On average, the number of web pages you expect a person to view. If you have 50 web pages in your web site, an average person may only view 5 of those pages each time they visit.
Average Page Size - The average size of your web pages, in Kilobytes (KB). If you have already designed your site, you can calculate this directly.
Average Daily File Downloads - The number of downloads you expect to occur on your site. This is a function of the numbers of visitors and how many times a visitor downloads a file, on average, each day.
Average File Size - Average file size of files that are downloadable from your site. Similar to your web pages, if you already know which files can be downloaded, you can calculate this directly.
Fudge Factor - A number greater than 1. Using 1.5 would be safe, which assumes that your estimate is off by 50%. However, if you were very unsure, you could use 2 or 3 to ensure that your bandwidth requirements are more than met.

Usually, hosting plans offer bandwidth in terms of Gigabytes (GB) per month. This is why our formula takes daily averages and multiplies them by 31.

Summary

Most personal or small business sites will not need more than 1GB of bandwidth per month. If you have a web site that is composed of static web pages and you expect little traffic to your site on a daily basis, go with a low bandwidth plan. If you go over the amount of bandwidth allocated in your plan, your hosting company could charge you over usage fees, so if you think the traffic to your site will be significant, you may want to go through the calculations above to estimate the amount of bandwidth required in a hosting plan.

CSS tutorial ( CSS Codes Chart )

2011-04-10T10:21:00.000-07:00

CSS ( Cascading Style Sheet ) Tutorial CSS Codes Chart

Property	Possible Values	Description
background	background-color background-image background-repeat background-attachment background-position	Sets all background properties
border	border-style border-color- border-width- border-bottom-width thin medium thick length color border-right-width border-top-width none hidden dotted dashed solid double groove ridge inset outset	Controls border properties
clear	left right both none	Prevents a floating element from being placed near the specified edge of another element.
cursor	url auto crosshair default pointer move e-resize ne-resize nw-resize n-resize se-resize sw-resize s-resize w-resize	Allows you to determine what type of cursor appears on the users screen.
display	none inline block list-item run-in compact marker table inline-table table-row-group table-header-group table-footer-group table-row table-column-group table-column table-cell table-caption	Determines how an element is displayed, or even if it is displayed.
float	left right none	Determines where text or an image will appear within a separate element.
position	static relative absolute fixed bottom clip left overflow right top vertical-align z-index	Determines how an element will be positioned.
visibility	visible hidden collapse	Determines whether an element is visible, invisible, or collapsed.
height	auto length %	Determines the height of an element.
line-height	normal number length %	Determines the space between lines.
max-height	none length %	Determines the maximum height of an element.
width	auto % length	Determines the maximum width of an element.
max-width	none length %	Determines the minimum width of an element.
min-height	length %	Determines the minimum height of an element.
min-width	length %	Determines the minimum width of an element.
font	font-style font-variant font-weight font-size/line-height font-family caption icon menu message-box small-caption status-bar	Determines all font properties.
font-family	family-name generic-family	Determines fonts that will be used. If a font is not installed on a user's computer, the browser will try each font in the font family until one is found.
font-size	xx-small x-small small medium large x-large xx-large smaller larger length %	Determines the size of the font.
font-size-adjustment	none number	Used to adjust the font size if other elements or factors change the size of it.
font-style	normal italic oblique	Determines the size of the fonts.
font-stretch	normal wider narrower ultra-condensed extra-condensed condensed semi-condensed semi-expanded expanded extra-expanded ultra-expanded	Used to shrink or enlarge the span of the fonts.
font-variant	normal small-caps	Used to cause fonts to be displayed either as fonts in small capital letters or in normal letters.
font-weight	normal bold bolder lighter 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900	Determines the weight or boldness of a font.
content	string url counter(name) counter(name, list-style-type) counters(name, string) counters(name, string, list-style-type) attr(X) open-quote close-quote no-open-quote no-close-quote	Creates specific content in a document.
quotes	none string string	Determines the type of quotation marks used.
list-style	list-style-type list-style-position list-style-image	Determines the style of a list.
list-style-image	none url	Determines what image should be used for a list.
list-style-position	inside outside	Determines whether the list element is on the inside or the outside of the list item.
list-style-type	none disc circle square decimal decimal-leading-zero lower-roman upper-roman lower-alpha upper-alpha lower-greek lower-latin upper-latin hebrew armenian georgian cjk-ideographic hiragana katakana hiragana-iroha katakana-iroha	Determines the style of a list.
margin	margin-bottom margin-top margin-left margin-right	Used to determine and set margins on the page.
outline	outline-color outline-style outline-width	Determines the properties of an outline.
padding	padding-top padding-right padding-bottom padding-left	Sets padding properties.
text	color direction line-height letter-spacing text-align text-decoration text-indent text-shadow text-transform Unicode-bidi white-space word-spacing	Determines text properties.
a	:link :visited :focus :hover :first-child :lang :active	Determines link properties.

<<-- Previous Basic Of CSS

CSS Tutorial ( Cascading Style Sheet )

2011-04-10T08:57:00.000-07:00

CSS Tutorial: An Introduction to Cascading Style Sheets

Cascading Style Sheets, better known as CSS, enable you to control the style and layout of a web page. They will enable you to specify link styles, fonts, margins, tables, colors, sizes, alignments and much more throughout your entire web page.

They can also be used to create a template like style sheet (stored within a separate file) that can be used throughout your web site. You can simply link to your style sheet within each of your web pages and have the ability to update the styles for your entire web site with just one file.

The Benefits of Using Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

CSS will save you a great deal of time. When it comes to the Internet, there are really only two elements: Content and the way that content is presented. With HTML, we provide content, and define how that content will be presented within the HTML code. However, we are very limited as to what we can do with HTML.

Each browser is different and they see things differently. This is why webmasters are instructed from the very beginning to view their web pages in many different browsers, such as Internet Explorer, Netscape, Firefox, and Opera (among many others), to make sure that their web pages appear as they intended and expected them to from one browser to another.

Overall, the HTML code on the web page polices the content, and the CSS polices the HTML. This allows you to create web pages that are suitable for all browsers.

One of the best benefits of using CSS within your web pages is the ease of updating your web pages. If you'd like to make a change to your design, instead of having to change hundreds of web pages on your site, you can make one simple change to the CSS file, and it will automatically update all of the pages on your web site. CSS enables you to do in seconds what would take hours to do in HTML.

Creating Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

Learning, creating, and working with CSS doesn't require much. You do not need any type of editor, as Cascading Style Sheets can be created using a plain text editor, such as Note Pad.

However, you will need a web browser. Internet Explorer and Firefox are the most popular ones, but there are many others. Once you create your pages and are using CSS, you must ensure that you view your web pages through multiple browsers to ensure they are displaying just as you had intended. Visit Any Browser to view your pages through different browsers.

You may also need a way to upload your pages to your web server. This is typically done with an FTP client, and there are many nice free one's available. You may also upload your files through the control panel of your web hosting service.

Internal and External Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

CSS can be used in two ways. It can be used internally, which may be referred to as embedded or inline, or it can be used externally, which is often referred to as a linked style sheet. Ideally, you will be using linked styled sheets when you finish this tutorial.

The only time you may be using embedded CSS is if you would like to change an individual link or text, or have a one or two page web site. If you will have more than that, however, a linked style sheet is definitely the way to go.

CSS can be used in three different ways:

Inline CSS

Added to your standard HTML tags.

Embedded CSS

An embedded CSS is exactly as it sounds. The CSS code is actually placed within the HTML web page between the <HEAD> and </HEAD> tags.

Linked CSS

A linked style sheet, on the other hand, is a completely separate document that is linked to within a web page.

Prioritizing CSS and HTML tags

When using CSS, certain tags take precedence over others. Here's how the tags are prioritized:

HTML tags override all other tags.
CSS inline tags override embedded and linked tags.
CSS embedded tags override linked tags.
CSS linked tags won't override any other tags.

Formatting CSS Tags

CSS tags are formatted like this:

selector {property: value;}

The selector is a browser command and is followed by a property. The property is a word describing the selector, which further instructs the browser. The value specifies the value of the property.

Although this may sound a little confusing, CSS is formatted much like standard HTML. Let's compare the two formats:

HTML

<font size="12">

CSS

Selector Attribute Value

body{font-size:12;}

As you can see in the comparison diagram above, the Element is equivalent to the Selector, the Attribute is equivalent to the Property and the Values are the same.

Inline Cascading Style Tags

Inline cascading style tags are used within standard HTML code using the STYLE parameter. The following example will remove the underline of an individual link:

<a href="http://worldwebdesigner.blogspot.com" style="text-decoration:none;">World Web Designer</a>

Browser View:

World Web Designer

The STYLE parameter is added directly to your original HTML link code.

Inline style tags enable you to specify how each individual link will look.

Embedded Cascading Style Sheets

Embedded cascading style sheets (CSS) can perform the same tasks as the inline style tags. However, the coding is placed between the <HEAD> and </HEAD> tags within your HTML. You can specify how your entire page will appear including links, fonts, text and more, simply by using embedded style tags.

The following example will display your active text links (after a link has been clicked on) in a specific color. The hover color (when the mouse is placed over the link) will be displayed in an alternate color and the underline will disappear.
<STYLE>

</STYLE>

Browser View:
Example Link
(Place your mouse over the link to view this example.)

The above code will display all of your links in a specific style.

Notice the code is placed within the comment tags? Comment tags look like this:


The comment tags are used to prevent older browsers that don't support style tags from displaying the CSS codes within their page.

The great thing about embedding style codes is that you can create your own classes of code. What this means is that you can specify different styles throughout your page and then call them within your page.

For example, you can add a class of code to a paragraph selector like this:

<STYLE>

</STYLE>

Notice the text highlighted in bold? This is a class name I made up. You can call it whatever you'd like. Simply add .yourtext following your selector.

To put this style into action or call it, simply place the following code within your HTML where you would like the style to be used:

<p class="padding">

Keep in mind, the text you place after your CSS selector (.yourtext) must be the same name as the code you place to call the style.

For example, if your class code looks like this:
p.text
the code you use to call the style will look like this:
<p class="text">
See how that works?

Linking CSS

The linking CSS method involves creating a file that defines specific styles. This CSS file can be used throughout your entire web site to specify everything from body styles and headings to paragraphs and HTML tables.

This file might look something like this:
BODY {font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px;}
H1 {font-family: Georgia;
font-size: 16px;
font-weight: bold; color: blue}
P { font-weight: normal;
color: blue}

This file should be saved as style.css and uploaded to your server where you store your HTML files.

When using a style sheet, you must place a link to your style.css file within your HTML between your <HEAD> and </HEAD> tags like this:
<html>
<head>
<title>Your Page Title</title>
<link rel=stylesheet href="http://www.yourdomain.com/style.css" type="text/css">
</head>
<body>
Page Content
</body>
</html>

You can link to your style sheet within as many of your pages as you would like. This will give you the ability to update all of your pages at one time, simply by changing the styles within your style.css file

Next -->>

HTML Tutorial

2011-04-09T13:54:00.000-07:00

HTML enables us to create forms. This is where our websites can become more than just a nice advertising brochure. Forms allow us to build more dynamic websites that allow our users to interact with it.
An HTML form is made up of any number of form elements. These elements enable the user to do things such as enter information or make a selection from a preset options.
In HTML, a form is defined using the <form></form> tags. The actual form elements are defined between these two tags.

The Input Tag

This is the most commonly used tag within HTML forms. It allows you to specify various types of user input fields such as text, radio buttons, checkboxes etc.

Text

Text fields are used for when you want the user to type text or numbers into the form.

<input type="text" />

Radio Buttons

Radio buttons are used for when you want the user to select one option from a pre-determined set of options.

<input type="radio" name="lunch" value="pasta" /><br />
<input type="radio" name="lunch" value="rissotto" />

Checkboxes

Checkboxes are similar to radio buttons, but enable the user to make multiple selections..

<input type="checkbox" name="lunch" value="pasta" /><br />
<input type="checkbox" name="lunch" value="rissotto" />

Submit

The submit button allows the user to actually submit the form.

<input type="submit" />

Select Lists

A select list is a dropdown list with options. This allows the user to select one option from a list of pre-defined options.
The select list is created using the select in conjunction with the option tag.

<select>
  <option value ="sydney">Sydney</option>
  <option value ="melbourne">Melbourne</option>
  <option value ="cromwell">Cromwell</option>
  <option value ="queenstown">Queenstown</option>
</select>

Form Action

Usually when a user submits the form, you need the system to do something with the data. This is where the action page comes in. The action page is the page that the form is submitted to. This page could contain advanced scripts or programming that inserts the form data into a database or emails an administrator etc.
Creating an action page is outside the scope of this tutorial. In any case, many web hosts provide scripts that can be used for action page functionality, such as emailing the webmaster whenever the form has been completed. For now, we will simply look at how to submit the form to the action page.
You nominate an action page with the action attribute.
Example HTML Code:

<form action="/html/tags/html_form_tag_action.cfm" method="get">
First name:
<input type="text" name="first_name" value="" maxlength="100" />
<br />
Last name:
<input type="text" name="last_name" value="" maxlength="100" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>

This results in:

Oh, one last thing. You may have noticed the above example uses a method attribute. This attribute specifies the HTTP method to use when the form is submitted.
Possible values are:

get (the form data is appended to the URL when submitted)
post (the form data is not appended to the URL)

Providing this attribute is optional. If you don't provide it, the method will be post.

HTML Tables

<table>
<tr>
<td> this is first column  </td>
<td> this is my column second column </td>
</tr>
</table>



this is first column this is second column

<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Header 1</th>
<th>Header 2</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

Header 1	Header 2
row 1, cell 1	row 1, cell 2
row 2, cell 1	row 2, cell 2

In HTML, frames enable you present multiple HTML documents within the same window. For example, you can have a left frame for navigation and a right frame for the main content.
Frames are achieved by creating a frameset page, and defining each frame from within that page. This frameset page doesn't actually contain any content - just a reference to each frame. The HTML frame tag is used to specify each frame within the frameset. All frame tags are nested with a frameset tag.
So, in other words, if you want to create a web page with 2 frames, you would need to create 3 files - 1 file for each frame, and 1 file to specify how they fit together.

Creating Frames

Two Column Frameset

HTML Code:

The frameset (frame_example_frameset_1.html):
The left frame (frame_example_left.html):
The right frame (frame_example_right.html):

<html>
<body style="background-color:yellow">
<p>This is the right frame (frame_example_right.html).</p>
</body>
</html>

<html>
<body style="background-color:green">
<p>This is the left frame (frame_example_left.html).</p>
</body>
</html>

<html>
<head>
<title>Frameset page<title>
</head>
<frameset cols = "25%, *">
  <frame src ="frame_example_left.html" />
  <frame src ="frame_example_right.html" />
</frameset>
</html>

Add a Top Frame

You can do this by "nesting" a frame within another frame.
HTML Code:

The frameset (frame_example_frameset_2.html):
The top frame (frame_example_top.html):
(The left and right frames don't change)

<html>
<body style="background-color:maroon">
<p>This is the Top frame (frame_example_top.html).</p>
</body>
</html>

<html>
<head>
<title>Frameset page</title>
</head>
<frameset rows="20%,*">
  <frame src="/html/tutorial/frame_example_top.html">
<frameset cols = "25%, *">
  <frame src ="/html/tutorial/frame_example_left.html" />
  <frame src ="/html/tutorial/frame_example_right.html" />
</frameset>
</frameset>
</html>

Remove the Borders

You can get rid of the borders if you like. Officially, you do this using frameborder="0". I say, officially because this is what the HTML specification specifies. Having said that, different browsers support different attributes, so for maximum browser support, use the frameborder, border, and framespacing attributes.
HTML Code:

The frameset (frame_example_frameset_3.html):
(The left, right, and top frames don't change)

<html>
<head>
<title>Frameset page</title>
</head>
<frameset border="0" frameborder="0" framespacing="0" rows="20%,*">
  <frame src="/html/tutorial/frame_example_top.html">
<frameset cols = "25%, *">
  <frame src ="/html/tutorial/frame_example_left.html" />
  <frame src ="/html/tutorial/frame_example_right.html" />
</frameset>
</frameset>
</html>

Load Another Frame

Most websites using frames are configured so that clicking a link in one frame loads another frame. A common example of this is having a menu in one frame, and the main body in the other (like our example).
This is achieved using the name attribute. You assign a name to the target frame, then in your links, you specify the name of the target frame using the target attribute.
Tip: You could use base target="content" at the top of your menu file (assuming all links share the same target frame). This would remove the need to specify a target frame in each individual link.
HTML Code:

The frameset (frame_example_frameset_4.html):
The left frame (frame_example_left_2.html):
The yellow frame (frame_example_yellow.html):
The lime frame (frame_example_lime.html):

<html>
<body style="background-color:Lime">
<p>This is the lime frame (frame_example_lime.html).</p>
</body>
</html>

<html>
<body style="background-color:yellow">
<p>This is the yellow frame (frame_example_yellow.html).</p>
</body>
</html>

<html>
<body style="background-color:green">
<p>This is the left frame (frame_example_left_2.html).</p>
<p>
<a target="content" href="frame_example_yellow.html">Yellow</a><br />
<a target="content" href="frame_example_lime.html">Lime</a>
</p>
</body>
</html>

<html>
<head>
<title>Frameset page</title>
</head>
<frameset border="0" frameborder="0" framespacing="0" cols = "25%, *">
  <frame src ="/html/tutorial/frame_example_left_2.html" />
  <frame name="content" src ="/html/tutorial/frame_example_yellow.html" />
</frameset>
</html>

Tag Reference

Here's some more info on the above tags.

The frameset Tag

In your frameset tag, you specify either cols or rows, depending on whether you want frames to go vertically or horizontally.

Attribute	Description
rows	Specifies the number of rows and their height in either pixels, percentages, or relative lengths. Default is 100%
cols	Specifies the number of columns and their width in either pixels, percentages, or relative lengths. Default is 100%

The frame Tag

For each frame you want to display, you specify a frame tag. You nest these within the frameset tag.

Attribute	Description
name	Assigns a name to a frame. This is useful for loading contents into one frame from another.
longdesc	A long description - this can elaborate on a shorter description specified with the title attribute.
src	Location of the frame contents (for example, the HTML page to be loaded into the frame).
noresize	Specifies whether the frame is resizable or not (i.e. whether the user can resize the frame or not).
scrolling	Whether the frame should be scrollable or not (i.e. should scrollbars appear). Possible values: auto yes no
frameborder	Whether the frame should have a border or not. Possible values: 1 (border) 0 (no border)
marginwidth	Specifies the margin, in pixels, between the frame's contents and it's left and right margins.
marginheight	Specifies the margin, in pixels, between the frame's contents and it's top and bottom margins.

The noframe Tag

The noframes tag is used if the user's browser doesn't support frames. Anything you type in between the noframes tags is displayed in their browser.
HTML Code:

<html>
<head>
<title>Frameset page<title>
</head>
<frameset cols = "25%, *">
  <noframes>
  <body>Your browser doesn't support frames.
  Therefore, this is the noframe version of the site.</body>
  </noframes>
  <frame src ="frame_example_left.html" />
  <frame src ="frame_example_right.html" />
</frameset>
</html>

                         <<---Previous

HTML Tutorial

2011-04-09T13:37:00.000-07:00

In HTML, colors can be added by using the style attribute. You can specify a color name (eg, blue), a hexadecimal value (eg, #0000ff), or an RGB value (eg rgb(0,0,255)).

Syntax

Foreground Color

To add color to an HTML element, you use style="color:{color}", where {color} is the color value. For example:

<h3 style="color:blue">HTML Colors</h3>

This results in:

HTML Colors

Background Color

To add a background color to an HTML element, you use style="background-color:{color}", where {color} is the color value. For example:

<h3 style="background-color:blue">HTML Colors</h3>

This results in:

HTML Colors

Border Color

To add a colored border to an HTML element, you use style="border:{width} {color} {style}", where {width} is the width of the border, {color} is the color of the border, and {style} is the style of the border. For example:

<h3 style="border:1px blue solid;">HTML Colors</h3>

This results in:

HTML Colors

Color Names

The most common methods for specifying colors are by using the color name or the hexadecimal value. Although color names are easier to remember, the hexadecimal values and RGB values provides you with more color options.
Hexadecimal values are a combination of letters and numbers. The numbers go from 0 - 9 and the letters go from A to F. When using hexadecimal color values in your HTML/CSS, you preceed the value with a hash (#). Although hexadecimal values may look a little weird at first, you'll soon get used to them.
There are 16 color names (as specified in the HTML 4.0 specification). The chart below shows these color names and their corresponding hexadecimal value.

Color Name	Hexadecimal Value	Color Name	Hexadecimal Value
Black	#000000	Green	#008000
Silver	#c0c0c0	Lime	#00ff00
Gray	#808080	Olive	#808000
White	#ffffff	Yellow	#ffff00
Maroon	#800000	Navy	#000080
Red	#ff0000	Blue	#0000ff
Purple	#800080	Teal	#008080
Fushia	#ff00ff	Aqua	#00ffff

You can make up your own colors by simply entering any six digit hexadecimal value (preceeded by a hash). In the following example, we're using the same code as above. The only difference is that, instead of using "blue" as the value, we're using its hexadecimal equivalent (which is #0000ff):

<h3 style="color:#0000ff">HTML Colors</h3>

This results in:

HTML Colors

If we wanted to change to a deeper blue, we could change our hexadecimal value slightly, like this:

<h3 style="color:#000069">HTML Colors</h3>

This results in:

HTML Colors

Choosing Colors - The Easy Way

By using hexadecimal or RGB color values, you have a choice of over 16 million different colors. You can start with 000000 and increment by one value all the way up to FFFFFF. Each different value represents a slightly different color.

Links, otherwise known as hyperlinks, are defined using the <a> tag - otherwise known as the anchor element.
To create a hyperlink, you use the a tag in conjunction with the href attribute (href stands for Hypertext Reference). The value of the href attribute is the URL, or, location of where the link is pointing to.
Example HTML Code:

Visit the <a href="http://www.graafix.blogspot.com/">Natural Environment Blog</a>

This results in:

Visit the Graafix.blogspot.com

Hypertext references can use absolute URLS, relative URLs, or root relative URLs.

absolute: This refers to a URL where the full path is provided. For example, http://www.worldwebdesigner.blogspot.com/html/tutorial/index.html
relative: This refers to a URL where only the path, relative to the current location, is provided. For example, if we want to reference the http://www.worldwebdesigner.blogspot.com/html/tutorial/index.html URL, and our current location is http://www.worldwebdesigner.blogspot.com/html, we would use tutorial/index.cfm
root relative: This refers to a URL where only the path, relative to the domain's root, is provided. For example, if we want to reference the http://www.worldwebdesigner.blogspot.com/html/tutorial/index.cfm URL, and the current location is http://www.worldwebdesigner.blogspot.com/html, we would use /html/tutorial/index.cfm. The forward slash indicates the domain's root. This way, no matter where your file is located, you can always use this method to determine the path, even if you don't know what the domain name will eventually be.

Link Targets

You can nominate whether to open the URL in a new window or the current window. You do this with the target attribute. For example, target="_blank" opens the URL in a new window.
The target attribute can have the following possible values:

_blank	Opens the URL in a new browser window.
_self	Loads the URL in the current browser window.
_parent	Loads the URL into the parent frame (still within the current browser window). This is only applicable when using frames.
_top	Loads the URL in the current browser window, but cancelling out any frames. Therefore, if frames were being used, they aren't any longer.

Example HTML Code:

Visit the <a href="http://www.graafix.blogspot.com.com" target="_blank">Natural Environment</a>

This results in:

Visit the Graafix.blogspot.com

Named Anchors

You can make your links "jump" to other sections within the same page. You do this with named anchors.
To use named anchors, you need to create two pieces of code - one for the hyperlink (this is what the user will click on), and one for the named anchor (this is where they will end up).
This page uses a named anchor. I did this by performing the steps below:

I created the named anchor first (where the user will end up) Example HTML Code:
<h2>Link Targets<a name="link_targets"></a></h2>
I then created the hyperlink (what the user will click on). This is done by linking to the name of the named anchor. You need to preceed the name with a hash (#) symbol. Example HTML Code:
<a href="#link_targets">Link Targets</a>

This results in:

Link Targets

When you click on the above link, this page should jump up to the "Link Targets" section (above). You can either use your back button, or scroll down the page to get back here.

You're back? Good, now lets move on to email links.

Email Links

You can create a hyperlink to an email address. To do this, use the mailto attribute in your anchor tag.
Example HTML Code:

<a href="mailto:king_kong@example.com">Email King Kong</a>

This results in:

Email King Kong

Clicking on this link should result in your default email client opening up with the email address already filled out.

You can go a step further than this. You can auto-complete the subject line for your users, and even the body of the email. You do this appending subject and body parameters to the email address.
Example HTML Code:

<a href="mailto:king_kong@example.com?subject=Question&body=Hey there">Email King Kong</a>

This results in:

Email King Kong

Base href

You can specify a default URL for all links on the page to start with. You do this by placing the base tag (in conjunction with the href attribute) in the document's head.
Example HTML Code:

<head>
<base url=http://www.worldwebdesigner.blogspot.com>
</head>

Images make up a large part of the web - most websites contain images. HTML makes it very easy for you to embed images into your web page.
To embed an image into a web page, the image first needs to exist in either .jpg, .gif, or .png format. You can create images in an image editor (such as Adobe Photoshop) and save them in the correct format.
Once you've created an image, you need to embed it into your web page. To embed the image into your web page, use the <img /> tag, specifying the actual location of the image.

Example of Image Usage
HTML Code:

<img src="smile.gif" width="100" height="100" alt="Smile" /> 
This results in:














The img above contains a number of attributes. These attributes tell the browser all about the image and how to display it. Here's an explanation of these attributes:

src Required attribute. This is the path to the image. It can be either an absolute path, or a relative path (remember these terms from our last lesson?)
width Optional attribute (but recommended). This specifies the width to display the image. If the actual image is wider, it will shrink to the dimensions you specify here. Likewise, if the actual image is smaller it will expand to your dimensions. I don't recommend specifying a different size for the image, as it will lose quality. It's better to make sure the image is the correct size to start with.
height Optional attribute (but recommended). This specifies the height to display the image. This attribute works similar to the width.
alt Alternate text. This specifies text to be used in case the browser/user agent can't render the image.


Image Alignment
You can determine how your images will be aligned, relative to the other content on the page (such as a paragraph of text). You do this using the align attribute.
HTML Code:



<p>
<img src="smile.gif"
 width="100" height="100" alt="Smile" align="right"/>
Here is a paragraph of text to demonstrate HTML images and how
they can be aligned to the right of a paragraph (or paragraphs)
if you so desire.</p> </p>This can be used to produce
some nice layout effects, especially if you have a lot of text,
and it runs right past the image.</p><p> Otherwise,
the image will just hang below the text and may look funny.</p>



This results in:


Here is a paragraph of text to demonstrate HTML images and how they can  be aligned to the right of a paragraph (or paragraphs) if you so desire.


This can be used to produce some nice layout effects, especially if you have a lot of text, and it runs right past the image. 


Otherwise, the image will just hang below the text and may look funny.


Image Links

You can make your images "clickable" so that when a user clicks the image, it opens another URL. You do this by simply wrapping the image with hyperlink code. 

HTML Code:



<a href=http://www.worldwebdesigner.blogspot.com>
<img src="smile.gif"
 width="100" height="100" alt="Smile" />
</a>


This results in:







Removing the Border
You might notice that this has created a border around the image. This is default behaviour for most browsers. If you don't want the border, specify border="0".
HTML Code:



<a href=http://www.worldwebdesigner.blogspot.com>
<img src="smile.gif"
 width="100" height="100" alt="Smile" border="0" />
</a>


This results in:






 

 

 

Creating Images
The above examples assumed that you already had an image to embed into your web page. To learn about 


Meta tags allow you to provide metadata about your HTML pages. This can be very useful for search engines and can assist the "findability" of the information on your website.

What is Metadata?
Metadata is information about, or that describes, other data or information.
If we relate this to a web page, if you think about it for a moment, you could probably come up with a lot more information about a web page than what you're actually displaying to the reader. For example, there could be a number of keywords that are related to the page. You could probably give the page a description. The page also has an author - right? All these could be examples of metadata.

Metadata on the Web
Metadata is a very important part of the web. It can assist search engines in finding the best match when a user performs a search. Search engines will often look at any metadata attached to a page - especially keywords - and rank it higher than another page with less relevant metadata, or with no metadata at all.

Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents
You can add metadata to your web pages by placing <meta> tags between the <head> and </head> tags. The can include the following attributes:


Attribute Description
Name Name for the property. Can be anything. Examples include, keywords, description, author, revised, generator etc.
content Specifies the property's value.
scheme Specifies a scheme to use to interpret the property's value (as declared in the content attribute).
http-equiv Used for http response message headers. For example http-equiv can be used to refresh the page or to set a cookie. Values include content-type, expires, refresh and set-cookie.


Example HTML Code:

Keywords:

<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, meta tags, metadata" /> 

Description:

<meta name="description" content="Contains info about meta tags" /> 

Revision date (last time the document was updated):

<meta name="revised" content="Quackit, 6/12/2002" /> 

Refresh the page every 10 seconds:

<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="10" /> 
The above examples are some of the more common uses for the meta tag.



Before we go any further, I'd like to introduce the concept of comments. Although comments are optional, they can assist you greatly.
Comments are a part of the HTML code and is used to explain the code. This can be helpful for other HTML coders when trying to interpret someone elses code. It can also be useful for yourself if you have to revisit your code in many months, or even years time. Comments aren't displayed in the browser - they are simply there for the programmer's benefit.
You write comments like this:

<!-- Write your comment here --> 
Comments always start with <!-- and end with -->. This tells the browser when a comment begins and ends.
Example HTML Code:



<-- Display a happy image --->
<img src="smile.gif"
 width="100" height="100" alt="Smile" />


This results in:








As you can see, the comment is invisible to the user viewing the page in the browser. It is there, simply for the HTML coder's benefit.
Well, we have now finished the first part of this tutorial. We have covered a lot, and by now, you have learned enough to build a website.
If you'd like to learn some of the more advanced HTML techniques, such as, how to create tables, frames, forms etc, please continue!

Attribute	Description
Name	Name for the property. Can be anything. Examples include, keywords, description, author, revised, generator etc.
content	Specifies the property's value.
scheme	Specifies a scheme to use to interpret the property's value (as declared in the content attribute).
http-equiv	Used for http response message headers. For example http-equiv can be used to refresh the page or to set a cookie. Values include content-type, expires, refresh and set-cookie.

              <<--Previous        Next-->>

src	Required attribute. This is the path to the image. It can be either an absolute path, or a relative path (remember these terms from our last lesson?)
width	Optional attribute (but recommended). This specifies the width to display the image. If the actual image is wider, it will shrink to the dimensions you specify here. Likewise, if the actual image is smaller it will expand to your dimensions. I don't recommend specifying a different size for the image, as it will lose quality. It's better to make sure the image is the correct size to start with.
height	Optional attribute (but recommended). This specifies the height to display the image. This attribute works similar to the width.
alt	Alternate text. This specifies text to be used in case the browser/user agent can't render the image.