Technology Topper

Data Visualisation: Empowering Business with Effective Insights | TATA virtual internship program

2023-08-02T08:49:00.003+05:30

Data Visualisation: Empowering Business with Effective Insights

This virtual experience program is with Tata Insights and Quants or Tata iQ hosted on the platform Forage. We will gain insight into how passionate multi-disciplinary experts solve some of the most complex business problems using data visualization solutions, such as Tableau and Power BI and create amazing stories which are hidden under the mountains of data generated.

The program will show you what kind of problems are solved at Tata Insights and Quants on a day-to-day basis and will attempt to emulate the challenges you will be facing.

As a consultant hired by an online retail store, I was tasked with reviewing their data and providing valuable insights to the CEO and CMO. The objective was to analyze the major contributing factors to the company's revenue to help them plan strategically for the next year. The leadership wanted to view the metrics from both an operations and marketing perspective and seek guidance on areas performing well, so they could focus on what's working. They were also interested in understanding different metrics based on demographic information available in the data.

Task 1: Framing the Business Scenario

Learn how to anticipate the questions your business leaders will need answers to.

To prepare for the upcoming meeting with the CEO and CMO, I approached the task with a business leader's mindset, aiming to analyze the data effectively and present insights that would help evaluate the current business performance and suggest metrics for expansion.

I accessed the provided resources to better understand how business leaders think and approach business performance, which helped me gain valuable perspectives.

To prepare for your meeting, I need to draft questions that will be important and relevant to the CEO and CMO. I have reviewed the provided dataset to identify valuable information and insights. Based on my analysis, I have drafted four questions each for both the CEO and CMO, considering their distinct perspectives.

Questions for the CEO:

What are the top-performing product categories in terms of revenue, and how have they evolved over the past year? Are there any specific trends or seasonal patterns that stand out?
What regions or countries have shown the highest revenue growth, and what strategies have been employed in those regions to achieve such success? How can we replicate these strategies in other markets?
How has the customer retention rate changed over the last year, and what initiatives have been implemented to improve customer loyalty? What can we do to further increase customer retention and lifetime value?
What is the profitability breakdown across different customer segments, and which segments contribute the most to our overall revenue? Are there any untapped customer segments with growth potential?

Questions for the CMO:

How effective have our marketing campaigns been in terms of customer acquisition and conversion rates? Which marketing channels have yielded the highest returns, and how can we optimize our marketing budget allocation?
What are the key demographic insights of our customer base? How do different demographics (age, gender, location, etc.) impact customer behavior and preferences, and how can we tailor our marketing strategies accordingly?
Are there any notable changes in customer sentiment or brand perception based on online reviews and feedback? How can we address any negative sentiment and leverage positive feedback to strengthen our brand image?
What role does social media play in our revenue generation, and which platforms have been most impactful? How can we leverage social media influencers and user-generated content to expand our reach and engage with our target audience effectively?

By addressing these questions during the meeting, I intend to provide the CEO and CMO with actionable insights that will guide their decision-making process, help them evaluate the current business performance, and support their plans for strategic expansion.

Task 2: Choosing the Right Visuals

Learn which visuals are most effective in a given scenario.

In this task, I was tasked with providing visualizations to the CEO and CMO of an online retail store. The goal was to help them understand the company's performance, identify key strengths, and uncover growth opportunities for increased revenue. To ensure accurate representation of the data, I carefully gathered the requirements and created simple yet effective visuals. By using appropriate charts such as line graphs, bar graphs, map charts, I presented insights on sales trends, product category distribution, and correlations between marketing expenditure and revenue. The objective was to enable the senior management to quickly grasp the company's performance and make informed decisions for future growth and success.

Task 3: Creating Effective Visuals

Apply your under and create visuals based on business scenarios.

In this task, I have to create the visuals around four of the questions that the CEO and CMO have requested. In this task I used Tableau for the data visualization and to create a charts for the respective KPI.

Data cleanup

Before proceeding to data analysis there is a need for data cleanup. I observed that there were some negative values present in the quantity & price field that I have removed.

Also the client has provided 2 conditions for the data analysis.

Create a check that the quantity should not be below 1 unit
Create a check that the Unit price should not be below $0

Question 1

The CEO of the retail store is interested to view the time series of the revenue data for the year 2011 only. He would like to view granular data by looking into revenue for each month. The CEO is interested in viewing the seasonal trends and wants to dig deeper into why these trends occur. This analysis will be helpful for the CEO to forecast for the next year.

According to my analysis, there are some months of the year that experience exceptional growth. According to the data, the first eight months' revenue were relatively stable, with an average of $685k in revenue each month. The revenue rises by 40% over the prior month in September, marking the beginning of the revenue increase. This pattern persisted up until November, when it reached 1.5 million USD, the highest amount of the entire year. Unfortunately, since the data for December has been missing, no inferences can be made from it. This analysis shows how seasonality, which usually happens in the last four months of the year, impacts retail store sales.

Question 2

The CMO is interested in viewing the top 10 countries which are generating the highest revenue. Additionally, the CMO is also interested in viewing the quantity sold along with the revenue generated. The CMO does not want to have the United Kingdom in this visual.

The second visual shows how the top 10 countries which have opportunities for growth are performing. This data does not include the UK as the country already has high demand and I’ve been told you’re more focused on the countries where demand can be increased. The analysis shows that countries such as the Netherlands, Ireland, Germany and France have high volumes of units bought and revenue generated. I would suggest that these countries should be focused on to ensure that measures are taken to capture these markets even more.

Question 3

The top 10 countries with the most potential for growth are represented in the second graph. Since the UK already has a high demand and I understand you are more interested in countries where demand can be increased, the UK is not included in this data. According to the analysis, sales of units and revenue are very high in nations like the Netherlands, Ireland, Germany, and France. To ensure that steps are taken to further seize these markets, I would propose concentrating on these nations.

The top 10 customers who have made the most purchases from the store have been the focus of the third analysis. According to the data, there aren't many differences between the top 10 customers' purchases. The fact that the highest revenue-producing customer only spent 17% more than the second-highest demonstrates that the company does not rely solely on a small number of customers to generate revenue. This demonstrates that the company is in a strong position and that the customer's power of negotiation is low.

Question 4

The CEO is looking to gain insights on the demand for their products. He wants to look at all countries and see which regions have the greatest demand for their products. Once the CEO gets an idea of the regions that have high demand, he will initiate an expansion strategy which will allow the company to target these areas and generate more business from these regions. He wants to view the entire data on a single view without the need to scroll or hover over the data points to identify the demand. There is no need to show data for the United Kingdom as the CEO is more interested in viewing the countries that have expansion opportunities.

The map chart concludes by comparing the regions that have produced the most revenue to those that have not. Apart from the UK, it is clear that nations like the Netherlands, Ireland, Germany, France, and Australia generate high revenue, and the business should invest more in these nations to boost product demand. The map also reveals that the majority of sales occur exclusively in the European region, with only a small number in the American region. Along with Russia, there is no market for the products in Africa or Asia. Sales revenues and profitability could increase with the implementation of a fresh strategy focused on these areas.

Task 4: Communicating Insights and Analysis

Effectively communicate your findings and explain how it relates to each scenario.

In this task I represented my thought process and how I handled the data cleanup and visualisation phase. I clearly presented the analysis of all four questions from the previous task raised by CEO & CMO and provided context for each scenario and how it relates to their questioning.

Maven Northwind Challenge | Maven Analytics Project

2023-05-21T20:17:00.003+05:30

Maven Northwind Challenge | Maven Analytics Project

Introduction:

This project is a submission for the #mavennorthwindchallenge conducted by Maven Analytics. As a BI developer at Northwind Traders, I have been given the exciting responsibility of creating a comprehensive KPI dashboard for our executive team. This dashboard will serve as a valuable tool for them to gain quick insights into our company's performance across various crucial areas. These areas include:

Sales trends
Product performance
Key customers
Shipping costs

By presenting this information in an easily digestible format, the executive team can make informed decisions and steer the company towards continued success.

Talking about dataset it includes 7 tables in the form of csv format which contains Sales & order data for Northwind Traders, food supplier, including information on customers, products, orders, shippers, and employees.

In today's highly competitive business landscape, companies rely on data-driven insights to make informed decisions and stay ahead of the curve. Northwind Traders, a leading global import and export company specialising in gourmet food products, understands the value of data analysis in driving success. As a BI developer for Northwind Traders, I had the opportunity to build a comprehensive KPI dashboard that provides the executive team with a bird's-eye view of the company's performance across crucial areas. In this blog post, we will delve into the key features and insights offered by this powerful dashboard.

Maven Northwind Challenge Tableau Dashboard

Sales Trends:

Understanding sales trends is vital for any business. Northwind Traders' KPI dashboard provides a clear visualisation of sales performance over time. Executives can quickly identify patterns, seasonal fluctuations, and growth areas. By analysing sales trends, they can make strategic decisions regarding inventory management, marketing campaigns, and sales projections.

Total sales done by Northwind Traders were $1.35M from Q3 of 2013 to Q2 of 2015, with total orders of 830. The highest sale was done in 2015 Q1, i.e., $57K, with the highest orders of 182.

The total sales for the Northwind Traders are increasing year over year.

Year	Total Sales
2014	$82,791.05
2015	$77,930.02
2013	$26,231.00

Product Performance:

The success of individual products can significantly impact a company's overall revenue. With the KPI dashboard, Northwind Traders' executives gain a comprehensive understanding of product performance. They can assess sales volume, revenue generated, and profitability for each product category. Armed with this information, they can optimise the product portfolio, identify top-performing items, and strategically allocate resources to drive growth.

There were a total of 77 products sold in 8 product categories. The highest product sold was Raclette Courdavault, with $76.3K. According to sales, the Cote de Blaye is the product with the highest sales of $149.98K. The most popular product category was beverages, with a total quantity sold of 404 and total sales of $286.55K.

Key Customers:

Maintaining strong relationships with key customers is crucial for sustainable business growth. The KPI dashboard highlights the company's most valuable customers based on various metrics such as revenue generated, repeat purchases, and customer loyalty. This insight allows executives to focus on nurturing these relationships, tailoring offerings to their specific needs, and identifying potential upsell or cross-sell opportunities.

Northwind Traders has a total of 91 customers across 21 countries. The United States has the most customers, followed by Germany. The top customer for the Northwind Traders was Hanari Carnes, with total sales of $18.3K.

Shipping Costs:

Efficient supply chain management is a critical factor in maximising profitability. The dashboard provides a detailed breakdown of shipping costs, enabling executives to identify areas of potential cost savings, optimise logistics, and negotiate better terms with shipping providers. This information helps Northwind Traders streamline operations and enhance overall profitability.

There are three shippers who supply the food products for the Northwind Traders. United Package Shipper Company supplied the maximum 326 products with the highest total sales of $89.94K, followed by Federal Shipping with total sales of $50.50K in 2nd place and Speedy Express in 3rd place with total sales of $46.51K.

Conclusion:

Northwind Traders' KPI dashboard equips the executive team with a comprehensive overview of the company's performance in key areas. By leveraging data visualisations and actionable insights, executives can make informed decisions, drive growth, and maintain a competitive edge in the gourmet food industry. This powerful tool empowers Northwind Traders to monitor sales trends, evaluate product performance, nurture key customer relationships, and optimise shipping costs. With a data-driven approach, Northwind Traders is well-positioned to continue its success and expand its global reach.

Maven Slopes Challenge | Maven Analytics Project

2023-02-19T19:18:00.000+05:30

Maven Slopes Challenge | Maven Analytics Project

This project is a submission for the #mavenslopeschallenge conducted by Maven Analytics. The aim of the challenge is to build a one-page dashboard that will help users choose their ideal ski resort based on their budget, location, and various other factors. I enjoyed the process of doing data analysis and creating this dashboard using #powerbi.

About the dataset

This dataset contains 2 tables in CSV format
The Resorts table contains information on 499 ski resorts around the world, including their location, slopes, lifts, prices, and ski season
The Snow table contains supplemental data on the surface of the earth covered by snow for each month in 2022, by latitude & longitude

While working on this challenge, I found some helpful insights that will help users find their ideal ski resort destination.

Power BI Dashboard

This dataset included 499 resorts all across 5 continents: Europe, North America, South America, Oceania, and Asia. 72% of global ski resorts are located in Europe, where the average price per person per day is €41.55. North America ranks second, with 19.64% of global ski resorts and an average price per person per day of € 76.97.

Out of 499 resorts 99.20% of resorts are child friendly. If you are planning to ski in the summer season, 29 (5.81%) resorts are available with a summer ski option, and 295 (59.12%) resorts are present where you can plan for night skiing.

Breckenridge is the resort located at the highest point (3914 m) in the United States, with an average daily price of € 140. In Canada, the "Le Massif" resort is located at the lowest point of 36 meters and costs € 51.

Looking for the longest ski run?

The resorts with the longest 16-kilometer runs are Alpe d'Huez (France), Bansko (Bulgaria), and Les Deux Alpes (France). If you are looking for the ski resort with the most difficult slopes, Big Sky Resort (USA) has 126 difficult slopes. Les Sybelles-Le Corier (France) has the most intermediate slopes (239), while Les 3 Vallees (France) has the most beginner slopes (312).

If you're looking for resorts with free entry, consider the following options:
Yellowstone Club(United States)
Alpika Service(Russia)
High1 Resort(South Korea)
Palandoken-Ejder 3200 World Ski Center(Turkey)
Perisher(Australia)
Pragelato(Italy)
Puigmal(France)
Sun Mountain-Yabuli(China)
Uludag-Bursa(Turkey)

If you are planning to visit a ski resort, the best time would be from December to April because the most snow falls during this season.

Some key insights from the above analysis include:

Out of the 499 resorts, 99% are child-friendly, 40.88% offer night skiing, and 5.81% offer summer skiing.
Europe has 72% of the world's ski resorts, with North America coming in second with 19.64%.South America is at the bottom with seven (1.40%) resorts.
Oceania, with 58% of beginners' slope, is suitable for people who are looking for beginners' slope. North and South America are the continents with the most difficult slopes. whereas Europe is suitable for intermediate slopes.
Resorts in North America, with an average price of €77, are more expensive as compared to other continents and Asia, with the lowest average price of €33.
The best time to plan a visit to a ski resort is between December and April, when the most snow falls.
If this is your first trip, Europe is an excellent choice because the majority of the ski resorts are located there, are reasonably priced, and are suitable for intermediate skiers.

120 years of Olympic history | SQL Project

2023-01-08T20:58:00.001+05:30

120 years of Olympic history | SQL Project | MySQL Workbench

In this SQL project, I worked on a 120-year Olympic history dataset, where I tried to find some insight by writing SQL queries. I used MySQL Workbench to analyze the dataset for this project. I have analyzed the dataset in the form of questions and answers by writing SQL queries where i used joins, common table expression, subqueries, window function, etc.

This dataset contains 2 tables, in CSV format:

The Athlete Events table contains over 270,000 Olympic performances across history
Each record represents an individual athlete competing in an individual event
Records contain details about the athlete (ID, sex, name, age, height, weight, country) and the event (games, year, city, sport, event, medal)
The NOC Region table serves as a lookup table with “NOC” as the primary key
Each record represents one country according to the National Olympic Committee.

Loading dataset to MySQL Workbench Database:

athlete_events table:

noc_regions table:

SQL Queries:

I am writing SQL Queries using this data. For each of these queries, you would find the problem statement, SQL Queries and then the screen shot of the output(some screen shot contains few lines of output).

1. How many olympics games have been held?

Problem Statement: Write a SQL query to find the total no of Olympic Games held as per the dataset.

select count(distinct(Games)) as olympics_games

from athlete_events;

Output:

2. List down all Olympics games held so far.

Problem Statement: Write a SQL query to list down all the Olympic Games held so far.

select distinct year, season, city

from athlete_events

order by year;

Output:

3. Mention the total no of nations who participated in each olympics game?

Problem Statement: SQL query to fetch total no of countries participated in each olympic games.

with all_countries as

(select games, nr.region

from athlete_events oh

join noc_regions nr ON nr.noc = oh.noc

group by games, nr.region)

select games, count(1) as total_countries

from all_countries

group by games

order by games;

Output:

4. Which year saw the highest and lowest no of countries participating in Olympics

Problem Statement: Write a SQL query to return the Olympic Games which had the highest participating countries and the lowest participating countries.

with all_countries as

(select games, nr.region

from athlete_events oh

join noc_regions nr ON nr.noc=oh.noc

group by games, nr.region),

tot_countries as

(select games, count(1) as total_countries

from all_countries

group by games)

select distinct

concat(first_value(games) over(order by total_countries)

, ' - '

, first_value(total_countries) over(order by total_countries)) as Lowest_Countries,

concat(first_value(games) over(order by total_countries desc)

, ' - '

, first_value(total_countries) over(order by total_countries desc)) as Highest_Countries

from tot_countries

order by 1;

Output:

5. Which nation has participated in all of the olympic games?

Problem Statement: SQL query to return the list of countries who have been part of every Olympics games.

with tot_games as

(select count(distinct games) as total_games

from athlete_events),

countries as

(select games, nr.region as country

from athlete_events oh

join noc_regions nr ON nr.noc=oh.noc

group by games, nr.region),

countries_participated as

(select country, count(1) as total_participated_games

from countries

group by country)

select cp.*

from countries_participated cp

join tot_games tg on tg.total_games = cp.total_participated_games

order by 1;

Output:

6. Identify the sport which was played in all summer olympics.

Problem Statement: SQL query to fetch the list of all sports which have been part of every olympics.

with tot_games as

(select count(distinct(games)) as total_games

from athlete_events where season = 'Summer'),

sports_played as

(select games, sport

from athlete_events

group by games, sport),

game_participated as

(select sport, count(1) as total_participated_games

from sports_played

group by sport)

select cp.*

from game_participated cp

join tot_games tg on tg.total_games = cp.total_participated_games

order by 1;

Output:

7. Which Sports were just played only once in the olympics.

Problem Statement: Using SQL query, Identify the sport which were just played once in all of olympics.

with t1 as

(select distinct games, sport

from athlete_events),

t2 as

(select sport, count(1) as no_of_games

from t1

group by sport)

select t2.*, t1.games

from t2

join t1 on t1.sport = t2.sport

where t2.no_of_games = 1

order by t1.sport;

Output:

8. Fetch the total no of sports played in each olympic games.

Problem Statement: Write SQL query to fetch the total no of sports played in each olympics.

select Games, count(distinct(Sport)) as total_sports

from athlete_events

group by Games

order by total_sports desc, Games;

Output:

9. Fetch oldest athletes to win a gold medal

Problem Statement: SQL Query to fetch the details of the oldest athletes to win a gold medal at the olympics.

select * from athlete_events

where Medal = 'Gold' and

Age = (select max(Age) from athlete_events where Medal = 'Gold');

Output:

10. Fetch the top 5 athletes who have won the most gold medals.

Problem Statement: SQL query to fetch the top 5 athletes who have won the most gold medals.

with m1 as(

select Name, Team, count(Medal) as tot

from athlete_events

where Medal ='Gold'

group by Name, Team

order by tot desc),

m2 as

(select Name, Team, tot, dense_rank() over(order by tot desc) as rnk

from m1)

select name, team, tot

from m2

where rnk <= 5;

Output:

11. Fetch the top 5 athletes who have won the most medals (gold/silver/bronze).

Problem Statement: SQL Query to fetch the top 5 athletes who have won the most medals (Medals include gold, silver and bronze).

with m1 as(

select Name, Team, count(Medal) as tot

from athlete_events

where Medal <> 'NA'

group by Name, Team

order by tot desc, Team, Name),

m2 as

(select Name, Team, tot, dense_rank() over(order by tot desc) as rnk

from m1)

select name, team, tot

from m2

where rnk <= 5;

Output:

12. Fetch the top 5 most successful countries in olympics. Success is defined by no of medals won.

Problem Statement: Write a SQL query to fetch the top 5 most successful countries in olympics. (Success is defined by no of medals won).

with cte as(

select r.Region, count(a.Medal) as Total_Medal

from athlete_events a join noc_regions r

on a.noc = r.noc

where a.Medal <> 'NA'

group by r.Region

order by Total_Medal desc)

select Region, Total_Medal, row_number() over(order by Total_Medal desc) as rnk

from cte limit 5;

Output:

reference :
https://techtfq.com/blog/practice-writing-sql-queries-using-real-dataset
https://www.mavenanalytics.io/blog/maven-olympics-challenge

Movie Ratings Analysis | Python Project | Pandas, Seaborn, Matplotlib

2022-12-28T10:40:00.001+05:30

Movie Ratings Analysis | Python Project | Pandas, Seaborn, Matplotlib

In this Python Data Analysis Project, I worked on a dataset that contains the different genres of movies, ratings received by the expert and audience, year of release, and budget in millions. While working on this project, I used the Pandas, Seaborn, and Matplotlib python libraries. By using these libraries, I built different types of graphs and charts, which helps us make the analysis easier. In this project, I have analyzed which movie genres are popular among the audience based on their ratings. We can suggest which genre would be best if the producer or director wanted to make a movie at the end of this project.

Python Code

Most of the movies belong to the action, comedy, and drama genres, which shows that audiences are more interested in this type of movie. Movies with very high audience and critic ratings are considered to be highly liked. That happens mostly for action, drama, and thrillers. By analyzing this dataset, domain experts can make their decisions for upcoming movies that are popular among the audience as per their ratings. So, if a producer or director wants to make a film, the above-mentioned genre will be most preferred in order to get the best response from the audience and earn the most profit from that film.

SET Operators in SQL | UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT, MINUS

2022-12-26T14:19:00.001+05:30

SET Operators in SQL | UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT, MINUS

Set operators are specialized types of operators that are used to combine the results of two or more queries. These operators are used to extract the desired results from the table data that is stored in the table. The set operators and SQL joins have a similar look, but they differ significantly. SQL joins combine the columns from different tables, whereas SQL operators combine rows from different queries. Though both concepts are used to combine data from multiple tables, joins combine columns from separate tables, whereas set operations combine rows from separate tables.

When using set operators in SQL, you must follow certain rules. The following are some of these:

The number of columns in the both the SELECT statement must be the same.
The order of columns must be in the same order.
The selected columns must have the same data type.

Types of Set Operations
There are different types of set operators that are mentioned below:

UNION
UNION ALL
INTERSECT
MINUS

To understand the above set operators lets consider a two tables. We will perform all set operation on above mentioned table.

table1		table2
A		A
B		B
C		E
D		F

1. UNION

UNION combines & return the distinct result of two or more SELECT statements.
Output sorted by default
Not desired from performance aspect since this involves duplicate removal & sorting.

Syntax:

SELECT * FROM table1

UNION

SELECT * FROM table2;

Output:

output

2. UNIONALL

UNIONALL return all the rows from two or more SELECT statements.
Output not sorted by default
Wont remove duplicate values
Desired from performance aspect since no duplicate removal & sorting are performed.

Syntax:

SELECT * FROM table1

UNIONALL

SELECT * FROM table2;

Output:

output

3. INTERSECT

INTERSECT return all the common rows from two or more SELECT statements.
Output is sorted by default.
Remove the duplicate records.

Syntax:

SELECT * FROM table1

INTERSECT

SELECT * FROM table2;

Output:

output

4. MINUS

MINUS return all the record from one table excluding records from other table.
Output is sorted by default.
Remove the duplicate records.

Syntax:

SELECT * FROM table1

MINUS

SELECT * FROM table2;

SELECT * FROM table2

MINUS

SELECT * FROM table1;

Output:

output

SQL Operators | Arithmetic, Comparison and Logical Operators

2022-12-10T10:54:00.000+05:30

SQL Operators

An operator is a reserved word or a character used primarily in an SQL statement WHERE clause to perform operation(s), such as comparisons and arithmetic operations. These Operators are used to specify conditions in an SQL statement and to serve as conjunctions for multiple conditions in a statement.

SQL operators are used for filtering the table's data by a specific condition in the SQL statement.

Types of Operator

SQL operators are categorized in the following categories:

SQL Arithmetic Operators
SQL Comparison Operators
SQL Logical Operators

Precedence of SQL Operator

The precedence of SQL operators is the sequence in which the SQL evaluates the different operators in the same expression. Structured Query Language evaluates those operators first, which have high precedence.

SQL Operator Symbols	Operators
**	Exponentiation operator
=+, -	Identity operator, Negation operator
*, /	Multiplication operator, Division operator
=+, -, \|\|	Addition (plus) operator, subtraction (minus) operator, String Concatenation operator
=, !=, <, >, <=, >=, IS NULL, LIKE, BETWEEN, IN	Comparison Operators
NOT	Logical negation operator
&& or AND	Conjunction operator
OR	Inclusion operator

1. Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication. These operators usually accept numeric operands.

Operator	Operation	Description
+	Addition	Adds operands on either side of the operator
-	Subtraction	Subtracts the right-hand operand from the left-hand operand
*	Multiplication	Multiplies the values on each side
/	Division	Divides left-hand operand by right-hand operand
%	Modulus	Divides left-hand operand by right-hand operand and returns the remainder

2. Comparison Operators

The comparison operators in SQL compare two different sets of data from SQL tables and check whether they are the same, greater, or lesser. It checks whether one expression is identical to another. Comparison operators are generally used in the WHERE clause of a SQL query. The result of a comparison operation may be true, false, or unknown. When one or both of the expressions are NULL, then the operator returns UNKNOWN. These operators could be used on all types of expressions except those that contain text, ntext or images.

Operator	Operation	Description
=	Equal to	Checks if both operands have equal value, if yes, then returns TRUE
>	Greater than	Checks if the value of the left-hand operand is greater than the right-hand operand or not
<	Less than	Returns TRUE if the value of the left-hand operand is less than the value of the right-hand operand
>=	Greater than or equal to	It checks if the value of the left-hand operand is greater than or equal to the value of the right-hand operand, if yes, then returns TRUE
<=	Less than or equal to	Examines if the value of the left-hand operator is less than or equal to the right-hand operand
<> or !=	Not equal to	Checks if values on either side of the operator are equal or not. Returns TRUE if values are not equal
!>	Not greater than	Used to check if the left-hand operator’s value is not greater than or equal to the right-hand operator’s value
!<	Not less than	Used to check if the left-hand operator’s value is not less than or equal to the right-hand operator’s value

3. Logical Operators

The logical operators in SQL perform the Boolean operations, which give two results: true and false. Logical operators take two expressions as operands and return TRUE or FALSE as output. While working with complex SQL statements and queries, comparison operators come in handy, and these operators work in the same way as logic gates do.

Operator	Operation	Description
=	Equal to	Checks if both operands have equal value, if yes, then returns TRUE
>	Greater than	Checks if the value of the left-hand operand is greater than the right-hand operand or not
<	Less than	Returns TRUE if the value of the left-hand operand is less than the value of the right-hand operand
>=	Greater than or equal to	It checks if the value of the left-hand operand is greater than or equal to the value of the right-hand operand, if yes, then returns TRUE
<=	Less than or equal to	Examines if the value of the left-hand operator is less than or equal to the right-hand operand
<> or !=	Not equal to	Checks if values on either side of the operator are equal or not. Returns TRUE if values are not equal
!>	Not greater than	Used to check if the left-hand operator’s value is not greater than or equal to the right-hand operator’s value
!<	Not less than	Used to check if the left-hand operator’s value is not less than or equal to the right-hand operator’s value

Olist Store Analysis | Power BI Project

2022-11-29T18:15:00.011+05:30

Olist Store Analysis | Power BI Project

The OLIST STORE is an e-commerce business headquartered in Sao Paulo, Brazil. This firm acts as a single point of contact between various small businesses and the customers who wish to buy their products. In this project We are given multiple tables in CSV format and a schema depicting how these tables are connected. After connecting all the 8 tables, we analyze the entire dataset. It contains multiple categorical and numerical columns and information about 100k orders made at multiple marketplaces between 2016 to 2018.

In this project we are provided with 5 KPI’s on which we have to work & provide answers & solutions by analyzing the dataset. During this project we worked in different phases & tools. Steps involved in this process were data cleaning using power query, data modeling for fact & dimensions table based on the basis of primary & foreign key relationship present in the reference image provided. By using MYSQL Workbench we found the answers for particular KPI by joining the tables using joins concept. Finally to present the in depth analysis for each KPI in the form of an interactive dashboard we used Power BI.

Dataset:

Problem Statements(KPI):

Weekday Vs Weekend Payment Statistics
Number of Orders with review score 5 and payment type as credit card
Average number of days taken for Pet Shop
Average price and payment values from customers of Sao Paulo city
Relationship between shipping days Vs review scores

After importing the files in Pier BI I did the analysis on the above given KPI and tried to represent analysis & answers in the form of a dashboard using Power BI.

Main dashboard which represents the analysis for the 5 KPI

1. Weekday Vs Weekend Payment Statistics

Total orders, Total Sales, Payment Value is more on weekdays as compared to weekends.
Maximum sales($1.91M), count of orders(17.80K) & customers(15.54K) are from Sao Paulo city during weekdays & weekends.
Credit cards are the payment type used by most of the customers(75.24%) with a total payment value of $12.54M.
Maximum orders are placed during March to August(60.38K) so sales for this month($8.34M) are higher. There is a positive correlation between count of orders & sales.

2. Number of Orders with review score 5 and payment type as credit card

Maximum payment value is done through payment value credit card(78.34%) with payment value $12.54M followed by boleto(17.92%) with payment value $2.87M.
More than 77% of the orders received review score more than 4 because of which overall review score is 4.09.
If the payment value of the product is higher then customers preferred installment option which is available on credit card only this is one of the main reasons customers preferred credit card as payment type.
Bed bath table, health beauty, sports leisure, furniture decor, computer accessories, housewares & watches gifts are the products which were most recommended by customers with average reviews score more than 4.

3. Average number of days taken for Pet Shop

Orders for the Pet Shop category are delivered between 7 to 15 days which brings the average delivery days to approximately 11 days for pet shops.
Out of 1710 ordered products 1688 products(98.71) are delivered successfully with average delivery days as 11.31 resulting 4.24 as positive review score for pet shop product category.
Maximum orders for the pet shop category products are placed during April to August months(1058) with total price $131.10K, average delivery day 9.90 & review score 4.31.
In the month of august delivery days went from 11 to 8 days, in turn rating went up to 4.38 which is above average(4.24).

3. Average price and payment values from customers of Sao Paulo city

The maximum crowd is from Sao Paulo city resulting in 15.62% of total orders being placed from Sao Paulo which contributes to 15.39% of overall sales.
Around 97.63% of the total order had a price in between $0 to $700, Which brings the overall average price approx. $120.
Average Review Score is 4.16 because more than 77% of total orders received review score 4 and above.
Credit card is the most proffered payment type in Sao Paulo with $135.83 average payment value & $1.91M total sales which is 81.51% as compared to other payment types.
Contribution of Sao Paulo is more as compared to other cities in overall sales($1.91M) and payment value($2.20M).

5. Relationship between shipping days Vs review scores

Over 76% of orders got more than 3.5 star rating, which is closer to overall average rating of 4.09.
Delivery days are directly influencing review scores. When delivery days are more than 30, the average review score is 1.87, which is 2.21 units lower than the overall average of 4.09.
Review score can be increased by working on delivery days. My stats review score is 0.70 points higher when delivery days are less than 11.
Weight & surface area of product are also influencing delivery days. More than 71% of orders has 12 delivery days, as they weigh from 0gm to 2000 gm & have surface area from 250sq.cm to 3500sq.cm
As delivery days increase, delivery costs also increase with the exception of a few products.

Conclusion

Maximum orders are placed between March to August(60.38K) because of which sales during this month are higher($8.34M) which is 61.36% of total sales. Which shows that the store is performing well during this month.
Currently credit cards are the most preferred payment type by customers which contributes a major role in overall sales(78.44%). To improve sales & to promote other payment types, Olist Store can provide discounts & offers on other payment types.
Olist Store needs to work more during the last quarter to improve the sales as there are less orders placed during September to December months which also results in less average review score. Store needs to focus on advertisement & different offers on products during the period.
Maximum customer crowd is from Sao Paulo & Eastern side of the country as compared to other regions. To improve the sales in other regions stores need to focus on campaign & promotion in these regions.
After observing the comment section we got to know that Bed bath table, health beauty, sports leisure, furniture decor, computer accessories, housewares & watches gifts are the products which receive maximum of the recommendation from customers with average review score 4.08 which shows these are most demanding products among the customers.
From 5th KPI we can conclude that if sellers take longer days to deliver the product then customers provide less review score which shows it is one the factor that influences review score.
Sellers should improve on delivery days & should keep customers informed about status of delivery it will make time go much faster for customer and will create personalize experience because they know what's happening.

Maven Pizza Challenge - Maven Analytics | Power BI Project

2022-11-29T18:09:00.000+05:30

Maven Pizza Challenge - Maven Analytics | Power BI Project

For the Maven Pizza Challenge, playing the role of a BI Analyst by Plato's Pizza, a Greek-inspired pizza place in New Jersey. Designed a dashboard to analyze & help the restaurant use data to improve operations. Found some useful insight & answer for the question provided in the challenge by creating the interactive dashboard in Power BI.

The data was provided by Maven as a part of the challenge. It was contained in 4 .csv files, named Orders, Order Details, Pizzas, and Pizza type. The dataset was already clean so there was no need to do anything else in this step of the process.

About the dataset:

This dataset contains 4 tables in CSV format
The Orders table contains the date & time that all table orders were placed
The Order Details table contains the different pizzas served with each order in the Orders table, and their quantities
The Pizzas table contains the size and price for each distinct pizza in the Order Details table, as well as its broader pizza type
The Pizza Types table contains details on the pizza types in the Pizzas table, including their name as it appears on the menu, the category it falls under, and its list of ingredients

For the analysis I have imported tables in power BI. I have done the data modeling in Power BI by connecting the 4 tables based of primary & foreign key. After connecting the table I did the analysis for the given problem statements by maven analytics. Below is the Power BI dashboard which I have created to show the analysis for the Maven Pizza challenge.

DASHBOARD

Plato's Pizzas is open from 9:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. every day of the week.They have 4 pizza categories and 32 pizza types in 5 different sizes.
A total of 21.35K pizza orders were placed, and a total of 48.75K pizzas were sold, with an average of 2.32 pizzas per order.
The busiest day is Friday because the majority of orders are placed on this day, and the busiest time for the store is between 12 and 1 p.m.
Classic-type pizza is the category that is ordered by most of the customers (29.9%), followed by supreme, veggie, and chicken. Large-size pizza is preferred by most of the customers, followed by medium, small, XL, and XXL.
The bestselling pizza was the "Classic Deluxe Pizza" (2453 orders), and the lowest selling pizza was the "Brie Carre Pizza" (490 orders).

Superstore Sales Analysis Project | Tableau Project

2022-11-29T18:05:00.002+05:30

Superstore Sales Analysis Project | Tableau Project

Tableau Superstore Dataset is a sample Dataset provided by Tableau which includes data for the Sales of multiple products sold by a company along with subsequent information related to geography, Product categories, and subcategories, sales, and profits, segmentation amongst the consumers, etc.

Dataset Description:

Column	Data Type	Column	Data Type
Order ID	String	Postal Code	Geographic
Order Date	Date	Region	String
Ship Date	Date	Product ID	String
Ship Mode	String	Category	String
Customer ID	String	Sub-Category	String
Customer Name	String	Product Name	String
Segment	String	Sales	Number
Country	Geographic	Quantity	Number
City	Geographic	Discount	Number
State	Geographic	Profit	Number

Superstore dataset contains the hierarchical data column Order date & ship date in the form of Year-Month-Week. Also for geographical form Region-State-Country-City. In this project I have connected the superstore dataset to the tableau. After importing the dataset in tableau I have represented the analysis in the form of a dashboard.

Superstore dataset includes three types of products categories i.e. Technology, Office Supplies & Furniture. Total sales was $2.30M with total 9994 orders & 1862 type of products which ordered by total 793 customers. The total quantity sold was 37873.
For the office supplies product category total 6026 orders were placed by 788 customers with total quantity of 22906. Overall sales for the office supplies product category was $719.05K.
For the technology product category total 1847 orders were placed by 687 customers with total quantity of 6939. Overall sales for the technology product category was $836.15K which is more than any other category.
For the furniture product category total 2121 orders were placed by 707 customers with total quantity of 8028. Overall sales for the furniture product category was $742.00K.
Chairs has maximum share in the sales, but there is not much difference between the Chairs and the Book cases. Storage has maximum share in the sales. Additionally, around 50% of the share in Office supplies is accounted by Storage and Appliances. There is a huge gap in the contribution between the first Two and the others. Phones has maximum share in the sales and followed by the Copiers- which together account for 50% of total Technology sales.
West region is the most profitable region as compare to other regions. Total sales for the West region was $725.46K with total orders of 3203 ordered by 686 customers.
New York City was at the top in terms of profit(62K) with total 256.37K Sales follwed by Los Angeles with 30.44K Profit.
I visualized and analyzed various use cases in the superstore dataset. I got some insightful results about profit and sales that can be used to improve future policies. I also found a trend over the year, so preparations in stores and warehouses for the next year can be made accordingly, and sales and profit can increase. Stores must focus on other regions, such as the South and Central, to increase sales in these areas. We can now confidently pick up more datasets to define use cases for and visualize them in Tableau.

SQL Join | Inner, Left, Right and Outer Join

2022-11-20T15:36:00.006+05:30

SQL Join | Inner, Left, Right and Outer Join

JOINS in SQL are commands which are used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a related column between those tables.

We can join the table using a SELECT statement and a join condition. It indicates how SQL Server can use data from one table to select rows from another table. In general, tables are related to each other using foreign key constraints.

SQL Server mainly supports four types of JOINS, and each join type defines how two tables are related in a query. The following are types of join supports in SQL Server:

INNER JOIN
LEFT JOIN
RIGHT JOIN
FULL JOIN

INNER JOIN -

It is considered as a default join. It is the simplest and most popular form of join. This join returns the result from the selected table that satisfies the given Join condition. In the output result we will get only those rows who have matching records on both the tables.

The following syntax illustrates the use of INNER JOIN in SQL Server:

SELECT column_lists

FROM table1

INNER JOIN table2 ON condition1;

LEFT JOIN -

This join returns all the values from the left table & matching rows from the right table. The rows for which there are no records in the right table will return the null in the output.

The following syntax illustrates the use of LEFT JOIN in SQL Server:

SELECT column_lists

FROM table1

LEFT JOIN table2

ON table1.column = table2.column;

RIGHT JOIN -

This join returns all the values from the right table & matching rows from the left table. The rows for which there are no records in the left table will return the null in the output.

The following syntax illustrates the use of RIGHT JOIN in SQL Server:

SELECT column_lists

FROM table1

RIGHT JOIN table2

ON table1.column = table2.column;

OUTER JOIN -

The OUTER JOIN in SQL Server returns a result that includes all rows from both tables. The columns of the right-hand table return NULL when no matching records are found in the left-hand table. And if no matching records are found in the right-hand table, the left-hand table column returns NULL.

The following syntax illustrates the use of OUTER JOIN in SQL Server:

SELECT column_lists

FROM table1

OUTER JOIN table2

ON table1.column = table2.column;

What is SQL Commands | DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, DQL

2022-11-20T14:27:00.000+05:30

SQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQL commands are the instructions used to interact with a database to perform tasks, functions, and queries with data. SQL commands can be used to search the database and to do other functions like creating tables, adding data to tables, modifying data, and dropping tables.

By using SQL command we can fetch the required data from the database. Also we can create, modify, update & delete the data from the database. SQL uses certain commands like Create, Drop, Insert, etc. to carry out the required tasks.

Types of SQL Commands:

DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, and DQL.

DDL (Data Definition Language):

Data Definition Language used to define the database schema. DDL deals with the structure of the table like creating a table, deleting a table, altering a table, etc.

DDL is a set of SQL commands used to create, modify, and delete database structures.

List of DDL commands:

CREATE: This command is used to create the database or its objects (like table, index, function, views, store procedure, and triggers).

DROP: This command is used to delete objects from the database.

ALTER: This is used to alter the structure of the database.

TRUNCATE: This is used to remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the records to be removed.

DML (Data Manipulation Language):

Data Manipulation Language deals with modification/manipulation of the data present in the database. Using the DML command we can insert, update or delete the data from the database.

The command of DML is not auto-committed that means it cant permanently save all the changes in the database. They can be rolled back.

List of DML commands:

INSERT : It is used to insert data into a table.

UPDATE: It is used to update existing data within a table.

DELETE : It is used to delete records from a database table.

DCL (Data Control Language):

Data Control Language mainly deal with the rights, permissions, and other controls of the database system by using commands such as GRANT and REVOKE.

Data Control Language is used to manage roles, permissions, grant and revoke authority on users of the database.

List of DCL commands:

GRANT: This command gives users access privileges to the database.

REVOKE: This command withdraws the user’s access privileges given by using the GRANT command.

TCL (Transaction Control Language):

Transaction Control Language used with DML command like INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE to commit or revert the changes. TCL manages the issues and matters related to the transactions in any database. They are used to rollback or commit the changes in the database.

List of DCL commands:

Commit: Commit command is used to save all the transactions to the database.

Rollback: Rollback command is used to undo transactions that have not already been saved to the database.

DQL (Data Query Language):

Data Query Language used to fetch the data from the database by using the SELECT statement. The purpose of the DQL Command is to get some schema relation based on the query passed to it.

List of DQL commands:

SELECT: It is used to retrieve data from the database.

C Program to find the sum of digits of a number | Using while loop

2021-06-26T15:25:00.000+05:30

C Program to find the sum of digits of a number | Using while loop

In this example, we will learn how to find the sum of all digits of a number in C. Our program will take one number as input from the user, calculate the sum of its digits and print it out. We will use while loop to find the digits of the given number and use one variable to store the sum of all the digits.

For example if user enters the the number 4538, then output i.e. sum of digits will be equal to 20. (4+5+3+8=20)

C Program to find the sum of digits of a number:

#include<stdio.h>  
 int main()    
{    
int n,sum=0,m;    
printf("Please Enter any Number: ");    
scanf("%d",&n);    
while(n>0)    
{    
m=n%10;    
sum=sum+m;    
n=n/10;    
}    
printf("Sum of the digits of Given Number = %d", sum);    
return 0;  
}  

Output:

Please Enter any Number: 4538 Sum of the digits of Given Number = 20

Run Code: If you want run this code copy this code, paste here and run.

Python Program to find the sum of digits of a number | Using while loop

2021-06-25T17:30:00.000+05:30

Python Program to find the sum of digits of a number | Using while loop

In this example, we will learn how to find the sum of all digits of a number in Python. Our program will take one number as input from the user, calculate the sum of its digits and print it out. We will use while loop to find the digits of the given number and use one variable to store the sum of all the digits.

For example if user enters the the number 4538, then output i.e. sum of digits will be equal to 20. (4+5+3+8=20)

Python Program to find the sum of digits of a number

Number = int(input("Please Enter any Number: "))
Sum = 0
while(Number > 0):
    Reminder = Number % 10
    Sum = Sum + Reminder
    Number = Number //10
print("Sum of the digits of Given Number = %d" %Sum)

Output:

Please Enter any Number: 4538 Sum of the digits of Given Number = 20

Run Code: If you want run this code copy this code, paste here and run.

C Program to Swap Two Numbers | without using temporary variable & with using temporary variable

2021-06-24T15:27:00.000+05:30

C Program to Swap Two Numbers | without using temporary variable & with using temporary variable

Swapping of two numbers means, first number becomes second and second number becomes first. For example, if user enters any two number say 5 and 10. And let's suppose the two variables say a and b holds these two numbers. That is, a=5 and b=10. Then after swapping it will be like a=10 and b=5.
In this example, you will learn to swap two variables by using a temporary variable and, without using a temporary variable.

C Program to Swap Two Numbers without using temporary variable:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=5, b=10;
printf("Before swap a=%d b=%d",a,b);
a=a+b;
b=a-b;
a=a-b;
printf("\nAfter swap a=%d b=%d",a,b);
return 0;
}

Output:
Before swap a= 5 b= 10
After swap a= 10 b= 5

C Program to Swap Two Numbers with using temporary variable:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=5, b=10;
int temp;
printf("Before swap a=%d b=%d",a,b);
temp=a;
a=b;
b=temp;
printf("\nAfter swap a=%d b=%d",a,b);
return 0;
}

Output:
Before swap a= 5 b= 10
After swap a= 10 b= 5

Run Code: If you want run this code copy this code, paste here and run.

Python Program to Swap Two Numbers | without using temporary variable & with using temporary variable

2021-06-24T15:23:00.002+05:30

Python Program to Swap Two Numbers | without using temporary variable & with using temporary variable

Swapping of two numbers means, first number becomes second and second number becomes first. For example, if user enters any two number say 5 and 10. And let's suppose the two variables say a and b holds these two numbers. That is, a=5 and b=10. Then after swapping it will be like a=10 and b=5.

In this example, you will learn to swap two variables by using a temporary variable and, without using a temporary variable.

Python Program to Swap Two Numbers without using temporary variable:

a = 5
b = 10
print("Before swap a=",a,"b=",b)
a = a + b
b = a - b
a = a - b
print("After swap a=",a,"b=",b)

Output:

Before swap a= 5 b= 10

After swap a= 10 b= 5

Python Program to Swap Two Numbers with using temporary variable:

a=5
b=10
print("Before swap a=",a,"b=",b)
temp=a
a=b
b=temp
print("After swap a=",a,"b=",b)

Output:

Before swap a= 5 b= 10
After swap a= 10 b= 5

Run Code: If you want run this code copy this code, paste here and run.

[DIP] Digital Image Processing | General Questions & Answers 2021

2021-05-17T22:10:00.006+05:30

Digital Image Processing | General Questions & Answers 2021

Q. Define Image?

Ans: An Image may be defined as a two dimensional function f (x,y) where x & y are spatial (plane) coordinates, and the amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x,y) is called intensity or gray level of the image at that point.

Q. What do you meant by gray level?
Ans: Gray level refers to a scalar measure of intensity that ranges from black to grays and finally to white.

Q. What is meant by pixel?

Ans: A digital image is composed of a finite number of elements each of which has a particular location or value. These elements are referred to as pixels or image elements or picture elements or pixels elements.

Q. Define dilation?
Ans: Dilation is a basic morphological operation which is used for expanding an element A by using structuring element B.

Q. Define erosion?
Ans: Erosion is a basic morphological operation which is used for shrinking of element A by using element B.

Q. Define opening?
Ans: Opening is First erode A by B, and then dilate the result by B. In other words, opening is the unification of all B objects Entirely Contained in A. Opening smoothes contours , eliminates protrusions.

Q. Define closing?

Ans: Closing is First dilate A by B, and then erode the result by B. In other words, closing is the group of points, which the intersection of object B around them with object A is not empty.

Closing smoothes sections of contours, fuses narrow breaks and long thin gulfs, eliminates small holes and fills gaps in contours.

Q. Define Image Segmentation?

Ans: Image segmentation is attempts to partition the pixels of an image into groups that strongly correlate with the objects in an image.

Create motion images in Photoshop | Part-4 | applying Fire Effect to images

Q. What is the histogram equalization?
Ans: The histogram equalization is an approach to enhance a given image. The approach is to design a transformation T(.) such that the gray values in the output is uniformly distributed in [0, 1].

Q. Define Image enhancement?
Ans: Image enhancement is the process of manipulating an image so that the result is more suitable than the original for a specific application.

Q. What is Lossless compression?
Ans: Lossless compression is a type of compression that removes only redundant information.

Q. What is Lossy compression?
Ans: Lossy compression is a type of compression that deliberately sacrifices some of the original data in return for much higher compression ratios than those achievable with lossless techniques.

Q. Define compression ratio?
Ans: The ratio of the original, uncompressed image file and the compressed file is referred to as the compression ratio.

Q. Define Histogram of an image?
Ans: Histogram of an image represent the relative frequency of occurance of the various grey levels in an image.

Q. Define region growing?
Ans: Region growing is a procedure in which pixels are grouped into larger regions based on some predefined condition.

Q. Define sampling & quantization?
Ans: Digitizing the coordinate values is called sampling. Digitizing the amplitude values is called quantization.

Q. What is Hue and Saturation?
Ans: Hue is a color attribute that describes a pure color where saturation gives a measure of the degree to which a pure color is diluted by white light.

Q. Properties of DCT(Discrete Cosine Transform)?

Ans: (1) It is real & orthogonal.
(2) It is fast transform.
(3) It can be calculated in Nlog2N operations via N-point transform.
(4) It is good for energy compaction for highly correlated data.
(5) It can be used for designing transform code & wiener filter.
(6) It is used for JPEG compression.

Q. Properties of Hadamard transform?

Ans: (1) Hadamard Transform H is real, symmetric &orthogonal.

(2) It is fast transform (faster than DCT). The 1D transformation can be implemented in Nlog2N additions and subtraction. Since HT contain only +/- values, no multiplications are required in the calculations.

(3) It has very good energy compression for highly correlated images.

(4) It is useful in hardware implementation for DFT algorithm, used in image, data compression, filtering and designing of codes.

Q. Properties Discrete Sine Transform?
Ans: (1) It is symmetrical, real & orthogonal.
(2) It is faster than DCT.
(3) It is calculated by Nlog2N via 2(N+1) point FFT.
(4) It has very good energy compression property for images.
(5) It is used for estimating performances in digital image processing problems.

Also Read:

1. [IoT] Internet of things | General Questions & Answers 2021

2. C Program and Python Interview Questions | Commonly Asked Technical Interview Questions 2021

3. DBMS and Data structures Interview Questions | Commonly Asked Technical Interview Questions 2021

4. What is Cloud Computing? - Types of Cloud Computing | Saas, PaaS, IaaS

5. (OOPs) Object Oriented Programming Concept | Inheritance Polymorphism Abstraction Encapsulation

[IoT] Internet of things | General Questions & Answers 2021

2021-05-14T15:11:00.003+05:30

Internet of things | General Questions & Answers

Q. What is the Internet Of Things (IoT)?

Ans- The Internet of things describes the network of physical objects called as “things” that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the Internet.

Q. List mostly used sensors types in IoT
Ans- • Pressure sensor
• Smoke sensor
• Motion detection sensors
• Gas sensor
• Proximity sensor
• IR sensors
• Temperature sensors

Q. Characteristics of IoT

Ans- • Dynamic Global network & Self-Adapting
• Self Configuring
• Interoperable Communication Protocols
• Unique Identity
• Integrated into Information Network

Q. What are GPIO Pins?

Ans- GPIO stands for General Purpose Input and Output pins. It is capable of reading and writing data from development boards like Raspberry and Arduino to other Sensors, motors, actuators, and etc.

Q. What is M2M?

Ans- Machine-to-Machine (M2M) refers to networking of machines (or devices) for the purpose of remote monitoring and control and data exchange.

Q. List down the IoT Protocol layers?
Ans- • Link Layer
• Network/Internet Layer
• Transport Layer
• Application Layer

Q. Define REST and it's Constraints?

Ans- Representational state transfer (REST) is a set of architectural principles by which you can design Web services the Web APIs that focus on system’s resources and how resource states are addressed and transferred.

The rest architectural constraint are as follows:
• Client-server
• Stateless
• Cacheable
• Layered system
• Uniform interface
• Code on demand

Create motion images in Photoshop | Part-5 | using Cloud Effect

Q. Define MQTT?

Ans- Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) One of the most preferred protocols for IoT devices, MQTT collects data from various electronic devices and supports remote device monitoring. It is a subscribe/publish protocol that runs over Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which means it supports event-driven message exchange through wireless networks. MQTT is mainly used in devices which are economical and requires less power and memory. For instance, fire detectors, car sensors, smart watches, and apps for text-based messaging.

Q. Define LPWAN?

Ans- A low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) or low-power wide-area (LPWA) network or low-power network (LPN) is a type of wireless telecommunication wide area network designed to allow long-range communications at a low bit rate among things (connected objects), such as sensors operated on a battery.

Q. Define NBIoT?

Ans- NB-IoT (Narrowband-IoT) is a narrowband radio technology for M2M and Internet of Things (IoT) devices and applications requiring wireless transmission over a more extended range at a relatively low cost and using little power for long battery lives.

Q. List down the IoT design methodology steps
Ans- Step 1: Purpose & Requirements Specification
Step 2: Process Specification
Step 3: Domain Model Specification
Step 4: Information Model Specification
Step 5: Service Specifications
Step 6: IoT Level Specification
Step 7: Functional View Specification
Step 8: Operational View Specification
Step 9: Device & Component Integration
Step 10: Application Development

Q. What is SQL?

Ans- SQL stands for Structured Query Language. It is a language for viewing or changing (update, insert or append or delete) databases. It is a language for data querying, updating, inserting, appending and deleting the databases.

Q. What is NOSQL?

Ans- NOSQL stands for No-SQL or Not Only SQL. NoSQL is a type of database, that does not require a fixed schema. It avoids joins, and is easy to scale. The major purpose of using a NoSQL database is for distributed data stores with humongous data storage needs. NoSQL is used for Big data and real-time web apps.

Q. Define Business Intelligence?

Ans- Business Intelligence is a process which enables a business service to extract new facts and knowledge and then undertake better decisions.

Q. What is Cloud Computing?
Answer: Cloud Computing is a technique for delivering services within which resources are retrieved from the net through web based tools and applications. Or
Cloud Computing is a network of remote servers hosted on the internet for storing and retrieving data.

Q. What are the Cloud service models?
Ans- • SaaS means Software as a Service

• PaaS means Platform as a Service
• IaaS means Infrastructure as a Service
• DaaS means Data as a Service

Q. What are the cloud deployment models?
Ans- • Public cloud

• Private cloud
• Community cloud
• Hybrid cloud

Q. What is RFID?
Ans- RFID is a technology which uses a radio frequency to communicate between the tag attached on a device and RFID reader that identifies the unique RFID tag which can be used for identifying and tracking the implemented object.

Q. What is Bluetooth?
Answer: Bluetooth is a high-speed, low-power microwave wireless link technology, designed to connect phones, laptops and other portable equipment together.

Q. Explain Raspberry Pi
Ans- Raspberry Pi is a computer which is capable of doing all the operations like a conventional computer. It has other features such as onboard WiFi, GPIO pins, and Bluetooth in order to communicate with external things.

Q. State Raspberry Pi Interfaces?

• Serial- The serial interface on Raspberry Pi has receive (Rx) and transmit (Tx) pins for communication with serial peripherals.

• SPI- Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a synchronous serial data protocol used for communicating with one or more peripheral devices.

• I2C- The I2C interface pins on Raspberry Pi allow you to connect hardware modules. I2C interface allows synchronous data transfer with just two pins - SDA (data line) and SCL (clock line).

Full Form

IoT- Internet of things
M2M- Machine-to-Machine
NOSQL- Not Only SQL
LoWPAN- Low power Wireless Personal Area Network
TCP- Transmission Control Protocol
NFV- Network Function Virtualization
SDN- Software-Defined Networking
REST- Representational State Transfer
RFID- Radio Frequency Identification
WSN- Wireless Sensor Network
CoAP- Constrained Application Protocol
MQTT- Message Queue Telemetry Transport
AMQP- Advanced Message Queuing Protocol
HTTP- HyperText Transfer Protocol
SCADA- Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

Also Read:

1. [DIP] Digital Image Processing | General Questions & Answers 2021

2. C Program and Python Interview Questions | Commonly Asked Technical Interview Questions 2021

3. DBMS and Data structures Interview Questions | Commonly Asked Technical Interview Questions 2021

4. What is Cloud Computing? - Types of Cloud Computing | Saas, PaaS, IaaS

5. (OOPs) Object Oriented Programming Concept | Inheritance Polymorphism Abstraction Encapsulation

C Program to print multiplication table of a number | Display the multiplication table of a number entered by user

2021-03-01T14:10:00.000+05:30

C Program to Print Multiplication Table of a given Number

In this example, you will learn to generate the multiplication table of a number entered by the user. In this program we will use for loop to generate multiplication table of number which is provided by user.

C program:

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
    int n, i;
    printf("Enter the number: ");
    scanf("%d", &n);
    for (i = 1; i <= 10; ++i) {
        printf("%d x %d = %d \n", n, i, n * i);
    }
    return 0;
}

Output:

Enter the number: 9 Multiplication Table of 9 9 X 1 = 9 9 X 2 = 18 9 X 3 = 27 9 X 4 = 36 9 X 5 = 45 9 X 6 = 54 9 X 7 = 63 9 X 8 = 72 9 X 9 = 81 9 X 10 = 90

Run Code: If you want run this code copy this code, paste here and run.

Python Program to print multiplication table of a number | Display the multiplication table of a number entered by user

2021-03-01T13:14:00.004+05:30

Python Program to Print Multiplication Table of a given Number

Python program:

num = int(input("Enter the number: "))
print("Multiplication Table of", num)
# Iterate 10 times from i = 1 to 10
for i in range(1, 11):
   print(num,"X",i,"=",num * i)

Output:

Enter the number: 9 Multiplication Table of 9 9 X 1 = 9 9 X 2 = 18 9 X 3 = 27 9 X 4 = 36 9 X 5 = 45 9 X 6 = 54 9 X 7 = 63 9 X 8 = 72 9 X 9 = 81 9 X 10 = 90

Run Code: If you want run this code copy this code, paste here and run.

Python Program to Check Vowel or Consonant | Check Whether a Character is a Vowel or Consonant

2021-02-28T14:18:00.000+05:30

Python Program to Check Whether a Character is a Vowel or Consonant

In the English language, the letters A, E, I, O, U and a, e, i, o, u are defined as a vowel. Except these all other letters are consonants. We can write a c program to check vowels or consonants using an if-else statement or by using switch-case statements.

Python Program to Check Whether a Character

ch = input("Enter an Alphabet: ")
if(ch == 'a' or ch == 'e' or ch == 'i' or ch == 'o' or ch == 'u' or ch == 'A'
       or ch == 'E' or ch == 'I' or ch == 'O' or ch == 'U'):
    print(ch, "is a Vowel")
else:
    print(ch, "is a Consonant")

Output:

Enter an Alphabet: E E is a Vowel.

Enter an Alphabet: S

S is a Consonant.

Run Code: If you want run this code copy this code, paste here and run.

C Program to Check Vowel or Consonant | Check Whether a Character is a Vowel or Consonant

2021-02-28T14:16:00.004+05:30

C Program to Check Whether a Character is a Vowel or Consonant

C Program to Check Whether a Character

#include <stdio.h>
int main() 
{
    char c;
    int lowercase_vowel, uppercase_vowel;
    printf("Enter an Alphabet: ");
    scanf("%c", &c);
    lowercase_vowel = (c == 'a' || c == 'e' || c == 'i' || c == 'o' || c == 'u');
    uppercase_vowel = (c == 'A' || c == 'E' || c == 'I' || c == 'O' || c == 'U');
    if (lowercase_vowel || uppercase_vowel)
        printf("%c is a Vowel.", c);
    else
        printf("%c is a Consonant.", c);
    return 0;
}

Output:

Enter an Alphabet: E E is a Vowel.

Enter an Alphabet: S

S is a Consonant.

Run Code: If you want run this code copy this code, paste here and run.

Python Program to Find Factorial of a Number | Using for loop, while loop & recursion

2021-01-23T16:03:00.002+05:30

Python Program to Find Factorial of a Number | Using for loop, while loop & recursion

The Factorial is the product of all numbers, which are less than or equal to that number, and greater than 0.
n! = n * (n-1) * (n -2) * …….* 1
For example, Factorial of 5 is represented as 5! = 5 *4 * 3 * 2 * 1 = 120

C Program to Find Factorial of a Number
Using for loop:

number = int(input("Please enter a Number to find factorial "))

fact = 1

for i in range(1, number + 1):

fact = fact * i

print("The factorial of %d = %d" %(number, fact))

Using while loop:

number = int(input("Please enter a Number to find factorial "))

fact = 1

i = 1

while(i <= number):

fact = fact * i

i = i + 1

print("The factorial of %d = %d" %(number, fact))

Using recursion:

def factorial(num):

if((num == 0) or (num == 1)):

return 1

else:

return num * factorial(num - 1)

number = int(input("Please enter a Number to find factorial "))

fact = factorial(number)

print("The factorial of %d = %d" %(number, fact))

Output:

Please Enter a number to Find Factorial 5

Factorial of 5 = 120

Please Enter a number to Find Factorial 10

Factorial of 10 = 3628800

Run Code: If you want run this code copy this code, paste here and run.

C Program to Find Factorial of a Number | Using for loop, while loop & recursion

2021-01-23T16:01:00.000+05:30

C Program to Find Factorial of a Number | Using for loop, while loop & recursion

The Factorial is the product of all numbers, which are less than or equal to that number, and greater than 0.

n! = n * (n-1) * (n -2) * …….* 1

For example, Factorial of 5 is represented as 5! = 5 *4 * 3 * 2 * 1 = 120

C Program to Find Factorial of a Number

Using for loop:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

int i, Number;

long Factorial = 1;

printf("Please Enter a number to Find Factorial\n");

scanf("%d", &Number);

for (i = 1; i <= Number; i++)

{

Factorial = Factorial * i;

}

printf("Factorial of %d = %d ", Number, Factorial);

return 0;

}

Using while loop:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

int Number, i = 1;

long Factorial = 1;

printf("Please Enter a number to Find Factorial\n");

scanf("%d", &Number);

while (i <= Number)

{

Factorial = Factorial * i;

i++;

}

printf("Factorial of %d = %d ", Number, Factorial);

return 0;

}

Using recursion:

#include <stdio.h>

long Calculate_Factorial(int Number)

{

if (Number == 0 || Number == 1)

return 1;

else

return Number * Calculate_Factorial (Number -1);

}

int main()

{

int Number;

long Factorial = 1;

printf("Please Enter a number to Find Factorial\n");

scanf("%d", &Number);

Factorial = Calculate_Factorial(Number);

printf("Factorial of %d = %d ", Number, Factorial);

return 0;

}

Output:

Please Enter a number to Find Factorial 5

Factorial of 5 = 120

Please Enter a number to Find Factorial 10

Factorial of 10 = 3628800

Run Code: If you want run this code copy this code, paste here and run.

C Program and Python Interview Questions | Commonly Asked Technical Interview Questions 2021

2021-01-05T19:32:00.004+05:30

C Program and Python Interview Questions | Commonly Asked Technical Interview Questions 2021

In this post, I will discuss the most important C Program and Python Interview Questions in order to make you familiar with the type of questions that can be asked during a job interview related to the C Program and Python.

The below-mentioned C Program and Python interview questions will assist you in clearing your basic concepts. If you find this post helpful then please make sure that you share this post with your friends.

C Program Interview Questions And Answers:

Q. Features of C Programming Language?

Ans: Procedural Language

Fast and Efficient

Modularity

Statically Type

General Purpose Language

Rich set of built in Operators

Libraries with rich Functions

Middle Level Language

Portability

Easy to Extend

Q. What is the main difference between the Compiler and the Interpreter?

Ans: Compiler is used in C Language and it translates the complete code into the Machine Code in one shot. On the other hand, Interpreter is used in Java Programming Language and other high-end programming languages. It is designed to compile code in line by line fashion.

Q. What are different storage class specifiers in C?

Ans: auto, register, static, extern

Q. What is NULL pointer?

Ans: NULL is used to indicate that the pointer doesn’t point to a valid location.

Q. What is Dangling pointer?

Ans: Dangling Pointer is a pointer that doesn’t point to a valid memory location. Dangling pointers arise when an object is deleted or deallocated, without modifying the value of the pointer, so that the pointer still points to the memory location of the deallocated memory.

Q. What is Preprocessor?

Ans: A Preprocessor Directive is considered as a built-in predefined function or macro that acts as a directive to the compiler and it gets executed before the actual C Program is executed.

Q. What is an array?

Ans: The array is a simple data structure that stores multiple elements of the same datatype.

Q. What is typecasting?

Ans: Typecasting is a process of converting one data type into another is known as typecasting.

Q. What is a nested loop?

Ans: A loop that runs within another loop is referred to as a nested loop. The first loop is called the Outer Loop and the inside loop is called the Inner Loop.

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Python Interview Questions And Answers:

Q. What is Python?

Ans: Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive, dynamically typed and object-oriented scripting language. Python is designed to be highly readable.

Q. Features in Python?

Ans: Easy to code

Free and Open Source

Object-Oriented Language

GUI Programming Support

High-Level Language

Python is Integrated language

Interpreted Language

Dynamically Typed Language

Q. What are functions in Python?

Ans: A function is a block of code which is executed only when it is called. To define a Python function, the def keyword is used.

Q. In Python what is slicing?

Ans: A mechanism to select a range of items from sequence types like list, tuple, strings etc. is known as slicing.

Q. What is a string in Python?

Ans: The string can be defined as the sequence of characters represented in the quotation marks. In Python, we can use single, double, or triple quotes to define a string.

Example: str2 = 'hello world'

Q. What is a Lists in Python?

Ans: Python Lists are similar to arrays in C. However, the list can contain data of different types. The items stored in the list are separated with a comma (,) and enclosed within square brackets [].

example: mylist1 = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

Q. What is tuple in Python?

A tuple is a built-in data collection type. It allows us to store values in a sequence. It is immutable, so no change is reflected in the original data. It uses () brackets.

example: tup1 = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

Q. What is a dictionary in Python?

Ans: The built-in datatypes in Python is called dictionary. It defines one-to-one relationship between keys and values. Dictionaries contain pair of keys and their corresponding values. Dictionaries are indexed by keys.

example: dict={'Country':'India', 'Game':'Cricket', 'Color':'Blue'}

Q. What is the difference between list and tuple?

Ans: The difference between list and tuple is that list is mutable while tuple is not.

Q. What is lambda in Python?

Ans: It is a single expression anonymous function often used as inline function.

Also Read:

1. (OOPs) Object Oriented Programming Concept | Inheritance Polymorphism Abstraction Encapsulation

2. Advanced Networking Technologies | General Questions & Answers

3. DBMS and Data structures Interview Questions | Commonly Asked Technical Interview Questions 2021